THE AQUINAS LECTURE, 20 IDEOLOGY IN PRACTICE? WHAT DOES IDEOLOGY DO? SALLY HASLANGER MARQUETTE122001 Magu Uisy Pras Names Hate Sly Anne thor * Tiled pane a ey nine Pre [221 Ser The 4 Indadbbopaphi cer | Suna Th "Thief ont seep htt ny Frpsuns nic aernton lgoe s, esi teen am sure stoe PREFATORY he Philosophy Deparemene of Mie quer University on behalf Pi Sigma ‘Tau, the Philowophy. Honors Socery, ‘ech year ings a scholar to dalver alec in honor of Se, Thomas Aquinas Sal Hasanger The 2021 Aquinas Lecsre,Liolgy in Prac vce: What Does Idiligy De®, war delivered on Friday, Ocober 8, 2021, by Sally Haslaagee Ford Professor of Pilosphy and Womens and Gen dee Srsies at MIT. ‘Sally Hasangers research links issues of soci justice with contemporary workin eie- nology meaphyic,pllesophy of language, and 5Sa Hae Te Poor Hangers ledges ding se of bleach Pilea Depurene pled tal lly Pre Wi De Mdcology Do? an saaueea IDEOLOGY IN PRACTICE? WHAT DOES IDEOLOGY DO? SALLY HASLANGER Lawrropuction to be asking both, whae does eolgy do for ts heoceticlly and what does idesbogy do qos and with ue a sca subjects. These ques tions arse asthe conepe of tealogy is begin hing co play ore sgficane re in mainsteeam Anglo-American philosophy, and diferent schol fis ate entering the discussion fom dierent fradons The traditons use the term ideology’ i iferene ways and within the different tra. divons, controversies over whether the idex of ideology is theresa r plically useful have fppeatd, disappeared and exppeard over ime (Purvis & Hane 1995). My goal in this paper is to skeceh a parscular challenge for chose working fon soil justice why is that most af us, moe fhe time, actin way thar perperat injustice? — id an approach to thie challenge tha eles on 2 theory of ideology to aver the question wl I asking "Wha does idelogy do?” T mean» Say Hasager Atha tong sien bea 2. CONCEPTIONS oF rDEoLoay ‘A: DESCRIPTIVE AND PajoRarivE ne majo dvi oer in conceptions af dog Beene wha Raymond Gem (198) cast ology ne desi seta aloe nn, Sos ge ee th ie tanga A elegy Prati What Do Heo De? 1 decogyto describe “the framework of meanings nd vals wichin which people exist and conduct thei sociales (Paris & Hane 1993, 479). nara ini prpat in rm of eadetmacing, compen ov seiuens of the ela and aces ka which they are looted. Thi on Sowsess i Bore ehoogh language ant cher seme of sgn, He enum eween peopl andincons and pehape rot impor of lems» irene ‘ha the way in wb people compen san ake vere ofthe nc words sequences forthe drecton and chit of thee action and inaction (Pures 8 Hane Te dillzence beoween the descriprive and pejo ratve conerpions sas one might expec: acrord- ing eo the descupate conception, the idelogy of 2 socer group or oraniiton use whatever framework predominantly guider thie onder standing: and ntraeons, Tiss why ite some times called a “soealgial” or ‘saehropologca concen, All socal groups have a ieolgy in this see because we ned auch a famework— ‘whether implise or explice—in order 10 lve together, communicate, divide Libor, and enone sate According the pejorative conception itSal Hanger 4s agreed thar ther it shared feamework chat seruetares social inveracion, bur his Fame work i ideological (oughly) eo the extent that shapes ‘ur interactions so eh they perpetuate domine tion and subordinacion. Frameworks of this sort are morally and poliilly bad (there are diferent theories of what makes them bad snd how they Perpeuate the badness), and the pejorative of ecogy highligh thie, So.thereaeiffernces—berween wht cll the visa! and erica wadtons respecte — in how the erm ideology is wed. But ae there any disagreements about dhe fcts? OF couse, there is plency of room for dagreemene, bor there ned be no fundamental disprecment on ‘wo points: cece ae Famework of ming and value tha guide socal agency and some of these feameworks are problematic (hough, portclar versions may disagree about what Famework of ‘meaning are or what soci ageny consist Thehey disagreement i about whether to use the ‘ex deology forall such frameworks or oly the wl asin nade te Fi ogy in Prac: What Dae Keo 8 tad ons Bu wha dfeence dbs it ake wis fhe vo concprons we use! 2, MorivariNe gussz10Ns rounder Abroad question in social philosophy rand how menbers of aocery develop pact fal ovientasons or oulooks thar enable dem eo ‘ooedinate heir behavior Those working within ‘he sociologealwadion ake up this broad ques tion and edhe descupive notion of deoogy as 2 tal to adeese ie In the projec of offering 2 full answer eo the broad question, many move specie questions are. For example, how do tre come to have shared outlooks or praca fonscoasnes!"—what isthe causal mechanism by which we eoocdinate our acinus? How do four shared avades come to havea partislar Content, for example, why do che wealthy tend to shace a politcal orientation? Why are some roups mere likely co be homophobic! lege pyre se ero {Sov tng at apn p02)" Say Hastger For those in the erica ead, the cove ise is oe the broad one abou how we dels seortinaed practical orientations, bur more spe «ileally how and why, without being source ve come to ents appre social src, Surcly, ‘most of us are not knowingly and inendon, ally dominating ochers or allowing orcs to bbe dominated. Yr ehis happens, moneticlne ‘athe staighiforward example isthe division of labor in th houchold ie, womeri second shi (Hochichild 2003) Even those whoa comssen ‘Soul egalitarian in che pois lie in way hae burden women wih housework, chew cies ‘ars care ofthe sick and dished son exene that far exceeds the fi share. Anahesexanpl ofcourse is the eegularenacunent and tleree of racial privilege, We igh also ak: uly owe consisenly actin ways that frustrate car oe selinteres? Why do we become agents of the Injustices we abhor? And not jst se of ua ‘ot just now and then, bu petty mul allo us lchecine? The sociological and crcl raion der in the focus of inquiry There are multiple mee thar canbe used pick ou framework of we ing and values inthe descriptive senne exten i common one). There are fewer term foe the dinctive phenomenon of complicit spray ‘within oppresive frameworks, and ileology ag egy Prac What De Lig Do? 1S a hry of serving thi ele My focus onthe Guests ang the cht radon ll ‘hehe erm elegy nthe porate ene 6. SUBJECT MATTER AND METHOD Kelybrpening mecha6 Say Hage gre ato des eet What te ee of langue and eter gmbelic ene se 2 ameverk? What ou mean ga india eit ech a ames docs sich 3 ramework cnn se otis knowledge and gene? Wha ithe eaten ‘between such a framework and the material a ditions in which emerges Flore nek ban woth teed oso! souces nad sage ‘eens hn ang main de and how are we each implicated in i? ieee To see more let how paehaogy i oly one dimension ofthe ie letsbepn cat ng whether or oe desloge paid nae stood at sat of (mpl or ep) ee Because tology is often ded ne eee consciousness edo exphin ated chr oe mph wonder ow oul ea thing other thet pochelogeal phessren Bc there are sercal ways i icine ore deading. Consider agin the quotes above ea th ing shat individuals “parcpace fn The we tice aspect of this ides cha ate noe peared by the ordinary undereanding of conscinconens ey i Prac What Dos sy Do? 17 in philosophy of mind and chat Further suggest non-psycholgial conception of deslgy Firs, individual consciousness i ken 40 be erate tthe individual (and dhe same i re of ‘ther prychologicl atid), whereas an ideal ‘ogy mustbe publi giren that csrucutes how we laterace wich eachother, Publicity x nor simply 2 mater of indvidals having he same poche logical sate (experience, bali, desi), because individoas can share a pychoogial state in his sense without being aware chacothes are in the sume ype of sae, so each peychologia sate remains