Khalid Nour - You Radio Frequency Engineer | RF Drive Test | RF Post Amo - Edited: © AG-LTE Course Series Keep learning LTE 00 AG-LTE architecture. LTE architecture known as EPS Evolved Packet System consists of two parts, Radio part E-UTRAN(Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) and Cor part EPC (Evolved Packet Core) as follows .. v Evolved Node-B (eNB): It performs many functions including radio resource management, admission control, scheduling, enforcement of negotiated UL QoS, cell information broadcast, ciphering/deciphering of user and control plane data, and compression/decompression of DL/UL user plane packet headers v Mobility Management Entity (MME): It handles the authentication of UEs and it's attach and detach, tracking area update, handover support known as S1 handover. v Serving Gateway (S-GW): Traffic handling and forwarding user data packet, generates paging requests when the UE receives downlink data and also handles mobility between LTE and other CS networksv Packet Gateway (P-GW or PDN-GW): Responsible for IP address allocation for the UEs, packet data forwarding between S-GW and external packet data networks, handles policy enforcement, user by user packet filtering, charging support w Home Subscriber Server (HSS): Central database that contains user-related and subscription-related information, responsible also for authentication and access authorization. v Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF): Is a combination of the Charging Rules Function (CRF) and the Policy Decision Function (PDF), ensures the service policy and sends Quality of Service (QoS) information for each session, and accounting rule information these policies are enforced in the eNodeB. (There are some interfaces between these nods, they are very important such as X2 between two eNB S1 between eNB and MME/S-GW the others as well as shown in the image below here . #lern #Telecommunications #LTE #4G #Mobile #rfengineering #khalidteleco 1 HSS ‘ | o| 3 S1SMiME MME — GxorS7 PCRF : ai 55/58: aI —SG s-Gw P-cw @S@ You and 314 others 11 comments + 35 repostsKhalid Nour: you Radio Frequency Engineer | RF Drive Test | RF Post .. 4mo « Edited - © keep learning LTE 01 !! What is LTE Roaming ?!!! In general there are two types of roaming as follows: = National roaming: Mobile subscribers get coverage and services froma network operator in the same country according to agreement between them = International roaming: Mobile subscribers get coverage and similar services from a network operator in another country due to agreement between them There are two roaming types are supported in LTE are : wv Home-routed roaming: Enables subscribers to access the visited network through the home PDN gateway (H-PGW) and obtain services provided by their home networks, The S-GW in the visited network forward the the data requested by the UEs to the H-PGW v Local breakout roaming: Enables subscribers to access the visited network through V-PGW and obtain services provided by the home or visited network. Here the home network is responsible for the mobility management, authentication and billing.v Local breakout roaming: Enables subscribers to access the visited network through V-PGW and obtain services provided by the home or visited network. Here the home network is responsible for the mobility management, authentication and billing. keep learning connect, follow and share #LTERoaming #4G #learn #telecoms #RFEngineers #Telecommunications #khalidteleco = — = Slanaling Data @E@ You and 134 others 9 comments « 10 repostsKhalid Nour: You Radio Frequency Engineer | RF Drive Test | RF Post... 4mo + Edited: © keep learning LTE 02 !! What are LTE paths ?!!! LTE uses two paths as follows: v Path One: For control or signalling known as (Control Plan), shown as plue colour. v Path Two: For Traffic known as (User Plan), shown in the image below as yellow colour. This feature has contributed to LTE as less latency, less complexity and more flexibility. #LTE #Telecoms #Telecommunications #ControlPlan #Userplan #Khalidteleco #4G (> control Plan ee User Plan @E@ You and 236 others 10 comments + 11 repostsKhalid Nour - You Radio Frequency Engineer | RF Drive Test | RF Post... Amo : Edited: © Keep learning LTE 03 !! LTE Key features : starts as Relase 8 Flexibility is the number one key feature of LTE Reduce radio access network nodes as we only have eNodB in RAN site this reduce cost, signal processing and call setup time Flexible Bands of LTE for Example can work on 700MHz, 800MHz, 1800MHz, 2100MHz, 2600MH etc .. Switching technique is PS only, which means IP only Duplixing Techniques are FDD, TDD Access Technique are O-FDMA for the DL transmission and SC-FDMA for UL transmission Adaptive modulation and coding in LTE like QPSK(2bits), 16QAM(4bits), 64QAM(6bits). BW carrier of LTE are 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz, 20MHzHow to calculate LTE throughput : There are some other parameter which affect the system capacity and throughput such as : v Channel Bandwidth v MIMO Antenna Configuration v Modulation Coding Scheme WUE radio Condition (SNR, CQI etc.) v Duplex Mode e.g. FDD, TDD Let's estimate it in a simple way assume 20 MHz channel bandwidth, normal CP, 4x4 MIMOand 64 QAM This means 100RB x(12x7x2) x6x4= 403.2 Mbps 100(RB), 12(Subcarriers), 7x2(cyclic prefix), 6(64QAM), 4(Antenna number). Next I will tell you about access technique and frame structure of LTE keep following to be updated #LTE #Telecoms #Mobile #LTEkeyfeatures #4G #khalidteleco #learning #RFEngineer #Telecommunications €@@® You and 115 others 15 comments + 4 repostsKhalid Nour - you Radio Frequency Engineer | RF Drive Test | RF Post... Amo » Edited» © Keep learning LTE 04 !! Interview Question ? What is OFDMA ? It stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access, it's a technique in which we can access LTE network successfully OFDMA is a #Downlink Link access technique which means form the Base Station (eNodB) to the UE(handset) only How does OFDMA works and enables UE to access LTE Network ? Look at the diagram block below first to have better vision First, random generated data