See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/335834078

პლატონის "ფედონი" (ლიტერატურა, ფილოსოფია, მითოლოგია, მისტიკა)

Book · May 1998

CITATIONS READS
0 2,556

1 author:

Irine Darchia
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
17 PUBLICATIONS   5 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Irine Darchia on 16 September 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

irine darCia

platonis fedoni
literatura, filosofia,
miTologia, mistika
sarCevi

Sesavali.......................................................................................................................................................4
`fedonis~ kompoziciuri organizaciisaTvis..........................................................7
`fedoni~ rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebi................................................................ 20
sokrate `fedonSi~ da martvili hagiografiul TxzulebebSi
(tipologiuri SepirispirebisaTvis)................................................................................. 57
`fedoni~ da platonis filosofia ............................................................................... 68
`fedonis~ miTologia.................................................................................................................. 99
`fedoni~ da misterialuri religiebi..................................................................... 124
daskvna...................................................................................................................................................... 140
berZeni da romaeli avtorebi (teqstebi, Targmanebi, komentarebi)
......................................................................................................................................................................... 145
leqsikonebi, enciklopediebi............................................................................................. 146
samecniero naSromebi ................................................................................................................ 147
Sesavali
platoni im filosofosTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romelTac
gardatexa moaxdines azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.
`platoni filosofiaa, xolo filosofia ki platonia~ (r. emer-
soni)(67). es Sefaseba, ra Tqma unda, metaforulia, magram zustad
gamoxatavs platonis sulieri memkvidreobis mniSvnelobas.
kacobriobis mentaluri evolucia, bevrwilad, swored am
berZenma moazrovnem gansazRvra. `platonis filosofiuri
sistema iyo mTeli winamorbedi filosofiuri moZraobis
dasrulebac da is safuZvelic, romelzec ganviTarda xalxTa
Semdgomi sulieri cxovreba~(a.giliarovi)(67).
platonis yoveli dialogi da maT Soris `fedonic~ moicavs
sulieri cxovrebis yvela sferos da aris mravalmxrivi in-
teleqtualuri interesebis, masStaburi filosofiuri azrov-
nebisa da araordinaluri mwerluri niWis gamovlineba. gada-
Warbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom `fedoni~ ara mxolod
platonis, aramed zogadad antikuri literaturis erT-erTi
yvelaze popularuli nawarmoebia. antikurobidan moyolebuli igi
mudmivad yuradRebis centrSia, Tumca damokidebuleba mis mimarT
Tavidanve cvalebadi iyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aristotele, straboni da epikure
akritikebdnen `fedons~, mainc udidesi iyo misi avtoriteti
antikurobasa da SuasaukuneebSi. `fedonis~ argumentebs imeo-
rebda albinusi `platonizmis saxelmZRvaneloSi~. varaudoben,
rom `fedons~ Suaplatonizmis warmomadgeneli atikusic
ukeTebda komentarebs. amave dialogs plotinec araerTgzis
imowmebs. iamblixosis `protreptikonis~ XIII Tavi `fedonidanaa~
gamokrebili. es dialogi ioane petriwis erT-erTi wyaroc
yofila. Cvenamde moaRwia `fedonis~ komentarebma, romlebic
neoplatonikosebs _ olimpiodoresa da damaskiuss ekuTvnis.
`fedons~ ukavSireben grigol noselis dialogs `sulisa da
aRdgomisaTvis~. 1156 w. `fedoni~ laTinurad Targmna henrikus
aristipusma. swored `menonis~, `timeosisa~ da `fedonis~ saS-
ualebiT eziara laTinurenovani dasavleTi platonis sulier
memkvidreobas.
erTis mxriv, emociurobisa da mxatvruli Rirsebebis, xolo
meores mxriv, masSi dasmuli filosofiuri, religiuri Tu
miTologiuri problematikis aqtualobis gamo es dialogi
udides interess aRuZravs rogorc mkiTxvelTa farTo wres, ise
samecniero sazogadoebasac. `fedoni~ mniSvnelovani na-
warmoebia ara mxolod antikuri literaturis, filosofiisa da
religiis mkvlevarTaTvis, aramed TeologebisTvisac _ rogorc
neoplatonizmisa da RvTismetyvelebis erT-erTi wyaro, ro-
melic qristianulma azrovnebam, ra Tqma unda, seriozul
transformacias dauqvemdebara.
`fedoni~ imdenad mravalmxrivi nawarmoebia, rom Seu-
Zlebelia misi mxolod erTi TvalsazrisiT ganxilva, amasTan
yoveli calkeuli aspeqtis analizis dros zogadad pla-
tonizmis mravalferovani da xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi prob-
lematikis gaTvaliswineba gviwevs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ara mxolod arsebiTi filosofiuri
debulebebi, aramed `fedonis~ calkeuli pasaJebi da garkveuli
frazebic ki guldasmiT, mravalmxriv da araerTgzis aris
Seswavlili, am dialogis problematikasTan dakavSirebiT
Tanamedrove mecnierebas Tavisi saboloo sityva jer kidev ar
uTqvams.
`fedoni~ imdenad mravlismTqmeli dialogia, rom dRemde
yovel dakvirvebul mkiTxvelsa Tu mkvlevars aqvs saSualeba,
rom misi esa Tu is aspeqti, esa Tu is pasaJi axleburad, gan-
sxvavebulad gaiazros, dainaxos aqamde SeumCneveli an usa-
marTlod ugulvebelyofili teqstologiuri, enobrivi,
mxatvruli, msoflmxedvelobrivi Tu simboluri detalebi.
`fedoni~ uamrav asociacias aRgviZravs, gansjisken gvibiZgebs
da, amdenad, dRemde inarCunebs aqtualobas. swored amitom Cveni
naSromiT kidev erTxel davubrundebiT am dialogis mxatvrul
samyarosa da mis mravalferovan problematikas.
rac Seexeba `fedonis~ kvlevis istorias qarTul
mecnierebaSi, Cven xelT gvaqvs b.bregvaZis mier daxvewili
qarTuliT Sesrulebuli, laRi da maRalmxatvruli Targmani,
magram samwuxarod ar mogvepoveba Sesabamisi komentarebi da
saTanado gamokvleva, romelic saSualebas miscemda qarTvel
mkiTxvels, gansakuTrebiT ki platonis filosofiis mkvlevarT,
rom am nawarmoebiT mieRoT ara mxolod esTetikuri tkboba,
aramed ufro Rrmad Caswvdomodnen TiToeuli pasaJis qveteqsts,
filosofiur siRrmesa da sulier Sinaarss.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom `fedonze~ muSaobis
procesSi kidev erTxel mogvixda am dialogis qarTulad

5
Targmna 1 , radgan _ ver SevZlebdiT `fedonis~ ama Tu im
filosofiuri problemis saTanado gaazrebas, Tu ar gaviT-
valiswinebdiT frazaTa terminologiur da azrobriv niuansebs.
ver SevafasebdiT platonis mwerlur ostatobas, Tu ar
vigrZnobdiT misi frazis, bgerisa da intonaciis xibls da ar
ganvsazRvravdiT maT mizandasaxulobas.
da bolos, `fedonis~ mravalmxrivi problematikis gan-
xilvisas saTanado pasaJis moxmobis dros gvWirdeboda teqstis
ara mxatvruli, aramed zusti, dedanTan miaxloebuli Targmani,
romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda ama Tu im frazis
sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciebi.
`fedoni~ aRiarebulia rogorc daxvewili mxatvruli
nawarmoebi, gajerebuli uaRresad mniSvnelovani filosofiuri
safiqraliT, romelic Sexamebulia miTologiur,
religiur-mistikur nakadTan da eTikur problematikasTan. Cveni
naSromi miznad isaxavs:
am nawarmoebis kompoziciuri Taviseburebebisa da mxat-
vruli Rirsebebis gamovlenas misi struqturis Seswavlis
safuZvelze, razec, Cveulebriv, naklebad amaxvileben yur-
adRebas.
`fedonis~ Janruli Taviseburebebis warmoCenas da berZnul
tragediasTan am dialogis araerTgvarovani mimarTebis kvlevas.
am nawarmoebSi garemos SerCevisa da personaJTa indi-
vidualizaciis principebis, sokrates portretis Tavisebure-
bebis warmoCenas.
`fedonis~ stilistikis Seswavlas tropuli metyvelebis
(Sedarebebisa da metaforebis) Taviseburebebisa da stilis
cvalebadobis gamovlenis safuZvelze. sikvdilis aRmniSvnel
leqsikur erTeulTa SerCevis principis dadgenas.
am dialogSi gamoyenebuli oratoruli xerxebis warmo-
Cenasa da platonis bgerweris TaviseburebaTa kvlevas, rac,
ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi
dRemde TiTqmis ugulvebelyofilia.
`fedonSi~ ferTa Taviseburi aRqmis mimarTebis dadgenas
demokrites traqtatTan `ferTa Sesaxeb~.
sokrates sikvdilis scenis erT-erTi Tanamedrove in-
terpretaciis analizsa da Sefasebas.

1
visargebleT 1993 wels q.rouvis redaqtorobiT kembrijSi
Sesrulebuli `fedonis~ teqstis uaxlesi kritikuli gamocemiT,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, bernetis serias eyrdnoba.

6
 `fedonis~ calkeul aRwerilobiT detalTa simbolur
gaazrebas.
`fedonis~ personaJ sokratesa da hagiografiul Txzu-
lebaTa martvils Soris arsebuli tipologiuri msgavsebis
sistemur Seswavlas, rac jerjerobiT aravis ucdia.
dedamiwis, hadesisa da WeSmariti miwis `fedoniseuli~
aRwerilobis analizsa da berZnul tradiciasTan misi
mimarTebis gamovlenas.
WeSmariti miwis aRwerisas gamoyenebuli erT-erTi terminis
( ) axlebur interpretacias.
erTis mxriv, daskvniTi miTis, xolo meores mxriv, `fe-
donSi~ mimofantul sxvadasxva miTologiur aluziaTa fun-
qciisa da mizandasaxulobis dadgenas am dialogis
ideur-mxatvruli konteqstidan gamomdinare.
misterialur religiebTan `fedonis~ mimarTebis warmo-
Cenas am dialogSi misterialuri nakadis dafiqsirebisa da misi
mizandasaxulobis gamovlenis safuZvelze.
`fedonSi~ platonis filosofiuri meTodis,  sa
da ideaTa Teoriis sxvadasxva aspeqtTa analizs.
sulis ukvdavebis logikuri argumentaciis Sefasebas am
problemis dReisaTvis arsebul interpretaciaTa safuZvelze.
`fedonis~ adgilis gansazRvras platonis filosofiur
sistemaSi

`fedonis~ kompoziciuri organizaciisaTvis

nawarmoebis individualobasa da mxatvrul Rirsebas
uamravi, metnaklebad mniSvnelovani faqtori ganapirobebs,
romelTagan upirvelesad literaturuli qmnilebis arqite-
qtonika, misi struqtura unda ganvixiloT. warmoudgenelia
nebismieri avtoris Semoqmedebis srulyofili Seswavla
calkeul nawarmoebTa struqturis Taviseburebebis, garkveuli
kompoziciuri principebis gamovlenis gareSe, risTvisac
kvlevis uaxles mimarTulebas _ struqturul analizs unda
mivmarToT.
gavixsenoT, rom `struqturuli analizis meTodebma
sakmaod safuZvlianad moikides fexi klasikur filologiaSi.
Tu aviRebT arqaikisa da klasikis berZnul literaturas,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom struqturis analizi ama Tu im xarisxiT
Seexo yvela ZiriTad avtorsa da nawarmoebs. gansakuTrebiT
nayofieri da sainteresoa adreberZnul eposTan da upirveles

7
yovlisa homerosTan dakavSirebuli naSromebi. 2 Cven ar
SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom struqturalisturi planis yoveli
gamokvleva tovebs sagrZnob kvals klasikur filologiaSi,
magram, vfiqrobT, ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom zogierTi
maTgani marTla gvisaxavs axal gzebs, axal mimarTulebebs
antikur epoqaSi literaturuli procesebis ufro obieqturi da
Rrma gagebisaTvis, umniSvnelovanes ZeglTa ufro mkafio in-
terpretaciisaTvis~ (7.74) (dawvrilebiT ix.7).
am TvalsazrisiT platonis memkvidreoba _ kerZod ki, misi
nawarmoebebis kompoziciuri organizaciis sakiTxi _ saTanadod
Seswavlili ar aris, Tumca iseTi mravalmxrivi da mniSvne-
lovani avtoris Semoqmedeba, rogoric platonia, savaraudoa,
rom araordinalur da saintereso masalas mogvcems.
unda aRiniSnos, rom platonis dialogebis struqturas,
Cveulebriv, ikvleven maTi qronologiis dasadgenad3 da ara am
nawarmoebebis kompoziciuri Taviseburebebisa da platonis
mwerluri principebis gamosavlenad.
arsebobs `saxelmwifos~ struqturis kvlevis erTi cda,
romelic, marTalia, qronologiuri interesebisagan
damoukidebelia, magram am dialogis kompoziciis Seswavlas
mainc ar isaxavs miznad. kerZod, h.kuni platonisa da tragediis
urTierTmimarTebis analizisaTvis `saxelmwifos~ II-X wignebSi
gamoavlens informaciis simetriulad ganawilebis princips da
mas iyenebs am nawarmoebis mizandasaxulobisa da suliskveTebis
ufro mkafiod warmosaCenad (113.36-37).
platonis dialogebs formaluri TvalsazrisiT or
jgufad hyofen, imisda mixedviT, nawarmoebs dialogis pirdapiri
reprezentaciis saxe aqvs, Tu igi calkeuli personaJis mier
moTxrobil dialogs warmoadgens. maT aRmniSvnelad Semdegi
terminebi gamoiyeneba: arapirdapiri, iribi, dihegmaturi,
moTxrobili (reported, narrated, ,,dihegmatic~) dialogi (masSi mo-
cemulia warmosaxviTi avtoris mier gadmocemuli saubari) da
pirdapiri, uSualo, dramatuli (dramatic) dialogi (masSi

2
amis Sesaxeb ix: F&A& Kjctd^ Ujvth^ V& 1960* H&D& Ujhltpbfyb^ Ghj,ktvs
ujvthjdcrjuj 'gjcf^ N,& 1975* D. Lohmann, Die Komposition der Reden in der Ilias,
Berlin, 1970; C.H. Whitman, Homer and the Heroic Tradition, Cambridge, 1958;
W.Nicolai, Kleine and große Darstellungseinheiten in der Ilias, Heidelberg, 1973.
3
magaliTad, zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom adrindeli, e.w.
sokratuli dialogebi ufro martivi struqturiT xasiaTdebian, xolo
Semdgom, TandaTanobiT platoni struqturas ufro arTulebs (am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix.136.53-56).

8
warmosaxviTi mTxrobelis gareSe, uSualod aris gadmocemuli
saubari) (136.54).
platonis dialogTa struqturis amgvari klasifikacia, ra
Tqma unda, misaRebia, magram igi miznad isaxavs nawarmoebTa
dajgufebas formaluri TvalsazrisiT da ara kompoziciaTa
siRrmiseul gaazrebas.
Cveni naSromis mocemul TavSi SevecdebiT `fedonis~
kompoziciis TaviseburebaTa gamovlenas misi struqturis
analizis safuZvelze.
`fedonis~ kompoziciaze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT,
gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi arsebiTi faqtori _ am nawarmoebis
Janruli Tavisebureba _ is faqti, rom `fedoni~ aris
filosofiuri dialogi, anu masSi ganmsazRvrelia dialogi _
saubari, msjeloba, xolo moqmedeba, erTi SexedviT, ukana
planze iwevs.
nawarmoebis kompoziciis analizisas mkvlevarni gamohy-
ofen, ase vTqvaT, azrobriv blokebs _ anu monakveTebs hyofen,
ZiriTadad, maTSi gadmocemuli filosofiuri Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare. Tumca am principis myari dacvac ar xdeba da viRebT
`fedonis~ kompoziciis iseT variantebs, sadac e.w. dialoguri da
deskrifciuli nawilebi, anu msjelobisa da moqmedebis ele-
mentebi aRreulia.
mkvlevarni yuradRebas amaxvileben ara moqmedebis, aramed
msjelobis kompoziciaze. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia rogorc
erTi, ise meore faqtori, radgan rodesac mxolod filosofiur
msjelobaze vamaxvilebT yuradRebas, Riad rCeba sakiTxi: Tu ra
literaturuli principebi da mwerluri xerxebi ganapirobeben am
nawarmoebis kompoziciur mTlianobas. Cveni azriT, nawarmoebis
arqiteqtonikis ukeT gasaazreblad Tavdapirvelad yuradReba
unda gavamaxviloT erTi SexedviT naklebad TvalSisacemi
faqtoris _ moqmedebis ganviTarebaze.
analizis dros struqturul erTeulebad unda gamovyoT
moqmedebis ganviTarebis etapebi (e.i. amosavali unda gaxdes ara
is, Tu raze saubroben, aramed is, Tu ra xdeba). Tavdapirvelad
unda ganvixiloT moqmedebis ganviTarebis struqtura (na-
warmoebis ConCxi) _ TxrobiTi CarCo, xolo Semdeg sakuTriv
filosofiuri nawili, e.w. msjelobis kompozicia, anu is, Tu ra
principiT da TanmimdevrobiT nawildeba nawarmoebSi
filosofiur-miTologiuri da eTikuri problematika.

9
 `fedonis~ fabula, moqmedebis ganviTarebisa da masSi
monawile personaJebis Sesabamisad, calkeul monakveTebad
SeiZleba daiyos:
1) nawarmoebi iwyeba fedonisa da eqekrates saubriT, mis
msvlelobas ganapirobebs eqekrates kiTxvebi, romlebic
sokrates mier sapyrobileSi gatarebul ukanasknel dReebsa da
gardacvalebas exeba. (eqekrates surs, rom detalurad Seityos
yvelaferi: eswreboda Tu ara fedoni sokrates aRsasruls,
ganaCenis gamotanisTanave ratom ar daisaja filosofosi, ras
ambobda igi sikvdilis win, Tavi rogor eWira, megobarTagan vin
iyo masTan...). am monakveTs aqvs eqspoziciis xasiaTi da pirobiTad
SeiZleba vuwodoT: fedonisa da eqekrates pirveli saubari
(57a-59c7).
2) fedoni iwyebs Txrobas. Tavdapirvelad igi aRwers
sokrates sapyrobileSi yofnasTan dakavSirebul, ase vTqvaT,
yofiT detalebs (rogor dadiodnen is da misi megobrebi
sokratesTan; rogor mividnen im sabediswero dRes da ra vi-
Tareba daxvdaT sapyrobileSi). nawarmoebis es deskrifciuli
nawili pirobiTad movixsenioT rogorc: sokrate sapyrobileSi
filosofiuri dialogis dawyebamde (59c8-60b3).
3) sokrate iwyebs saubars da Txrobis deskrifciuli
nawili nel-nela gadadis filosofiur dialogSi. saubarSi,
ZiriTadad, simiasi da kebesi monawileoben (gaielvebs kritonis
saxe, romelic sokrates sawamlavis dalevasTan dakavSirebiT
msaxuris Txovnas gadascems (63d5-e1; 63e3-5). simiasi da kebesi an
eTanxmebian sokrates, an ewinaaRmdegebian; TavianT pozicias an
mokle replikiT gamoxataven, an ramdenime sityviT, an ufro
vrclad msjeloben da sakuTari kontrargumentebi mohyavT. am
monakveTs pirobiTad davarqvaT: sokratesa da misi megobrebis
filosofiuri dialogis dasawyisi (60b3-88c1).
aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemul fragmentSi (60b3-88c1) q.rouvi
84c1-85e2 striqonebs calke gamoyofs da maT `antraqts~ uwodebs.
aq simiasi da kebesi umxelen sokrates, rom maT bolomde
damajereblad ar miaCniaT misi argumentacia, filosofosi ki
amxnevebs megobrebs, rom TavianTi sapirispiro mosazrebebi
gauziaron. q.rouvis mier `antraqtad~ miCneul pasaJs Cven
`fedonis~ e.w. `dialogur~ nawilSi vaTavsebT, radgan mas
filosofiuri msjelobis erT-erT etapad da mis ganuyofel
nawilad miviCnevT.

10
 4) fedoni komentars ukeTebs Seqmnil situacias _ simiasisa
da kebesis daeWvebas, gadmogvcems iq myofTa gancdebsa da fiqrebs,
rasac eqekrates sapasuxo reaqcia mohyveba. sokratesa da misi
megobrebis dialogis Txroba droebiT wydeba fedonisa da
eqekrates gasaubrebiT, rac erTgvari gardamavali safexuria
msjelobis Semdgom etapze. mocemul pasaJs vuwodoT: intermedia.
fedonisa da eqekrates meore saubari (filosofiuri dialogis
pirveli nawilis komentari)(88c1-89a8).
5) fedoni kvlav ganagrZobs Txrobas. Tavdapirvelad gad-
mogvcems Tavis saubars sokratesTan, riTac filosofosi niadags
amzadebs Semdgomi argumentaciisaTvis da msjeloba kvlav Cveul
kalapots ubrundeba (89a9-102a1) (ix. zemoT gadmocemuli
`sokratesa da misi megobrebis dialogis dasawyisi~). mocemuli
monakveTi pirobiTad movixsenioT rogorc: sokratesa da misi
megobrebis filosofiuri dialogis gagrZeleba.
q.rouvi aseve `antraqtad~ miiCnevs mocemuli fragmentis
88c1-91c5 striqonebsac. Cven am monakveTis 88c1-89a8 nawils, anu
fedonisa da eqekrates meore saubars, calke ganvixilavT _
rogorc damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone erTeuls, xolo
danarCen 89a9-91c5 striqonebs, anu fedonisa da sokrates
gasaubrebas e.w. dialogur nawilSi vaerTianebT, radgan maT
simiasisa da kebesis mimarT sokrates sapasuxo msjelobis
mosamzadebel etapad da, Sesabamisad, dialoguri nawilis
aucilebel atributad vTvliT.
6) sokrate abaTilebs simiasisa da kebesis mosazrebebs,
rasac eqekrates sapasuxo reaqcia mohyveba. Txroba kvlav wydeba
misi da fedonis gasaubrebiT, rac argumentaciaSi Seqmnili
erTgvari krizisis gadalaxvas gvauwyebs (102a2-10). am pasaJs
vuwodoT: intermedia. fedonisa da eqekrates mesame saubari
(filosofiuri dialogis meore nawilis komentari).
7) Semdeg fedoni kvlav sokratesa da misi megobrebis di-
alogs ubrundeba, romelic nel-nela filosofosis monologSi
gadadis. igi gviambobs eTikur-kosmologiuri Sinaarsis miTs (am
pasaJs calke erTeulad ar gamovyofT, vinaidan sokrate miToss
argumentaciis damxmare masalad iyenebs da, amdenad, mas na-
warmoebis e.w. dialogur nawilTan kavSirSi ganvixilavT)
(102a10-116a). es fragmenti movixsenioT rogorc: sokratesa da misi
megobrebis filosofiuri dialogis dasasruli.
8) nawarmoebi nel-nela dasasruls uaxlovdeba. fedoni
kvlav Txrobis deskrifciul detalebs ubrundeba.

11
dawvrilebiT aRwers sokrates mier sapyrobileSi gatarebul
ukanasknel saaTebs, filosofosisa da misi megobrebis qmedebebs
da bolos _ sokrates gardacvalebas (116a2-118a14). am monakveTs
davarqvaT: sokrates ukanaskneli saaTebi sapyrobileSi
filosofiuri dialogis Semdeg.
9) dasasrul, fedoni kvlav eqekrates mimarTavs. am ori
personaJis saubriT dawyebuli nawarmoebi kvlav maTi gamoCeniT
dasruldeba (118a15-17). es pasaJi movixsenioT rogorc: fedonis
saboloo sityvebi eqekrates mimarT.
rogorc vxedavT, `fedonSi~ moqmedebis ganviTarebis
Sesabamisad, cxra monakveTi gamoiyofa da Tavs iCens garkveuli
kanonzomiereba. nawarmoebSi sul ramdenime personaJi figu-
rirebs: fedoni, romlis monaTxrobsac eyrdnoba mTeli
qmnileba; eqekrate, romelic xan fedonTan dialogis monawilea
da xanac pasiuri msmeneli; Tavad sokrate, romelic, faqto-
brivad, warmarTavs dialogs da sulis ukvdavebas amtkicebs
erTis mxriv, filosofiur da meores mxriv, miTologi-
ur-mistikur planSi; simiasi da kebesi, romlebic uSualod
monawileoben filosofiur dialogSi; kritoni, mcveli da
sokrates meuRle _ qsanTipa, romlebic mxolod epizodurad
Cndebian `fedonis~ e.w. deskrifciul nawilebSi.
moqmedebis ganviTarebas, faqtobrivad, am personaJebis
monacvleoba ganapirobebs. icvlebian personaJebi, icvleba
scenac (misi xasiaTi) _ saubari moqmedebaSi gadadis, moqmedeba
msjelobaSi da piruku. xan fliuntSi da xan aTenSi Semdgar
dialogs vismenT, xanac filosofosisa da misi megobrebis
qmedebebs vadevnebT Tvalyurs. swored am sami `scenis~ mon-
acvleobiT iqmneba cxra monakveTisgan Semdgari struqtura.
faqtobrivad, Cvens winaSe gaTamaSdeba piesa, romelSic sami
suraTi enacvleba erTmaneTs. magram ra TanmimdevrobiT, ra
principebiT xdeba maTi monacvleoba? Tu TiToeul `suraTs~
nawarmoebis struqturis Semadgenel elementad CavTvliT da
maT safuZvelze avagebT sqemas, maSin SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
struqturis Semadgenel elementTa ganlagebis principis,
garkveuli kanonzomierebis gamovlena. TiToeuli `suraTi~
aRvniSnoT, Sesabamisad, A, B da C niSnebiT:
A) suraTi, romelSic fedoni da eqekrate monawileoben
(eqspozicia _ A1, ori intermedia _ A2, A3; daskvna _ A4).

12
 B) sapyrobileSi myofi sokrates qmedebaTa aRweriloba
filosofiur dialogamde (B1) da mis Semdeg (B2) (e.w.
deskrifciuli nawili).
C) sokratesa da mis megobrebs Soris gamarTuli sakuTriv
filosofiuri dialogi (misi dasawyisi _ C1, gagrZeleba _ C2,
dasasruli _ C3) (e.w. dialoguri nawili).
A, B da C elementTa erToblioba qmnis cxra nawilisgan
Semdgar amgvar struqturas:
A _ eqspozicia. fedonisa da eqekrates pirveli saubari.
B _ sokrate sapyrobileSi filosofiuri dialogis
dawyebamde.
C _ sokratesa da misi megobrebis dialogis dasawyisi
A _ intermedia. fedonisa da eqekrates meore saubari
(filosofiuri dialogis pirveli nawilis komentari).
C _ sokratesa da misi megobrebis dialogis gagrZeleba.
A _ intermedia. fedonisa da eqekrates mesame saubari
(filosofiuri dialogis meore nawilis komentari).
C _ sokratesa da misi megobrebis dialogis dasasruli.
B _ sokrates ukanaskneli saaTebi sapyrobileSi
filosofiuri dialogis Semdeg.
A _ daskvna. fedonis saboloo sityvebi eqekrates mimarT.
rogorc vxedavT, A elementis oTxgzis, B-s orgzis da C-s
samgzis ganmeorebiT iqmneba monoliTuri struqtura, romelSic
A elementi qmnis Tavisebur sayrdenebs _ eqspoziciis, ori
intermediisa da daskvnis saxiT. A amTlianebs da kravs mTels
struqturas, amave dros anawevrebs sakuTriv dialogur nawils
(C), romelic, Sesabamisad, triadis saxiT aris warmodgenili.
struqturis dasawyissa da boloSi A-s Semdeg B elementis
CasmiT Semodis simetriulobis suli, romelsac kidev ufro
amZafrebs struqturis SigniT CA elementebis ritmuli mon-
acvleoba.
e.w. dialoguri nawili ori intermediiT (anu CA elemen-
tebis erToblioba _ CACAC) qmnis Tavisebur centrs, romlis
gaswvrivac simetriulad ganlagdebian da struqturas
awonasworeben B da A elementebi, xolo Tavad dialogur
nawilSi (filosofiuri msjelobisa da intermediebis mon-
acvleobiT) paraleluri dayofisa da wriuli simetriis
Taviseburi nazavia warmodgenili.

13
 ra moculobiTi Tanafardobaa struqturis Semadgenel
elementebs Soris? sokratesa da misi megobrebis filosofiuri
dialogis dasawyisi (C1) daaxloebiT orjer aRemateba mis
gagrZelebas (C2) da dasasruls (C3), romlebic TiTqmis erTnairi
moculobisaa.
eqspozicia aseve orjer aRemateba daaxloebiT erTnairi
sididis intermediebs (A2, A3) da daskvnas (A4), romelic, Tavis
mxriv, umcires moculobiT elementad gvevlineba. sokrates
qmedebebisa da yofiTi detalebis aRweras filosofiuri
dialogis Semdeg orjer ufro meti adgili aqvs daTmobili,
vidre filosofiur dialogamde. sakuTriv dialoguri nawilis
moculoba daaxloebiT cxrajer aRemateba danarCeni elemen-
tebis moculobaTa jams, rac kidev erTxel usvams xazs am
nawarmoebis Janrul Taviseburebas _ msjelobis, dialogis
warmmarTvel rols.
rogorc analizma cxadyo, platoni gvTavazobs origi-
nalur, rTul da saintereso struqturas Tavisi sayrdenebiT,
gamamTlianebeli da gamawonasworebeli elementebiT. amave
dros aq Tavs iCens wriuli simetriisa da paraleluri dayofis
principebic. warmodgenilia maTi originaluri nazavi.
struqturis Tavisebur centrs warmoadgens paraleluri
dayofisa da wriuli simetriis principiT ganlagebuli ele-
mentebis erToblioba (CACAC), romelTagan erT-erTi (A)
mTliani struqturis sayrdenadac gvevlineba. amave dros am
centris (CACAC) garSemo wriuli simetriis Sesabamisad arian
ganlagebuli A da B elementebi.
`fedonis~ pasaJebs Soris (e.i. struqturis Semadgenel
elementebs Soris) mWidro Sinaarsobrivi, azrobrivi da
emociuri kavSiria. `fedonis~ struqtura SeiZleba war-
movidginoT rogorc qsovili, romlis Semadgeneli Zafebi
mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli,
mxolod mocemul qsovilisa Tu mqsovelisaTvis damaxasiTebeli
wesiT. verc erT frazas da miT umetes verc erT epizods ver
amovaklebT an ver gadavaadgilebT ise, rom nawarmoebis
kompoziciuri qsovili ar dairRves. yoveli pasaJi gamomdi-
nareobs wina epizodidan da aseve gardauvlad moiTxovs
momdevno monakveTs. yoveli epizodi agrZelebs mis winamavals
da niadags amzadebs momdevnosaTvis. amave dros TiToeuli
monakveTis SigniT aris logikuri kavSirebi.