prtate. At the very Tea, whats needed is something like mural awareness of being in the seat. In the ase of bai it would seen that, ublccycequres common bf You and T not ‘aly boc bleep, bu alo believe tha he ater bolives p-Ta oder wordy, iis ecognze by both of us that we share the bel thar . (We might, eeralize this eo say that we have a common dksie/experience!emotion if we all desire hat p and believe that the other()desres/experience/ Is the emocion that) Bar thie does yet capare che notion of pub lity char we prembly wan for ideology For example an nvidia nay be fll aware ofthe background ideology ofa group and atin ways tac conoem 9 the teaogy, but not believe desire whar the ideology recommend Iam fly* Say Hanger sy, fr example that acnding the co tempor on ny lie, won a (posed oe) deel ome pa disagree with this bao someine de by it somes eo my arage eng expla chalenge i and fen has © Ny nconfrming cons nay conte ng ing he sei soins ince cone (though badash ours, bute pele ssn sion f genre defrence—and ten sly sv ears baleen ‘oe icons the mer may nor ans thei tenga scene icbecse ti the (loins proper eed) famewok of meanings an vaca s cdg tide ocalinenon olgy then dos csc oe apy hse ewan comon bt bt wha na Soh ecg the purr or ‘ton. Inthe comer of plosophy a Lngooes the idea of common grands wed caps te Ssckgound spon finds tc seston. gua which nein othe con Seaton Prove new info, Cones spend Sinker ges ihe elon wha iegug game i plpe 202 720, The ae eatevowasin wtih des ofeommon pea 4s ual in thaking sour clr oom Self snot eter somthing bear ogy Prac What Ds Uy Do? 19 enter the common ground, and i) one can mp lily convey elements oF the common ground and pda the common grou simply by pressppos ton So ecg acceptance of he common ground need not inaie explicit dsussion This mgs thar the common ground is dynamic and pion” seams ofthe conentsof he cmon round is ot aces for succes commonicaton. or example sappote Tun i you in the ele- ator anda TI be cere on Saturday The te nc comprehensible as « move ina woaversaion only if we both ve a parce plac o event in ‘mind In. case ke this we play have a con ton bbe concering dhe place a sve and I give yo sew infomation abou my plan so be a est Place. Tigh alo make aljusteentsc ce com fon ground by presupposing information in onebarons to the convention. For example tig aA I wil bring my ster a 4 “You may derby etn that I havea sie and pro ceed on that asumption, saying foe eagle," look Krward to meeng her Ba i not nee sry for his exchange dat we have common bell thout the plce or event. Suppose your daughter teat be maid on Saunday bur has led off the wedding. You dare wane be dhe peson break the ews coche gests 9 you dori chal lenge the ssumpeion Iam making stead, she {the one who wil make the anscuncement of2 Sal Hasnger the cancelation, However, you underscand what I am saying by “TI be there Saturday” an aa spdue your assumprone about my alling aed yu truly expres dere to meet my sie We mmunicite, but nor again + background of somnon tel (we dont both believe thar there will be a wedding on Saturday). Stadnaker oles an (else) account of common ground oreo ‘ersaton “leis common round thar ina gov all members acepe (forthe purpose of he con versaon) chat andl belive heal cep ee ‘and all believe all belive ha all cep thot ete (2002, 716)? Although Seaaker i concemed specially with linguistic comnication, the actor a those poste ssatnes ray be the acta oe Ons fo the pape of cutneny pannus aot doy in Prac What Dac dey Dot 21 ‘seal starcng pon for understanding 2 brocer range of Social interaction that sles on back ground mesning and values As nest step e hoal not only inclade proposons scp forthe purpose of ineracton, bu also propo tions chat ate the content of ether peychoogial arcides (Valen (2007, 1008-9); ako Langton (2012; 2015}; 2018, Hes 2021). Ths step wll