is sent to the transmitter block serially. Second, serial-to-parallel conversion is performed Thirt, modulating the signal for transmission, one of the possible modulation is chosen according to radio condition of UE Fourth, The parallel bits of data are mapped to a form of subcarriers using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT). ainan=tnene ee er eeIFFT main task is converting the data for the frequency domain to time domin using structure and equation Fifth, Cyclic prefix (CP) is inserted into the OFDM symbol to protect the data form multipath effect or fading Lastly , The output of OFDM symbols are converted form parallel to serial form and transmitted through a channel At the reception site to extract the original informatio we will make all these steps again except. The mapping will be on FFT Block . | will till you also about the Uplink access technique SC-FDMA . Share and follow up #OFDMA #Mobile #LTE #Lerning #Telecoms #Khalidteleco #CP_ #Telecommunications Random OFDM Transmitter Data Generator. Received signal wn OFDM Receiver ES You and 136 others 15 comments + 12 repostsKhalid Nour - you Radio Frequency Engineer | RF Drive Test | RF Post... 4mo + Edited: © Keep learning LTE 05 !! = Frame Structure in LTE wv LTE Radio Frame duration= 10ms v Subframe duration= 1ms v Time Slot duration= 0.5ms v Symbol duration= 0.5ms/7 v Symbol count= 7 in Normal CP, 6 Extended CP wv Subcarrier Bandwidth= 15 KHz wv Subcarrier count in 1 PRB= 12 v Transmission Time Interval= 1ms share and follow up for more information #LTEFrame #LTE #4G #Learning #Mobile #Telecoms #CP #Telecommunications #RF #understandLTE #RFEngineer 1 Frame = 1.307200 x T,= (10 me) 7 70FOM Symbo! 3 (Short cP) rrr Resource Element & g aKhalid Nour - you Radio Frequency Engineer | RF Drive Test | RF Post 4mo + Edited - © Learning LTE 06 !! Very Important Question ? What is the Internet Symbol Interference in LTE(ISI) ? What is the Cyclic prefix (CP) ? How Cyclic Prefix helps to solve the problem of ISI ? due to the signal propagation phenomena such as reflection, diffraction or multipath a receiver can receive several delayed versions of the same signal, at the receiver site all these signals are summed together, signals overlapped with each other this is the Inter symbol Interference. In LTE due to OFDMA access technique the symbol duration increases so the effect of ISI becomes less compared by the legacy technologies, but in order to eradicate the ISI, we also use Cyclic prefix CP Cyclic Prefix Simply is taking a portion of the end part OFDM symbol and coping it to the beginning form it's name as circle. Then The receiver can identify the end points of each symbol and correctly correlate the information. There are two types of Cyclic prefix? Normal CP is intended to the majority of scenarios, with low delay spread. ibn menlin memtire leinbnmnan LAr cHnmnenaAn ultExtended cyclic prefix is intended for scenarios with particularly high delay spread. #learning #telecoms #Cyclicprefix #CP #Mobile #Telecommunications #1SI #khalidteleco #RFEngineer #LTE #RG * Transmitted Signal ee a Due to delay spread ISI occurs -_ Delay Spread Overlap @O® You and 85 others 7 comments * 9 repostsKhalid Nour - you Radio Frequency Engineer | RF Drive Test | RF Post 4mo + Edited: © Keep learning LTE 07 !! LTE Planning simple conspt .. ICIC ? It is known that using the same bandwidth among adjacent cells leads to occurrence of Inter-cell Interference especially at the cell-edge which will result to bad quality and call drops as will. LTE introduce new technique known as Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC), which reduces inter-cell interference(ISI) and improves the quality at the cell-edge. v It works as it dividers the Resource Blocks (RB), between 2 neighbouring eNodB, Cells to let them be separated in the frequency domain. v And also to be separated in the time domain by suing different RB in different sub frames to send and receive it's singles. #ICIC #eICIC #Telecoms #frequencyplanning #Radio #khalidteleco #TelecommunicationsIt is known that using the same bandwidth among adjacent cells leads to occurrence of Inter-cell Interference especially at the cell-edge which will result to bad quality and call drops as will. LTE introduce new technique known as Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC), which reduces inter-cell interference(ISI) and improves the quality at the cell-edge. v It works as it dividers the Resource Blocks (RB), between 2 neighbouring eNodB, Cells to let them be separated in the frequency domain. v And also to be separated in the time domain by suing different RB in different sub frames to send and receive it's singles. #ICIC #elICIC #Telecoms #frequencyplanning #Radio #khalidteleco #TelecommunicationsKhalid Nour - you Radio Frequency Engineer | RF Drive Test | RF Post 4mo + Edited: © Keep learning LTE 08 !! E-UTRAN Interfaces , Radio Interfaces in LTE Most important interfaces you should know X2 interface: Interconnecting eNdBs with each other to support the exchange of signaling information of users X2 interface support some functions as follows: v System mobility support which allows the eNdB to handover the control of particular UE to another eNdB based on various factors such as (signal strength, measurement events) v Load balancing, error indication, inter cell interference coordination S1 interface: This interface is a logical interface between eNdB and EPC = Connecting eNdB with MME by S1-C/MM to facilitate signaling messages = Connecting eNbB with S-GW by $1-U to transfer user data There are some functions of $1 interface: v Establishment, maintenance and release E-UTRAN radio access bearer v Perform Intra-LTE and Inter-RAT handover Transfer of NAS signaling messages between UE and eNdBv Security functions such as data confidentiality and integrity v Paging and roaming functions, UE tracking, location reporting functions, delivery of warning messages to UE Note: share follow contact to know more about it #Telecommunications #LTE #4G #RF #LTEinterfaces #S1 #X2 #Telecoms #khalidteleco #learning @C@ You and 272 others 10 comments : 23 reposts