14
 ganvixiloT, Tu rogor myardeba logikuri kavSiri
struqturis Semadgenel elementebs _ eqspozicia-daskvnas,
intermediebs, dialogur da deskrifciul nawilebs Soris.
fedonisa da eqekrates pirveli saubari-eqspozicia (A1)
niadags amzadebs nawarmoebSi gadmocemuli movlenebisa da
filosofiuri msjelobisaTvis. eqspoziciaSi irkveva avtoris
mizani: unda gadmoices sokrates ukanaskneli dRe sapyrobileSi
_ ras akeTebda filosofosi (B) da ras ambobda (C).
fedoni iwyebs Txrobas. Tavdapirvelad aRwers sapy-
robileSi Seqmnil atmosferos. gadmogvcems filosofosisa da
mis irgvliv myofTa sulier mdgomareobas. imisaTvis, rom
gairkves mizezi am urTierTsapirispiro ganwyobisa, saWiro
xdeba filosofosis arssa da filosofiis raobaze msjeloba,
rasac logikurad ukavSirdeba sulis ukvdaveba da masTan
dakavSirebuli filosofiuri problematika. Sesabamisad na-
warmoebis deskrifciuli nawili (B1) nel-nela gadadis
filosofiur msjelobaSi (C). Tavad am monakveTSi, anu e.w.
dialogur nawilSi arsebul kompoziciur Taviseburebebs, e.i.
filosofiur-miTologiuri informaciis ganawilebis princips
da intermediebis (A2, A3) funqciebs odnav qvemoT SevexebiT _
msjelobis kompoziciis analizisas.
mas Semdeg, rac sulis ukvdaveba warmoCndeba rogorc
filosofiur, ise miTologiur-mistikur planSi, mkiTxveli
fsiqologiurad da sulierad ukve mzad aris, rom sokrates
gardacvalebis Sesaxeb moisminos, radgan ukve sworad Seafasebs
mis simSvides sasjelis win da sworad gansazRvravs
filosofosis sikvdilis Semdgom sulier perspeqtivas.
Txrobis dialoguri nawili (C) kvlav gadadis sapy-
robilis, ase vTqvaT, yofiTi detalebis aRwerilobaSi (B2), rac
nawarmoebis dasawyisSi msgavsive Sinaarsis monakveTs (B1)
exmianeba. fedoni dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems sokrates
ukanasknel saaTebs, filosofosisa da misi megobrebis
ganwyobas, maT sityvebs, sokrates samzadissa da mis gar-
dacvalebas (B2).
Txrobas rom daasrulebs, fedoni kvlav eqekrates
mimarTavs. am ori personaJis saubriT dawyebuli nawarmoebi (A1)
kvlav maTi warmosaxviTi dialogiT dasruldeba (A4). nawarmoebi
ikvreba da mTliandeba.
Cven struqturul analizs davuqvemdebareT `fedonSi~
moqmedebis ganviTareba, magram rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT,

15
sagangebod unda ganvixiloT nawarmoebis e.w. dialoguri na-
wilis, anu filosofiuri msjelobis agebis kanonzomierebanic.
msjeloba filosofiis arssa da filosofosis raobaze
pirdapir ukavSirdeba sulisa da sxeulis urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxs. sulis xseneba aRZravs misi ukvdavebis problemas. amis
mamtkicebeli argumentebic aseve mizez-Sedegobrivad
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. codnis SeZenisa da sulTa maradiuli
wrebrunvis filosofiuri koncefciebi, dapirispirebulTa
erTianobisa da saganTa tolobis filosofiuri kategoriebi,
ideaTa Teoria, miTologiuri warmodgenebi zesknelis, de-
damiwisa da qvesknelis Sesaxeb erTmaneTs enacvleba, erTi
meores ganapirobebs, erTi meoridan gamomdinareobs.
mokled ganvixilavT, Tu kompoziciurad rogor aris
warmodgenili `fedonSi~ filosofiur-miTologiuri infor-
macia.
Tavdapirvelad yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT sulis
ukvdavebis mtkicebulebaTa ganawilebis principze, radgan
amasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi azrTa
sxvadasxvaobaa. mkvlevarni am argumentebs sxvadasxva
sazRvrebSi aTavseben.
pirveli argumenti daaxloebiT erTsa da imave monakveTSi
lokalizdeba: 70c4-72e2, rouvi; 69e6-72e1, gelopi; 70d-72d,
Slaiermaxeri; 70c-72e, losevi.
ukve meore argumenti qmnis garkveul problemas.
f.Slaiermaxeri mas uwodebs `damatebiT arguments~ (72e-78a) da
aqedan gamomdinare gamoyofs sulis ukvdavebis ara oTx, aramed
sam mtkicebulebas, riTac igi mecnierTa absolutur umrav-
lesobas upirispirdeba. sxva mkvlevarni am arguments
daaxloebiT erTnair sazRvrebSi aTavseben: 72e3-78b3, gelopi;
73a-78a, losevi; 72e3-77a5, rouvi.
mesame argumentic azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs.
Slaiermaxeri mas meore argumentad miiCnevs (78b-82b), xolo
losevi, sxva mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, am mtkicebulebis
CarCoebSi aTavsebs simiasisa da kebesis mier gamoTqmul eWvebsa
da maT mosazrebebs, anu sulis harmoniulobis Teorias (78b-96a).
Cveni azriT, sxva mecnierTa pozicia ufro misaRebia da ufro
gamarTlebulia am pasaJis ganxilva mesame argumentisagan
izolirebulad, radgan igi Sinaarsobrivad mtkicebulebis
Semadgenel elementad ki ar gvevlineba, aramed momdevno ar-

16
gumentis mosamzadebel etapad, masze gardamaval safexurad
(78b4-84b8, gelopi; rouvi).
meoTxe mtkicebulebis lokalizaciac sakamaToa. a.losevi
meoTxe argumentis farglebSi aTavsebs monakveTs (96a-102a),
romelSic gabaTilebulia sulis harmoniulobis Teoria _
naturfilosofiasTan dapirispirebiT da ideaTa Sesaxeb
moZRvrebis SemotaniT _ rac rouvis samarTliani miTiTebiT,
aris ara meoTxe mtkicebulebis nawili, aramed misi winapiroba
(27.227). aqedan gamomdinare meoTxe argumentis CarCoebTan da-
kavSirebiT Cven ufro logikurad da gamarTlebulad migvaCnia
ara losevis, aramed sxva mkvlevarTa pozicia (102a10-107b10
gelopi; rouvi; Slaiermaxeri).
argumentebis ganawilebis princips arsebiTi mniSvneloba
eniWeba `fedonis~ filosofiuri problematikis ganxilvisas.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi am sakamaTo sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cveni
Tvalsazrisis gamoTqma saWirod CavTvaleT imitom, rom am
argumentebisaTvis dasabuTebulad migveCina adgili `fedonis~
e.w. dialoguri nawilis (C), anu msjelobis kompoziciis
ganxilvisas.
filosofiur-miTologiuri da eTikuri problematika
`fedonSi~ Semdegi TanmimdevrobiTaa warmodgenili:
C1) sokratesa da misi megobrebis dialogis dasawyisi
(60b3-88c)
orgvari Tvalsazrisi sikvdilis Sesaxeb (60b3-64a3)
suli da sxeuli WeSmaritebis Secnobis TvalsazrisiT
(64b-70b)
filosofosis cxovrebis wesi (67b-69e)
pirveli argumenti (70c4-72e2)
meore argumenti (72e3-77a5)
mesame argumenti (78b4-84b8)
daskvnebi sulTa bed-iRblis Sesaxeb, filosofosobis
mniSvneloba (82c-84b)
Teoria: suli rogorc harmonia (85e-86e)
C2) sokratesa da misi megobrebis dialogis gagrZeleba
(89a9-102a1)
gabaTileba Teoriisa: suli rogorc harmonia(89a-95a)
naturfilosofosTa naazrevi (95a-97b)
anaqsagoras moZRvreba (97b-99d)
ideaTa Teoria (99d-102a)

17
 C3) sokratesa da misi megobrebis dialogis dasasruli
(102a10-116a)
meoTxe argumenti (102a10-107b10)
eTikuri daskvnebi cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb (107a-107d)
miTi sikvdilis Semdeg sulTa bed-iRblis Sesaxeb
(107d-108c)
dedamiwis aRwera (108c-110b)
WeSmariti miwis aRwera (110b-111c)
hadesi, miwisqveSa nakadTa sistema (111c-113c)
sulTa bedi sikvdilis Semdeg (113d-114c)
sakuTriv dialogur monakveTebSi (C1C2C3) sakiTxebis
Tanmimdevrobas, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gansazRvravs
filosofiuri msjelobis logika, ris safuZvelzec xdeba maTi
kompoziciuri ganawileba TxrobiT CarCoSi. ufro sworad,
Tavad es CarCoa morgebuli msjelobis saWiroebas.
rogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, filosofiuri msjeloba, masSi
ori intermediis CarTviT, Tavisebur triadas qmnis (C1A2C2A3C3).
ganvixiloT am triadulobis xasiaTi da intermediebis funqcia.
filosofiuri dialogi, faqtobrivad, orjer wydeba.
pirvelad maSin, rodesac Semodis Teoria: suli rogorc
harmonia (A2) da meored maSin, rodesac sokrate mas gaabaTilebs
da misi metoqeni TavianT marcxs aRiareben (A3).
nawarmoebSi fedonisa da eqekrates saubris orgzis
CarTviT (A2,A3) (ori intermediiT) platoni axdens mkiTxvelis
yuradRebis koncentrirebas diskusiis ganviTarebis mocemul
etapze. pirvelad `intermedia~ Semodis maSin, rodesac sokrate
TiTqosda CixSia moqceuli, xolo meored maSin, rodesac igi
triumfalurad abaTilebs mowinaaRmdegeTa argumentebs.
ori intermediiT aqcentirdeba maT Soris moqceuli
centraluri dialoguri nawili (C2), sadac gabaTildeba sulis
harmoniulobis Teoria, gaielvebs naturfilosofosTa naazrevi
da Semodis platonis moZRvreba ideaTa Sesaxeb; anu fedonisa da
eqekrates saubris (ori intermediis) CarTviT gamoyofili da
aqcentirebulia monakveTi, romelic Zveli Teoriis da-
marcxebasa da axlis damkvidrebas, Sesabamisad,
sokratul-platonuri filosofiis gamarjvebas moaswavebs.
rogori azrobrivi datvirTva aqvs msjelobis etapebs, anu
C1C2C3 elementebs?
dialoguri nawilis dasawyisSi (C1) Tavdapirvelad
mzaddeba niadagi filosofiuri argumentaciisaTvis. amis Semdeg

18
warmodgenilia sulis ukvdavebis mamtkicebeli pirveli sami
argumenti da maTgan logikurad gamomdinare daskvnebi, rasac
mohyveba Teoria: suli rogorc harmonia.
msjelobis Semdgom etapze (C2) baTildeba sulis harmo-
niulobis Teoria, gakritikebulia naturfilosofosTa naaz-
revi da Semdgom Semodis moZRvreba ideaTa Sesaxeb. es monakveTi
(C2) ara mxolod struqturis centrad, aramed filosofiuri
msjelobis kulminaciadac gvevlineba.
msjelobis bolo etapze (C3) Semodis meoTxe argumenti.
sulis ukvdavebis oTxive mtkicebulebis gadmocemis Semdeg
diskusia Tavis logikur dasasruls uaxlovdeba. Semodis
daskvniTi miTi, romelic filosofiuri argumentaciis mxar-
damWer da damxmare masalad gvevlineba; Tavisi SinaarsiTa da
mizandasaxulobiT dialogis eTikur-filosofiuri prob-
lematikidan gamomdinareobs da masve exmianeba. (am sakiTxs
dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT Cveni naSromis sxva TavSi (ix.
`fedonis~ miTologia), iqve ganvmartavT, Tu riTia ganpiro-
bebuli da riTi aixsneba mocemuli miTis amgvari lokalizeba
_ filosofiuri argumentaciis Semdeg, sokrates sikvdilis
aRweramde).
rogorc vxedavT, dialogis dasawyisis (C1) Tematika ufro
mravalferovania. aq filosofiur debulebaTa mTeli speqtri
iCens Tavs da warmodgenilia, ZiriTadad, mtkicebis paTosis mqone
filosofiuri msjeloba. dialogis gagrZeleba (C2) ufro
kritikuli sulikveTebisaa. aq Zvelis dagmobis fonze xdeba axlis
dafuZneba da msjeloba Tavis kulminacias aRwevs. dialogis
dasasruls (C3) dagvirgvindeba filosofiuri diskusia da das-
kvniT miTs Semoaqvs miTologiur-mistikuri plani.
`fedonis~ struqturis analiziT SevecadeT warmogveCina,
Tu ra mwerluri xerxebi ganapirobeben am nawarmoebis
arqiteqtonikis Taviseburebas, anu teqnikurad rogor aris
ganxorcielebuli am dialogis kompoziciuri mTlianoba.
ra SeiZleba iTqvas daskvnis saxiT `fedonis~ kompoziciuri
organizaciis Sesaxeb? am nawarmoebis struqturis analizma _
deskrifciuli da dialoguri nawilebis gamijvnam, moqmedebisa
da msjelobis kompoziciaTa izolirebulma ganxilvam cxadyo,
rom `fedoni~ SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc triptiqi _ sami
suraTis monacvleoba, rac gvaZlevs originalur, rTul da
saintereso struqturas, romlis Semadgenel elementebs _
eqspozicia-daskvnas, intermediebsa da dialogur _

19
deskrifciul nawilebs Soris mWidro logikuri kavSiria. am
elementebis safuZvelze konstruirebulia monoliTuri
struqtura, romlis farglebSic filosofiur-miTologiuri da
eTikuri problematika ganawilebulia filosofiuri
msjelobis logikidan, sulis ukvdavebis argumentaciis
saWiroebidan gamomdinare.
rogorc Cvens naSromSi warmoCnda, `fedoni~ ganekuTvneba
e.w. dramatul dialogTa tips da igi agebulia ara mxolod
filosofiuri traqtatisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomi-
erebis Sesabamisad, aramed Tavisi kompoziciuri organizaciiT
warmogvidgeba rogorc daxvewili mxatvruli nawarmoebi.
`fedonSi~ mocemulia erTgvari TxrobiTi CarCo, romelsac
TiTqosda eqvemdebareba filosofiuri msjeloba. faqtobrivad,
es TxrobiTi CarCoa imgvarad konstruirebuli, rom man Sekras
da gaamTlianos filosofiuri diskusia, moaxdinos saTanado
adgilebis aqcentireba da mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mobilizeba.
`fedonis~ struqturis analizma kidev erTxel warmoaCina,
rom am nawarmoebSi platoni warmogvidga ara mxolod rogorc
didi filosofosi, aramed rogorc SesaniSnavi mweralic _
nawarmoebis konpoziciuri organizaciis ostati. sainteresoa,
Tu ramdenad warmoaCens platonis mwerlur ostatobas misi sxva
nawarmoebebis kompoziciuri organizacia.
ra SeiZleba iTqvas sxva dialogebis kompoziciuri
Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb? samwuxarod, am kiTxvas srulyofil
pasuxs ver gavcemT da ganmazogadebeli daskvnis gakeTebas ver
SevZlebT, radgan es sakiTxi dReisaTvis saTanadod Seswavlili
ar aris. rac Seexeba samomavlo perspeqtivas, Cveni azriT, Tu
platonis sxva nawarmoebebis kompoziciasac struqturuli
analizis meTodebiT SeviswavliT, es am filosofosis lit-
eraturuli memkvidreobis ufro Rrma gaazrebisa da axleburi
interpretaciis saSualebas mogvcems.

`fedoni~ rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebi

platonis `fedoni~ rogorc tradiciuli, ise Tanamedrove
SefasebiT, antikurobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes qmnilebas
warmoadgens ara mxolod gamorCeuli filosofiuri da eTikuri,
aramed mxatvruli Rirsebebis gamoc. Cveni naSromis mocemul
TavSi SevecdebiT, rom literaturuli nawarmoebis raobis
ganmsazRvreli TiToeuli komponenti gancalkevebiT,
SeZlebisdagvarad sistemurad SeviswavloT da, Sesabamisad,

20
warmovaCinoT am dialogis mxatvruli Rirebuleba da platonis
mwerluri ostatoba.
`fedonis~ Janruli Tavisebureba.
platonis dialogebi da maT Soris `fedonic~ ar aris erTi
konkretuli Janris farglebSi moqceuli nawarmoebi. rogorc
mTlianoba, es aris filosofiuri dialogi _ daZabuli
diskusia, romelic xorcSesxmulia sxvadasxva JanrebisaTvis
niSandoblivi literaturuli xerxebis saSualebiT, rac
SeiZleba aixsnas, erTis mxriv, zogadad filosofiuri di-
alogis literaturuli wyaroebis mravalferovnebiT, 4 xolo
meores mxriv, Tavad platonis araordinaluri mwerluri
TvisebebiT.
rogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, (ix. `fedonis~ kompoziciuri
organizaciisaTvis) `fedonSi~ warmodgenilia erTgvari
TxrobiTi CarCo, romelic kravs da amTlianebs nawarmoebs.
marTalia, es TxrobiTi CarCo, TavisTavad, warmoadgens ori
personaJis (fedonisa da eqekrates) dialogs, magram misi
saSualebiT platoni sokrates ukanaskneli saaTebis Sesaxeb
mogviTxrobs. amdenad, `fedonis~ dasawyisi da dasasruli
agebulia biografiuli JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sulis-
kveTebiT. xolo rac Seexeba Tavad filosofiur diskusias, masSi
imgvaradaa gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva ritorikuli xerxebi, rom
mocemuli nawarmoebi rogorc ritorikis, ise qadagebis Janrebs
enaTesaveba.
sokrate warmogvidgeba rogorc upretenzio, magram,
faqtobrivad, ubadlo oratori, romelic Tavisi msjelobiT
amaRlebul cxovrebiseul faseulobebs, filosofiuri
cxovrebis wessa da Tavisebur filosofiur asketizms
gviqadagebs. magram am `qadagebas~ aqvs ara pirdapiri, katego-
riuli da mentoruli toni, aramed igi mokrZalebuli, SeiZleba
iTqvas, Sefarulic kia, risi yvelaze naTeli magaliTic
filosofiuri cxovrebis wesis qadagebaa. `fedonSi~ versad
naxavT pirdapiri mowodebis intonacias. ubralod, filoso-
fiuri cxovrebis koncefcia imgvaradaa warmodgenili, rom
mkiTxveli sagangebo mowodebis gareSe rwmundeba mis Rirsebasa
da upiratesobaSi da, Tavisdauneburad, misi gavlenis qveS
eqceva.

4
filosofiuri dialogis Janris genezisis Sesaxeb ix: 136.56-60

21
`fedonisa~ da antikuri tragediis
urTierTmimarTebisaTvis
biografiis elementebisa da qadagebis suliskveTebis
garda, `fedonSi~ antikuri tragediis elementebic iCens Tavs.
platonisa da berZnuli dramis urTierTmimarTeba sakmaod
rTuli da araerTgvarovani, SeiZleba iTqvas, winaaRmdegobrivic
kia. filosofosi, erTis mxriv, zogadad poeziisa da kerZod,
dramis aSkara mowinaaRmdeged gvevlineba, magram meores mxriv,
platonis qmnilebebSi misTvis `miuRebeli~ JanrisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel araerT detals gamohyofen. problebis sir-
Tulesa da dilemurobas ganapirobebs platonis dialogebSi
moZiebuli masalis ambivalenturoba.
unda iTqvas, rom paradoqsuloba platonis memkvidreobis
erT-erT maxasiaTebladac iTvleba: `erTis mxriv, igi weri-
lobiTi formis winaaRmdegia da, meores mxriv, mdidar,
sworedac rom werilobiT memkvidreobas gvitovebs; akritikebs
xelovnebasa da ritorikas da amave dros srulyofil oratorad
da Semoqmedad gvevlineba; qmnis idealuri saxelmwifos models
da iqve daamatebs, rom es praqtikulad ganuxorcielebelia;
acxadebs, rom suli, an samyaros Semoqmedi adamianuri gonebiT
Seucnobelia, rom misi aRwera mxolod SedarebebiT SeiZleba da
paralelurad qmnis iseT saxeebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
Semdgomi periodis moazrovneTa mTels Taobebze~ (131.25).
platonis qmnilebaTa dramatuloba ZvelTaganve SeuniS-
navT. jer kidev plutarqe werda, rom `platonis dramatul
dialogTagan yvelaze martivebs bavSvebi daiswavlidnen da
zepiradac ambobdnen; amave dros moqmed pirTa xasiaTs, xmas,
pozas, warmoTqmuli sityvebis Sesabamis ganwyobilebas ansax-
ierebdnen~ (83.194).
platonis winaaRmdegobrivi mimarTeba dramasTan dRemde
auxsnelia, radgan mkvlevarni am sakiTxs an uyuradRebod
toveben, an damajereblad da damakmayofileblad ver
ganmartaven.
platonis dialogebisa da dramis urTierTmimarTebis
zogad suraTs odnav utrirebulad, magram reliefurad war-
mogvidgens erT-erTi mkvlevari, j.arieti. misi TqmiT, `Tu Cven
platonis dialogebis klasifikacia gvsurs, `protagora~
SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc komedia, `evTidemosi~ da
`kratilosi~ _ rogorc farsi. `fedoni~ tragediaa da masze
ufro gulisSemZvreli berZen poetebs araferi SeuqmniaT.

22
`saxelmwifo~ ufro Cvens filosofiur romanebs hgavs _
magaliTad, Tomas manis `jadosnur mTas~ da goeTes `fausts~
(92.127). l.kuperis SefasebiTac, `apologia~, `kritoni~ da
`fedoni~ Zalian hgvanan tragikul trilogias (99.12).
ra SeiZleba iTqvas ufro konkretulad da ufro seri-
ozuladac `fedonisa~ da tragediis urTierTmimarTebis
Sesaxeb? ra garegnuli (formaluri) da Sinagani
(msoflmxedvelobrivi) niSnebiT ukavSirdebian da
upirispirdebian isini erTmaneTs?
nawilobriv sxva mkvlevarTa Tvalsazrisze, xolo na-
wilobriv sakuTar dakvirvebebze dayrdnobiT `fedonSi~
tragediisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs ganvsazRvravT, Zi-
riTadad, aristoteles `poetikaSi~ Camoyalibebuli principebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
l.kuperi gamoyofs oTx elements, romlebic saerTo aqvT
poezias, dramasa da platonis filosofiur dialogs. esenia: 1)
fabula 2) personaJebis xasiaTi 3) gansja da 4) metyveleba.
rogorc vxedavT, l.kuperi kvlevis kriteriumad jer kidev
aristoteles mier Camoyalibebul tragediis oTx sabaziso
elements iyenebs _
 (10.4) (`poetika~,
6).
kuperis ganmartebiT, dramis Semadgenel erT-erT elements
_ miToss ( ) anu fabulas _ romelic aristoteles
miTiTebiT, aris piesis suli _ Seesabameba filosofiuri
dialogis logosi ( ) (99.7). anu ra funqciasac asrulebs
miTosi dramasa da eposSi, igive funqcia ekisreba logoss
filosofiur dialogSi. faqtobrivad, igi ganapirobebs na-
warmoebSi moqmedebis (msjelobis) msvlelobas.
l.kuperi ganmartavs platonisa da berZnuli dramis zogad
urTierTmimarTebas formaluri TvalsazrisiT, magram
mecnieris mier miTiTebuli oTxi elementis gamovlena Sesa-
Zlebelia ara mxolod `fedonSi~, aramed platonis nebismier
sxva dialogSi, ris gamoc upasuxod rCeba kiTxva: ratom iTvleba
`fedoni~ tragediad?
sxva mkvlevarni `fedons~ tragediasTan anaTesaveben
msgavsebis ufro konkretuli detalebis gamoyofis safuZvelze.
upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom tragikosebi,
iseve rogorc `fedonis~ avtori, nawarmoebSi Tavad ar
monawileoben. `am TvalsazrisiT platonis dialogi aris
dramis msgavsi. avtori ar Cndeba masSi rogorc mosaubre~ (99.3).

23
 am mxatvruli Taviseburebis erTaderTi axsna platonis
sagangebo mwerluri Canafiqria. `mas urCevnia, rom scenis ukan
darCes, iyos dramaturgi da ara moqmedi piri an komentatori~
(131.7. ix. agreTve 27.2-3; 82.127). avtoris amgvari ganze gandgoma da
sokrates aRsasrulis TiTqmis vizualur-sceniuri suraTi
Tanagancdis gasaocar SegrZnebas aRuZravs yvelas, vinc ki
`fedons~ mohkidebs xels (82.127).
`fedoni~ tragediis STabeWdilebas tovebs kidev ramdenime
niSnis gamo.
sokrates sityvebsa da moqmedebaSi mJRavndeba yvela is
niSani, romelic, aristoteles azriT, tragikul xasiaTs unda
gaaCndes. igi keTilSobilia, Tanmimdevruli da mamaci. amave
dros es simamace sokrates `Seefereba~, radgan igi
filosofosia (Sdr. `poetika~, 15). platoni mis pirovnebas
warmogvidgens odnav hiperbolizirebuli saxiT, rac aseve
Seesabameba aristoteles moTxovnebs. `radgan tragedia aris
ukeTesTa asaxva vidre Cven varT, unda mivbaZoT karg port-
retistebs; isini xom aZleven TiToeuls sakuTar formas,
warmoadgenen originalis msgavsad, magram amave dros
xataven ufro lamazebad~ (`poetika~, 15).
`fedonSi~ moqmedebis (da msjelobis) ganviTarebaSi
monawileobs ara mxolod mTavari gmiri (e.w. protagonisti),
aramed meorexarisxovani personaJebic, romelTa nawili e.w.
devteragonistad gvevlineba (mag. simiasi, kebesi...) xolo nawili
qoros funqcias asrulebs (mag. fedoni, eqekrate...).5
`fedonis~ kiTxvis dros Cvens warmosaxvaSi uciloblad
Cndeba scena, sadac sokrates ukanaskneli dRe gaTamaSdeba.
fedonisa da eqekrates pirveli dialogi SeiZleba SevadaroT
parodoss _ qoros Semosvlasa da sawyis simReras. sokratesa da
misi megobrebis filosofiuri dialogi SeiZleba war-
movidginoT rogorc episodionebi, xolo fedonisa da eqekrates,
anu qoros orgzis CarTva _ rogorc stasimebi. erT-erT epi-
sodionSi CarTulia mTavari gmiris (sokrates) dialogi qoros
e.w. korifesTan (fedonTan). sokrates sikvdilis scena SeiZleba
SevadaroT eqsodoss, romelSic Casmulia Taviseburi komosi _
sokrates megobrebis moTqma-godeba filosofosis
moaxloebuli aRsasrulis gamo (Sdr. `poetika~, 12).
rogorc vxedavT, struqturis TvalsazrisiT `fedonsa~ da
tragedias Soris aSkara tipologiuri msgavseba SeiniSneba.

5
personaJTa funqciis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT.

24
 q.rouvis miTiTebiT, platonis mocemuli dialogi tra-
gedias enaTesaveba ara mxolod fedonisa da eqekrates qoros
msgavsi TandaswrebiT, aramed agreTve aristoteleseuli
`peripeteiaTi~ (27.1).
q.rouvis azriT, simiasisa da kebesis mier sokrates ar-
gumentaciis sapirispirod sulis harmoniulobis Teoriis
wamoyeneba msjelobis kulminaciur momentad unda CaiTvalos.
mecnieris ganmartebiT, Tu manamde megobrebi sokrates
epaeqrebodnen Cveulebrivi adamianis poziciidan gamomdinare
(ix. gansakuTrebiT: 70a; 77c-e), maT mier mocemuli doqtrinis
gamoyeneba ufro filosofiur da, Sesabamisad, ufro seriozul
gamowvevad gvevlineba da amave dros tragediisaTvis damax-
asiaTebeli `peripeteias~ ( (`poetika~ 10;11)
tolfasia (27.200).
yuradsaRebia, rom peripetia tragediaSi warmogvidgeba
rogorc bedis uecari cvlileba _ gadasvla bednierebidan
ubedurebaSi (Sdr. `poetika~, 13), xolo `fedonSi~ _ rogorc
erTgvari gardatexa msjelobis procesSi. radgan am nawarmoebSi
ganmsazRvrelia ara moqmedeba, aramed msjeloba, bunebrivia,
peripetiac diskusiaSi iCens Tavs.
kidev erTxel gavixsenoT is niSnebi, romlebiTac `fedoni~
tragedias enaTesaveba:
1) avtori ar gvevlineba moqmed pirad.
2) nawarmoebi efuZneba personaJTa dialogs.
3) Tavs iCens tragediis sabaziso oTxi elementi:  ,
 ,  ,  .
4) mTavari gmiri aris keTilSobili, Tanmimdevruli da
mamaci. misi xasiaTi aris `Sesaferisi~.
5) protagonisti daxatulia hiperbolizirebulad.
6) nawarmoebis kompoziciaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT: parodosi,
episodionebi, stasimebi, eqsodosi da komosi.
7) fabulaSi (ufro zustad, msjelobis procesSi)
SeiniSneba peripetia _ diskusiis gamwvaveba.
`fedonisa~ da tragediis urTierTmimarTebis ganxilvisas
uTuod unda gaviTvaliswinoT tragediisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
is niSnebic, romlebic am dialogSi warmodgenili ar aris.
bunebrivia, `fedonSi~ ar gvxvdeba tragediis mxatvruli
asaxvis saSualebebi: da  , rTuli fabulis
erT-erT Semadgenel elements _ gamocnobas

25
( ) da mTavari gmiris tanjvas ( ) (Sdr.
`poetika~, 6,11,16).
sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad aris warmodgenili `fedonSi~
tragikuli moqmedebis Semadgeneli nawilebi: kvanZis Sekvra
( ) da gaxsna ( ) (`poetika~, 18). platoni ar
gviambobs im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romelTac gamoiwvies gmiris
bedis gardatexa _ anu sokrates gasamarTleba da misi moxvedra
sapyrobileSi. `fedonSi~ aRwerilia mxolod konfliqtidan
gamomdinare moqmedebis Semdgomi msvleloba dasasrulamde, anu
mocemulia sokrates tragikuli aRsasruli rogorc mza Sedegi
garkveuli, daukonkretebeli movlenebisa. kvanZis Sekvra aris
mxolod nagulisxmevi da ara _ warmodgenili. Sesabamisad,
mTeli nawarmoebi aris am nagulisxmevi kvanZis gaxsna.
rogorc vxedavT, `fedonSi~ tragediisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli yvela niSnis gamoyofa ar SeiZleba da es savsebiT
bunebrivia, radgan filosofiur dialogSi _ ra asociaciebsac
ar unda aRZravdes igi _ gamoricxulia tragediis klasikuri
sqemis arseboba.
`fedonisa~ da tragediis urTierTmimarTebis ganxilvisas
unda gaviTvaliswinoT ara mxolod formaluri niSnebi, aramed
maT Soris arsebuli Sinagani mimarTebac. sainteresoa, ramdenad
tragikuli suliskveTebisaa es dialogi.
`fedoni~ saukuneebis manZilze erT-erT yvelaze ama-
Relvebel da gulisSemZvrel literaturul qmnilebad
iTvleboda. erTi SexedviT igi aRiqmeboda da aRiqmeba rogorc
tragedia, radgan es dialogi keTilSobili gmiris usamarTlo
aRsasrulis Sesaxeb gviambobs da emociurad Zalian damux-
tulia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoT miTiTebuli niSnebis gamo
`fedoni~ tragediis STabeWdilebas tovebs, vfiqrobT, rom
Tavisi arsiT es dialogi mxolod nawilobriv aris tragedia.
amgvari interpretaciisken gvibiZga h.kunis erTma patara
SeniSvnam, rom `fedoni~ aris platonuri anti-tragedia... rom is,
rac tragediaSi SiSis momgvrelia, filosofiaSi amgvar
Sinaarss kargavs (112.25-26).
es dakvirveba aSkarad misaRebad gveCvena, magram
imavdroulad igi ewinaaRmdegeboda sxva, aseve damajerebel
mosazrebas, rom `fedoni~ calkeuli niSnebiT tragedias
enaTesaveba. am orma, urTierTsapirispiro, magram Taviseburad
marTebulma Tvalsazrisma dagvanaxa, rom `fedonisa~ da
tragediis, iseve rogorc platonisa da dramis ur-

26
TierTmimarTeba araerTgvarovania, sworxazovan da calsaxa
interpretacias gamoricxavs da frTxil analizs moiTxovs.
aristotele `poetikaSi~ gamoyofs tragikuli konfliqtis
sam saxes, romlebic gmirebs Soris mtruli, gulgrili an
megobruli damokidebulebidan gamomdinareobs (ix. `poetika~,
14). `fedonSi~ aRwerili konfliqti ganpirobebulia ara per-
sonaJTa Soris urTierTdamokidebulebiT, aramed gamowveulia
mTavari gmirisa da sazogadoebis dapirispirebiT, magram aris
Tu ara es konfliqti tragikuli?
aristoteles ganmartebiT, tragediis ganmapirobebeli
erT-erTi faqtori SeiZleba iyos keTili da samarTliani
adamianis `bednierebidan ubedurebaSi Cavardna~ (`poetika~, 13).
ismis kiTxva: aris Tu ara sokrates dasja ubedureba da misi
cxovrebis gza tragikuli?
`fedonidan~ gamomdinare am kiTxvebze calsaxa pasuxi ar
arsebobs, radgan am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sokratesa da sxva
personaJebis pozicia ar aris erTgvarovani.
empiriul planSi sokrates bedi tragikulia, magram Tavad
filosofosis uzenaesi mizani xom Cvens fizikur realobaze
amaRleba da maradiulTan ziarebaa. amdenad, maradiulobis
WrilSi sokrates aRsasruli tragediad veRar moiazreba.
Selingis ganmartebiT, `tragediis arsi mdgomareobs
subieqtis Tavisuflebasa da obieqtur aucileblobas Soris
WeSmarit brZolaSi~ (89.400), magram `fedonSi~ sokrate ar ib-
rZvis obieqturi aucileblobis winaaRmdeg. saiqio netarebis
imediT mas sruliadac ar aSinebs kars momdgari aRsasruli.
sikvdili misTvis tragedia ar aris. sokrates sapirispirod
filosofosis bedis mimarT misi meuRlisa da megobrebis
damokidebuleba dramatulia (59a1-9; 60a3-b1; 116d1-2; 117c7-d6;).
sikvdilis mimarT orgvari: tragikuli da anti-tragikuli
damokidebuleba kidev ufro mkafiod warmoCndeba sokrates
sityvebSi mgloviare megobrebis mimarT: `amas ras akeTebT... me
xom imitom wavayvanine qalebi, rom ase ugnurad ar moqceu-
liyvnen...~ (117d7-9).
is, rac qsanTipasa da sokrates megobrebisaTvis tragedia,
ubedurebaa, Tavad filosofosisaTvis aris momavali, saiqio
bednierebis sawindari. sokrate pirdapir miuTiTebs: `Cemi
axlandeli bedi ar mimaCnia ubedurebad ( )...~
(84e1-2).
amdenad, `fedonSi~ ar aris warmodgenili tragediis
fabulis Semadgeneli erT-erTi arsebiTi elementi _ mTavari
27
gmiris `tanjva~ (Sdr. `poetika~, 11), romlis gareSec war-
moudgenelia WeSmariti tragedia.
sokrates saxeSi xorcSesxmulia platonis anti-tragikuli
ideali. amgvarad, mwerali gvixatavs rigiT mokvdavTa TvaliT
danaxul cxovrebiseul realobas, rogorc tragedias, xolo
misi ideali _ mocemul SemTxvevaSi sokrate _ aris an-
ti-tragikulis gansaxiereba. `fedoni~ erTis mxriv, ueWvelad
enaTesaveba tragedias, magram meores mxriv, igi tragikuli
suliskveTebisa da esTetikis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs. tragediaSi
Casmulia anti-tragedia. tragedia marcxdeba sakuTar TavSi.
`fedonis~ anti-tragikuli suliskveTeba ganpirobebulia
platonisa da tragikosTa urTierTgansxvavebuli msoflaRqmiT,
magram riTi unda aixsnas am dialogSi tragediisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis arseboba? platoni maT mimarTavs
gaucnobiereblad, Tu savsebiT gaazrebulad? es SemTxveviTobaa,
Tu sagangebo mwerluri Canafiqri?
Cveni azriT, nakleb savaraudoa, rom tragediis maxasi-
aTeblebs `fedonSi~ ase sistemurad eCinaT Tavi SemTxveviT,
gauazreblad. aq, albaT, kvlav platonis araordinaluri
mwerluri niWi moqmedebs.
`fedonis~ erT-erT daskvniT epizodSi sokrate _ an-
ti-tragikulis gansaxiereba _ Tavis Tavs ironiulad tragediis
gmirs uwodebs da megobrebs tragediidan nasesxebi fraziT
mimarTavs: `axla ki, rogorc tragediis gmiri ityoda, ukve
mixmobs bediswera. droa, rom gavemarTo gansabanad~ (115a5-6)
(Sdr. sofokle, `aiaqsi~, 654-6). tragikuli gmiris Temas platoni
am pasaJSi kidev erTxel `gaaTamaSebs~. sawamlavis dalevamde
cota xniT adre sokrate kritons homerosis _ platonis azriT,
tragikosi poetis _ (ix. `saxelmwifo~, 595b-c) reminiscenciiT
mimarTavs:

 (116d7-8) _ `maS ase, kriton, davujeroT mas~
(igulisxmeba: mcvels)6.
Cveni azriT, aseTive ironias Caaqsovs platoni mTels
nawarmoebSi. tragediidan sesxulobs mTel rig formalur
niSnebs, magram maTi saSualebiT anti-tragikul ideals Seasxams
xorcs. tragikulis formiT xdeba anti-tragikulis aqcentireba.