ool cos ck Koray cas a tind me oh) Aung ee ee ‘bedrest denen of come pound instnginccome For cal df ngage ‘rewematiogteleted meanagel wore erie ‘comet, a a eat arte pe saps ler ay miro i rer rst bl loatanger hep caput ow she mew dee Pride shoring but ose goat tol fr sponding thers te eget, soon etree neo Sl Some nthe ckgoand feces wal (Se Fadangr 2005 208) Nac howees ht on Stdaae iw although what mak propestn pp af i commen pound (ntoduse ets 6) acer of wept s tel the one ke ‘onmen gous ot pcelge hoe sine eemerriie sary puan(emiybe rote ‘te se soy in Price What Dos gy Dt 8 1s noe sake of mind; ita, she conten is the information ot proporion(s) that serve a8 background to dhe exchange” Tn the case de cused above the content of the common ground inchades the. proposition that your daugher’ wedding ea such and. auch a plae at soch-and sacha tne Plus ial iacades information sour whae a wedding what meane eo have an twain that icles «+1, thar weddings ae generally happy eves tobe celebrated, and Se for I dealogy it be modeled on comnon round. we may wane a sacial-prycholapealthe- fry thac explains how some information comes 0 be accepted background (and why ie comes to be accepeed by some communities and nor ethers), but delogy ele concen of the ideology — es noe conte of paycholopical states. (This should not be surpeisng to those who believe that, ‘meanings ane vals are not pychelogial aes 10 Saber medi proper a ss fps sin Sona cn om tal fs oe Iola pean tn ea (Seber 198 est wake, dr nerarond cmea Sal Hanger for gen she approach we ae waking with, on iesegy iss framework of ext ativan) Send how 2 famework of mening, act vals tarred mayo be decrnl se By by how we shink they ave wlan sa etal meanings stn in bene wlan Forename ifiog mens the opeie ee oe Jers enw mean th pce se ne “agus thn there ations ere te ins of Hog and wa” that we coe to ans ‘hogh empire nveiaton, er angi or chop ae rue to wales thrugh coe The sme tue of anes hgh so ingaity wend tha the vale of bape ee vale of tt area A pupa tig ‘ssning thc meaning and wc sede bin elatons in famework dae le This hihi he fcr ha we maybe ange esl tat do bine tae may tena ee treed mr aly eo ly Prins What Dos ey Dot 25 1 famework of meanings yer nor be aware that ‘weare doing so. As result, we may noc be aware ofthe inpliaions of de framework, and we may also be subjee to coreton about the famsework Nevertheless cis character of denogie of cithersort—that they provide took for onder ttanding meanings and values that may noe get ‘hinge righ The Fxmework of meanings and vl- ‘er may provide tole fora context of interaction thacoversinpiishings distorts things suggests ‘ounections that are there, or mies ome ot necions thar are “Tien speaking of ology fis somnmon sagged viduals ie wahin a socal woe of meanings and vale. This novi of ling in ideology highlights char we come to soil and linguist competence as individuals witha ame woek of meanings and als already in place, As swe become fuent che meanings and values come ‘olive ius" AJL. Balkin suggest People become people nly when chy eer ie clr which oy, only whe ex mlertieyae opened wiafand aa con! renegeSly Hanger sted by tof undecaning ce seedy scale acorn oer abr Trough exe i sry which hoa seri ale people eae and lcs porate alate and these become snc ur of hm hi sed iy (1998, 18) if Balin esther sofa debe the Famewot of eating sal es se oe ‘er ino sd fa enter Tce ie fc Ell edb teh tha fase scons insole Eom eek {choos nmging eal po eee St dee ae pr fe pee Ae » SélyHadange eres) that he does ptr, Ths ide logy eso cin I hl alka scons linseed inc practices And shal poe cor ‘hatches pra ar govecne Bt 1 in which thee practices we oan, within the material eine of an ela 2018 Bling ss Counter Speech In New ‘Workon Speech Acs edie by Dal Fogel Dae iW. aes an tt Mons. 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