6
aq warmodgenili konstruqcia _  + horta-
tiuli kavSirebiTi an brZanebiTi kilo _ aris homerosis enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli da ar gvxvdeba platonTan (27.293).

28
 `fedoni~ filosofiuri saubris inscenirebaa. moqmedeba
sapatimros kedlebSi lokalizdeba. garegnuli statikuroba
azrisa da emociis daZabuli mdinarebiT da aqedan gamomdinare
Sinagani dinamizmiT kompensirdeba. fizikurad simiasi da kebesi
sapatimros ar gaSorebian, magram sulierad ki WeSmaritebis
Ziebis gzas Sesdgomian. `fedoni~ aris sokrates uSualo
msmenelebis, misi megobrebis da amave dros Cveni, platonis
dRevandeli mkiTxvelebis sulisa da gonebis odisea.
`fedonSi~ erTis mxriv, tragediisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
formaluri da, nawilobriv, Sinagani niSnebis moZiebam, xolo
meores mxriv, am nawarmoebis anti-tragikulma suliskveTebam
kidev erTxel cxadyo platonis filosofiuri da mwerluri
Tavisebureba _ paradoqsuloba da masStaburoba, romelic
mocemul SemTxvevaSi samyaros orplaniani xedviT aris
ganpirobebuli. movlena gaiazreba rogorc warmaval, ise
maradiul WrilSi, ris gamoc igi orsaxovnad warmogvidgeba.
garemos SerCevisa da personaJTa individualizaciis
principebi
platoni im avtorTa ricxvs ganekuTneba, romelTa
SemoqmedebaSic erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo detalebsac ki
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT.
`fedonSi~ sagangebodaa SerCeuli is garemo, romelSic
moqmedeba mimdinareobs, ufro sworad, romelSic dialogi
Sedgeba. warmodgenilia orplaniani moqmedeba: dialogi dia-
logSia Casmuli. Sesabamisad, scenac oria _ fliunti da aTenis
sapyrobile.
ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom sulis ukvdavebis mtkiceba xdeba
aTenis erT-erT dilegSi. amgvari garemo aSkarad exmianeba
sokrates argumentaciis erT-erT sakmaod mniSvnelovan
debulebas, rom sxeuli sulis sapyrobilea, xolo sikvdili _
am tyveobidan Tavis daRweva. q.rouvis dakvirvebiT, sokrates
sxeuli dilegia misi sulisaTvis, xolo filosofosis sxeuli
Tavis mxriv realur sapyrobileSia (27.128-129).
fliunti, rogorc piTagorelTa erT-erTi centri, aseve
sagangebod SerCeuli Cans im nawarmoebisaTvis, romlis
filosofiuri sistemac, bevrwilad, piTagorelTa moZRvrebiT
sazrdoobs. piTagoruli suliskveTebiT ganmsWvalul fliunts
fedoni sokrates naazrevs aziarebs. CavTvaloT, rom es miniSnebaa
im Sinagan kavSirze, romelic piTagoreizmsa da platonizms Soris
arsebobs.

29
 `fedonSi~ figurirebs Tebes saxelic, sadac piTagorelTa
darbevis Semdeg aTenidan devnili filolaosi moRvaweobda.
Tebelebi arian simiasi da kebesi, romlebic vidre sokrates
daemowafebodnen, filolaosis leqciebs ismendnen.
platonis dialogebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian maTSi
monawile personaJTa raodenobiTa da maTi individualuri
TvisebebiT. `fedonSi~ warmodgenilia sokrate da misi mos-
wavleebis, mimdevrebisa da megobrebis sakmaod mozrdili wre.
personaJebs sxvadasxva funqciebi ekisrebaT. amasTan, TvalSi
sacemia is faqtic, rom TiToeul moqmed pirs aqvs Tavisi, mkacrad
gansazRvruli funqcia, romelsac ganuxrelad asrulebs.
garkveuli personaJebis arseboba `fedonSi~ mxolod
miTiTebulia, magram, faqtobrivad, scenaze isini ar Cndebian
(kritobulosi, mamamisi, hermogene, epigene, esqine, antisTene,
peanieli qtesiposi, meneqsenosi (59b5-10), fedondi, evklide mega-
ridan da terpsioni (59c2)). es personaJebi sokrates warmosaxviT
auditorias qmnian. fedoni mTxrobelia, eqekrate misi msmeneli,
romelsac TiTqosda miemarTeba mTeli monaTxrobi. simiasi da
kebesi, sokrates, ase vTqvaT, aqtiur auditorias warmoadgenen da
uSualod monawileoben filosofiur dialogSi. kritonis
funqcia sokratesa Tu sxvisi davalebisa da Txovnis Sesrulebaa
(60a6-8; 115b1-4; 115c2-3; 116b3; 116e7-117a4). apolodorosi da qsanTipa
nawarmoebis tragikul eqos qmnian (59a7-9; 117d1-6; 60a3-8; 60a9-b1).
amave funqcias zogjer kritoni da fedonic asruleben (59a1-7;
117c7-d1; 117d1-2). TerTmetTa msaxuri sokrates mimarT ubralo
xalxis, arafilosofosTa damokidebulebas ganasaxierebs
(116b8-d2). nawarmoebSi mxolod erTxel gaielvebs mona, romelsac
ganaCenis aRsruleba evaleba (117a4-b2).
am ukanaskneli personaJisaTvis dakisrebuli, arc Tu ise
saxarbielo valdebuleba, Cveni azriT, ar aris mxolod
realurad arsebuli garkveuli wesis an istoriuli simarTlis
asaxva. SesaZloa, ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom sokrates sawamlavian
kiliqss gauwodebs mona _ personaJi, romelsac arc saxeli da
arc individualobis ganmsazRvreli arc erTi niSani ar gaaCnia.
usamarTlo ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvanas platoni amgvar
`usaxo~ personaJs daakisrebs.
`fedonis~ TiToeul personaJs, im funqciis garda, ro-
melsac igi asrulebs, aqvs xasiaTis raRac erTi, ZiriTadi
niSani, romelic erT epiTetSi SeiZleba iqnas formulirebuli:
eWviani, skeptikosi simiasi da kebesi (63a1-3;77a8-9). gulCvili

30
apolodorosi, dauzareli kritoni, TerTmetTa gulTbili
( ) msaxuri da TavSeukavebuli qsanTipa.
Strixebi sokrates portretisaTvis
`fedonSi~ centraluria sokrates saxe, romelic sxva
personaJebis mimarT kontrastisa da dapirispirebis principiTaa
agebuli. Sesabamisad, cxovrebis ori wesi da pirovnebis ori
tipi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs.
sokrate yvelaze mamaci, keTilSobili da samarTliania. igi
mSvidia, auRelvebeli. misi ganwyoba myaria, ucvleli da
gawonasworebuli. sokrate brZenia, filosofosi. mis sa-
pirispirod sxva personaJebi mousvenroben, Relaven, meryeoben. sxva
personaJebis fonze, maTTan dapirispirebiT ufro TvalsaCinoa
sokrates araCveulebrivi siwminde da aramiwieri didebuleba.
(sokratesa da rigiT mokvdavT Soris kontrasti gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCinod warmoCndeba sawamlavis dalevis scenaSi ( 116c1-6;
116e3-5)).
marTalia, mTlianobaSi sokrate hiperbolizirebulad da
idealizirebulad warmogvidgeba, magram mis saxeSi platons
gakvriT iseTi Tvisebebi Seaqvs, rom isini TiTqos `aadami-
anureben~ sokrates, mas bunebriobasa da realisturobas ani-
Weben. am TvalsazrisiT sagangebod unda aRiniSnos sayovelTaod
cnobili sokrateseuli ironia, romelic damatebiT Strixebs
sZens filosofosis pirovnebas, mis xasiaTs, azrovnebisa da
msjelobis stils (mag. ix. `fedoni~, 77d7-e2; 60d8-e1; 91a1-3; 115c4-5
da sxv.).
`fedonis~ tropuli metyveleba
iTvleba, rom platonis weris manera zedmiwevniT sadaa da
daxvewili, metyveleba mkafioa da lakonuri. v.asmusis Se-
fasebiT, platonis ena `moqnilia, gamomsaxveli, gamWvirvale,
amasTan zusti da xatovani~ (2.9), rac mxatvruli xerxebis
zomieri gamoyenebiT miiRweva.
platonis mier `fedonSi~ gamoyenebul mxatvrul saSu-
alebaTa (xerxTa) analiziT SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT, Tu
ramdenad mJRavndeba am dialogSi platonis enisaTvis damax-
asiaTebeli niSnebi.
`fedonis~ epiTetebi originalobiT ar gamoirCeva.
sxvadasxva sagnebisa da movlenebis gansazRvrisas platoni,
Cveulebriv, tradiciul, upretenzio zedsarTav saxelebs

31
iyenebs, Tanac sakmaod momWirned da zomierad, rac sxva
faqtorebTan erTad `fedonis~ stilis sisadaves ganapirobebs.
unda iTqvas, rom platoni `fedonSi~ upiratesobas aniWebs
ara `enis mza samkaulebs~, anu epiTetebs _ ama Tu im ni-
San-Tvisebis ukve arsebul formulirebebs _ aramed Sedarebebsa
da metaforebs, romelTa aRqmac azrovnebis procesis
gagrZelebaa.
`fedonSi~ mwerali yvelaze xSirad Sedarebebs mimarTavs.
analogiebis saSualebiT filosofiis sferoSi gadavyevarT.
moixmobs Sedarebebs, rom abstraqtul cnebebsa da filosofiur
kategoriebze Segviqmnas warmodgena.
aq dawvrilebiT ar ganvixilavT `fedonSi~ moZiebul yvela
Sedarebas, mxolod maTi analizis Sedegad miRebul zogad
daskvnebs warmovadgenT:
1) `fedoni~ Sedarebebisa da metaforebis siuxviTa da
mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba.
2) am nawarmoebSi vxvdebiT rogorc mokle, ise gavrcobil
Sedarebebs. mokle Sedarebebs xSirad martivi formulis saxe
aqvT da gansakuTrebuli originalobiT ar gamoirCevian.
mag.: filosofosma unda gadaajeros simiassa da kebesSi
arsebuli bavSvi, `rom aRar eSinodes sikvdilis,
rogorc safrTxobelasi~ (77e6-7) (ix. agreTve: 63b2;
95d1-2; 101e1-2;).
sizmris mier aRZrul fiqrebs sokrate amgvari gavrcobili
SedarebiT aRwers:
`rogorc mayureblebi SeZaxilebiT amxneveben
morbenalT, mec ise  STamagonebda sizmari imas, rasac
vakeTebdi _ muzebis sarbielze moRvaweobas~ (ix. agreTve: 60b8-c1;
99d4-e3; 109c3-d4;109e1-5).
3) SedarebaTa nawili tradiciulia, xolo nawili _
originaluri, platonis fantaziis nayofi.
mxatvrul saxeTa konstruirebisas filosofosi xSirad
mimarTavs Tavis winamorbed moazrovneTa sulier gamocdilebas.
magaliTad, `fedonis~ zogierTi Sedarebas ukavSireben Zvel
berZnul andazur gamoTqmebs (69a6-9;), heraklites naazrevs
(90c4-6; 69a6-9, Sdr. B90D), orfikul warmodgenebs (67d1-2; 87c8;
87d7-8; 87d9-e1), homerosis mxatvrul samyaros (70a4-5 , Sdr.
`iliada~, X.100-1; XVI.856; XX.362).
4) `fedonSi~ SedarebaTa absoluturi umravlesoba aris
gavrcobili da Tanac originaluri.

32
 5) Sedarebebi ZiriTadad agebulia  iSviaTad
 ... sityvebis meSveobiT, romelTac msgavsebis
elementebs uwodeben xolme. rogorc vxedavT, es Sedarebebi
struqturulad ar gamoirCevian didi mravalferovnebiT, rasac
maT Sinaarsobriv mxareze ver vityviT.
6) `fedonis~ SedarebebSi areklilia Cveni garemomcveli
ukidegano samyaro mTeli Tavisi mravalferovnebiT.
7) platonis Sedarebebi sakmaod sada da upretenzioa.
mwerali ar cdilobs sxvadasxva obieqtebsa Tu movlenebs Soris
Sexebis moulodneli wertilis gamonaxvas an Sesadarebeli
elementis mravalferovnebis warmoCenas.
8) `fedonSi~ TiToeuli Sedareba mxolod erTxel gvxvdeba,
magram samagierod meordeba maTi konstruirebisas gamoyenebuli
garkveuli paradigma, magaliTad, pyrobilebis Tema (borkili,
sapyrobile, Seborkva), rac saboloo jamSi am nawarmoebis
erT-erT wamyvan motivad gvevlineba. sxeulis gaigiveba sapy-
robilesTan ar aris platonis inovacia. es mxatvruli saxe
orfikul-piTagoruli warmodgenebiT sazrdoobs.
sokrates ganmartebiT, ganwmenda gulisxmobs sxeulisagan,
rogorc borkilTagan, ganTavisuflebas (67d1-2). gamorCeul da
wminda sulebs `uSveben am miwisqveSa adgilidan, rogorc
sapyrobilidan~ (114c1).
9) `fedonSi~ zogjer iSleba zRvari Sedarebasa da met-
aforas Soris. ufro sworad, Sedareba metaforaSi gadaizrdeba
xolme. erTi, vTqvaT, A elementis daxasiaTebisas paradigmad
arCeuli meore, B elementi SeiZleba Semdeg A-s metaforul
aRmniSvnelad mogvevlinos (anu Sedarebis Sedegad garkveul
obieqtSi miTiTebuli esa Tu is Tviseba xdeba safuZveli mo-
cemuli obieqtis metaforuli gaazrebisa).
sxeulTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli suli iZulebulia, rom
Seimecnos yofiereba ara Tavis TavSi, aramed sxulis, rogorc
sapyrobilis, meSveobiT.. ( )
(82e1-4) kargad icis am satusaRos saSiSi Zala, rom vnebebis gamo
tusaRi SeiZleba gaxdes Tavisi tyveobis xelSemwyobi (82e5-83a1).
mocemul pasaJSi Sedareba SeumCnevlad gadaizarda
STambeWdav metaforul gamonaTqvamSi, rom suli SeiZleba
damorCildes sxeulis vnebebs, misi interesebi gaataros, e.i.
SeiZleba misi Tanamzraxveli gaxdes.
dasawyisSi, Sedarebis saSualebiT suli (A1) warmogvidgeba
rogorc tyve (B1) da sxeuli (A2) _ rogorc misi sapyrobile (B2),

33
xolo Semdeg am Sedarebis safuZvelze agebulia metafora,
romelSic laparakia satusaRosa (B2) da tusaRis (B1) Sesaxeb,
maSin rodesac igulisxmeba suli (A1) da sxeuli (A2).
msgavsi Sinaarsis metaforebi `fedonSi~ sxvaganac gvxvdeba
(mag.: 84a4-5; 83d1-2; 91e6-92a1).
10) zogjer Znelia zRvaris gavleba `fedonis~ Sedarebebsa
da metaforebs Soris. maTi sinTeziT platoni Tavisebur
metaforul Sedarebebs gvTavazobs. am dros
11) martivi Sedareba metaforuli gamonaTqvamis erT-erT
elementad gvevlineba. sokrates TqmiT, `yovel sixaruls an
wuxils TiTqos aqvs lursmani, romelic suls sxeulze
mialursmavs, 7 miamagrebs (msWvalavs) da sxeulebrivs xdis~..
(83d4-5) suli, romelic hadesSi sxeuliT damZimebuli miemarTeba,
`male kvlav vardeba sxeulSi da Rivdeba masSi, rogorc
daTesili Tesli~ (83d10-e1). mocemul pasaJSi martiv SedarebaTa
gamoyenebiT miiReba STambeWdavi metaforuli gamonaTqvamebi.
vnebebi da maTi moqmedeba metaforulad warmogvidgeba rogorc
lursmani da milursmva, xolo sulis gansxeuleba _ rogorc
Teslis gaRiveba.
12) platoni Zunwi, magram mkveTri da STambeWdavi saSu-
alebebiT qmnis sxvadasxva mxatvrul saxeebs. amasTan meta-
forebSi ukeT warmoCndeba platonis azrovnebis masStaburoba
da originaluri mwerluri xedva (mag. ix: 66d5-6; 71e9; 76e9; 77e8-9;
78a1-2; 87b4-d3; 87d3-5; 87d7-e3; 89d5; 91d4-6; 96c5-6; 98b7; 99b4-6;
99c9-d1).
platoni gaurbis dekoratiuli detalebis siWarbes.
`Zvirfaso, nu ityvi maRalfardovnad...~ (95b5)
( ) _ sokrate am
sityvebiT Seawyvetinebs kebess mis qebas. 
_ nu vilaparakebT maRalfardovnad _ SeiZleba CaiTvalos
platonis mwerluri kredos erT-erT principad.
`fedoni~ maqsimaluradaa gantvirTuli efeqturi, magram
zogjer myvirala gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebisgan da swored
amitom amaRlebuloba aq maRalfardovnebaSi ar gadadis.
mxatvrul saSualebaTa siWarbe daamZimebda nawarmoebs, xe-
lovnur bariersa da distancias Seuqmnida mkiTxvels. sisadaviT,

7
vTargmniT zedmiwevniTi sizustiT. berZnul teqstSic gamoyenebulia
erTi fuZisagan nawarmoebi zmna da arsebiTi saxeli: 
(lursmani)
da  (mivalursmav).

34
daxvewilobiTa da simsubuqiT es nawarmoebi ufro advilad
mkvidrdeba CvenSi. epiTetebis, Sedarebebisa da metaforebis
moWarbebuli gamoyeneba daakninebda sokrates Sesaxeb Txrobas.
`stiliT TamaSi~
`fedonSi~ Tavs iCens platonis mwerluri ostatobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi niSani _ `stiliT TamaSi~, anu
mwerlis stili da metyveleba icvleba Txrobis obieqtidan
gamomdinare.
`fedonis~ TxrobiTi CarCo (eqekratesa da fedonis di-
alogi) da misi e.w. deskrifciuli nawili (sokrates mier
sapyrobileSi gatarebuli ukanaskneli saaTebis yofiTi de-
talebis aRweriloba) maqsimalurad gantvirTulia mxatvruli
aqsesuarebisgan. isini Tavs filosofiuri da moTologiuri
Sinaarsis monakveTebSi iCenen.
Cvens mier `fedonSi~ moZiebuli mxatvruli xerxebidan
mxolod 14 aris dafiqsirebuli miTologiur pasaJSi, magram
vinaidan filosofiuri nawili moculobiT daaxloebiT 9-jer
aRemateba daskvniT miTs, mxatvruli xerxebis gamoyenebis in-
tensivobis dasadgenad unda gamovTvaloT TiToeuli nawilis
moculobis Sefardeba masSi gamoyenebul mxatvrul xerxTa
raodenobasTan.8
dadginda, rom miTologiur monakveTSi mxatvruli xerxebi
daaxloebiT 2,5-jer meti intensivobiT gamoiyeneba, rac sxva
faqtorebTan erTad mocemuli pasaJis mxatvrul gam-
omsaxvelobas ganapirobebs.
miTologiis sferoSi SeWra platons poetur warmosaxvas
gaumZafrebs. zesknelis, sknelisa da qvesknelis suraTebi
erTmaneTs enacvleba. SegviZlia paralelurad gavadevnoT
Tvali poeturi saSualebebisa da ferebis gradacias.
ramdenadac feradovani da efeqturia mxatvruli saxeebi
WeSmariti miwis kaSkaSa da xatovani suraTebis warmosaxvisas,
imdenad Camqrali da Cveulebrivia isini dedamiwis bunebis
aRwerisas, xolo qvesknelis saSinelebaTa warmodgenisas ki
Txroba pirquSi, Tumc metad STambeWdavi xdeba. dedamiwisa da

8
filosofiuri nawili: 66 gverdi/49 mxatvruli xerxi. moculobiTi
Tanafardoba: 0,7.
miTologiuri nawili: 7 gverdi/14 mxatvruli xerxi. moculobiTi
Tanafardoba: 2.

35
WeSmariti miwis aRwerisas kontrastisa da dapirispirebis xerxi
gamoiyeneba.
platoni weris Taviseul stils aqac ar Ralatobs. misi ena,
epiTetebis odnavi moWarbebis miuxedavad, maRalfardovani ar
aris. Txroba ritmuli da dinamiuria. misi tempi dialogur
nawilebTan SedarebiT ufro swrafia. es logikuricaa, radgan
maTSi platoni gviCvenebs ara romelime filosofiuri Teoriis
formulirebis process, aramed gvTavazobs a priori miRebul
miTologiur warmodgenebs.
`fedonis~ miTologiuri nawili mxatvruli zemoqmedebis
TvalsazrisiT aSkarad gamoirCeva, ara mxolod imitom, rom aq
vxvdebiT epiTetebisa da metaforuli Sedarebebis did sim-
ravles, ferebis Tavisebur gaazrebasa da originalur
bgerweras (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT), aramed imitomac, rom de-
damiwa, WeSmariti miwa da miwisqveSeTi aRwerilia rogorc
Zalian konkretuli, xelSesaxebi fizikuri realoba.
am sami samyaros aRwerilobis detalizaciiT platoni Zalian
konkretul da imavdroulad STambeWdav vizualur xatebs gviqmnis.
suraTovneba mocemuli pasaJis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia.
sxvadasxva sibrtyeze ganlagebuli midamoebi mkiTxvels imdenad
cxadad warmoudgeba Tvalwin, rom TiTqos iSleba zRvari ada-
miansa da warmosaxviT (zeciur, miwisqveSa Tu miRmier) samyaroebs
Soris. irealuri TiTqos realurad gveCveneba. Sesabamisad, miTs
damajerebloba da zemoqmedebis Zala emateba.
platoni TiTqos dagvaaxlovebs im or samyarosTan,
romlebic Cveulebrivi adamianisTvis miuRwevelia. am dros
mkiTxvels uCndeba grZnoba, rom mas sokratem SeaZlebina
adamianur SesaZleblobebze ufro meti, `miaRwevina miuRweveli~,
rac yovelTvis mZafr gancdas iwvevs. swored amitom mocemuli
pasaJi emociurad gansakuTrebiT muxtavs mkiTxvels da masze
udides STabeWdilebas axdens.
oratoruli xerxebi
Txrobis daZabul da emociur intonacias platoni
sxvadasxva mwerluri xerxiT da maT Soris oratoruli xe-
lovnebis saidumloebaTa codniT aRwevs.
dialogis saSualebiT filosofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvas
platoni ritorikis ZiriTad wesebs umorCilebs. gvaqvs
Sesavali, anu Temis dasabuTeba (exordium), misi gavrcoba (narratio)
da daskvna (conclusio). xSiria sxvadasxvagvari ritorikuli
xerxebi _ frazaTa emociuri da azrobrivi ganmeorebani Tu

36
dazustebani, winamaval TezisebTan dabruneba Tu sakiTxidan
lirikuli gadaxveva.
`fedonSic~ gamoiyeneba sokratuli dialogebisaTvis
Cveuli xerxi _ enleqsisi anu uaryofa. sokrates jer
winaaRmdegobamde mihyavs oponentis Tezisi, romelic, rogorc
wesi, sayovelTaod miRebuli azria da bolos, sapirispiro
daskvnas akeTebinebs. yvelaferi es xdeba kategoriulobisa da
mentoruli tonis gareSe.
ritorikul figuraTagan `fedonSi~ yvelaze xSirad an-
tiTeza gvxvdeba. igi sxvadasxva struqturul doneebze
vlindeba. leqsikuri safexuri iqneba es, gramatikuli Tu
kompoziciuri, rac situaciebis aRwerisa da saxeebis agebis
principebs gulisxmobs.
`fedons~ dapirispirebis suliskveTeba msWvalavs. es ara
marto am nawarmoebis, aramed saerTod filosofiuri dialogis
mxatvrul specifikadac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, kamaTi xom
TavisTavad sxvadasxva mosazrebaTa dapirispirebaa. antiTeza
`fedonSi~ sxvadasxva opoziciur wyvilebSi realizdeba.
erTmaneTs upirispirdebian sxvadasxva filosofiuri
koncefciebi, skolebi da mimdinareobani. es dapirispireba da
maTTan platonis polemika zogjer Sefarulia da iribi, zogjer
pirdapiri da daufaravi.
antinomiebs qmnian sxvadasxva filosofiuri kategoriebi
da sulieri ganwyobilebani: suli da sxeuli, sikvdili da
sicocxle, saiqio da saaqao cxovreba, filosofosi da rigiTi
mokvdavi, zneoba da uzneoba, SiSi da simamace, sikvdilis ridi
da molodini.
sxvadasxva oratorul xerxebs sokrate mimarTavs ara
logikis saWiroebisaTvis, aramed msjelobis procesSi
msmenelebze emociuri zemoqmedebis moxdenis, garkveuli
debulebis aqcentirebis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT xSirad
gamoiyeneba erTi azris sxvadasxva ritorikuli variaciebi.
esa Tu is Tvalsazrisi nawarmoebis romeliRac erT pasaJSi
vrclad, dawvrilebiT aris Camoyalibebuli, xolo mis ri-
torikul variacias (Tu variaciebs) Zalian xSirad dialogis
sxva monakveTSi (Tu monakveTebSi) vxvdebiT. erTi azris amgvari
ritorikuli ganmeorebiT sxvadasxva pasaJebs Soris logikuri
kavSiri myardeba. isini TiTqos Taviseburi xidiT ukavSirdebian
erTmaneTs.
magaliTad, 64d-66a striqonebSi sokrate vrclad saubrobs
sxeulis mimarT filosofosis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. 66b7-d7

37
monakveTSi igi kvlav ubrundeba amave Tvalsazriss, mas ufro
mokled gvawvdis, magram samagierod damatebiT daskvnebsac
daurTavs.
amave ritorikul xerxs mimarTavs sokrate `fedonis~ kidev
ramdenime pasaJSi (ix. 64d-66a, Sdr. 66b7-d7; 67b4, Sdr. 66b2; 84e1-3,
Sdr. 85b3-4).
platonis bgerweris Taviseburebani
oratoruli xelovneba sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobs
frazis JReradobas, `mis materialur faqturas~, magram
bgerweras gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ara mxolod
oratoris, aramed nebismieri mniSvnelovani mwerlis da maT
Soris platonis SemoqmedebaSic. misi dialogebis srulyofili
filologiuri analizi am sakiTxis gaTvaliswinebasac moi-
Txovs.
platonis stilistika jer kidev a.losevs miaCnda umniS-
vnelovanes, `uzarmazar sakiTxad~, romlis meTodologiur
gadawyvetasac im droisaTvis SeuZleblad miiCnevda (79.658). es
`uzarmazari sakiTxi~ dResac Tanamedrove mecnierebis gad-
auWrel problemad rCeba, Tumca masTan dakavSirebiT sayur-
adRebo naSromebi Cndeba.
pirvelad klasenma miaqcia yuradReba platonis mwerluri
ostatobis erT Taviseburebas _ Tu rogor iyenebs filosofosi
im `rigiT~ sityvebs, romlebsac `uSualo filosofiuri
utilizacia~ ar gaaCniaT (69.69). 9 s.averincevis SefasebiT,
klasenis gamokvlevaSi SesaniSnavad SerCeul masalas zogjer
saTanado analizi da daskvnebi aklia; meorexarisxovan sa-
kiTxebs zogjer gadametebuli yuradReba eTmoba, magram mi-
uxedavad amisa, es naSromi udaod Zalian mniSvnelovania,
rogorc mocemuli problemis kvlevis erT-erTi pirveli cda.
`masSi gamokveTilia Semdgomi analizis gza~ (69.69).
klasenis mier dasaxul kvlevis axal da, Cveni azriT,
perspeqtiul mimarTulebas s.averincevi ganaviTarebs. igi
ganixilavs berZnuli filosofiisa da, kerZod, platonis
dialogTa enobrivi qsovilis SedarebiT nakleb Seswavlil
mxares, `mis materialur faqturas~ _ sityvieri masalis SerCevis
Taviseburebebs, aliteraciebs da kalamburebs, `sityvisa da
bgeris TamaSs~. mocemul sakiTxs mkvlevari misTvis Cveuli

9
ix. Classen C.J. Sprachliche Deutung als Triebkraft platonischen and sokratischen
Phisophierens, München, 1959.

38
masStaburobiT ikvlevs rogorc istoriul-literaturuli
rigis movlenas, azrovnebis procesis erT-erT Semadgenel
elements da mas ganixilavs filosofiuri terminologiis
formirebasTan, oratorul xelovnebasTan kavSirSi.
`SemoqmedebiTi~ damokidebuleba sityvis mimarT damax-
asiaTebelia ara mxolod platonis, aramed mTlianobaSi im
epoqisaTvis. `ukve winarefilosofia qmnis maxvil, moZrav
sityvas, romelic mzad aris bgeriTi TamaSisa da metaforuli
gardasaxvisaTvis, xolo es fenomeni rogorc saberZneTis, ise
aRmosavleTis (da ara mxolod maTi) kuTvnilebaa~ (69.65).
Tanamedrove mkiTxvelma, romelic striqonebs TvaliT
aRiqvams, SeiZleba verc ki SeamCnios sityvaTa Tanxmieroba,
magram platons Tavisi dialogebi gankuTvnili hqonda
mkiTxvelisaTvis, romelic `dawerils warmoTqvamda mJReri
xorxiT da warmoTqmuls aRiqvamda navarjiSebi smeniT~ (69.56).
Sesabamisad, igi SedarebiT advilad afiqsirebda da
`SeigrZnobda~ sityvebis TamaSs.
mkvlevari, romelic platonis prozas bgerweris
TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs, ori problemis winaSe dgas: jer
erTi, rogor SeamCnios mwerlis enis akustikuri Taviseburebani
da meorec, rogor aRweros da ganmartos isini.
mkiTxvelTa farTo wres, Cveulebriv, uyuradRebod rCeba
platonis dialogTa enobrivi qsovilis gamomsaxveloba, radgan
igi, rogorc wesi, ar (da ver) aisaxeba TargmanSi.
savsebiT veTanxmebiT s.averincevs, rom `sityvebis TamaSi ver
iqneba gadatanili sxva enis sazRvrebSi, xolo sakuTari kalam-
burebis Txzva platonuris mibaZviT macdunebeli (mimzidveli),
magram akrZaluli saqmianobaa, radgan aman SeiZleba filosofiuri
Sinaarsis deformacia gamoiwvios~ (69.57). Cvenis mxriv imas da-
vamatebdiT, rom platonis kalamburebis Targmna teqnikuri
TvasazrisiTac Zneli gansaxorcielebelia, radgan berZnuli enis
is Tvisebebi (magaliTad, sityvaTwarmoebis moqnili sistema),
romelTa safuZvelzec platoni Tavis kalamburebs agebs, sxva
enebs SeiZleba arc gaaCndeT. swored amitom, `fedonSi~ Cvens mier
moZiebul kalamburebs ganvixilavT maTi zedmiwevniT pwkareduli
Targmanis moSveliebiT, zogjer qarTuli enis keTilxmovanebis
xarjzec ki.
ama Tu im formas, ZiriTadad, Sinaarsi ganapirobebs.
sityvaTa Tanxmierobas platoni, albaT, SemTxveviT ar
mimarTavs; am mxatvruli xerxiT aSkarad raRacas migvaniSnebs da
gvagrZnobinebs, magram konkretulad ras?

39
 s.averincevis ganmartebiT, sityvaTa da bgeraTa TamaSis
`TiToeuli aseTi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos SemTxveviToba (Tumca
rac ufro daJinebiT CavukvirdebiT konteqsts, es miT ufro
nakleb dasaSvebi mogveCveneba); es SeiZleba iyos platonis
literaturuli geniis aracnobieri gamovlineba, an _ savsebiT
cnobierad gamoyenebuli xerxi. Zieba imisa, Tu ramdenad
cnobieria esa Tu is kalamburi, mcdar gzaze gvayenebs. ufro
mniSvnelovania sityvis es daZabuli, mRelvare da Seuborkavi
mdgomareoba...~ (69.57).
s. averincevi ixsenebs stoikosTa terminologiur gan-
sazRvrebebs; isini erTmaneTs upirispirebdnen `warmoTqmad
sityvas~ ( _ azris gadmocemis in-
struments) da `Sinagan sityvas~ ( _
azris gafiqrebis instruments) (magaliTebi ix. 69.73. Sen.8). isini
erTi realobis sxvadasxva doneebs qmnian, advilad emijnebian
erTmaneTs abstraqciaSi, magram ganuyofelni arian kvlevis
konkretul obieqtSi. miT umetes, Tu es obieqti filosofiuri
teqstia! namdvili filosofosi (da, ra Tqma unda, platoni i.d.)
imiT gansxvavdeba, vTqvaT, oratorisgan, rom masTan 
 yovelTvis aris imavdroulad 
 (69.45). swored am ori  is ur-
TierTqmedeba qmnis platonis mxatvrul samyaros.
neitralizacia opoziciisa `poeturi ena _ filosofiuri
ena~ ar aris yvela drois konstanta, aramed icvleba epoqidan
epoqaSi; principSi, SesaZlebelia, rom filosofiuri metyveleba
garkveul epoqaSi Tavis Tavze iRebs amocanebs, romlebsac sxva
epoqaSi itvirTebs poeturi metyveleba da piriqiT~ (69.80). rac
Seexeba platons, erTis mxriv, poeturi da meores mxriv,
filosofiuri ena misi dialogebis Tanabaruflebiani kompo-
nentebia.
kvlevis zemoT miTiTebuli mimarTulebis Sesabamisad,
SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT da SeZlebisdagvarad ganvmartoT
`fedonis~ enobrivi qsovilis stilisturi Taviseburebani.
Tumca s.averincevi Tavis naSromSi platonis dialogebidan
amokrefil uxv faqtobriv masalas gvTavazobs, igi ar imowmebs
`fedons~, ris gamoc am dialogis bgerweris analizisas sa-
kuTari dakvirvebebiT SemovifarglebiT.
platonis `fedoni~ aris originaluri mxatvruli samyaro,
rac, rogorc wesi, TviT saukeTeso TargmanebSic ki imaleba da
mxolod originalTan, berZnul teqstTan uSualo ziarebiT

40
gacxaddeba CvenTvis, radgan ama Tu im mxatvruli saxis
zemoqmedebis Zala zogjer TviT berZnuli frazis JReradobazea
damokidebuli.
ganvixiloT winadadeba:
   
    ...
(113d7-8) _ danaSaulTagan ganwmendilni sasjels moixdian da
Tavisufldebian, Tuki vinmem raime Sescoda (pwkaredi: usa-
marTlo saqmeTagan ganwmendilni samarTals gascemen, Tu vinmem
rame usamarTlo Caidina).
ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom mTels frazaSi figurirebs  -
fuZisgan nawarmoebi sityvebi
( ). platons Tavisuflad
SeeZlo msgavsi mniSvnelobebis mqone sxva sityvebisaTvis mie-
marTa, magram igi, Cveni azriT, sagangebod imeorebs erT fuZes,
romelic, TavisTavad `samarTals~ ukavSirdeba. jer erTi, erTi
da igive bgeris ramdenjerme, ritmuli ganmeorebiT mwerali
akustikur efeqts qmnis da mkiTxvels (ufro sworad msmenels)
mocemul winadadebaze umaxvilebs yuradRebas. imavdroulad,
 - fuZis ganmeorebiT xdeba misi mniSvnelobis aqcentireba.
amdenad, akustikur efeqts mwerali iyenebs samarTlianobis
cnebis xazgasasmelad.
Cvens interpretacias exmianeba da fuZis funqcias
kargad ganmartavs s.averincevis komentari `kritiasis~ erT-erT
monakveTSi fuZis ganmeorebadobis Sesaxeb. `ori (`fe-
donSi~ ki sami i.d.) erTfuZiani sityvis SeuRlebiT platons
surs, rom ufro xazgasmiT gamoavlinos - - (`fedonis~
SemTxvevaSi ki -i.d.) fuZis sawyisi semantika~ (69.67).
`fedonSi~ damatebiT efeqts qmnis -- Tanxmovnis aliteraciac
(gamoyeneba sityvisa  ).
mivaqcioT yuradReba, ra SemTxvevaSi mimarTavs platoni
sityvaTa Tanxmierobis efeqts; ra principiT SearCevs igi im
leqsikur erTeuls, romelic ama Tu im konteqstSi unda
`gaaTamaSos~.
       (100e2-3) _
mSvenier sagans mSveniers xdis mSvenieri Tavis TavSi.
    (109b7) _
sityvasityviT: wminda, wminda caSi Zevs.
      (70a6) _ aqedan gamomdinare,
Tuki...

41
 zemoT moxmobil magaliTebSi:  - fuZis ganmeorebiT
aqcentirebulia, erTis mxriv, mSvenierebis cneba da, meores
mxriv, ideaTa Teoria, romlis konteqstSic aris Casmuli mo-
cemuli fraza.  - fuZisa da - Tanxmovnis aliteraciiT
xazi esmeba `fedonis~ erT-erT sakvanZo cnebas _ siwmindes,
xolo bolo fraziT erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba ori winadadeba.
amasTan, pirvel maTganSi gadmocemuli paradigmis safuZvelze,
misgan gamomdinare meore winadadebaSi garkveuli daskvna
keTdeba, risi xazgasmac mocemuli aliteraciiT xdeba.
 ... aris ori frazis
damakavSirebeli rgoli, romelic meore maTganis Sinaarsis
aqcentirebas axdens.
 
 (109b3-4).
aSkaraa mocemuli winadadebis gamorCeuli bgerwerac.
SevecdebiT berZnuli frazis akustikuri efeqti maqsimaluri
sizustiT gadmovitanoT qarTul enaSic, risTvisac dedanSi
ganmeorebad fuZeebs qarTul ekvivalentebs movuZebniT.
sxvagan ( ) sxva ( ) bevrni ( )
bevr ( ) msgavs samkvidrebelSi 10

( ) saxloben ( ).11

es fraza CarTulia monakveTSi, romelSic dedamiwis
Sesaxeb aris laparaki da saerTo konteqstidan gamomdinare
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom platons surs yuradReba
gagvamaxvilebinos im faqtze, rom Cveni samyaro gacilebiT ufro
ukideganoa, vidre Cven gvgonia (winamaval striqonebSi amave
mizniT sxva mxatvruli xerxi, kerZod, metaforuli Sedareba
aris gamoyenebuli (ix. 109a9-b3).
      
(107e2) _ mas Semdeg, rac iq imas daiTmenen, rac unda daiTminon.
Cveni azriT, aq ganmeorebad elementad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
ara mxolod fuZe, aramed  bgeraTSeTanxmebac.
berZnul enaSi moqmedi fonetikuri wesebis Sesabamisad,

10
 sityvasityviT iTargmneba ase: swored
aseT, (amgvar) adgilebSi; magram Cven varCieT iseTi sityvebiT
gveTargmna, rom qarTulSic migveniSnebina garkveuli bgerebis
aliteracia (berZn. ).
11
berZnuli  fuZe Tavisi sawyisi semantikiT qarTul saxl- fuZes
Seesabameba.

42
 + , SesaZloa, JRerda rogorc deikei,
vinaidan +
marTalia,  warmodgenilia zmnis
formebis saxiT, magram TavisTavad am fuZis sawyisi mniSvneloba
aris `bedi~, `xvedri~. mocemuli fraza gvxvdeba im monakveTSi,
romelSic laparakia sikvdilis Semdeg sulTa bedis Sesaxeb,
romelsac amqveyniuri cxovreba gansazRvravs. amdenad, 
fuZisa da  asoTSeTanxmebis ganmeorebiT TiTqos aqcen-
tirdeba saiqioSi ama Tu im xvedris gardauvalobis Tema.
ideaTa Teoriis safuZvelze sulis ukvdavebis mesame
argumentis Camoyalibebisa da ideaTa daxasiaTebisas platoni
gvTavazobs Semdeg frazas:
     
   (78d6-7) _
da arasodes, arsad, araviTar SemTxvevaSi, araviTar cvlilebas
ar ganicdis. mocemul SemTxvevaSi qarTuli sruliad Zal-
dautaneblad da savsebiT bunebrivad gadmogvcems berZnuli
frazis akustikur efeqts.
mocemuli mxatvruli xerxis swori interpretaciisaTvisac
amosavali unda gaxdes is konteqsti, romelSic igi gamoiyeneba.
 fuZis samgzis ganmeoreba ar aris arc SemTxveviTi da
arc mxolod zedapiruli, garegnuli samkauli. igi, rogorc
uaryofis mniSvnelobis mqone, frazas simkacres da katego-
riulobas aniWebs da misi saSualebiT aqcentirebulia zogadad
platonis da, kerZod, mocemuli nawarmoebis umniSvnelovanesi
debuleba ideis maradiuli, waruvali da ucvleli arsebobis
Sesaxeb.
sikvdilis aRmniSvnel leqsikur erTeulTa SerCevis
principi
rodesac ganvixilavT ama Tu im literaturuli nawarmoebis
mxatvrul samyaros, yuradReba unda mivaqcioT (da SeZlebis-
dagvarad unda ganvmartoT), Tu ratom, ra principiT irCevs
mwerali leqsikur erTeulebs ama Tu im movlenis aRmniSvnelad.
am TvalsazrisiT saintereso (Tumca winaaRmdegobriv) masalas
iZleva `fedonSi~ sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis analizi.
`fedonis~ mixedviT, sikvdili aris ara adamianis cxovrebis
dasasruli, aramed sulis imqveyniuri cxovrebis dasawyisi.
gardacvalebis Semdeg adamianis suli saiqiosken miemarTeba da
iq mkvidrdeba. swored amitom sikvdili `fedonSi~ Zalian xSirad

43
metaforulad moixsenieba rogorc `gamgzavreba~, `sxvagan
damkvidreba~ da mis aRmniSvnelad gamoiyeneba saTanado mniS-
vnelobis sityvebi12:  _ mgzavroba, mogzauroba (107d5;
107e5; 115a2 da a.S.),  _ mivemgzavrebi (67b8; 107e1;
107e2; 115a2; 115a4 da a.S.),  _ mivdivar, mivemarTebi
(61c1 da a.S.),  _ mogzauroba, gamgzavreba (61e2;
67c1 da a.S.),  _ mivemgzavrebi (61e1 da a.S.),
 _ gadasaxleba (117c2 da a.S.).
rogorc vxedavT, gzis, mgzavrobis Tema `fedons~ lait-
motivad gasdevs, rogorc misi mxatvruli samyaros erT-erTi
Tavisebureba _ msoflmxedvelobrivi motivi, romelic na-
warmoebis leqsikaSic airekleba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `fedonSi~ sikvdilis aRmniSvneli
sityvebis SerCevis principi araerTgvarovania da masSi Tavs
iCens platonisaTvis Cveuli paradoqsuloba. mwerali sakmaod
xSirad mimarTavs _ Zirisgan nawarmoeb leqsikur
erTeulebs, maSin roca am fuZis sawyisi semantika aris
`aRsruleba~, `dasasruli~, rac sikvdilis `fedoniseul~
gaazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba.
am faqtze yuradRebas amaxvilebs q.rouvi da mas Tavise-
buradac ganmartavs, samwuxarod, `fedonis~ mxolod erTi
pasaJidan gamomdinare. 13 igi ganixilavs  - fuZisgan
nawarmoebi zmnis gamoyenebas dialogis dasawyisSi, eqekrates
mier dasmul kiTxvaSi, `Tu rogor aResrula
( ) sokrate~ ( ). mkvlevari aq ironias
xedavs. q.rouvis TqmiT, zmna  , romelic,
Cveulebriv, sikvdilis aRmniSvnelad gamoiyeneba, ironiulad
JRers im nawarmoebis dasawyisSi, romlis ZiriTadi daskvnac
swored is aris, rom sikvdili ar aris aRsasruli (27.107).
amgvari interpretacia Cven gaumarTleblad gveCveneba,
radgan ara mxolod dasawyisSi, aramed mTels dialogSi
gardacvaleba Zalian xSirad aRiniSneba mocemuli sityviT.
garda amisa, iqneb bunebrivicaa, rom dasawyisSi sikvdili

12
berZnul enaSi ar mogvepoveba analogi qarTuli sityvisa `gar-
dacvaleba~, Torem mas uTuod mimarTavda platoni, radgan igi ab-
soluturi sizustiT gamoxatavs sikvdilis `fedoniseul~ koncefcias
da kargad exmianeba am dialogis saerTo suliskveTebas.
13
mecnieri ar iTvaliswinebs im faqts, rom  - fuZe sikvdilis
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba `fedonis~ sakmaod bevr monakveTSi (mag. 63b8,
63c5 da sxv.).

44
moixsenieba rogorc aRsasruli im personaJis mier, romelic
Tavad ar daswrebia sokrates saubars sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb
da, amdenad, igi filosofiurad, `sokratulad~ ar iazrebs
mocemul cnebas? magram Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
nawarmoebis dasasruls fedonis mier warmoTqmul sityvebSi
gardacvaleba kvlav moixsenieba rogorc
 (aRsasruli) (118a15) da, garda amisa, Tavad
sokratec xSirad iyenebs fuZisgan nawarmoeb
sityvebs (ix.daskvniTi miTi), maSin Cvens varaudsac safuZveli
ecleba. rogorc Cans,  - fuZe `fedonSi~ simbolurad ar
unda gaviazroT rogorc aRsasrulis aRmniSvneli, Tumca amis
didi cduneba arsebobs.
rogorc vxedavT, `fedonSi~ sikvdilis aRmniSvnel
sityvaTa SerCevis principi araerTgvarovania da yovelTvis ar
ukavSirdeba am cnebis `fedoniseul~ gaazrebas.
ferTa aRqma `fedonSi~ da demokrites traqtati `ferTa
Sesaxeb~
Cveni warmodgena `fedonis~ mxatvruli samyaros Sesaxeb ar
iqneba srulyofili, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT am nawarmoebSi
ferebis gaazrebis Taviseburebas antikurobaSi ferebis
SegrZnebis specifikidan gamomdinare. amisaTvis unda
moviSvelioT demokrites cnobili moZRvreba ferebis Sesaxeb,
romelsac dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems (da imavdroulad
akritikebs) aristoteles moswavle Teofraste.
demokrite calke gamoyofda oTx sawyis, martiv fers _
TeTrs, Savs, wiTels, da moyviTalo-momwvanos, xolo yvela sxva
fers ganixilavda rogorc am oTxi elementis sxvadasxva
kombinaciis Sedegs.
rogorc a.losevi ganmartavs, `demokrites traqtatis
Tanaxmad, feri aris fizikurad xelSesaxebi sxeuli, saTanado
Taviseburebis mqone da imavdroulad igi Sedgeba fizikurad
xelSesaxebi atomebisagan. ferebis sxeulebTan mimsgavsebis
meTodi demokritesTan qmnis fizikurad xelSesaxebi atomebis
Tanaarsebobisa da urTierTqmedebis suraTs~ (81.488).
rogorc specialistebi miuTiTeben, atomizmis principis
Tanmimdevrulad gatarebidan gamomdinareobda ferebisadmi
midgomis zogierTi gasaocari Tavisebureba, rac gansakuTrebiT
mkafiod platonis `timeosSi~ gamovlinda (81.488). Cveni azriT,
ferebis antikuri da, kerZod, demokriteseuli gaazreba `fe-

45
donSic~ iCens Tavs (platonisa da demokrites moZRvrebaTa
urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb ix.65.46-53).
demokrites mocemul moZRvrebas sakmaod kritikulad
afaseben, magram CvenTvis am doqtrinis logikur naklsa da
demokrites mier feris fenomenis araswor interpretacias
arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs (amis Sesaxeb ix.81), radgan Cveni
kvlevis obieqts ar ukavSirdeba. demokrites traqtats
davimowmebT rogorc feris sagnobrivi aRqmis nimuSs, ris
analogiasac, Cveni azriT, `fedonSi~ vxvdebiT.14
WeSmariti miwis aRwerisas sokrate zogadad miuTiTebs
aqaur ferTa simravlesa da mravalferovnebas, magram
konkretulad asaxelebs sam maTgans:
 (110c3-4).
 , Cveulebriv, iTargmneba rogorc `TeTri~, Tumca
es sakmaod pirobiTi Targmania, radgan jer kidev homerosidan
gamomdinare viciT, rom am sityvaSi berZnebi gulisxmobdnen
yvelafers naTels, mkafios, gamWvirvales, an, ubralod, raimes
_ mSvids, janmrTels, sasiamovnos (8.488-489). demokrite TeTr
fers ukavSirebda `brwyinvalebasa~ da `gamWvirvalobas~.
Teofraste akritikebda demokrites imis gamo, rom TeTr fers
igi am or cnebasTan urevda. xolo a.losevis ganmartebiT, es
gansxvaveba Zalian sustad aRiqmeboda antikurobaSi ara mxolod
demokrites, aramed platonis mierac.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `brwyinvaleba~, `elvareba~ demokrite-
saTvis iyo raRac RvTaebrivi. mas filosofosi xedavda yvela
ferSi _ oqrosferSi, mewamulsa da SavSic ki.
rac Seexeba sityvas  , igi SeiZleba vTargmnoT
rogorc mewamuli, Zowisferi (anu porfirisferi). Tumca dem-
okrites traqtatSi mocemuli feris aRmniSvnelad sxva sityva
( ) gamoiyeneba, amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
demokrites ganmartebiT, mewamuli feri Seicavs yvelaze
didi raodenobiT wiTels, SedarebiT nakleb TeTrsa da kidev
ufro mcire odenobis Savs... TeTris arsebobaze miuTiTebs
mocemuli feris brwyinvaleba da gamWvirvaleba.
 anu oqrosferi, demokrites Tanaxmad, Sedgeba
wiTlisa da TeTrisgan. es ukanaskneli oqrosfers brwyinvalebas
aniWebs, Tumca mocemuli ferisTvis siwiTle ufro arsebiTia.

14
am sakiTxis ganxilvisas movixmobT demokrites im debulebebs, romlebic,
Cveni azriT, uSualod ukavSirdeba `fedonSi~ feris gaazrebas.

46
 platoni miuTiTebs, rom WeSmariti miwis `qvaTa
namtvrevebia aqauri kenWebi, Cven rom ase vafasebT, sardioni,
iaspi, smaragda da sxva mravali... am miwas amkobs es yovelive _
oqro, vercxli da sxva...~ (110d7-e1; 110e6-111a1).
aRsaniSnavia, rom sardioni, iaspi da smaragda ferTa
mdidar gamas gvaZleven. sardioni muqi wiTeli an narinjisferia,
smaragda _ mwvane, xolo iaspi krebiTi saxelia garkveuli
mineralebisa, romlebic didi simtkiciT da mravalferovani
SeferilobiT xasiaTdebian. sxvadasxva Zvirfas qvebs rom
CamoTvlis, platoni feradovnebis zogad suraTs qmnis, magram
konkretulad sam fers miuTiTebs, romlebic, Tu demokrites
traqtats moviSveliebT, Tavis mxriv TeTr, wiTel da, na-
wilobriv, Sav ferebad iSlebian. (gansakuTrebiT dominirebs
TeTri, radgan igi rogorc mewamulis, ise oqrosferis
Semadgeneli elementia).
gavixsenoT dedamiwis aRwerilobac. Tumca platoni mi-
uTiTebs, rom dedamiwaze arsebobs WeSmariti miwis ferTa
msgavsi ferebi, mwerali maT pirdapir ar gvisaxelebs. maT, Tu
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, uSualod ar dagvanaxebs, aramed maTze
gvesaubreba WeSmariti miwis ferTa gamasTan mimarTebaSi da
WeSmariti miwis upiratesobas da srulyofilebas usvams xazs.
ferTa palitris SerCevis drosac ki igi Tavisi mwerluri
Canafiqris erTgulia; ar Ralatobs Tavis koncefcias, romlis
Tanaxmadac dedamiwa WeSmariti miwis mqrqali asli, anareklia
(dedamiwisa da WeSmariti miwis amgvari urTierTmimarTebis
Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. `fedonis~ miTologia). dedamiwa
aRwerilia rogorc `damskdari kldeebi, qviSa, gauvali Slami da
WuWyi~ (110a5-6). Tumca aq konkretulad ferebi ar aris
dasaxelebuli, mkiTxvels Sav-TeTris gradaciiT miRebuli
suraTi warmoudgeba, sadac, principSi, ruxi feri dominirebs,
romelic ufro Savisken ixreba. vizualurad Tu warmovidgenT,
dedamiwa aris WeSmariti miwis Sav-TeTri, bundovani, mqrqali
asli Tu anabeWdi, negativi.15
rogorc vxedavT, WeSmariti miwis aRwerilobaSi
dominirebs TeTri, xolo dedamiwis daxasiaTebaSi _ Savi feri.
gavixsenoT, rogor aRiqvamdnen maT antikurobaSi. TeTri feri
ukavSirdeboda sicxades (mkafioobas), sinaTles, sigluves,

15
es exmianeba Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmad daskvniT miTSi WeSmariti
miwisa da dedamiwis SepirispirebiTi daxasiaTebiT ilustrirebulia
ideaTa Teoria.

47
gamWvirvalobas, janmrTelobas, xolo Savi ki _ Cab-
nelebulobis, uswormasworobis, xorklianobis (xaoianobis),
koJrianobis SegrZnebas (81.489).
TeTrisa da Savis amgvari gaazreba aSkarad areklilia
WeSmariti miwisa da dedamiwis `fedoniseul~ aRwerilobaSic.
zesknels TeTris, xolo sknels _ Savi feris maxasiaTeblebi
miewerebaT.
WeSmariti miwis aRwerisas platoni aRniSnavs, rom
`saTanadod gluvi, gamWvirvale da lamazad Seferilia qvebic,
mTebSi rom gvxvdeba... aqauri qvebi wmindaa da ara Cveni
qvebiviT gamoxruli da gadarecxili marilisa da xrwnisagan...
aqaurebi arasodes sneuldebian...~ swored aq aris WeSmariti
sinaTle...
dedamiwis daxasiaTebisas ki platoni miuTiTebs, rom misi
sivrce `gamoxruli da ganadgurebulia~... aq mxolod `damskdari
kldeebi, qviSa, gauvali Slami da WuWyia~...
TeTris, oqrosferisa da mewamulis garda, `fedonSi~ kidev
erTi feri moixsenieba:  . igi CarTulia hadesis
aRwerilobaSi. kerZod, naTqvamia, rom mTlad moSavo-molurjod
Seferili ( ) mdinare stiqsi saSinel da velur
adgilas miedineba (113b8-c2).
 Cveulebriv, iTargmneba rogorc moSa-
vo-molurjo, Savsa da lurjs Soris gardamavali feri.
a.losevis miTiTebiT, `Znelad Tu SevZlebT mis warmodgenas
mTeli Tavisi antikuri TaviseburebiT~ (81.490). am sityvas
sxvadasxva avtorebTan mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva niuansebiT
vxvdebiT (amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. 81.490-491). varaudoben,
rom am ferze yvelaze ukeT gviqmnian warmodgenas xoWoebi,
romlebic gamoirCevian Savi feris sxvadasxva, magram upiratesad
molurjo da mocisfro elferiT (81.491).
demokrites Tanaxmad,  Sedgeba laJvardovanisa
da cecxlisfrisagan. amasTan, maTi Sexameba miuTiTebs moSa-
vo-molurjos erTgvar lilisferobasac. Tavis mxriv, la-
Jvardovani Sedgeba, ZiriTadad, Zlieri Savis da, mxolod na-
wilobriv _ moyviTalo-momwvanosagan.
moSavo-molurjo feri misi Semadgeneli SaviT,
moyviTalo-momwvanoTi da cecxlisfriT savsebiT logikurad
aris Casmuli hadesis aRwerilobaSi, romelic miwisqveSeTs
`warmogvidgens swored zemoT miTiTebul ferebSi~ _ hadesSi

48
xom aRwerilia cxeli wylebi, didi cecxli, lava, cecxlisa da
Slamis mdinareebi...
rogorc vxedavT, `fedonis~ mxatvrul samyaroSi ferebis
gaazreba ukavSirdeba maT sagnobriv aRqmas. anu TiToeuli feri
moixsenieba im garemoSi, romlis sagnobrivi maxasiaTeblebic
zustad (an TiTqmis zustad) emTxveva mocemuli feris zoga-
dantikur da demokriteseul maxasiaTeblebs.16
`fedonis~ daskvniTi scenis interpretaciisaTvis
108. Gill C. The Death of Socrates, in: The Classical Quarterly 23 (1973).

platoni aris xelovani, romlisTvisac ufro

arsebiTia Tavisi filosofiuri mizani da mxat-
vruli Canafiqri, vidre istoriuli simarTle.
mkvlevarni aRniSnaven, rom platoni tendenciuria
sokrates sikvdilis aRwerisas da am tendenci-
urobis ganmapirobebel mxatvrul Canafiqrs
sxvadasxvagvarad iazreben. sagangebod
SevCerdebiT `fedonis~ daskvniTi scenis, anu
sokrateze sawamlavis zemoqmedebis aRwerilobis
erT interpretaciaze, romelic s.gils ekuTvnis da
romelsac sakmaod xSirad imowmeben sxva
mkvlevarnic (108.224; 27.295). miuxedavad amisa,
giliseuli interpretacia sakamaTod migvaCnia da
Cveni mosazrebis dasabuTebasac SevecdebiT.
mkvlevari `fedonis~ monacemebs sawamlavis,
kerZod, Sxamiani maToTis 17 zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb
adarebs antikur wyaroebSi dacul Sesabamis
cnobebs (aristofane, `bayayebi~; II s-is mwerlis,

16
vTqvaT, demokrites mixedviT, fers aqvs raRac garkveuli Tviseba.
platoni am fers iyenebs iseT konteqstSi, iseTi garemos aRsawerad,
romelic demokrites mier miTiTebuli saTanado Tvisebis (an Tvisebebis)
matarebelia.
17
mocemuli sawamlavis qarTuli Sesatyvisi moviZieT ioane bagrationis
sabunebismetyvelo leqsikonSi.

49
nikanderis `Alexipharmaca~) da miuTiTebs, rom
isini platonTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro met
simptoms CamoTvlian; Tanamedrove medicinac ufro
rTul klinikur suraTs gvTavazobs.
platoni aRwers mowamvlis mxolod erT-or
simptoms. garda amisa, `fedonSi~ sawamlavis
zemoqmedeba gadmocemulia rogorc wynari,
TiTqmis ritmuli regularobis procesi, rac ar
emTxveva nikanderisa da Tanamedrove mecnierul
monacemebs (108.25).
Tavdapirvelad gili mimoixilavs am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT sxva mkvlevarTa mier gamoTqmul
Tvalsazrisebs (`fedonis~ am Seusabamobas
pirvelad j.bernetma miaqcia yuradReba), maT
aradamakmayofileblad miiCnevs da gvTavazobs
axlebur interpretacias, romlis mixedviTac,
sokrateze Sxamiani maToTis zemoqmedebis ten-
denciur aRwerilobas platonis sagangebo
mwerluri Canafiqri ganapirobebs (108.26). gili
gvTavazobs am `Canafiqris~ Taviseul motivacias,
romelic sami puqtisgan Sedgeba.
1) platons surda eCvenebina sokrates
fizikuri amtanoba da stoicizmi, sxeulis
kontroli gonebis mier... sxva adamianebi Sxamiani
maToTiT mowamvlisas amJRavneben fizikuri ko-
lafsis sxvadasxva niSnebs. maT sapirispirod,
sokratem mxolod Tavisi saxe daifara (108.27).
Cveni azriT, platons rom Sxamiani maToTiT
mowamluli sokrates mdgomareoba mxatvruli
Canafiqris gamo gaemartivebina, imis saCveneblad,
Tu ra sust zemoqmedebas axdens es damangreveli
sawamlavi amtan da mamac sokrateze, maSin mwerals

50
unda hyoloda saTanado codniT aRWurvili au-
ditoria, romlisTvisac es kontrasti TvalsaCino
iqneboda. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneboda
gamarTlebuli amgvari mwerluri mizan-
dasaxuloba, magram radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom
farTo auditoria Sxamiani maToTiT mowamvlis
detalebSi erkveodes, sruliad gamoricxulia
amgvari mxatvruli Canafiqris arseboba.
2) SesaZloa, platonma moindoma, rom gverdi
aevlo mowamvlis yvelaze aramimzidveli simp-
tomebisaTvis (108.27).
Tu sakuTar Tavs aseTi Tavisufali fantaziis
uflebas mivcemT, maSin `fedonis~ konteqsti da
daskvniTi scenis funqcia am nawarmoebis mizan-
dasaxulobidan gamomdinare sruliad sapirispiro
mosazrebisken gvibiZgebs.
Cveni azriT, vinaidan platons surda eCvenebina
sokrates, e.i. WeSmariti filosofosis sulieri
simtkice sikvdilis winaSe da amave dros mTeli
`fedoni~ ganmsWvalulia sxeulis mimarT sulis
upiratesobis ideiT, platons SeeZlo finaluri
scena am ori tendenciis gansamtkiceblad gamo-
eyenebina. kerZod, maqsimaluri sizustiT, natu-
ralisturad aRewera sokrates fizikuri tanjva
da paralelurad _ misi sulieri simtkice. rac
ufro dramatulad aRiwereboda sokrates
fizikuri tkivilebi, miT ufro STambeWdavi da
emociuri eqneboda misi simamace; amiT kidev
erTxel gaesmeboda xazi `fedonSi~ sulis pri-
oritets.
amdenad, `fedonis~ saerTo mizan-
dasaxulobidan gamomdinare nakleb savaraudoa,

51
rom platons sagangebod, winaswar ganzraxulad
Seerbilebina sokrates fizikuri tanjvis suraTi.
3) daskvniT scenas gili miiCnevs ilustraciad
`fedonis~ ZiriTadi ideisa, rom sikvdili aris
sulis ganTavisufleba sxeulidan... sokrates mier
mgrZnobelobis etapobrivad dakargvas mkvlevari
sulis sxeulidan gamosvlis process ukavSirebs...
suli iwyebs mogzaurobas fizikurad yvelaze
ufro dabali regionidan, fexebidan...
` Sxamiani maToTis zemoqmedebisas sokrates
siwynare aris ritualis simSvide,  anu
ganwmenda sxeulis sapyrobilidan. swored amitom
aridebs Tavs platoni sawamlavis moqmedebasTan
dakavSirebuli qaosis, WuWyisa da kolafsis
aRweras... aq istoriuli movlena filosofiuri
ideis reprezentaciaSi transformirda~... (108.27-28)
Cveni azriT, platons aRwerili aqvs sikvdilis
zogadi da ara raime konkretuli mizeziT (mo-
cemul SemTxvevaSi Sxamiani maToTiT) gamowveuli
specifikuri suraTi.
vfiqrobT, rom mocemul scenaSi sulis
sxeulidan ganTavisuflebis idea ki ar aris
ilustrirebuli, aramed Tavad es idea sikvdilis
zogadi cxovrebiseuli suraTidan momdinareobs.
sokrates gardacvalebis epizodi ueWvelad
aris ilustracia, oRond ara sulis sxeulidan
ganTavisuflebis Teoriisa, aramed filosofosis
damokidebulebisa sikvdilis mimarT. platoni
sokrates gardacvalebis iseT suraTs gvTavazobs,
rogoric unda iyos WeSmariti filosofosis
sikvdili platonis koncefciis Tanaxmad. di-

52
alogis daskvniT scenaSi areklilia
filosofosis raobis platoniseuli koncefcia.
mkvlevarni cdiloben ganmarton, Tu ratom
gvTavazobs platoni sawamlavis moqmedebis
arasrul klinikur suraTs. sakiTxis amgvari dasma
Cven arc Tu ise gamarTlebulad migvaCnia.
SevecdebiT Cveni mosazrebis dasabuTebas.
1) cnobilia, rom platoni ar wers rogorc
mematiane, biografi an istorikosi. mis nawerebSi
yovelTvis absoluturi sizustis faqtebs ar
vxvdebiT da anaqronizmebic sakmaod xSiria.
2) Cven ar vxedavT aucileblobas imisa, rom
platons Sxamiani maToTis zemoqmedebis procesi,
samedicino cnobebis Sesabamisad, zedmiwevniT
detalurad aRewera. es arc mxatvrul, arc
filosofiur da arc eTikur Rirebulebas ar
Sematebda nawarmoebs, xolo platonisTvis, albaT
mainc, es faqtorebi iyo ganmsazRvreli. da bolos,
3) savsebiT veTanxmebiT sxva mkvlevarTa mier
gamoTqmul mosazrebebs, rom platons ar aRuweria
da arc SeeZlo, rom sawamlavis zemoqmedeba de-
talurad da Seumcdarad aRewera; im ubralo
mizeziT, rom filosofosi sokrates dasjas Tavad
ar daswrebia (`fedoni~, 59b10). igi sxvis monayols
gadmogvcems.
miuxedavad imisa, rom `fedonis~ daskvniTi
scenis gaazrebaSi s.gils ar veTanxmebiT, moce-
muli epizodis miseuli Sefaseba savsebiT
misaRebad migvaCnia: `scena amaRelvebelia da
STambeWdavi... iseTi grZnoba gveufleba, rom
uSualo mowmeni varT realuri movlenisa, ro-
melic zustad da cocxlad aris aRwerili~ (108.25).

53
`fedonis~ calkeul detalTa simboluri gaazrebisaTvis
`fedonis~ kiTxvisa da misi sagangebo Seswavlis dros
mxatvrul saxeebsa da simboloebs miRma dafaruli Sinaarsis
moZiebac gvmarTebs. miT umetes, rom cnobilia, platoni mis-
terialur religiasa da ezoTerul moZRvrebas iyo naziarebi.
simbolo filosofiis, miTologiisa da religiis, lit-
eraturisa da xelovnebis ukidegano samyaros gasaRebia. igi
universaluri esTetikuri kategoriaa, iseve Zveli, rogorc
adamianis cnobiereba. simbolo qaragmebis eniT literaturuli
nawarmoebis idumal qveteqsts gvimJRavnebs, misi siRrmiseuli
gaazrebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Selingi xom ambobs, rom po-
eturi Semoqmedeba mudmivi simbolirebaa.
`fedonis~ simbolur-alegoriuli interpretaciis
TvalsazrisiT sainteresod migvaCnia q.rouvis erTi dakvirveba:
`fedonSi~ platoni mogviTxrobs: `es rom Tqva, sokratem fexebi
dabla dauSva da ukve ase mjdomi ganagrZobda saubars~ (61c10-d2).
sokrates fizikuri mdgomareobis Secvla rouvs esmis
rogorc niSani diskusiaSi ufro seriozul sakiTxebze
gadasvlisa. am monakveTidan moyolebuli platonSi ukve
namdvili filosofosi alaparakdeba (27.123).
erTgan platoni sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom fedoni
sokrates sawolis marjvena kidesTan iyo Camomjdari, dabal
skamze. filosofosi ki masze gacilebiT ufro maRla ijda
(89b1-2). es xazgasma ar aris SemTxveviTi. fizikurad ufro did
simaRleze jdoma simboluria. es sokrates gamorCeulobas
Segvaxsenebs. igi xom sulier planSic sxvebze aRmatebulia. am
SemTxvevaSi sulieri nivTieriT gamoixateba, Tumca Tavad
nivTieri sulieridan momdinareobs.
gvinda yuradReba gavamaxviloT `fedonSi~ dumilis gan-
sakuTrebul funqciaze. mas simboluri mniSvnelobaca aqvs da
erTgvari kompoziciuri xerxicaa.
III s. moRvawis, ben iosebis TqmiT, `dumili sibrZnis Robea~.
isaak sirieli ki ambobda, rom metyveleba am cxovrebis iaraRia,
xolo dumili _ momavali cxovrebis misteria. dumilis dros
adamianebi sakuTar TavSi Rrmavdebian, xdeba gonebisa da
sulieri Zalebis mobilizeba, yuradRebis koncentracia.
mzaddeba niadagi logosis misaRebad.
sokrates dumilic mravlismetyvelia. es ar aris ubralo
pauza, dialogis meqanikuri Sewyveta. igi saubris erTi etapis
dasrulebas moaswavebs. Camovardnili siCume saSualebas aZlevs

54
mosaubreebs, ukeT gaiazron ukve mosmenili... dumiliT mzaddeba
niadagi msjelobis momdevno etapisaTvis.
sokratem megobrebs filosofosTa simamacis mizezi
gaando. `laparaks rom morCa, xangrZlivi siCume Camovarda. Canda,
Tavad isic Caafiqra ukve naTqvamma da bevri Cvenganic...~ (84c1-3)
ganaxlebuli saubari exeba suls, rogorc harmonias.
mas Semdeg, rac simiasi da kebesi darwmundebian, rom suli
ar aris harmonia, kvlav siCume daisadgurebs. `sokrate karga
xans dumda fiqrebSi garTuli~ (95e7-8), rasac mohyveba saganTa
da movlenaTa mizezis Zieba~.
nawarmoebis dasasruls, ojaxTan da axloblebTan gam-
omSvidobebis, ganbanis Semdeg, sokrates `bevri aRaraferi
uTqvams~ (116b7-8), Sxamiani sasmisi warbSeuxrelad gamoscala.
male mzera gaeyina da dadumda. misi dumili amjerad mara-
disobas Seerwya.
arsebobs olimpiodores mowmoba, rom aTenSi
damkvidrebuli wesis Tanaxmad sikvdilmisjilT mxolod mzis
Casvlis Semdeg sjidnen. `fedonis~ dasawyisSive vigebT, rom
sokrates mxolod mzis Casvlamde darCenia sicocxle. SesaZloa,
es marTlac tradiciisa da realuri faqtis gamoZaxilia, magram
am detalis simboluri gaazrebac SeiZleba.
mTeli dialogis manZilze mkiTxveli dabindebas _ mzis
Casvlas elis da qvecnobierad mas sokrates aRsasrulTan
aigivebs. filosofosis sikvdili mzis Casvenebis _ sinaTlis,
siZlierisa da siwmindis gaqrobis tolfasia. mze ixreba.
sokrates amqveyniuri sicocxlec dasasruls uaxlovdeba
(116b5-6).
`fedonis~ kidev erT epizods SeiZleba movuZebnoT sim-
boluri interpretacia. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi sokrates
megobrebi samsjavros win ikribebian, saubroben da elian, rodis
gauReben sapyrobilis kars. iReba karebi. Sedian sokratesTan,
masTan rCebian da mTels dRes filosofiur saubarSi atareben
(59d4-5)  ... (59d5-6).
sapatimros karis gaReba fedonisa da misi megobrebisaTvis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa. karebi iReba, Sedian da axal
sulier gamocdilebas iZenen, sulieri ganviTarebis axal
safexurze adian. Tu karebis gaRebamde bevri ram maTTvis
amoucnobi, idumali da miuwvdomelia, karebis gaRebis Semdeg
isini filosofiuri saubrebis wyalobiT RvTaebriv sibrZnes
eziarebian.

55
 karis gaReba, kretsabmelis gaxsna, fardagis gadaweva
msoflio literaturasa da xelovnebaSi damkvidrebulia
rogorc RvTaebriv samyarosTan ziarebis simbolo. mas Zveli da
axali aRTqma, Suasaukuneebis qristianuli literaturac
kargad icnobs.
`karebi~ RvTaebriv sityvasa da zeciur sibrZnes
ukavSirdeba. ufali ambobs: `me var kari cxovarTa~ (ioan. 10.7).
saqme mociqulTa gadmogvcems, pavlesa da silas locvis dros
rogor iZra miwa, Seirya sapyrobile da gaiRo yvela kari... rasac
RvTis sityvis qadageba mohyveba (saqme. 16.25-32).
maTes saxarebis mixedviT, taZris kretsabmeli orad gaipo,
miwa iZra, kldeebi daskda. es iyo niSani uflis jvarcmisa.
asisTavma da sxvebma irwmunes, rom WeSmaritad Ze RvTisa ewama
(maTe. 27.51-54). `kretsabmelis orad gapoba~ kvlav WeSma-
ritebasTan ziarebas, sulieri ganviTarebis axal safexurze
asvlas ukavSirdeba. es simbolo `vefxistyaosnis~ mxatvrul
samyaroSic SeiZleba moviZioT. `asmaT fardagsa azidna~ (342),
ris Semdegac tarielis cxovrebaSi gardatexa xdeba. igi nestans
gaumijnurdeba da Tavisi dakarguli `RvTaebrivi mes~ Ziebas
iwyebs.
markozis saxareba aRwers, rogor gankurnavs ieso borot
senTagan da sxvadasxva sneulebaTagan karebis win Segrovil
xalxs, romelmac misi irwmuna (mark. 1.33-34). sokratesac ara
marto megobrad da maswavleblad saxaven sxva personaJebi,
aramed mkurnaladac, radgan filosofosma isini umecrebidan
gamomdinare SiSisa da simxdalisagan ixsna da gankurna
( ). es yvelaferi swored sapatimros karebis
gaRebis Semdeg moxda (89a5).
karebi iReba... am movlenis xilul garss miRma unda
davinaxoT is arsic, romelic dafarulia fizikuri xedvisaTvis.
`fedonis~ mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT ganxilvam cxadyo, rom
es dialogi akmayofilebs im moTxovnebs, romelTac TviT yvelaze
ufro rafinirebuli mkiTxvelic ki uyenebs WeSmaritad Rirebul
literaturul nawarmoebs. `fedoni~ xorcSesxmulia sxvadasxva
poeturi Tu oratoruli xerxebis daxvewili, ostaturi da
originaluri gamoyenebiT. Tavisi niWis, fantaziisa da alRos
saSualebiT mwerali maT ganumeorebel xiblsa da axlebur mi-
zandasaxulobas aniWebs. amave dros platonis yoveli mwerluri
xerxi aris filosofiuri azris ukeT gadmocemis saSualeba.

56
sokrate `fedonSi~ da martvili hagiografiul
TxzulebebSi
(tipologiuri SepirispirebisaTvis)
bizantiuri saeklesio mwerlobisa da misi safuZvlebis -
qristianuli Teologiisa da filosofiis mecnieruli Seswavla
moiTxovs platonizmTan maTi mimarTebebis gaTvaliswinebasac.
platonis filosofiuri moZRvrebis mimarTeba qristianobasTan
dRemde mecnierTa yuradRebis centrSia. miuxedavad amisa,
vfiqrobT, saTanadod aravis gaumaxvilebia yuradReba im ti-
pologiur msgavsebaze, romelic SeiniSneba platonis di-
alogebis centralur figuras - sokratesa da hagiografiuli
Txzulebebis personaJebs Soris. es sakiTxi uSualod
ukavSirdeba e.w. sokrates problemis kvlevasac.
samecniero literatura sokrates Sesaxeb sakmaod vrceli
da mravalmxrivia (103.24). Tanamedrove mkvlevarni cdiloben
sxvadasxva gadmocemebis, legendebisa da istoriuli simarTlis
gamijvnas; sokrates filosofiuri moZRvrebis rekon-
struirebasa da platonis filosofiasTan misi mimarTebis
dadgenas; swavloben sokrates memkvidreobas da gansazRvraven
mis adgils kacobriobis sulieri ganviTarebis istoriaSi. da
bolos, sagangebod ikvleven sokrates, rogorc platonis,
qsenofontisa da aristofanes nawarmoebebis literaturul
personaJs; unda aRiniSnos, rom sxvadasxva moazrovneTa Tu
mkvlevarTa naSromebSi zogjer vxvdebiT sokratesa da qristian
mowames Soris gavlebul paralels.
magaliTad, j.maneti, sokrates pirveli Tanamedrove bi-
ografiis avtori, mas uwodebs gmir-martvils, romelsac `wilad
xvda privilegia, rom Tavisi gamorCeuli, umwikvlo cxovreba
mSvenieri sikvdiliT daesrulebina~(116.10).18
m.fiCino, `kritonisa~ da `fedonis~ mTargmneli da
komentatori, sagangebod miuTiTebs im aspeqtebs, romlebic
platonis sokrates qristian martvilTan aaxlovebs (116.10).19
m.montuori sokratesadmi miZRvnil monografiaSi mis
Sesaxeb arsebul literaturas moixseniebs rogorc `sokratul
hagiografias~ (102.3-18), xolo f.doherti ~apologiis~,
`kritonisa~ da `fedonis~ Targmanebs erT gamocemaSi aerTianebs

18
ix. J.Manetti, Vita Socratis, Prima Edizione con una nota introduttiva e le varienti dei
codici a cura di M.Montuori, Biblioteca di De Homine, VI, Firenze 1974
19
ix. R.Marcel, “Saint” Socrate, patron de l’Humanisme, in Rev.Intern. de Philo, V, 1951

57
da mas asaTaurebs rogorc `sokrates martvilobas~. mis
SesavalSi mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom `sokratem didi xniT adre
iwinaswarmetyvela is religiuri idealebi, romelTac Cveni
civilizacia efuZneba... igi gardaicvala rogorc martvili,
ramac romantikis beWedi dausva mis saxels~(116.6).
rogorc vxedavT, sokrates saxe mkvlevarT qristiani
martvilis asociacias aRuZravs, magram, ramdenadac CvenTvis
cnobilia, aravis ucdia warmoeCina da sistematurad gaeana-
lizebina is tipologiuri msgavseba, romelic Tavs iCens
`fedonis~ personaJ sokratesa da hagiografiuli Txzulebebis
mTavar gmirs Soris.
Cveni naSromi miznad isaxavs sokratesa da qristian
martvils Soris tipologiuri msgavsebis Seswavlas `fedonis~
personaJis hagiografiul gmirTan Sepirispirebis safuZvelze.
gavixsenoT, rogori iyo TviT qristiani moazrovneebis
damokidebuleba Tavisi drois `yvelaze brZeni da yvelaze
samarTliani kacis~ mimarT.
udidesia sokrates mniSvneloba antikuri azrovnebis
istoriisaTvis. mTeli Semdgomi berZnuli filosofia mis mier
Cayril saZirkvelze ganviTarda. Tavisi mniSvneloba sokrates
arc qristianobis gaCenisa da momZlavrebis Semdeg daukargavs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qristianobisaTvis, romelmac neopla-
tonizmisa da stoicizmis mniSvnelovani gavlena ganicada,
mTlianobaSi damaxasiaTebelia sokrates, rogorc rwmenisaTvis
wamebulis, religiuri heroizaciis tendencia (84).
pirvel qristianebs uneburad uCndebodaT azri -
qristesaTvis daepirispirebinaT warmarTi filosofosi, ro-
melic mis msgavsad mowamebrivad aResrula im saqmisaTvis,
romelsac qadagebda. qristianuli literaturis CanasaxebSive
gvxvdeba Sepirispireba: sokrate da qriste20.
amasTan, bunebrivia, rom qristianebi warmarT
filosofosze maRla qristes ayenebdnen. sokrates Sesaxeb
qristian mweralTa Tvalsazrisi meryeobda; erTis mxriv, mis
winaSe qeds ixridnen da mas Tayvans scemdnen rogorc WeSma-
ritebis mqadagebels, meores mxriv ki, mas abuCad igdebdnen da
fanatikurad lanZRavdnen. magram yvelgan da yovelTvis
qristianul literaturaSi sokrate gvevlineboda warmarTuli
filosofiis warmomadgenlad (76.189).

20
iTvleba, rom iustine aris pirveli avtori, romelmac sokratesa da
qristes Soris gaavlo paraleli (I. `apologia~, V,3-4. II. `apologia~ X,4-8).

58
 netari avgustine Tavis traqtatSi `RvTis qalaqis Sesaxeb~
aRniSnavs sibrZnisa da maradiuli WeSmaritebisaken sokra-
teseuli swrafvis siaxloves qristianul filosofiasTan.
kidev ufro maRalia sokrates prestiJi patristikis berZnuli
Stos warmomadgenelTa SemoqmedebaSi. eklesiis mamebi xSirad
avleben paralels sokratesa da qristes Soris, magram sokrates
mimarT qristiani avtorebis amgvari pietetis miuxedavad,
sabolood igi mainc RvTaebriv madls moklebul, uaryofil
warmarTad rCeboda (84.143). qristianuli kulturis antiku-
robaze gamarjvebasTan erTad sokrates moRvaweoba
TandaTanobiT daviwyebas mieca da qristianTaTvis igi ubralod
istoriuli figura gaxda (76.189).
sokrates sxvadasxva epoqebisa da filosofiuri mimdi-
nareobebis warmomadgenlebi TavianTi msoflmxedvelobidan
gamomdinare afasebdnen. magram mas, rogorc `filosofiis
wamebuls~, kvlav da kvlav ukavSirebdnen qristes saxels.
nawilobriv SevexebiT hegelis Tvalsazriss sokrates
Sesaxeb. mis fenomens germaneli filosofosi qristesTan
SepirispirebiT ganmartavs. hegelis azriT, sokrates xvedri
aris ara SemTxveviTi, aramed Tavad misi mrwamsiT ganpiro-
bebuli. msoflio istoriaSi gmiri, romelic gamodis axali
principiT, uciloblad arRvevs ukve arsebul kanonebs, ris
gamoc isjeba kidec. magram sasjeliT ispoba ara Tavad axali
principi, aramed mxolod misi Semomtani, individi. germaneli
filosofosis TqmiT, `did adamians surs, rom damnaSave iyos da
igi Tavis Tavze iRebs did kolizias. ise rogorc qristem
msxverplad gaiRo Tavisi individualoba, magram mis mier Se-
qmnili saqme ki darCa~ (73.86).
yuradsaRebia k.iaspersis mosazrebebic sokrates Sesaxeb.
germaneli moazrovne indoeTSi, CineTSi, sparseTSi, palestinasa
da Zvel saberZneTSi (VIII-VI ss.) filosofiisa da msoflio
religiebis Camoyalibebis periods gansazRvravs rogorc
`RerZul dros~, romelmac miTTan logosis brZolisa da
adamianuri yofierebis gasulierebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli
gaxada Tavad Cveni istoria, saerTo mTeli kacobriobisaTvis. am
`RerZuli drois~ erT-erT udides moRvawed gvevlineba
sokratec, romelsac iaspersi budas, konfucisa da qristes
gverdiT zogadadamianuri istoriis `avtoritetul pirovnebas~
uwodebs. Tavisi cxovrebiseuli da filosofiuri poziciiT,
Tavisi `egzistenciiT~ sokratem adamianuri yofiereba gaanaTla
da misi racionalizeba moaxdina (84.148).

59
 Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSic gvxvdeba sokrates
moRvaweobis gologoTis misteriasTan dakavSirebis cdebi.
magaliTad, 1964 w. gamovida g.dikleris `istoriis Semqmneli
cameti procesi~, xolo 1967 w. daistamba v.Tomasis `sami didi
procesi. sokrate. ieso. galilei.~ (ix.142.351).
sxvadasxva epoqebis moazrovneTa mier sokratesa da
qristes Soris gavlebuli paralelebi sagangebod gavixseneT,
radgan isini uSualod ukavSirdeba Cvens naSromSi dasmul
sakiTxs.
rogorc cnobilia, hagiografiul TxzulebaTa mTavari
gmiris saxe qristes kvalobaze igeba. mowamisaTvis macxovari
aris magaliTi (ioane 13.5; 2.6). martvili Tavisi mowamebrivi
cxovrebiT qristes hbaZavs, emsgavseba da emowmeba. Tu zemoT-
qmuls gaviTvaliswinebT, sokratesa da qristian martvils
Soris Cvens mier SeniSnul tipologiur msgavsebas meti
damajerebloba miecema.
rodesac ori personaJi moqmedebs daaxloebiT msgavs
garemoSi, rasakvirvelia, maT Soris Tavs iCens garkveuli
msgavseba, magram, Cveni azriT, sokratesa da hagiografiul
gmirebs Soris mimarTebebs aqvT sistemuri xasiaTi, ris war-
moCenasac Cvens naSromSi SevecdebiT.
A) sokrate `fedonSi~ da martvili hagiografiul na-
warmoebebSi idevneba da isjeba Tavisi principebisa da
msoflaRqmis gamo. hagiografiul TxzulebaTa personaJi
rwmenisaTvis ewameba, xolo sokrate, iaspersis sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, `filosofiis wamebulad~ gvevlineba.
B) rogorc sokrates, ise qristian martvils axasiaTebs
Tanmimdevruloba. arc erTi ar Ralatobs Tavis principebs, ar
gadauxvevs erTxel arCeuli gzidan, romelsac, misi azriT,
WeSmaritebamde mihyavs.
sasamarTlo procesze sokrate alternativis winaSe idga:
an uari unda eTqva Tavis cxovrebiseul da filosofiur
kredoze da Tavi gadaerCina, an Tavisi mrwamsis erTguli unda
darCeniliyo da amisaTvis unda dasjiliyo. hagiografiul
TxzulebaTa personaJebic msgavsi arCevanis winaSe dganan.
sokrateca da qristiani martvilnic fizikur sicocxlesa
da sulier dacemas, fizikur sikvdilsa da sulier sicocxles
amjobineben. isini sakuTar Tavsa da garSemo myofebze zneobriv
gamarjvebas moipoveben. fizikurad sakuTar Tavs msxverplad
swiraven, raTa WeSmaritebas ar uRalaton, sulierad da
zneobrivad gadairCinon Tavi.

60
 C) rogorc sokrate, ise qristiani martvili xdebian
zneobrivi orientiri irgvliv myofTaTvis, radgan gamoirCevian
sulieri simtkiciTa da moralur principTa erTgulebiT.
`fedonSi~ simarTlisaTvis devnili filosofosi war-
mogvidgeba rogorc adamianur saTnoebaTa gansaxiereba.
`yvelaze brZeni da yvelaze kargi kaci~, romelic WeSmariti
samkaulebiT - zomierebiT, samarTlianobiT, simamaciT,
TavisuflebiTa da simarTliT imkobda suls~ (114e).
sokrate aris zneobriobis nimuSi da, Sesabamisad, misabaZi
magaliTi garSemo myofTaTvis. filosofosi erTgan pirdapir
urCevs kebess, rom mihbaZos azrovnebis misebur wess (105b6).
sxvagan Tavad mowafeebi aRiareben, Tu ra keTilismyofeli
gavlena moaxdina sokratem maTze. kebesi ukve naklebad mxdalia,
Tumca dabejiTebiT verc imas ityvis, rom aRaraferi SeakrTobs
(103c). filosofosis sikvdilis gamo damwuxrebul megobrebs
kvlav misi sityvebis SercxvebaT da cremls SeiSroben (117d-e).
sokrates gavleniT mowafeebi maradiul WeSmaritebas
Seimecneben, sulieri ganviTarebis axal safexurze adian da
sakuTar TavSi SiSsa da sxva adamianur sisusteebs Trgunaven.
TviT TerTmetTa msaxuric ki, romelsac ganaCenis aRs-
ruleba evaleba, sokrates mimarT aRfrTovanebiT, mowiwebiTa da
TanagrZnobiTaa ganmsWvaluli. filosofoss Sendobas sTxovs.
amgvari damokidebuleba sokrates mimarT amave dros WeSma-
ritebis mxardaWeracaa. sokrate Tavisi gamorCeulobiT, sxvebze
aRmatebulobiTa da znesrulobiT TerTmetTa msaxurSi sikeTesa
da saTnoebas aRviZebs (116c-d).
hagiografiuli Txzulebebis mTavari gmiric uflis
siyvaruliTa da erTgulebiT, amqveyniur siamovnebebze uaris
TqmiT, mxneobiT, simtkiciT, moTminebiTa da moyvasis siyvaruliT
zneobrivi srulyofilebis magaliTs aZlevs mis irgvliv myofT
da maT qristes samsaxurisaken ubiZgebs. mowame qristes hbaZavs,
xolo mrevlma ki mas unda mihbaZos.
martvilis pirovneba da cxovreba udides zemoqmedebas
axdens ubralo xalxze. mowamis aRsasrulis TviTmxilvelni,
xSirad, Tavad dgebian sulieri ganviTarebis gzaze. es motivi
hagiografiaSi moqmedi kanonikuri sqemis erT-erTi mniSvne-
lovani elementia.
magaliTs moviyvanT ignatiusis Txzulebidan `giorgi
amastrielis cxovreba~ (VIII-IX ss.). misi mTavari gmiri, pavles
cnobili Segonebis Tanaxmad, TiTqmis yvelas WeSmaritebisaken

61
moaqcevda da saukeTeso gzaze ayenebda (1 kor. 9.22), rameTu
xelqveiTs saTnoebis mopovebisaTvis yvelaze metad winam-
ZRolis cxovrebis qmediTi magaliTi aqezebs~ (6.265).
qritiani martvilis saxe udidesi sulieri impulsis
matarebelia. gavixsenoT svimeon metafrastis nawarmoebi
`galaqtionisa da epistimias cxovreba da moRvaweoba~ (Xs.). masSi
aRwerilia epistimias sazareli gvema da wameba, romlis
Semdegac msajulis gverdiT mdgomi da am sisastikis mayurebeli
ormocdacameti kaci dabrmavdeba, magram samagierod maT
sulieri Tvali aexilebaT, qristes iwameben da Tvalis
sinaTlec ubrundebac (6.89).
D) sokrate `fedonSi~ da martvili hagiografiul
TxzulebebSi asketuri cxovrebis wess qadageben. marTalia,
olimpoel RmerTTa da gmirTa elinuri panTeonisaTvis ucxo iyo
asketuri ideali, magram asketurma suliskveTebam berZnul
filosofiaSi iCina Tavi.
platonis, qsenofontisa da sxva sokratikosebis mowmobiT,
sokrate, Cveulebriv, fexSiSveli daiareboda; Raribulad ecva,
zamTar-zafxul erTi da igive samosi; Wama-smaSic Tavs
izRudavda. simdidres, didebasa da xorciel siamovnebas
principulad uaryofda. sokrates cxovrebis stili iyo misi
filosofiis nawili.21
arsebobs mosazreba, rom sokrate ar iyo asketi da is
TavdaWeriloba, romelsac igi ganixilavs rogorc umniSvne-
lovanes saTnoebas, tolfasia im zomierebisa, romelsac
tradiciulad ganadidebdnen elini brZenni sokratemde didi
xniT adre (84.102).
amasTan dakavSirebiT mxolod imas vityviT, rom sokrates
cxovrebis wesi, sulisa da sxeulis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb
misi Sexedulebebi, mTlianobaSi, asketuri suliskveTebiTaa
ganmsWvaluli, rasac, upirveles yovlisa, platonis `fedoni~
mowmobs.
am dialogis mixedviT, filosofiiT ganwmendili sulebi
samudamod Tavisufldebian sxeulisgan da kidev ufro mSvenier
samkvidrebelSi gadadian (114c). RmerTebis modgmaSi mxolod

21
xorcieli siRatake, sulieri da fizikuri TavSekaveba filosofosTa
asketizmis sxvadasxva formebad iTvleboda. marTlmadidebluri
qristianuli enciklopedia diogene sinopels, sokratesa da qseno-
krates am asketur saTnoebaTa matareblebad miiCnevs (46).

62
filosofiiT savsebiT ganwmendilni da swavlis moyvareni
gadavlen (82c).
filosofosis daniSnuleba sibrZnis siyvaruli da codnis
mopovebaa, xolo sxeuli amRvrevs da ar anebebs sulsa da
gonebas, rom Seimecnon WeSmariteba (66a).
filosofosi ar eswrafvis iseT siamovnebas, rogoricaa
Wama-sma da siyvaruliT tkboba... arad agdebs Zvirfas samossa da
sxva amgvar sxeulebriv samkaulebs... sxeulze ki ar zrunavs,
aramed SeZlebisamebr emijneba mas da sulisTvis iRwvis (64c).22
rogorc zemoT moyvanili pasaJebidanac Cans, sokrate,
faqtobrivad, sulisaTvis sxeulis daTrgunvas anu asketuri
cxovrebis wess qadagebs, rac `fedonSi~ aris filosofosobis
- WeSmaritebis Secnobis - aucilebeli piroba da, Sesabamisad,
hadesSi `keTili jildos~ (114c) mopovebis saSualeba.
rac Seexeba qristianobas, asketizmi, arsebiTad, `morwmunis
cxovrebis ZiriTadi kanonia~ (45;46). qristes yoveli mimdevari
asketizmis gziT miiswrafvis `RvTaebrivi arsis mibaZvisa~ da
zneobrivi srulyofisaken. Sesabamisad, nebismieri hagio-
grafiuli Txzulebis mTavari gmiri - beri iqneba igi, monazoni,
episkoposi Tu saero piri - aris asketur saTnoebaTa gansax-
iereba. es hagiografiaSi damkvidrebuli imdenad myari mxat-
vruli principia, rom konkretuli magaliTebis moyvana saWirod
ar migvaCnia. miT umetes, rom arsebobs hagiografiul Txzu-
lebaTa mTeli wyeba, romelic uSualod ber-monazonTa
cxovrebas eZRvneba da maT asketur yofas dawvrilebiT aR-
gviwers. magaliTad, ioane mosxosis `limonaris~ nebismieri,
alal-bedze aRebuli monakveTi SesaniSnav sailustracio ma-
salas mogvcemda (2).
Cvens naSromSi damowmebuli nabismieri hagiografiuli
Zeglidanac SegveZlo mogveyvana magaliTebi, Tu ra
TavgamodebiT ebrZvian martvilni xorciel vnebebs; rogor
medgrad itanen sicives, SimSils, fexze dgomasa da uZilobas;
rogor uaryofen xorciel pativs, simdidresa da fufunebas;
rogor sZleven sakuTar TavSi siamayesa da qedmaRlobas.

22
asketizmis mizani xorciel vnebaTa daTrgunviTa da sulier fa-
seulobebze orientirebiT zneobrivi srulyofis miRweva, WeSma-
ritebis Semecneba da RmerTTan miaxloebaa. ~fedonis~ ZiriTadi
suliskveTebac aseTia (mag. ix. agreTve 64d-65a; 65b; 65c; 65d; 66c; 67a-d; 68e;
82d; 83d. da sxv.)

63
 E) sokratesa da qristian martvils saerTo aqvT kidev erTi
niSani - orivem winaswar icis Tavisi aRsasrulis moaxloeba da
mas udrtvinvelad moelis. orive SemTxvevaSi sikvdilis winaSe
personaJis simSvide da simamace misi msoflmxedvelobiTaa
ganpirobebuli.
fedonis gadmocemiT, sikvdilis win sokrate bednieri Canda.
yvelaferi mowmobda amas - misi qceva, misi sityvebi; ise uSiSrad
da Rirseulad xvdeboda sikvdils (58e). mSvidad da warb-
Seuxrelad CamoarTva fiala msaxurs (117b), bagesTan miitana da
igi mSvidad, nel-nela gamoscala (117c).
sokrate ganumartavs Tavis megobrebs, ase udrtvinvelad
ratom egebeba aRsasruls. misi TqmiT, is, vinc mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze emsaxureboda filosofias, anu SeZlebisamebr
gaurboda sxeuls da mTeli arsebiT eZleoda sibrZnis
siyvaruls, ar unda ufrTxodes sikvdils, radgan imqveynad
udides sikeTes eziareba, iq ixilavs RmerTebs, `adamianTa keTil
mbrZaneblebs~ (63e; 63c; 67e; 69e; 81a).
sokrates gedebis darad winaswarmetyvelebis niWi uboZa
RmerTma da amitom maTsaviT mSvidad da udrtvinvelad eTxoveba
sicocxles (85c). saiqio netarebis imediT aRsavse filosofosi
acremlebul megobrebs Searcxvens, amSvidebs da anugeSebs (77d;
77e; 117a; 117d-e).
hagiografiul TxzulebaTa gmiric Tavisufalia sikvdilis
SiSisgan. igi mTeli arsebiT eZleva uflis smsaxurs, moTminebiT
itans nebismier gansacdels im rwmeniT, rom mowamebrivi
aRsasrulis fasad zecaSi miiRebs did jildos.
magaliTad moviyvanT kvlav `giorgi amastrielis
cxovrebas~. arqiepiskoposma winaswar icis sikvdilis moaxloeba
da saxaruliT egebeba mas, radgan swams, rom misi wyalobiT
xrwnadi sxeulisgan ganTavisufldeba da maradiul sicocxles
moipovebs. wmindani gardacvalebis win RmerTs madlobas
swiravs Tavisi xvedrisTvis, Tavad mas ki mefeni da samRvdelo
pirni, xelqveiTni da mbrZanebelni moTqmiT dastirian. sik-
vdilis SiSs mxolod sulierad ganwmendili morwmuneni da
martvilni sZleven (6.264-265).
gavixsenoT `ormocda ori amarieli mowamis martviloba~.
am nawarmoebSic martvilni meryeobis gareSe midian satan-
jvelad, mamacurad da sixaruliT daiTmenen gansacdels.
xelfexSeborkilebs mtarvalni dilegSi amwyvdeven, Seura-
cxyofen, fizikurad gvemen da tanjaven, magram mainc ver

64
imorCileben da qristes rwmenisgan ver gandreken. mowameni
uflis mimarT locvebsa da sagaloblebs aRavlenen da erT-
maneTs amxneveben, rom ismaitelebs Tavi ar moudrikon, usa-
marTlobas vaJkacurad win aRudgnen da amgvarad zeciuri
madlis Rirsni gaxdnen.
momavali, saiqio didebis imediT mowameni mamacurad eg-
ebebian sikvdils. ganaCenis mosmenis Semdeg isini sixaruliT
aRivsebian, rom wmindanTa bedi unda gaiziaron, aResrulon da
sasufevelSi daimkvidron adgili (5.313-313).
F) Cveni azriT, sokratesa da qristian martvils Soris
tipologiuri msgavsebis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa `fe-
donis~ erT-erTi bolo epizodi, rodesac sokrate saubars
morCeba da misi dasjis wuTebi TandaTanobiT axlovdeba. fedoni
gviambobs: `vfiqrobdiT, rom mamas vkargavdiT da oblad unda
gagvetarebina mTeli darCenili sicocxle. ganbanas rom morCa,
mas Svilebi miuyvanes (sami vaJi hyavda - ori patara, erTi
mozrdili)~ (116a5-b2).
am monakveTSi SeiZleba SevniSnoT antinomiuri
dapirispireba: sokrate Tavisi SvilebisTvis xorcieli mamaa,
xolo mowafeebisa da megobrebisaTvis ki igi sikvdilis win,
Tavisi misiis aRsrulebis Semdeg, `sulieri mama~ xdeba. fe-
donisagan sokrates amgvari Sefaseba ar unda miviCnioT
filosofosis mimarT misi mowafeebis mxolod usazRvro
siyvarulis, siaxlovisa da pativiscemis gamoxatulebad. igi
sxvagvaradac SeiZleba ganimartos.
`fedonis~ Sesaxeb araerTxel Tqmula, rom es aris
WeSmaritad elinuri telete, iniciaciis gziT maradiulTan
ziareba, romelsac, Cveulebriv, axlad Sobis sixaruli mohyveba
(ix.90.38; 132.51). sokrates saubrebi misi mowafeebisa da
megobrebisTvis xdeba axali cxovrebis dasabami. sokrate axal
sicocxles STaberavs irgvliv myofT da, amdenad, filosofosi
gvevlineba Tavisi msmenelebis sulieri cxovrebis Semoqmedad,
maT sulier mamad.
rac Seexeba qristianul religias, samebisa da erTarsebis
dogmatis Tanaxmad, gankacebuli logosi xorcielad aris
RvTismSoblis Ze, xolo sulier planSi ki moiazreba mis mamad.
es qristianuli Sexeduleba kargadaa warmoCenili bizantieli
himnografis, romanos melodosis `saSobao himnSi~, sadac
macxovris Sesaxeb naTqvamia:   
 (mama dedisa, azriT, Ze
iSva). igive Tvalsazrisi warmoCndeba dantes `RvTaebriv ko-
65
mediaSi~, rodesac qriste mimarTavs RvTismSobels: `dedav Cemo
da Svilo Cemo...~
es, empiriul planSi winaaRmdegobrivi, xolo
religiur-Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT savsebiT cxadi da
gasagebi debuleba mTels qristianul literaturaSi da maT
Soris hagiografiaSic aisaxeba. hagiografiuli gmiric tan-
jvaTa Tmenisa da qristianul saTnoebaTa ganxorcielebis
Semdeg sulieri ganviTarebis im safexurs aRwevs, rom igi ukve
uaxlovdeba Tavis sanukvar mizans - emsgavseba Tavis zneobriv
orientirs, qristes da mis kvalobaze Tavis gulSematkivarTa da
mimdevarTaTvis, maT Soris Tavisi xorcieli mSoblebisTvisac
sulieri mama da moZRvari xdeba. uklebliv yvela hagiografiul
TxzulebaSi martvils misi mowafeni da TanamgrZnobni TavianT
sulier mamasa da moZRvars uwodeben, mas codvaTa mitevebasa da
Sendobas sTxoven.
aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba. hagiografiul nawarmoebebSi
mowame Tavis mimdevarTa sulieri mama xdeba qristesTan
msgavsebis kvalobaze, xolo sokrates SemTxvevaSi amgvari
religiuri qveteqsti gamoricxulia. Tumca, savsebiT Sesa-
Zlebelia, rom hagiografiaSi martvilis `sulier mamad~ mox-
seniebas religiur SinaarsTan erTad hqondes iseTive axsna,
rogoric Cven `fedonis~ Sesabamis epizods movunaxeT.
tipologiuri msgavseba sokratesa da hagiografiul gmirs
Soris vlindeba ara marto am personaJebisaTvis saerTo ni-
San-TvisebebSi, aramed mwerlis mier gamoyenebul stilistur
xerxebSic.
1) cnobili bolandisti, delie, hagiografiuli Janris
TxzulebaTa klasifikaciisas eqvs jgufs gamoyofs da meore
maTganSi aTavsebs im nawarmoebebs, romlebic dawerilia
martvilis TanamedroveTa da misi mowamebrivi cxovrebis
TviTmxilvelTa, SesaZloa, mowafeTa mier (50.361). am SemTxvevaSi
avtori eyrdnoba ara romelime werilobiT wyaros, aramed
mogviTxrobs sakuTari TvaliT nanaxsa da gancdils. magali-
TisaTvis gavixsenoT `werili lioneli martvilis Sesaxeb~,
`perpetuasa da felicitas vnebani~ an `axali basilis cxovreba~,
martvilis mowafis, grigolis mier dawerili. rogorc am
ukanaskneli nawarmoebidan irkveva, misi avtori xSirad nax-
ulobda basils, daemowafa kidec da martvilis gardacvalebis
Semdeg misi Rvawlis ukvdavyofa daisaxa miznad (85.249).

66
 platonis dialogSic sokrates aRsasrulis Sesaxeb am
movlenis TviTmxilveli da filosofosis mowafe, elidis
filosofiuri skolis damaarsebeli gviambobs (57a).
2) hagiografiuli Janris, gansakuTrebiT ki `wamebaTa~
qveJanris TxzulebebSi, centraluri da yvelaze STambeWdavi
epizodi, Cveulebriv, martvilis mowameobrivi aRsasruli iyo.
mTeli nawarmoebi swored am faqtis aRsawerad,
dasafiqsireblad da ukvdavsayofad iwereboda. platonis
`fedonic~, principSi, am mizans emsaxureba, ra Tqma unda,
literaturuli da ara filosofiuri mizandasaxulobis
TvalsazrisiT. es dialogi sapyrobileSi gatarebuli, sokrates
ukanaskneli dRis qronikaa, romelic filosofosis mowamebriv
aRsasruls mogviTxrobs.
3) yuradReba unda mivapyroT erT stilistur xerxsac.
rogorc platoni, ise hagiografi personaJebis xatvisas mimarTavs
kontrastisa da dapirispirebis xerxs. sxva personaJebis fonze,
maTTan dapirispirebiT, ufro TvalsaCinoa mowamis araCveulebrivi
siwminde da aramiwieri didebuleba, rac misi figuris monumentur
warmoCenas da, Sesabamisad, Rvawlis Cvenebasa da gandidebas em-
saxureba.
`fedonSi~ centraluria sokrates, `yvelaze brZeni da
yvelaze marTali kacis~ saxe. aq yvelaferi maszea
daqvemdebarebuli. sxva personaJebi gacilebiT ufro uferulad
gamoisaxebian. maT naklebi dro da adgili eTmobaT. ufro
sustebad da mSiSrebadac warmogvidgebian. es kidev ufro
amkveTrebs da aZlierebs sokrates Rirsebebs.
gavixsenoT nikita amnielis Txzuleba `mowyale filaretis
cxovreba~. (VI-VII ss.). masSi filaretis mravalricxovani ojaxis
wevrebi sakmaod uferulad arian warmoCenili. samagierod isini ar
Crdilaven mTavar momqmed pirebs - filaretsa da Teosevas,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, erTmaneTs mkveTrad upirispirdebian
zneobiTa da xasiaTiT (5.250).
magaliTs moviyvanT konstantinopolis patriarqis, kaliste
I-is nawarmoebidanac `grigol sinelis cxovreba~. masSi mowamis
saxe arasodes iCrdileba sxva personaJebiT, magaliTad, grigolis
irgvliv myofi mowafeebiT, (romelTac, sxvaTaSoris, Txzulebis
ramdenime Tavi eZRvnebaT). sulieri ganviTarebiT verc erTi
maTgani ver gadaaWarbebs Tavis moZRvars. isini mxolod da mxolod
saTanado fons uqmnian mTavar moqmed pirs, TiTqos exmarebian mas,
rom amaRldes maTze Tavisi siwmindiT. hagiografi Tavs ikavebs
TxrobaSi axali pesonaJebisa da movlenebis CarTvisgan. TiTqmis ar

67
gadauxvevs ZiriTadi siuJeturi xazidan, ris Sedegadac na-
warmoebis centrSi ucvlelad rCeba grigol sinelis monoliTuri
da monumenturi saxe (85.257).
Cvens naSromSi, sokratesa da hagiografiuli gmiris Sepi-
rispirebisas, veyrdnobiT rogorc `wamebaTa~, ise `cxovrebaTa~
Janris Txzulebebs. vinaidan orive tipis nawarmoebebSi mowamis
saxis Seqmnisas daaxloebiT erTnairi principebi da msgavsi ka-
nonikuri sqema moqmedebda. im gansxvavebiT, rom `cxovrebaTa~
Janris qmnilebebSi mTavari gmiris aRsasruli, xSirad, ar iyo
mowamebrivi.
rogorc zemoT warmovaCineT, tanjulis saxe platonTanac da
hagiografiaSic msgavsi principebiT igeba da saerTo niSnebiT
xasiaTdeba. orive SemTxvevaSi mowamis saxis agebis saerTo logika
moqmedebs. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom sokratesa da martvils ga-
nasxvavebs erTi arsebiTi niSani: isini sxvadasxva idealis erT-
gulebis gamo idevnebian da isjebian; WeSmaritebas ewirebian,
romelsac TavianTi individualuri msoflmxedvelobidan gam-
omdinare sxvadasxvagvarad moiazreben.
Tumca `fedons~ icnobdnen qristiani moazrovneebi, Cven ver
ganvacxadebT, rom am nawarmoebma uSualo gavlena moaxdina
martvilis saxis kanonikuri sqemis Seqmnaze. bizantiuri hagio-
grafiis genezisisa da formirebis Seswavlis Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba jerjerobiT aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas ar
iZleva.
Cvens naSromSi warmodgenili tipologiuri Sepirispireba
mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia sami TvalsazrisiT:
1. igi platonizmisa da qristianobis mWidro istori-
ul-kulturuli kavSiris kidev erTi dasturia.
2. es tipologiuri msgavseba kidev erTxel naTelyofs
platonis mwerlur alRosa da mxatvrul intuicias. filosofosma
Zv.w.aR.V-IV ss-Si Seqmna simarTlisTvis devnili, wamebuli kacis
universaluri saxe, romelic misaRebi da gasaziarebeli aRmoCnda
qristianuli msoflaRqmisaTvis.
3. hagiografiul gmirTan Sepirispireba iZleva damatebiT
Strixebs sokrates literaturuli portretisaTvis.

`fedoni~ da platonis filosofia

fedonis ZiriTadi filosofiuri mizani sulis maradi-
ulobis logikuri dasabuTebaa. sulis ukvdaveba aris centri,
romlis irgvlivac trialebs yvela da yvelaferi, rasac

68
eqvemdebareba dialogis mTeli struqtura. `fedonSi~ Tavs iCens
platonizmis is sakvanZo sakiTxebi, romlebic filosofoss
sulis ukvdavebis argumentaciisTvis sWirdeba.
`fedonis~ filosofiuri problematikis ganxilvisas Cvens
winaSe dgeba e.w. wyaroTa problema _ Tu ramdenad aisaxa am
dialogSi platonizmis winamorbed religiur-filosofiur
mimdinareobaTa sulieri gamocdileba (platonis memkvidreobis,
rogorc filosofiis istoriis erT-erTi wyaros Sesaxeb
ix.65.33-46)
`fedonis~ filosofiuri sistemis formireba moxda
orfizm-piTagoreizmis calkeul debulebaTa gaziarebisa da
maTi axleburi, `sokratul-platonuri~ gaazrebis, naturf-
ilosofosTa skolasTan dapirispirebis gziT.
orfizmi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sxva moZRvrebebTan
Sexebisas viTardeboda, transformirdeboda. mecnierebi
erTxmad aRiareben orfizmisa da piTagoreizmis, heraklites
filosofiisa da stoicizmis urTierTgavlenebs. swored amitom
xSirad rTuldeba imis dadgena, Tu ra aris `fedonSi~
piTagoruli da ra _ orfizmis kuTvnileba.
`fedonSi~ platons xSirad mohyavs sxvaTagan momdinare esa
Tu is debuleba wyaros dausaxeleblad. am SemTxvevaSi misi
warmomavloba sakuTriv platonis da zogadad berZnuli
filosofiis konteqstidan gamomdinare dgindeba.
metemfsiqozis anu sulTa gadasaxlebis idea berZnul
filosofiaSi orfizmisa da piTagoreizmis wyalobiT SeiWra.
metensomatoza, rogorc dasrulebuli sistema, sxvadasxva
variantebiT warmogvidgeba `gorgiasSi~, `fedonSi~, `fedrossa~
da `saxelmwifoSi~. amave dros igi platonis filosofiis
kosmologiur sistemaSia CarTuli da mWidrod ukavSirdeba
moZRvrebas kosmiuri wrebrunvis Sesaxeb (88.78) 23 . platoni
gvTavazobs metemfsiqozis eTizirebul, religiur-filosofiur
variants, romelSic xazgasmulia epistemologiuri momenti _
ideaTa prenataluri mniSvneloba.
zogadad platonTan da, kerZod, `fedonSi~ sulTa
gadasaxlebis doqtrinis analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi
faqtoric: u.gaTris miTiTebiT, metemfsiqozis idea, TavisTavad,
gulisxmobs inkarnaciaTa dausrulebel ganmeorebas, anu sulis
mudmiv dabrunebas sxeulSi, rac aradamakmayofilebeli iqne-

23
`fedonSi~ reinkarnaciis idea daukonkreteblad ukavSirdeba `Zvel
doqtrinas~ (70c5-8).

69
boda platonisTvis, mas rom misterialur religiaTaTvis ar
miemarTa da maT safuZvelze ar ganesazRvra filosofosis
cxovrebis wesi _ rogorc sxeulidan saboloo ganTavisuflebis
sawindari (109.341-342).
orfikuli Teokosmogoniidan momdinareobs `fedonis~
esqatologia da sulisa da sxeulis dualizmic, romelic Tavs
iCens, erTis mxriv, filosofosis raobis ganmsazRvrel
koncefciaSi, xolo meores mxriv, gnoseologiuri prob-
lematikis damuSavebis dros, Semecnebis TeoriaSi, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, ideaTa moZRvrebasa da sulis ukvdavebis argu-
mentacias ukavSirdeba (am sakiTxebs qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT
SevexebiT).
`fedonis~ erT-erT wyarod iTvleba naturfilosofosTa
naazrevic, romlis moxmobac platons sWirdeba kvlevis ax-
leburi meTodisa da principebis warmosaCenad.
`fedonis~ erT-erT pasaJSi sokrate Sobisa da kvdomis
mizezis ZiebasTan dakavSirebiT gviambobs Tavis `in-
teleqtualur avtobiografias~ Tu `mentalur istorias~ da
TvalnaTliv dagvanaxebs im gzas, romelic man gaiara Tavis
winamorbed moazrovneTa, kerZod, naturfilosofosTa gamo-
cdilebis gaziarebis, misi kritikuli Sefasebisa da
ukugdebidan saganTa WeSmariti mizezis _ ideebis aRiarebamde.
es monakveTi `fedonis~ dialeqtikuri nawilis kulminaciur
wertilad miiCneva.
saganTa mizezis maZiebeli sokrate Tavdapirvelad imeo-
rebs imas, rac ukve Tqmula. dasawyisSi miyveba mis winamorbedTa
mier gakvalul gzas da xedavs, rom am gzaze oris miRebis
mizezic ki ver Seutyvia, radgan fizikur mizezTa Zieba uSedegoa.
sokrates mohyavs anaqsimandres, anaqsimenes, heraklites,
arqelaosis, alkmeon krotonelis, empedokles, anaqsagorasa
da sxvaTa naazrevi Sobisa da kvdomis mizezebis Sesaxeb da
dagvanaxebs, rom isini saganTa mizezad asaxeleben cxelisa da
civis xrwnas, sisxls, haersa da cecxls, eTers, wyalsa da bevr
sxva rames. erTi sityviT, yvelafers, WeSmariti mizezis garda
(96b2-8; 96c7-d5; 97c1-2; 98b8-c2; 99a5-b4) filosofosi zurgs
Seaqcevs naturfilosofias, radgan sokrate ikvlevs ara imas,
Tu rogor, aramed imas, Tu ratom xdeba esa Tu is procesi.
erTaderTi ganmarteba, romelic mas akmayofilebs, aris
teleologiuri _ `yvelaferi iwyebs arsebobas garkveuli
miznisaTvis da miznad isaxavs realurad arsebuli modelis,
absoluturi sikeTis miRwevas~(109.348).

70
 kritikuli paTosiT ganmsWvaluli msjelobis fonze
mJRavndeba platonis sruliad gansxvavebuli, idealisturi
koncefcia _ platonuri moZRvreba ideis, rogorc saganTa
mizezis Sesaxeb, romelsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.
platonis filosofiuri, e.w. hipoTeturi meTodi. saganTa
mizezis Ziebis WeSmariti gzis gansazRvrisas sokrate
upirispirdeba Tavis winamorbedT, romelTaTvisac es procesi
xorcieldeba  (100a2-3) da gvTavazobs axal
mimarTulebas _ kvleva-Ziebas  (100a1). ras
gulisxmobs platoni terminiT  mocemul konteqstSi?
am sakiTxis sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciebi arsebobs,
magram am problemis optimalur gadawyvetas uaxlovdeba
b.jaueti, romelsac esmis rogorc `gonebis sfero,
samflobelo~ (the domain of reason) (109.352).
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqtors, rogor aris aRwerili
`fedonSi~ saganTa mizezis Zieba (anu ideaTa Sesaxeb WeSmariti
codnis miReba), maSin aSkaraa, rom mocemul Sem-
TxvevaSi swored gonebas gulisxmobs, rogorc codnis miRebis
erTaderT swor da pirdapir saSualebas. rogorc Cans, sokrate
miyveba parmenides gzas (ix.fr.7,4.), anu mxedvelobis, smenisa da
sxva grZnobebis saSualebiT ( bunebriv fe-
nomenTa dakvirvebas igi upirispirebs gansjas gonebiT
( .
sokratesaTvis kvleva-Zieba, warmoebuli gonebiT
( ) aris winapiroba, romelic gulisxmobs ideebs,
maT arsebobasa da mizezobriv funqcias. swored am winapirobas
gvTavazobs igi rogorc `hipoTezas~ ( -
 safuZvladmdebare mosazrebas, romelic aris amo-
savali msjelobis Semdgomi procesisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare
sokrates (Tu platonis) filosofiur meTods (anu azrovnebisa
da msjelobis warmoebis principebs) gansazRvraven rogorc e. w.
hipoTetur meTods.
platonis hipoTeturi meTodis Sesaxeb arsebuli diskusia
sakmaod xangrZlivi, vrceli da daZabulia.24
mkvlevarni sakiTxs zogjer imdenad arTuleben da
abundovaneben, rom TviT platonis teqsti, im sirTuleebis
miuxedavad, romelTac igi aRZravs, gacilebiT ufro mkafio da

24
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. 98.11-36; 100.529-548; 115.29-33; 119.180-183;
121.103-115; 126.123-145; 202-203. ix. agreTve 109.352 Sen.4.

71
gasagebia, vidre misi Tanamedrove interpretaciebi. Cvens
STabeWdilebas zustad exmianeba u.gaTris komentari, rom
`Znelia gadawyvetilebis miReba am interpretaciebs Soris.
magram me hekforTis Tvalsazrisi yvelaze mkafiod (lucid)
meCvenao~ (109.352, Sen. 4).
platonis hipoteturi meTodis Sesaxeb saintereso masalas
gvawvdis `menoni~, `saxelmwifo~ da `parmenide~, magram iTvleba,
rom yvelaze ufro srulyofil da reliefur suraTs `fedoni~
gvTavazobs.
Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, Tu ras warmoadgens platonis
hipoteturi meTodi `fedonis~ mixedviT da rogor aris igi
realizebuli Tavad dialogSi. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mkvlevarni
`fedonis~ oriode pasaJidan gamomdinare msjeloben.
Tavisi e.w. `mentaluri evoluciis~ aRwerisas sokrate
gadmogvcems meTods, romelic man WeSmaritebis ZiebisTvis
airCia.
1) `yovel jerze safuZvlad vdeb ( )
debulebas ( ), romelic yvelaze sandod
( ) mimaCnia. WeSmaritad vTvli
( ) imas, rac mgonia, rom [am debulebas] eTanxmeba
( ) da rac mas ar [eTanxmeba], imas ar [miviCnev]
WeSmaritad~ (100a3-7).25
2) `Tu vinme Tavad hipotezas (e.i. safuZvladmdebare mo-
sazrebas. i.d.) ( ) gamoedevneba
( ), 26 igi arad Caagdo da manam ar upasuxo,
vidre ar gamoikvlev ( ) misgan
gamomdinare Sedegebs ( ), [raTa dainaxo], Seni
[azriT], erTmaneTs eTanxmeba Tu ara~ (101d3-5).27
3) `da rodesac saWiroa, rom Tavad es hipoteza28 ganixilo
(  ), es amave gziT ( ) unda

25
aq problemebs warmoSobs zogierTi terminis gaazreba. magaliT-
ad, . igi sxvadasxvagvarad esmiT: theory, definition, proposition,
statement. ix. 26.178-181.
26
 mocemul konteqstSi iTargmneba rogorc: Seupovrobis,
udrekobis gamoCena, moWideba, CabRauWeba. am frazis sxvadasxvagvari
intepretaciisTvis ix. 26.235
27
am pasaJis interpretaciisaTvis ix. 26.187-192.  s
Sesaxeb ix. agreTve 126.129-131
28
Tavad terminis nacvlad ( ) aq gamoyenebulia
nacvalsaxelebi: 

72
gaakeTo. safuZvlad dade ( ) sxva hipoteza
( ), romelic zemoT moyvanil 29 hipoTezaTagan
( ) saukeTesod mogeCveneba, vidre ar miaRwev
raRacas damakmayofilebels (adekvaturs) ( )~
(101d5-e1).
am sami principisgan Semdgari hipoteturi meTodis analizi
cxadyofs, rom sokrate uaryofs azrovnebis induqciur meTods,
romelic gulisxmobs kerZo faqtebidan Tu debulebebidan
zogadi daskvnis gamoyvanas. `fedonis~ hipoTeturi meTodi
iTvaliswinebs zogadi debulebidan (mocemul SemTxvevaSi es
aris ideaTa Teoria) kerZo daskvnis gakeTebas (rogorc mog-
vianebiT irkveva, es aris sulis ukvdavebis damtkiceba).
sokrate, rogorc platonis `fedonis~ personaJi, dedu-
qciur meTods gviqadagebs, magram amave dros cnobilia, rom
aristotele realur sokrates swored induqciur meTods
miawerda. aqedan gamomdinare, xom ar unda davaskvnaT, rom am
sakiTxSi platoni sokrates winaaRmdeg midis? am problemas
u.gaTris komentaris safuZvelze ganvixilavT.
u.gaTris miTiTebiT, induqcia da deduqcia aq aris ara
urTierTgamomricxveli, aramed erTi procesis ori mxare. im
dialogebSi, romelTac sokratuls vuwodebT, Tumca war-
modgenilia kerZodan zogadis gamoyvana, igulisxmeba is, rom es
zogadi, idea arsebobs da gansazRvravs kerZoTa raobas. aq Cven
ar vcdilobT zogadis arsebobis damtkicebas. kerZos saSu-
alebiT Cven mas mxolod ganvsazRvravT. 30 (e.i. am dialogebSi
kerZo aris ara zogadis arsebobis damtkicebis, aramed misi
gansazRvris saSualeba i.d.), magram amave dros sawyisi wina-
piroba (zogadi) arCeulia imitom, rom miCneulia kargad da-
sabuTebulad, rac garkveuli gamocdilebis arsebobas gu-
lisxmobs, miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara induqciuri momenti
sagangebod miTiTebuli (e.i. warmodgenilia deduqcia, romelic
gulisxmobs induqcias i.d.).

29
 Cveulebriv, gaiazreba rogorc `zemoT~, xo-
lo iTargmneba rogorc `zemoT miTiTebulTagan,
moxseniebulTagan~, (of those above) (Genetivus Partitivus).
30
u.gaTris ganmartebiT, sokrates induqcia aris elementaruli saxis da
SeiZleba ukeT ganisazRvros rogorc analogiidan momdinare. ker-
Zodan zogadisken (ideebisken) mimarTuli azrovnebis procesi
srulyofilad aris gadmocemuli `nadimSi~ (109.353)

73
 Cven ar SevexebiT `fedonis~ hipoTetur meTodTan da-
kavSirebul vrcel da winaaRmdegobriv problematikas _ im
terminologiur Tu logikur sirTuleebs, romlebsac es mo-
nakveTi aRZravs, radgan CvenTvis ufro arsebiTia ara am meTodis
kritikuli Sefaseba logikur aspeqtSi, aramed is, Tu ra adgili
uWiravs mocemul hipoTetur meTods `fedonis~ filosofiur
sistemaSi. rogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, ZiriTadi hipoTeza `fe-
donSi~ aris ideaTa Teoria, romelmac hipoTeturi meTodis
pirveli principis Tanaxmad, yovelgvari Sinagani
winaarmdegobis gareSe unda migviyvanos garkveul WeSmarit
daskvnamde. mocemul SemTxvevaSi es aris debuleba, rom suli
ukvdavia.
am meTodis meore principi iTvaliswinebs hipoTezis
ukugdebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cndeba garkveuli winaaRmdegoba
mocemul hipoTezasa da mis Sedegebs, an mxolod Sedegebs Soris.
`fedonSi~ es principi realizebulia ara ideaTa TeoriasTan,
aramed sulis harmoniulobis doqtrinasTan dakavSirebiT.
rac Seexeba hipoTeturi meTodis mesame princips, mis
Tanaxmad, Tu Sens hipoTezas Tavs esxmian, Tavdapirvelad unda
daasrulo deduqciis meTodi, xolo Semdeg, Tu masSi araviTari
winaaRmdegoba ar gaCenila, unda daicva Seni hipoTeza mocemuli
meTodis meore principis Sesabamisad, anu igi unda gamoiyvano _
rogorc daskvna _ sxva Zlieri hipoTezidan. Tu masac aseve
Seuties, maSin mesames unda mimarTo da a.S. vidre ar mixval
damakmayofilebel, saTanado Sedegamde. aRsaniSnavia, rom
hipoTeturi meTodis es mesame principi platonisTvis mxolod
Teoriul `savarjiSod~ rCeba da praqtikulad ar gamoiyeneba
ara mxolod `fedonSi~, aramed arc sxva dialogebSi.
mokled gadmovcemT sulis harmoniulobis Teoriis
gabaTilebas hipoTeturi meTodis meore principis safuZvelze
(86b7-d1)31.
dasawyisSi sokrate emyareba ukve damtkicebul debulebas,
rom swavla aris gaxseneba. filosofosis TqmiT, Tu vamtkicebT,
rom suli erTgvari harmoniaa, imave sawyisTa SerwymiT miRebuli,
romelTaganac Sedgeba sxeuli, es niSnavs imis mtkicebas, rom is

31
Cvens naSromSi ar SevexebiT mocemuli doqtrinis warmomavlobasTan
dakavSirebul problematikas, radgan ufro mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia
ara misi genezisis problema, aramed am Teoriis funqcia `fedonis~
filosofiur sistemaSi _ igi hipoTeturi meTodis ilustraciad
gvevlineba.

74
im sawyisTagan Sedgeba, romlebic jer kidev ar arseboben,
radgan swavla aris gaxseneba da aqedan gamomdinare suli
arsebobs manamde, vidre gansxeuldeba (92b-d).
es argumenti safuZvels Seuryevs harmoniulobis
doqtrinas (92c11-e3), radgan igi SeuTavsebeli aRmoCndeba
gaxsenebis TeoriasTan, romelic ufro adre aRiarebul iqna
`miRebis Rirsi hipoTezis~ (d6-7,Sdr.e1-2), anu ideaTa Teoriidan
gamomdinare (Sdr. I principi).
msjelobis procesSi gairkveva, rom sulis harmoniulobis
hipoTezas mivyevarT winaaRmdegobamde, kerZod, Sedegamde (yvela
cocxali arsebis suli aris erTnairad keTili, 94a8-11), ro-
melic ewinaaRmdegeba ufro adrindel debulebas (zogierTi
suli keTilia, xolo zogierTi _ avi, 93b8-c2). hipoteturi
meTodis meore principis Tanaxmad, mocemuli hipoTeza (rom
suli aris harmonia) uaryofil unda iqnes, radgan misi
`Sedegebi~ ar arian erTmaneTTan TanxmobaSi (Sdr. II principi)
(79.442) (`fedonis~ mocemuli pasaJis kritikuli SefasebisaTvis
ix.109.348; 26.167).
platonis nawarmoebebSi hipoTeturi meTodi abstraqtulad
ufro metad ganixileba, vidre praqtikulad gamoiyeneba.
mwerali filosofiuri msjelobis dros analogiebsa da
sxvadasxva mxatvrul saxeebs ufro meti intensivobiT mimarTavs,
Tumca maT Sesaxeb Teoriulad SedarebiT naklebad msjelobs da
rasac ambobs, ufro maT winaaRmdeg, vidre sasargeblod (126.209).
am mxriv sayuradReboa `fedonis~ erT-erTi pasaJi, ro-
melSic simiasi ambobs, rom sulis harmoniulobis Teoria miiRo
`mtkicebulebis gareSe, misi moCvenebiTi damajereblobis gamo
(  )...
magram argumentebi ( ), romlebic TavianT
mtkicebulebas ( ) afuZneben msgavsebaze
32
( ), matyuarebi arian

32
mocemuli terminis Targmani Zalian pirobiTia. 
momdinareobs zmnidan , rac erTis mxriv, niSnavs `msgavsebas~,
xolo meores mxriv, `moCvenebas~. sityvas aqvs
rogorc `msgavsebis~, ise `moCvenebiTobis~ mniSvnelobis niuansi.
Sesabamisad, rodesac vambobT, rom argumentis, msjelobis ( )
safuZveli aris (anu msjeloba
xdeba  is saSualebiT), igulisxmeba, rom sagans an
movlenas aRviqvamT ara realurad, anu ise, rogorc aris sinamdvileSi,
aramed mimsgavsebulad, anu ise, rogorc Cven gveCveneba, warmogvidgeba.

75
( Tu Tavs kargad ar daicav, maSin mogatyueben,
geometriaSic da sxva sferoSic~ (92d1-5).
mocemuli pasaJis mixedviT, mtkicebuleba, dafuZnebuli
msgavsebaze anu saxeobriobaze ( ) ar
aris sando, anu azrovnebis procesSi am meTodis gamoyeneba
gaumarTlebelia (126.217).
mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom rodesac platoni msgavsebaze
dafuZnebuli meTodis, anu saxeobriobisa da analogiebis
winaaRmdeg ase daufaravad ilaSqrebs, Tavisi Tvalsazrisis
sailustracio paradigmad irCevs sulis harmoniulobis Te-
orias, romlis ukugdebac xdeba platonis mier mogvianebiT
formulirebuli hipoTeturi meTodis meore principis Tanaxmad.
e.i. platoni erT monakveTSi (rogorc Cans, sagangebod)
upirispirebs erTmaneTs or meTods: Teoriulad msjelobs
`msgavsebis~ (anu analogia-saxeobriobis) meTodis gau-
marTleblobis Sesaxeb, ris demonstrirebasac axdens hipo-
Teturi meTodis praqtikulad gamoyenebiT.
Semecnebis platonuri Teoriidan gamomdinare, savsebiT
bunebrivia, rom filosofosi msjelobis procesSi saxeebisa da
analogiebis gamoyenebis winaaRmdegia, radgan maTi safuZveli
sxeulebrivi SegrZnebebia, romlebic mxolod daaxloebiT
gviqmnian warmodgenas saganTa WeSmarit arsze (amis Sesaxeb ix.
qvemoT). swored amitom platoni, Teoriulad mainc, upi-
ratesobas aniWebs hipoTetur meTods, romelic `wminda gonebiT~
azrovnebis process efuZneba (amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.
126.220-221).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare cxadia, rom platonis
filosofiur meTodSi Tavs iCens erTgvari paradoqsuloba:
filosofosi Teoriulad upiratesobas aniWebs hipoTetur
meTods, magram praqtikulad ufro xSirad saxeebsa da anal-
ogiebs mimarTavs, rac, Tavis mxriv, SeuTavsebelia mis gno-
seologiasTan.
`fedonSi~. mocemuli dialogis filosofiuri
mizani aris sulis ukvdavebis mtkiceba, magram vidre am
problemas SevexebodeT, Tavdapirvelad unda ganvsazRvroT

sagnebisa da movlenebis amgvari aRqma aris saxeobriobis safuZveli,

amitom ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom saxe, image, j,hfp _ momdi-
nareobs swored _ fuZidan.

76
Tavad sulis `fedoniseuli~ koncefcia, anu ras war-
moadgens 33
am dialogis mixedviT.
aris sxeulisaTvis sicocxlis mimniWebeli. es
aris racionaluri fiqrebisa da survilebis mqone arsi, (igi
gonebis sinonimadac gaiazreba xolme), romelic iZens ira-
cionalur midrekilebebs _ misi racionaluri arsisaTvis
Seusabamo survilebs _ sxeulTan kavSiris meoxebiT. es
koncefciebi xalxuri warmodgenebidan momdinareobs. ara-
filosofiur konteqstSi -s mniSvneloba meryeobs
daaxloebiT `sicocxlesa~ da `gonebas~ _ cnobierebis, fiqrisa
da emociis samyofels Soris. amave drosaris
aCrdilisebri, arasubstanciuri versia imisa, rac iyo adamiani
adre (27.8-9).
homerosTan da ufro gviandel poeziaSic adamianis sik-
vdilis Semdeg swored miemarTeba hadesSi, jer kidev
xiluli formiT, magram uZluri da ugono. swored am ideis
safuZvelze iwyeba `fedonis~ argumentaciis ZiriTadi nawili,
radgan es warmodgena saSualebas aZlevs sokrates, rom advilad
aRsaqmeli da misaRebi gaxados sikvdilis Taviseuli definicia,
romlis Tanaxmad, `gardacvaleba aris sulis sxeulidan gam-
oyofa~ (64c4-5). filosofosi gviCvenebs, rom suli am gan-
calkevebis merec, anu `adamianis sikvdilis Semdegac arsebobs,
kidev aqvs raRac Zala ( ) da goneba ( )
(70b2-4).
amgvarad, platonma Tavisi sakuTari Tvalsazrisi, romlis
mixedviTac suli aris sxeulis macocxlebeli racionaluri
arsi, `daamyno~ homerosis warmodgenas sulis uwyveti arsebobis
Sesaxeb da igi ukvdavebis sruliad axali SinaarsiT gaafarTova
(27.8-9)
`fedonis~ mixedviT, suli aris uxilavi, magram erT-erT
xumrobaSereul pasaJSi platoni erTgvari gamonaklisis saxiT
miuTiTebs, rom sicocxleSi sxeuls mijaWvuli 
sxeulebrivi, materialuri elementebiT aris damZimebuli da,
amgvarad, xilulia, rac homerosiseul micvalebulTa
aCrdilebs mogvagonebs (ix. 81c4-6; 81c8-d4).
`fedonis~ Tanaxmad, suli SeiZleba wmindad racionaluri
gaxdes mxolod sxeulisgan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg. gan-
33
Cvens naSromSi ZiriTadad mivmarTavT sityvas `suli~, magram
yovelTvis vgulisxmobT im Sinaarss, romelic aqvs berZnul
 s.

77
sxeulebuli suli garkveuli xarisxiT mainc CaTreulia
sxeulis saqmianobaSi. sxva dialogebSi es Tvalsazrisi ufro
mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli, radgan maTSi suli warmog-
vidgeba rogorc racionaluri da iracionaluri nawilebisgan
Semdgari mTlianoba. rogoria `fedonis~ mixedviT,
martivi Tu rTuli (Sedgenili), anu sami nawilisgan Semdgari?
imis saCveneblad, rom adamianis gardacvalebisas suli ar
`ifanteba~, sokrate aRniSnavs, rom daSla da gafantva ax-
asiaTebs ufro Sedgenils, vidre martivs. `fedonis~ mixedviT,
`suli ufro metad hgavs dauSlels~ ( ) (80b1-5),
 -s Seefereba, rom `sruliad an TiTqmis dauSleli iyos~
(80b9-10).
rogorc vxedavT, `fedonSi~ sulis ukvdaveba imgvaradaa
warmodgenili, rom sxva faqtorebTan erTad igi damokidebulia
sulis e.w. simartiveze, erTgvarovnebasa da Seudgenlobaze,
vinaidan, sokrates Tanaxmad, Sedgenili ram ar aris daculi
ngrevisgan, `gafantvisgan~ (78c) (110.232).
`fedonis~ mixedviT, suli aris racionaluri da amave dros
martivi, erTgvarovani, ris gamoc sxvadasxva grZnobaTa
percefcia (aRqma) eqspliciturad sxeuls miewereba, maSin roca
zogierT sxva dialogSi funqciaTa amgvari gamijvna sulsa da
sxeuls Soris ki ar xdeba, aramed sulis Semadgenel ra-
cionalur da iracionalur nawilebs Soris.
magaliTad, `fedonis~ erT-erT pasaJSi mwyurvali kacis
winaaRmdegoba dalevis impulsze mocemulia rogorc sxeulis
mowinaaRmdege sulis magaliTi (94b), maSin roca `saxelmwifoSi~
msgavsi Sinaarsis monakveTi warmoadgens magaliTs sulis erTi
elementis mowinaaRmdege meore elementisa (439c).
aRsaniSnavia, rom `fedonSi~ yvela mkvlevari martivi
sulis koncefcias rodi xedavs. magaliTad, q.rouvi miiCnevs, rom
 -s es aspeqti mocemul diaalogSi gabundovanebulia.
platoni gadaWrilad ar acxadebs, rom suli aris dauSleli,
aramed filosofosi mxolod miuTiTebs, rom suli ufro hgavs
RvTaebrivs, ukvdavs, erTgvarovans, gonebiT misawvdoms,
dauSlels, maradiulsa da TavisTavads, vidre sxeuli (80b1-5)
(ix.27.181-189).
Cveni azriT, sakiTxis amgvari dasma ar aris gamarTlebuli,
radgan maSin eWvis qveS dgeba sulis yvela zemoT miTiTebuli
gansazRvreba. garda amisa, am dros Cven ar viTvaliswinebT
platonis weris da, Sesabamisad, sokrates metyvelebis stils _

78
igi arasodes ar aris kategoriuli. amave dros es epiTetebi Cveni
sxeulebrivi grZnobebis safuZvelzea Camoyalibebuli, ris
gamoc, `fedonis~ gnoseologiuri principebidan gamomdinare, 34
filosofosi ar SeiZleba, rom kategoriuli iyos. aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom `fedonSi~ martivi sulis koncefciis sasargeblod
metyvelebs isic, rom, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, am moments
sagangebo mniSvneloba eniWeba sulis ukvdavebis
mtkicebulebisaTvis.
am ukanasknel faqtors ugulvebelyofs k.dorteric, ro-
melic acxadebs, rom `fedonSi~ aRwerilia materialuri
survilebisa da vnebebis mudmivi qiSpi da metoqeoba gonebasTan,
rac aSkarad samnawiliani sulis doqtrinaa~ (104.192).
amgvari Tvalsazrisic usafuZvlod migvaCnia, radgan
`saxelmwifosa~ da `fedrosisgan~ gansxvavebiT, is `materi-
aluri survilebi da vnebebi~, romelTac dorteri miuTiTebs,
`fedonSi~ savsebiT calsaxad gaiazreba rogorc sxeulebrivi,
sxeulidan momdinare da ara rogorc sxeulTan (an inkarnaciis
ciklTan) dakavSirebuli sulis maxasiaTebeli.
mecnierebis winaSe dgas sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad Tanmim-
devruli da ucvleli iyo platonis `fsiqologia~ anu misi
Sexedulebani sulis Sesaxeb, vinaidan, iTvleba, rom `fedrosSi~,
`timeosSi~, `saxelmwifosa~ da `kanonebSi~ warmodgenilia e.w.
samnawiliani sulis koncefcia. r.hekforTis SefasebiT, es
sakiTxi `platonur problemaTagan yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivia
da gadaWrilad ver CaiTvleba~ (110.230).
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi SeimCneva sxvdasxva, ur-
TierTsapirispiro tendenciebi. erTni Tvlian, rom `fedonSi~
warmodgenili martivi sulis koncefcia ewinaaRmdegeba sxva
dialogTa monacemebs, rac platonizmis araTanmimdevrul
xasiaTze miuTiTebs. meoreni Tavad `fedonis~ axlebur in-
terpretacias gvTavazoben. kerZod, cdiloben, warmoaCinon, rom
am dialogSic sulis Sedgenili buneba igulisxmeba.35 arsebobs
mesame midgomac, romelic ara `fedonis~, aramed sxva dialogTa
sulis koncefcias axleburad, nakleb kategoriulad gaiazrebs.
kvlevis am ukanasknel mimarTulebas u.gaTri gvTavazobs.
igi platonis filosofiur sistemaSi ufro met Tanmim-
devrulobas xedavs, vidre sxva interpretatorebi. zemoT

34
`fedonis~ Tanaxmad, sxeulebrivi grZnobebis saSualebiT Cven mxolod
daaxloebiT gveqmneba STabeWdileba saganTa WeSmariti arsis Sesaxeb.
35
amgvari Tvalsazrisis gaumarTlebloba zemoT ukve mivuTiTeT.

79
miTiTebul urTierTgamomricxvel SexedulebaTa pasuxad
mecnieri kidev erTxel ganixilavs im dialogebs, romlebic
garkveul masalas gvawvdian sulis platonuri koncefciis
Sesaxeb da saTanado argumentebis safuZvelze mkvlevari
savsebiT dasabuTebulad daaskvnis, rom, arsebiTad, suli
platonisaTvis, Tavisi arsiT, aris martivi, magram warmog-
vidgeba rogorc Sedgenili sxeulTan (an inkarnaciis ciklTan)
Tavisi kavSiris meoxebiT (ix. 110.240-243).
ideaTa Teoria
`fedonSi~ ideebi gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben, vidre mis winamorbed dialogebSi. rogorc d.rosi
miuTiTebs, `isini sufeven yvelgan~, magram yovelTvis
eqvemdebarebian sulis ukvdavebis mtkicebulebas da is, rac am
nawarmoebSi ideebis Sesaxeb iTqmeba, TiTqmis arafers axals ar
gveubneba maTi bunebis Sesaxeb. `fedonSi~ ideebi da maTi
mimarTeba kerZoobasTan warmodgenilia daaxloebiT ise,
rogorc sxva e.w. sokratul dialogebSi.
marTalia, `fedonSi~ ideebis dasaxasiaTeblad ar gam-
oiyeneba sityva  , magram is, rac maT Sesaxeb aris
naTqvami, cxadyofs, rom idea aris nimuSi, srulyofili modeli,
romlis kopirebas warumateblad cdilobs kerZooba.
`fedonSi~ platoni xazs usvams, rom grZnobadi sagnebi
mxolod uaxlovdebian tolobas da aqedan gamomdinare (Tu ar
CavTvliT `nadimis~ mistikur pasaJs) aq pirvelad aris xa-
zgasmuli ideaTa Teoriis is aspeqti, rom idea aris ara zogadi
(universali), romelic mJRavndeba kerZoTi, aramed igi war-
mogvidgeba rogorc ideali, standarti, sazRvari, romelsac
calkeuli sagnebi eswrafvian, magram mxolod uaxlovdebian
(129.23-24). `yvelaferi [grZnobadi] iswrafvis
( ) imisken,
rac aris toli Tavis TavSi, magram ver aRwevs mizans (74b1; 74d9;
75b7).
es debuleba aRmoCnda `fataluri inovacia~, romelic
aristotelesa da sxvaTa mkacri kritikis obieqtad iqca
(109.358-359).
`fedonSi~ grZnobadi sagnebis mimarTeba ideasTan aris
gaazrebuli rogorc mibaZva, mimezisi ( ), iseve
rogorc monawileoba, Tanaziaroba ( ). maSasadame,
ideebi arian sagnebSi da maT aZleven TavianT xasiaTs. am ur-

80
TierTmimarTebas ideis mxridan ewodeba  (yofna)
(100d5), xolo kerZos mxridan _
 (kavSiri,
monawileoba) (100d6, 101c5, 102b2).
`sxva araferi ar xdis sagans mSveniers, Tu ar arsebobs
Tanyofna ( ) an erTianoba ( )
mSvenierTan Tavis TavSi~ (100d5-6; ix. agreTve 100c3-6; 100d7).
platonis dialogebSi (da maT Soris `fedonSic~) yvel-
aferi arsebuli iyofa or kategoriad: xiluli da warmavali
upirispirdeba uxilavsa da waruvals, romelic `RvTaebrivad~
iwodeba (79a; 80a). ideebi am ukanasknels ganekuTvneba da
Seimecneba ara grZnobebis saSualebiT, aramed gonebiT.
arsebobs samarTliani, mSvenieri da keTili Tavis TavSi.
Semecneba imisa, Tu ras warmoadgens TiToeuli maTgani Tavisi
arsiT
( ),
anu danaxva maTSi `yvelaze WeSmaritisa~
( ) (anu maTi WeSmariti arsisa i.d.)
SesaZlebelia mxolod gonebis ( ) saSualebiT.
yofierebis yovel mxares ( )
Tavis TavSi Caavlebs mxolod is, vinc sargeblobs wminda
gonebiT Tavis TavSi
( ’
 ) (65d4-66a8).
es aris `fedonis~ pirveli pasaJi, romelSic ideebi
moixsenieba da aq miTiTebulia maTi Semecnebis saSualeba.
mogvianebiT platoni am process warmogvidgens ufro de-
talurad, vidre es manamde, sxva dialogebSi aqvs gakeTebuli.
kerZod, ideaTa Semecneba `fedonSi~ ukavSirdeba gaxsenebis
Teorias, rac `menonTan~ SedarebiT Tvisebrivi siaxlea.
gaxseneba xdeba msgavsebis an aramsgavsebis safuZvelze (74a2).
arsebobs toloba Tavis TavSi da codnas mis Sesaxeb viRebT
sxvadasxva toli sagnebis (xis mori, qva da sxva) danaxviT (74b4-7),
Tumca isini Zalian gansxvavdebian tolobisgan Tavis TavSi.
yvelafers, grZnobis organoebiT aRqmuls, Cven vukavSirebT ideebs
da es SesaZlebelia mxolod imitom, rom Cven gvqonda maTi codna
wina cxovrebaSi (76d7-e7). amasTan, ara grZnobadi sagnebidan gam-
omdinare, aramed uSualod, maTi Carevis gareSe.
zemoTqmulis safuZvelze cxadia, rom gaxsenebis Teoria
gulisxmobs ideaTa gancalkevebul, damoukidebel arsebobas,

81
radgan sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli iqneboda maT Sesaxeb uSualo,
pirdapiri codnis miReba, anu ideebi arian `ara grZnobad
sagnebSi arasrulyofilad ganxorcielebulebi, aramed
arseboben maTgan damoukideblad~ (129.25). `fedonis~ am pasaJSi
platoni aSkarad gamoxatavs ideaTa damoukidebeli arsebobis
rwmenas, Tumca amis Sesaxeb pirdapir ar acxadebs.
jer kidev aristotelem SeniSna, rom platonma da misma
skolam ideebi `gamoacalkeves~ kerZoobisgan (`metafizika~,
1078b31). marTalia, mkvlevarTa nawili (mag. eberti) am
Tvalsazriss uaryofs, magram misi WeSmariteba mtkicdeba
rogorc `fedonis~, ise `fedrosis~, `nadimisa~ da `parmenides~
saTanado pasaJTa analiziT (109.359).
damoukideblad arsebuli, an saganSi (kerZoSi) war-
modgenili idea (zogadi) ganisazRvreba im damaxasiaTebeli
niSniT, romelic mas saganSi Seaqvs (102d-e).
savaraudoa, rom `fedonis~ weris procesSi platons jer
kidev ara aqvs mkafiod gansazRvruli ideaTa samyaros
sazRvrebi. yovel SemTxvevaSi am dialogSi ar aris war-
modgenili iseTi mkafio formulireba, rogorc `saxelmwifoSi~,
rom idea arsebobs erTi da igive saxelis mqone saganTa yoveli
jgufisTvis.
idea aris maradiuli da ucvleli, martivi da erTgva-
rovani (78c10-d9). `fedonSi~ maT Sesaxeb saubrisas platons
mohyavs iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa _ sikeTe, mSveniereba, sa-
marTlianoba, siwminde, sicocxle, toloba da sidide _ anu
moralur-esTetikuri faseulobani da maTematikuri mimarTebebi,
rac mis ZiriTad interess warmoadgenda mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze.36
zemoT miTiTebul cnebaTa ideebi `fedonSi~ eqsplici-
turad aris aRiarebuli ganmazogadebeli formuliT _
`yvelaferi, rasac davusviT beWedi realobisa (yofierebisa)
Tavis TavSi~ (75d1-2); is, `rasac vukavSirebT yvelafers,
grZnobaTagan momdinares~ (76d9-e1).
d.rosi gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom garkveuli substanciebi
_ rogorc ideaTa ilustracia _ `fedonSi~ ar gvxvdeba da,
`timeoss~ Tu ar CavTvliT, sxva dialogebSic naklebi inten-

36
da Tu aristoteles cnobebs daveyrdnobiT, maSin isic SegviZlia
ganvacxadoT, rom maTematikuri `arsebebis~ mimarT interesis zrdam
platoni iqamde miiyvana, rom saboloo jamSi ideaTa Teoria ricxvebis
Teoriad iqca.

82
sivobiT gamoiyeneba (129.24). am Tvalsazrisis pasuxad u.gaTri
Segvaxsenebs Tovlisa da cecxlis ideebs, romelTac Tavad
`fedonSic~ eTmobaT garkveuli adgili (105a1-5) (109.359). d.rosis
gancxadeba kuriozul xasiaTsac ki iZens, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom `fedonis~ swored is pasaJi, romelSic Tovlisa da cecxlis
Sesaxeb aris laparaki, mas Tavis naSromSi, marTalia, sxva
mizniT, magram citirebuli aqvs (129.32).
sayuradReboa `fedonSi~ ideaTa TeoriasTan da-
kavSirebuli terminologiac. platoni termin `eidoss~
( ) mimarTavs ufro xSirad, vidre `ideas~ ( ).
amasTan, maTi gamoyeneba sakmaod usistemoa, radgan isini
sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebiT gvxvdebian37.
platonis filosofiur sistemaSiaRniSnavs
saxes, romelic zogadia, gvaria, magram sxva aseTebisgan gan-
sxvavebuli.  winaswar aucileblobiT gulisxmobs
 -s, romlis gareSec igi SeuZlebelia; idea ki winaswar
ar gulisxmobs `eidoss~; eidosi araa aucilebeli ideisaTvis.
eidosi aris gvarovnuli cneba, idea ki _ sagnis TavisTavadi
arseba; idea sagnis realuri sawyisia, rogorc erTeuli
realoba, romelic eidosis gareSec moiazreba. garkveul
simravleze gavrcelebuli idea eidosia (63.330-331).
 -isa da  -s amgvari mimarTeba jer kidev
sustad aris asaxuli `fedonSi~, radgan platoni aq jer kidev
ar aRiarebs `ideebis grZel jaWvs, romlebic dakavSirebuli
arian erTmaneTTan rogorc gvari da saxeobebi~ (129.33). `fe-
donSi~ es Tvalsazrisi mxolod Canasaxis saxiT gvxvdeba.
platoni gamoyofs ideaTa mxolod calkeul amgvar wyvilebs38
(rogoricaa Tovli da sicive, sami da kenti). iTvleba, rom `es
aris erTgvari preludia ideaTa -is ufro
gviandeli versiisa, `sofistSi~  -is
Sesaxeb gamarTuli diskusiisa~ (129.33).
ideaTa TeoriasTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan problemas
aRZravs `fedonis~ Semdegi pasaJic: `tolebi Tavis TavSi
( ) odesme mogCvenebia aratolad, an
toloba ( ) aratolobad?~ (74c1-2). aq, erT monakveTSi
moixsenieba, erTis mxriv, `toli Tavis TavSi~ ( ) (74a10) da

37
amis Sesaxeb ix. 27.170-178; 63.320-321
38
anu erT wyvils ideebisa, romlebic erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebuli
rogorc gvari da saxeobebi.

83
`toloba Tavis TavSi~ ( ) (74a12), xolo,
meores mxriv (kvlav tol joxebTan dakavSirebiT) _ `tolebi
Tavis TavSi~ ( ) (74c1). mkvlevarTa winaSe
dgeba kiTxva: ras unda gulisxmobdes platoni am ukanaskneli
sityvaTSeTanxmebiT? ras migvaniSnebs mravlobiTi ricxvi?
heindorfis ganmartebiT, toloba gulisxmobs mimarTebas
ramdenime sagans Soris da, Sesabamisad, mravlobiTi ricxvis
forma platons dasWirda imitom, rom `aSkara nonsensi iqneboda
kiTxva imisa, erTi sagani tolia Tu aratoli~ (109.343).
aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs `fedonis~ am `damabneveli~
frazis sxvagvari interpretaciac, romelic efuZneba aris-
toteles gadmocemas, rom platoni `grZnobad sagnebsa da ideebs
Soris aTavsebda maTematikur obieqtebs, romlebic gansxvav-
debian grZnobadi sagnebisgan imiT, rom arian maradiulni da
ucvlelni da ideebisgan imiT, rom arian bevrni, erTmaneTis
msgavsni, maSin roca idea Tavis TavSi aris yovelTvis erTa-
derTi~ (`metafizika~, 987b 14-18).
aqedan gamomdinare mkvlevarni gamoTqvamen varauds:
`fedonis~ zemoT miTiTebul striqonSi (74c1) xom ar
igulisxmeba ideebs (zogads) da grZnobad sagnebs (kerZos) Soris
arsebuli mesame, e.w. Sualeduri klasi im `arsebebisa~, rom-
lebic ideebisgan gansxvavdebian TavianTi simravliT, xolo
grZnobadi (toli) sagnebisgan gansxvavdebian TavianTi ab-
soluturi srulyofilebiT.
am Tvalsazriss hyavs rogorc mowinaaRmdegeni (h.Cernisi,
r.d.arCer-hindi, i.m.krombi, uedbergi, g.e.l.oueni, g.vlastosi,
u.gaTri), ise momxreni (r.hekforTi, d.rosi, r.s.blaki da sxv.),
magram am ukanasknelTa argumentacia moklebulia saTanado
damajereblobas. isini acxadeben, rom tolebi `SeiZleba iyon
mxolod maTematikuri obieqtebi,~ magram vinaidan `fedoni~ am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT damatebiT masalas TiTqmis ar iZleva,
isini problemas ufro kompromisulad gadawyveten, rom am
dialogSi `platoni imyofeba am Sualeduri klasis aRiarebis
zRvarze, magram mas jerjerobiT ar aRiarebs~ (109.344)
d.rosis miTiTebiT, `fedonSi~ SemTxveviT moxseniebuli
`tolebi Tavis TavSi~ aris aluzia maTematikuri arsebebisa...
aluzia, romelic mokirwylavs gzas `Sualeduri rgole-
bisaTvis~... `fedonSi~ platons ukve gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom
arsebobs iseTi tipis arseba, romelic arc ideaa da arc
grZnobadi sagani... erT-erT monakveTSi filosofosi aRwers
suls ara rogorc grZnobadi sagnebis, aramed ideebis msgavss
84
ucvlelobis aspeqtSi, magram amave dros ar miiCnevs da
marTlac, rogor SeiZleboda mieCnia, rom suli aris idea~ 39
(129.25-26).
aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT savsebiT viziarebT
u.gaTris Tvalsazriss, `rom es sakiTxi ar SeiZleba sabolood
gadawydes. SesaZloa, Tavad platonsac ver epasuxa masze,
rodesac werda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom toloba aq gam-
oyenebulia rogorc ideaTa magaliTi zogadad (75c-d), maSin
ufro im azrs unda mivemxroT, rom platons fiqrad ar hqonia
raRac Sualeduri klasi ideebsa da grZnobad sagnebs Soris,
Tumca es daskvna exeba mxolod `fedons~ da ara sxva di-
alogebsac, magaliTad, `saxelmwifos~, sadac koncentri-
rebulia diskusia am sakiTxze~ (109.345).
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ideaTa Teoriis kidev erT
aspeqtze. `fedonSi~ warmodgenilia iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa,
erTis mxriv, `simaRle Tavis TavSi~, xolo meores mxriv _
`simaRle CvenSi~, anu platoni gvTavazobs rogorc
transcendentur, ise e.w. imanentur ideas, anu imas, rac aris
damaxasiaTebeli, niSandoblivi ama Tu im kerZosaTvis.
`ara mxolod sidide Tavis TavSi
( ) ar moisurvebs, rom erTsa da imave
dros didic iyos da patarac, aramed sidide CvenSic
( ) arasodes ar dauSvebs
pataras, ar isurvebs, rom mas aRematebodnen~ (102d6-8).
zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs (magaliTad, o’braieni), rom
`imanenturi idea~ damabneveli terminia, magram rogorc u.gaTri
aRniSnavs, `maS, rogor unda movixsenioT is, rasac Tavad
platoni uwodebs ? (109.353)
mecnierTa erTi nawili (mag. g.vlastosi) Tvlis, rom
imanenturi ideebi gancalkevebul ontologiur klasad unda
miviCnioT. r.hekforTi maT ganixilavs rogorc `gancalkevebul
arsebebs~, xolo r.s.blaki rogorc _ ideaTa aslebs. d.rosi maT
uwodebs `imanentur Tvisobriobas~ (immanent quality) da ideaTa
arasrulyofil aslad miiCnevs, j.m.risti ki aRniSnavs, rom
`sidide kerZoSi aris ontologiurad defeqturi saxeoba~ (kind)
(109.354).
gaTrisa da sxvaTa kvalobaze im azrisken vixrebiT, rom
imanenturi ideebi arian CvenTvis nacnobi ideebi, romlebic

39
rogorc ideaTa, ise sulis koncefciis am aspeqts qvemoT ganvixilavT.

85
Sedian, imyofebian kerZoSi da gansazRvraven mis niSan-Tvisebebs
(ix. 109.353-354).
siTeTre aris gonebiT aRqmadi da ara xiluli idea.
rodesac igi Sedis materialur obieqtSi (vTqvaT, saxeSi) misi
kombinacia sxeulTan qmnis xilul siTeTres, transcendenturi
ideis arasrulyofil imitacias (mibaZvas) mxolod mediumSi,
romelSic materialuri obieqtebi am ideas gamosaxaven. saxe,
romelic arasodes ar yofila srulyofilad TeTri (yuradReba
unda mivaqcioT imas, rom saxe (materialuri obieqti) ar yofila
srulyofilad TeTri da ara is, rac Semodis masSi da masTan
`yofniTa~ da `kavSiriT~ saxes TeTrad xdis (anu idea) i.d.)
SeiZleba iqces `wiTlad~ siTeTris nacvlad siwiTlis miRebiT
(Sdr. `fedoni~, 102d-e), magram `siTeTre Tavis TavSi~, iseve
rogorc `siTeTre CvenSi~ (anu nebismier materialur obieqtSi
i.d.) aris yovelTvis `Tavis TavSi~ (e.i. arasodes ar Ralatobs
sakuTari Tavis igiveobas i.d.) (109.355). ideam SeiZleba imoqmedos
rogorc mizezma mxolod `Tavisi yofniT kerZoSi~. amdenad is,
rasac platoni uwodebs `sidides CvenSi~ (aseTive warmatebiT
SeiZleboda gveTqva `siTeTre CvenSi~ i.d.) aris ara `gan-
sxvavebuli da arasrulyofili ontologiuri arseba~, aramed
`sidide Tavis TavSi~ (gnebavT, `siTeTre Tavis TavSi~ i.d.),
mxolod warmodgenili kerZoSi, romelsac aniWebs Tvisebriobas.
arasrulyofilia da cvlilebas eqvemdebareba es kerZo, ma-
terialuri obieqti, xolo Tavad imanenturi idea aris
srulyofili da ar dauSvebs Tavis sapirispiroSi gadasvlas
(109.355).
imanenturi ideis cnebaSi xedaven Canasaxs aristoteles
doqtrinisa materiis, ideisa da konkretuli, Sedgenili
( ) sagnis Sesaxeb. am mosazrebis sailustraciod
mohyavT `fedonis~ is pasaJi, romelSic sokrate mkacr zRvars
avlebs erTis mxriv, `sapirispiroebs Tavis TavSi~ (anu sa-
pirispiro ideebs), xolo meores mxriv, im sagnebs Soris,
romlebic maT floben ( )
(103a-c). 40 sapirispiro sagnebi erTmaneTisgan warmoiSvebian,
magram sapirispiroebi Tavis TavSi ki arasodes ar gadadian
erTmaneTSi.
rogorc d.rosi aRniSnavs, `platonis mier miTiTebuli
gansxvaveba  (sapirispiroebi Tavis TavSi)

40
aSkaraa, rom sagnebSi warmodgenilia `sapirispiroebi Tavis TavSi~ da
ara maTi aslebi.

86
da  (sapirispiroTa mqoneni) aris
ekvivalenti imisa, rasac aristotele gamoxatavs sxva eniT~
(67.32) (Sdr. `metafizika,~ 1069b3-9, Sdr. GC 329a24).
unda ganvixiloT rogorc ideaTa Teoriis, ise sulis
koncefciis kidev erTi aspeqti _ `fedonis~ mixedviT aris Tu ara
suli idea? r.hekforTi Tvlis, rom platoni `suls imanentur
idead aRiarebs mxolod konkretuli argumentis
saWiroebisaTvis da dialogis dasasasrulamde filosofosi
ubrundeba koncefcias, rom suli aris ara idea, aramed ideis
mqone (mflobeli) subieqti~. keitis TqmiT, `platoni ise
ganmartavs suls, TiTqos igi imanenturi idea iyos. Cven ar
gavakeTebT ufro mkveTr gancxadebas, rom platonis azriT,
suli iyo idea.~
sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi (Tumca ki saTanado argu-
mentaciis gareSe) pirvelad gamoTqva j.bernetma: `platons
sityvac ara aqvs naTqvami, rom Tavad suli aris idea... arc
amgvari varaudia warmodgenili~ (38.123).
u.gaTris azriT, platoni arasodes miiCnevda suls idead,
arc individualurad da arc koleqtiurad, radgan `sulma icis,
xolo ideebi cnobilia, magram maT ar ician~ (71.360). mecnieri
Semecnebis unars gamoyofs rogorc sulisa da ideis
ganmasxvavebel niSans.
Sileris miTiTebiT, `mogvianebiT `sofistSi~ platoni
acxadebs, rom goneba da, aqedan gamomdinare, sicocxle da suli
unda iyos realobis nawili, iseve rogorc umoZrao ideebi.
Tumca am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT platonis azrebi `fedonSi~
jer kidev Canasaxovania, es dialogi, principSi, ar
ewinaaRmdegeba `sofistSi~ gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss.~
mocemuli problemis calsaxa gadawyvetaSi gvexmareba
Tavad `fedonis~ teqsti, romlis mixedviTac, ideebi aris
uxilavi, maradiuli, mudmivi, RvTaebrivi. sulic aseve uxilavia,
yvelaze ufro WeSmaritad maSin aris sakuTar TavSi, rodesac
sxeuls tovebs da Tavisi sakuTari gonebrivi saqmianobiT aRwevs
ideebTan kontaqts. aqedan gamomdinare, igi ar aris maTi
identuri, aramed mxolod maTi `msgavsi~, maTi `monaTesavea~
(78c-80b).
da bolos, unda ganvixiloT `fedonSi~ ideaTa mizezobrivi
funqciac. aristoteles Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom saganma daiwyos
arseboba, saWiroa oTxi faqtoris erToblioba, anu
filosofosi gamoyofs mizezobriobis oTx tips: materialurs,
qmediTs, formalursa da finalurs.

87
 naturfilosofosebi kmayofildebodnen, ZiriTadad, ma-
terialuri mizeziT, Tumca arc qmediTs uaryofdnen (magaliTad,
anaqsagoras ), magram maT ar ainteresebdaT formaluri
an finaluri mizezebi.
rogorc Tavad ambobs, sokratem mxolod zogierTi mizezi
CaTvala `realurad~ da ganagdo isini, `romelTa gareSec mizezi
ver iqneboda mizezi~ (99b3-4). `fedonis~ Tanaxmad, WeSmariti
mizezi aris `idea~, romelSic, Tu aristoteles klasifikacias
moviSveliebT, Sexamebulia formaluri da finaluri mizezebi.
marTalia, Tavad platoni arsad ar gvTavazobs mizezobriobis
amgvar aristoteleseul ganmartebas, magram `fedonidan~ gam-
omdinare mxolod aseTi daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, `fedonis~ Tanaxmad, ide-
is ganapirobebs sagnis ama Tu im niSan-Tvisebas,
mis xasiaTs, maSasadame, aris misi e.w. `formaluri mizezi~. garda
amisa, idea aris `arseba~, romlis srulyofilebiskenac
warumateblad, magram mainc miiltvis sagani. maSasadame, idea e.w.
`finalur mizezadac~ gvevlineba (74d-e).
zemoTqmulis safuZvelze u.gaTris, l.Cenisa da sxvaTa
kvalobaze ver daveTanxmebiT g.vlastosisa da berges
Tvalsazriss, rom platonis idea ar warmoadgens teleologiur
mizezs (ix. 109.351; 98.195-196).
aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc aristotele miiCnevda, bunebriv
generaciaSi formaluri da finaluri mizezebi erTiandebian,
Seizrdebian, xolo ideebis platonur Teorias aristotele
akritikebda mizezobriobis qmediTi elementis ugulvebelyofis
gamo (`metafizika~, 991a8-11; ix. agreTve: 991b3, GC 335b9).
saganTa mizezis Ziebis sokrateseuli procesi `fedonSi~
moxseniebulia rogorc  es ganmarteba
dRemde mwvave diskusiis sagania. 41 am gamoTqmis interpre-
taciisas mkvlevarni eyrdnobian, ZiriTadad, menandres, romlis
Tanaxmad sityvasityviT niSnavs na-
osnobis dros niCbebis gamoyenebas qaris Sesustebisas (fr.241),
xolo `fedonis~ SemTxvevaSi igi metaforulad gulisxmobs
miznis miRwevis ufro nel da rTul, Sromatevad process. mizani
ki sokratesaTvis aris saganTa mizezis povna, rac ideaTa
saSualebiT xorcieldeba.

41
mocemuli terminis ( ) sxvadasxvagvari in-
terpretaciebisaTvis ix: 26; 27; 109.350-351.

88
sulis ukvdavebis argumentacia
sulis maradiulobis mtkicebuleba `fedonSi~, ZiriTadad,
warmodgenilia Semecnebisa da ideaTa Teoriis, maTTan uSualod
dakavSirebuli filosofiuri debulebebis safuZvelze.
pirobiTad gamoiyofa oTxi argumenti, romelTa damajere-
blobasa Tu logikur nakls qvemoT mivuTiTebT Tanamedrove
mecnierebaSi arsebul interpretaciaTa safuZvelze.
mogvyavs pirvel argumentTan (70c-72e) dakavSirebuli
citatebi `fedonidan~ Sesabamisi komentarebiTurT.
`yvelaferi, rac ibadeba, Tavisi sapirispirosagan ibadeba~...
(70e1-2) `rodesac raRac diddeba, igi uciloblad ufro patara
iyo da Semdeg gadidda~... (70e6-8). igive iTqmis Zlierisa da
sustis, nelisa da swrafis, uaresisa da ukeTesis, samarTlianisa
da usamarTlos Sesaxeb. igive exeba matebasa da klebas, gayofasa
da SeerTebas, gacivebasa da gaTbobas, Zilsa da RviZils,
sikvdilsa da sicocxles, kvdomasa da aRdgomas (71a3-72 3).
a.losevi aRniSnavs, rom `msjeloba aq metismetad Te-
oriulad JRers, radgan igi ar Seicavs damatebiT kvleva-Ziebas,
romelic dagvimtkicebda sikvdilisa da sicocxlis faqtobriv
kavSirs~ (79.412). p.fridlenderi ki miuTiTebs, rom
 gamodgeba iseTi relatiuri cnebebisaTvis,
rogoricaa ufro TeTri da ufro patara, ukeTesi an uaresi,
magram ara mSvenierisa da uSnosaTvis, samarTlianisa da usa-
marTlosaTvis, romlebic absoluturia. ufro patara sagani
SeiZleba didi gaxdes, magram uSno xom ver galamazdeba?~
(105.342).
kvlav teqsts davubrundeT.
`[sapirispironi] mudmivad rom ar awonasworebdnen erT-
maneTs da gadasvla rom xdebodes swor xazze, erTidan mxolod
pirdapiri mimarTulebiT da ukan, kvlav erTisken rom ar
brundebodes, TiTqos wres xazavso, maSin yvelaferi erTnair
saxes miiRebda, erTnair niSan-Tvisebebs SeiZenda da qmnadobis
procesi Sewydeboda...~ (72a12-b5). aqedan gamomdinare sxeulis
sikvdilis Semdeg suli gadadis sxva mdgomareobaSi, ukve
miwieri sxeulis gareSe, xolo aramiwieri suli ubrundeba
miwier arsebobas, anu sapirispiroTa urTierTgadasvla xor-
cieldeba aq rogorc sulTa kosmiuri wrebrunva (72b7-e2).
h.g.gadameris miTiTebiT, pirveli argumenti efuZneba Zvel
ionur doqtrinas dapirispirebulTa Sesaxeb, romelic
piTagoreizmma bunebis Sesaxeb Tavisi moZRvrebis sqemad gam-

89
oiyena. amasTan, aSkaraa, rom es argumenti mtkicebulebad ar
gamodgeba (106.25).
a.losevis azriT, argumentSi miTiTebuli `gaqvaveba~ `verc
logikurad da verc faqtobrivad veravis SeaSinebs... aqve aR-
reulia logikuri SesaZleblobisa da realurobis kate-
goriebi... warmodgenilia erTi umtkicebo debuleba. swored
amitom pirveli argumenti moklebulia saTanado logikur
Zalas~ (13.488). s.wereTeli iziarebs am Sexedulebas da aRniSnavs,
rom arsebulis logikurTan gaigiveba saerTodac damaxasi-
aTebelia platonisTvis. mecniers filosofosis es daskvna
moCvenebiTad, xolo argumenti ki uZlurad miaCnia. misi TqmiT,
platoni heraklites dialeqtikas _ dapirispirebulTa er-
Tianobas _ damaxinjebulad iyenebs, mas azrs ucvlis da
metafizikas amarjvebinebs (63.318-325).
meore argumenti (73a-78b) efuZneba Semecnebis Teorias,
romlis Tanaxmad, swavla gaxsenebaa, rasac xan saganTa msgavseba
iwvevs da xan aramsgavseba. amasTan, materialur obieqtTagan
gamomdinare SevimecnebT ideebs, romelTa codnasac dabadebamde
veziareT (meore argumentisa da Semecnebis Teoriis es monakveTi
ukve ganvixileT ideaTa TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT).
`fedonis~ Tanaxmad, adamianebi ixseneben imas, rac odesRac
uswavliaT. maSasadame, Cveni sulebi dabadebamdec arseboben
sxeulis garsis gareSe da gaaCniaT codna. pirveli da meore
argumentis gaerTianebiT platoni daaskvnis, rom radgan suli
dabadebamdec arsebobda, igi sxeulis sikvdilis Semdegac
iarsebebs, radgan axali sicocxlisTvis unda daubrundes
qveynierebas (77c7-d5).
a.losevi Tvlis, rom mocemuli argumenti efuZneba savsebiT
marTebul mosazrebas, rom zusti codnisaTvis ver Semovi-
farglebiT mxolod calkeul saganTa codniT... saWiroa maTi ama
Tu im zogadobamde ayvana.
mecnieri aRniSnavs, rom sulis ukvdavebis meore
mtkicebulebaSi am Rirsebis garda erTi uzustoba, ori gad-
aWarbeba da sami miTologemaa. platoni, jer erTi, kerZos
sazianod usafuZvlod axdens zogadis aqcentirebas. meorec,
radgan logikurs igi TavisTavad ukve ontologiurad aqcevs,
amdenad, gadaWarbebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs postulats, rom
zogadi aris kanoni kerZosaTvis. platoni zogadis da kerZos
Semecnebis qronologiur gamijvnas cdilobs, rac aseve am
postulatis gadaWarbebaa.

90
 unda SevniSnoT, rom, platonis mixedviT, zogadi rogorc
arsebobiT, aseve Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT win unda uswrebdes
kerZos; maS, jer arsebobs erTi, sruli, ucvleli, Semdeg _
mravali, naklovani, cvalebadi da a.S. zogadisa da kerZos
mimarTebis problema platonTan gadadis arsebisa da movlenis
mimarTebis problemaSi da am mimarTebis mixedviT, arseba
egzistencurad (arsebobiT) da gnoseologiurad (Semecnebis
TvalsazrisiT) win uswrebs movlenas.
a.losevs gaumarTleblad eCveneba argumentaciis dros
miTologemaTa moSveleba. platonis mixedviT, suli
dabadebamde, imqveyniur samyaroSive, miwier Semecnebamde iRebs
codnas. aqedan gamomdinare fizikuri sxeulis sikvdilis
Semdegac Seimecneba maradiuli ideebi. radgan suliT xdeba
maradiul ideebTan ziareba, maSasadame, sulic ukvdavia. es
samive debuleba mxolod rwmenis dogmats efuZneba da ara
logikas. ideebis Teoriis da aqedan gamomdinare meore argu-
mentis erT-erT SeuZleblobad s.wereTelic zogadisa da kerZos
urTierTmimarTebis platoniseul Teziss miiCnevs (63.327).
h.g.gadameris SefasebiT, meore argumentis aradamajere-
bloba misi dasrulebisTanave aSkaravdeba, rodesac simisi da
kebesi acxadeben, rom is, rac iTqva mxolod naxevrad aris
mtkicebuleba, radgan mainc Riad rCeba sakiTxi sulis sik-
vdilis Semdgomi arsebobis Sesaxeb (77c1-5) (106.26).
q.rouvis TqmiT, `is gulmodgineba, romliTac sokrates
Semoaqvs  is miseuli versia, cxadyofs ar-
gumentisaTvis am Teoriis fundamentur mniSvnelobas~ (27.165),
rasac sxva mkvlevarni, kerZod, r.l.petersoni mocemuli ar-
gumentis ZiriTad naklad miiCnevs (120.125).
marTlac, `fedonis~ mixedviT, radgan swavla gaxsenebaa,
rasac am cxovrebaSi vixsenebT, odesRac ukve unda gvcodnoda. es
ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Cvens suls rom gansxeulebamdec sadme ar
earseba. es kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom Cveni suli ukvdavia. am
msjelobis logikuri usafuZvloba zemoT ukve mivuTiTeT.
Semecnebis Teoriis `fedoniseuli~ varianti, romelic
meore argumentSia warmodgenili, aSkarad gulisxmobs `menonis~
filosofiur gamocdilebas. kebesis sityvebSi ueWvelad min-
iSnebulia winamorbedi dialogis saTanado pasaJi, riTic
TiTqos Tavidan aris acilebuli erTxel ukve gadmocemuli
sakiTxis xelaxali axsna-ganmarteba (`fedoni~, 72e4-5; 73a3-10).
`fedonis~ gnoseologiis mixedviT, sxeulebrivi grZnobebi
warmogvidgeba rogorc iaraRi, romlis saSualebiTac ukan

91
vibrunebT ideaTa codnas, romelic dabadebisTanave davkargeT.
amasTan, es procesi xorcieldeba im pirobiT, Tu sxeulebriv
grZnobebs `sworad~ viyenebT da saSualebas vaZlevT gonebas,
rom Tavad imoqmedos (Semecnebis Teoriisa da sxeulebrivi
grZnobebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb ix. `fedoni~ da mis-
terialuri religiebi). platoni, erTis mxriv, sastikad
daamcrobs sxeulsa da mis grZnobebs, xolo meores mxriv, maT
`ideaTa gaxsenebis~, codnis mopovebis saSualebad gvixatavs,
xom ar aris aq garkveuli winaaRmdegoba?
platonis naazrevSi arsebiT Seusabamobas ver davinaxavT,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erT mniSvnelovan detals: kerZod,
`fedonSi~ filosofosi aRiarebs, rom suli am cxovrebaSi
savsebiT ver ganiwmindeba sxeulisgan. aqedan gamomdinare, sulma
sxeuli unda daiqvemdebaros, marTos da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,
Tavisi miznebisTvis unda gamoiyenos. u.gaTris zusti formu-
lirebiT, sxeulebrivi SegrZnebebi arian ubralod `mima-
TiTebeli~ (pointer) ideebze (109.349). filosofoss sxeulebrivi
grZnobebi SecdomaSi ver Seiyvanen, radgan mas gacnobierebuli
aqvs, rom is, rasac maTi saSualebiT aRiqvams, aris mxolod
mqrqali asli WeSmariti yofierebisa.
mesame arguments (78b4-84b8) ukavSirdeba `fedonis~ Semdegi
monakveTi:
mSvenieri sagnebi, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, adamianebi, cxenebi,
mosasxamebi da sxva... `arasodes, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar arian
ucvleli arc TavianTi Tavis da arc erTi meoris mimarT..
(78d10-e4) `maTi aRqma SegiZlia SexebiT, mxedvelobiT an sxva
grZnobiT...~ (79a1-2) isini `bunebiT rTuli da Sedgenili arian,
imgvaradve iSlebian, rogorc Sedgenil iqnen~.. (78c1-2) isini
mudam icvlebian... (78c7-8).
amgvar saganTa sapirispirod, `is arsi, romlis arsebobasac
kiTxva-pasuxebiT varkvevT (  ) mudam
ucvlelia~... (78d1-3) `mas sxva verafriT ver Seimecneb, Tu ara
azrovnebiT (  ) radgan
uxilavia..(79a2-4) igi martivia, `erTsaxovani da Tavis TavSi
arsebuli. marad ucvlelia da arasodes, arsad, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi araviTar cvlilebas ar ganicdis~ (78d5-7).42
suli ufro hgavs uxilavs, xolo sxeuli ki _ xiluls..
(79b16-17) `rodesac suli da sxeuli erTad arian, maSin buneba

42
aq igulisxmeba: idea, Tavis TavSi arsebuli arsi.

92
sxeuls ubrZanebs monobasa da damorCilebas, xolo suls ki _
ganmgeblobasa da batonobas~ (79e8-80a2).
a.losevis SexedulebiT, mesame argumenti logikurad
gacilebiT ufro martivi da gaWvirvalea, Tumca aq isev is sami
miTologema da ori daumTavrebeli Tezisia. erTi aris is, rom
arsebobs sicocxle, arasicocxlisgan principulad gan-
sxvavebuli da meore is, rom suli sicocxlis arsia. zemoT
moyvanili ori Tezisi platonis sxva dialogebSi ufro
ganivrcoba da, Sesabamisad, logikuri damajereblobac emateba.
`fedonis~ am mesame argumentSi erTi Tvisebrivi siaxlea. zogadi
cneba, eidosi anu idea aq suls ukavSirdeba. pirvelad dgeba
sakiTxi sulis eidosis Sesaxeb. aris Tu ara Tavad suli eidosi?
losevis azriT, daskvna sulis zedrouli eidosis Sesaxeb
metismetad zogadia. amasTan, sulis eidosis zedroulobis
aRiareba ar gulisxmobs Tavad sulis zedroulobasac. swored
am eWvis gasafantad mohyavs platons meoTxe argumenti.
mesame arguments mohyveba sulis harmoniulobasTan da-
kavSirebuli monakveTi, romelic rogorc azrobrivad, ise
kompoziciuradac sruliad damoukidebeli odenobaa da mas sxva
argumentebis nawilad ver gaviazrebT.
garda amisa, meoTxe argumentis mosamzadebel etapad da ara
mis kuTvnilebad migvaCnia sokrates `mentaluri istoriis~
gadmocema. am monakveTSi platoni ubralod ayalibebs
Tvalsazriss (ideis mizezobrivi funqciis Sesaxeb), romlis
safuZvelzec aigeba Semdgomi msjeloba.
meoTxe argumentis (102a10-107b10) mosamzadebel saubarSi
warmoCnda, rom ideebi arseboben da sagnebi, romlebic maT
eziarebian, am ideaTagan iReben saxels. sagans sidide xdis ufro
didad; is, rac ori unda gaxdes, orebas unda eziaros da a.S. am
debulebaTagan gamomdinare sokrate gvTavazobs sulis
ukvdavebis bolo mtkicebulebas:
`sidide Tavis TavSi arasodes ar moisurvebs
( ), rom erTsa da imave dros didic iyos da patarac.
sidide CvenSic arasodes ar dauSvebs pataras, ar moisurvebs,
rom mas aRematebodnen~ (102d6-8). rodesac vambobT, rom simiasi
erTsa da imave dros sokrateze ufro didia, xolo fedonze
ufro patara, Cven vamtkicebT, rom simiasSi erTdroulad aris
warmodgenili rogorc sidide, ise sipatarave. magram erT
subieqtSi sapirispiro atributTa Tanaarseboba mxolod sxva
subieqtTan misi mimarTebebiTaa ganpirobebuli, radgan mxolod
am mimarTebis wyalobiT eziareba igi ama Tu im ideas.
93
 `sidides ar surs, rom miiRos simcire da dakargos Tavisi
raoba~ (102e2-3).43
`sapirispiroTagan Tavis TavSi arc erTi, vidre isaa, rac
iyo, 44 ar moisurvebs Tavis sapirispiroSi gadasvlas. amgvari
cvlilebisas 45 an ukan ixevs ( ), an iRupeba~
( ) (102e7-103a2).
`sapirispiro Tavis TavSi arasodes ar gardaiqmneba sa-
kuTari Tavis sapirispirod, arc CvenSi da arc bunebaSi~ (103b4-5).
mocemuli argumentis Tanaxmad, cocxali adamianis sxeuli
sulis matarebelia. sxeulis sikvdili sulis sikvdils rodi
niSnavs. ubralod, sulisa da sicocxlis idea adgils uTmobs
sikvdilis ideas. aqedan gamomdinare suli ukvdavia (102d-107a).46
sulis ukvdavebis meoTxe mtkicebulebac logikur aspeqtSi
araTanabaria. platonis Tanaxmad, TiToeul substancias
(vTqvaT, Tovli da cecxli) garda SemTxveviTi atributebisa aqvs
ZiriTadi, arsebiTi atributebi (sicive da sicxe), romelTa
dakargvac iwvevs mocemuli substanciis identurobis dakargvas.
Tumca rogorc u.gaTri miuTiTebs, logikas Tu mivmarTavT,
erTis dakargva meoris SeZenas ganapirobebs, magram platoni
problemas ganixilavs ufro ontologiurad, vidre logikurad,
rac mocemuli argumentis aradamajereblobas iwvevs (109.357
Sen.3).
a.losevis SefasebiT, bolo mtkicebulebaSi mocemulia erTi
udavo mtkicebuleba da kvlav ori daumTavrebeli Tezisi.
meoTxe argumentTan dakavSirebul msjelobaSi ueWvelia is
azri, rom yoveli kerZo zogadTan aris dakavSirebuli, anu
yvela sagans aqvs Tavisi idea. platonis mier gamoTqmuli sxva
mosazrebebi mxolod Tezisebia da sagangebo mtkicebas
saWiroebs. `menonSi~, `kratilossa~ da `fedonSi~ eidosis
realuroba ara filosofiurad, aramed mxolod miTologiurad
aris dasabuTebuli.

43
sityvasityviT: iyos gansxvavebuli da ara is, rac iyo adre.
44
e.i. ar Ralatobs Tavisi Tavis igiveobas, anu kvlav Tavis TavSi rCeba.
45
sityvasityviT: am SemTxvevaSi, amgvari ramis daTmenisas.
46
platonis definiciiT, suli aris is, rasac moaqvs sicocxle
sxeulisaTvis, anu sulis ZiriTadi atributi aris sicocxle. suls ar
SeuZlia dakargos igi, dauSvas misi sapirispiro _ sikvdili da kvlav
sulad darCes. e. i. suli aris ukvdavi, iseve rogorc Tovli aris
`usicxo~, xolo sami (anu kenti) aris `uluwo~.

94
 saskolo logikis terminologiiT rom visargebloT,
`fedonSi~ sulis ukvdavebis mtkicebis ZiriTadi nakli ase
SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: qui nimium probat, nihil probat _ vinc
amtkicebs metismetad (bevrs an cotas), is verafers ver
amtkicebs, anu msjelobas zogadi xasiaTi aqvs da, amdenad,
mtkicebad ar gamodgeba.
aucilebelia filosofiuri dasabuTeba imisa, rom ideas
aqvs Tavisi eideturi sxeuli. amgvari msjelobis gareSe
warmoudgenelia antikuri obieqturi idealizmi, rogorc
moZRvreba ideaTa samyaros Sesaxeb. meoTxe argumentSi mainc
unda damtkicebuliyo, rom sulis eidoss, nebismieri sxva
eidosis darad, aqvs Tavisi eideturi anu idealuri sxeuli,
romelic arc droul da arc sivrcobriv arsebobas ar emor-
Cileba.
`fedonSi~ warmodgenili argumentaciis analizis dros
gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faqtorebic: platoni arsad ar
gansazRvravs suls; ar amtkicebs, rom suli sicocxlis arsia;
rom sicocxle TviTmoZraoba.
`fedonSi~ ZiriTadad vxvdebiT ara filosofiur
mtkicebulebas, aramed miTologiur warmodgenebsa da yo-
veldRiur dakvirvebebze dafuZnebul Sexedulebebs. Tumca is,
rac aq mxolod Tezisebis saxiT aris mocemuli, platons
vrclad da argumentirebulad aqvs warmodgenili sxva di-
alogebSi (`timeosi~, `fedrosi~). Tu msjeloba `fedonSic~ am
mimarTulebiT warimarTeboda, maSin meoTxe argumenti Tan-
mimdevrul xasiaTs SeiZenda da unaklo iqneboda obieqturi
idealizmis TvalsazrisiT.
`fedoni~ erTgvari gardamavali safexuria. aq mocemulia
wina dialogebSi damtkicebuli debulebebi da amave dros
mzaddeba niadagi platonizmis (da ara mxolod platonizmis)
sakvanZo sakiTxTa filosofiuri argumentaciisaTvis.47
vidre sulis ukvdavebis `fedoniseuli~ argumentaciis
Tanamedrove interpretaciebs ganvixilavdeT da maT klas-
ifikacias movaxdendeT, sagangebod ganvixilavT platonis
dialogebis kvlevis or ZiriTad mimarTulebas. platonis
epoqidan moyolebuli misi memkvidreobis Seswavla iyo, Zi-
riTadad, `doqtrinuli~, anu ganixilavdnen platonis calkeul

47
d.rosis miTiTebiT, `fedonSi~ sulis ukvdavebis meoTxe argumenti
gamorCeul interess aRZravs, radgan aq SeZleba davinaxoT aris-
toteles silogizmis Canasaxebi (ix. 129.34).

95
doqtrinebs da SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas uTmobdnen di-
alogebis literaturul da dramatul bunebas (am mimarTulebis
warmomadgenlebi arian e.celeri, g.vlastosi, g.e.l.oueni,
j.l.akrili, j.barnesi da sxv.).
XX s-is meore naxevarSi fexi moikida e.w. `dramatulma~
interpretaciam, romlis momxrenic platonis Seswavlis Zi-
riTad kriteriumad dramatul da literaturul aspeqtebs
miiCneven (mag. f.Slaiermaxeri, h.Teslefi, j.arieti,
p.fridlenderi, h.g.gadameri, j.rendali da sxv.). am ukanaskneli
poziciis mxardamWerni Tvlian, rom dialogebis dramatuli
interpretacia aris arsebiTi maTi filosofiuri mniSvnelo-
bisaTvis da gamoTqvamen eWvs, ramdenad SesaZlebelia platonis
nawarmoebebSi gansazRvruli, mudmivi moZRvrebis danaxva.
Cveni azriT, rogorc doqtrinuli, ise dramatuli in-
terpretacia calke, damoukideblad aRebuli, aris calmxrivi
da arasrulyofili. 48 platonis dialogTa gaazrebisaTvis
aucilebelia rogorc doqtrinuli, ise dramatuli mxaris
gaTvaliswineba. mxolod am ori aspeqtis Sexameba da maTi
urTierTmimarTebis dadgena mogvcems saTanado Sedegs. ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom platoni aris didi filosofosi, romelic
qmnis did literaturas.
sagangebod SevCerdebiT q.rouvis Tvalsazrisze, romelic
platonis dialogebis e.w. dramatuli interpretaciis klasikur
nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
q.rouvis azriT, kritikosebma metismetad naCqarevad
daiwunes platonis argumentebi, romlebic ufro niWieradaa
agebuli, vidre zogjer miaCniaT. Tu am mtkicebulebebs
ganvixilavT maT dramatul konteqstSi, maSin cxadi gaxdeba, Tu
raoden moxerxebulad amJRavnebs platoni maT mimarT Tavis
damokidebulebas... unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu rogor iReben am
argumentebs Tavad dialogis personaJebi, ratom enacvleba erTi
argumenti _ meores... rogori ganwyobiT egebeba sokrate sik-
vdils...(27.2-3)49
mecnieri Tvlis, rom radgan `fedonSi~ sikvdilis SiSi
iTrguneba, amdenad sulis ukvdavebis argumentaciac aq
damajereblad da warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos (27.2-3).

48 platonis Tanamedrove interpretaciebTan dakavSirebiT ix. 122.VII-IX.

49
f.iubervegis dakvirvebiTac, `fedonis~ ganxilvisas amosavali wertili
unda gaxdes sokrates mSvidi damokidebuleba moaxloebuli sik-
vdilis mimarT (137.265-269).

96
 Cveni azriT, rouvis Tvalsazrisi sayuradReboa, radgan igi
kidev erTxel cxadyofs platonis mwerlur ostatobas da im
faqts, rom sulis ukvdaveba `fedonSi~ emociur planSi aSkarad
damajerebelia (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT), magram amgvari in-
terpretacia calmxrivia, radgan igi ugulvebelyofs argu-
mentaciis filosofiur nakls da, Sesabamisad, sulis ukvdavebis
aradamajereblobas logikur planSi, radgan iTvaliswinebs
kvlevis mxolod e.w. `dramatul~ mimarTulebas.
rac Seexeba `fedonis~ argumentaciis sxva interpretaciebs,
a.losevis mosazrebebs, arsebiTad, iziareben s.wereTeli,
T.kukava da v.asmusic (70.24-100).
j.h.rendalis azriT, arc erTi argumenti ar aris
srulyofili da damajerebeli, `isini mxolod miTebi da
igavebia~ (123.215), xolo h.g.gadameris SefasebiT, `fedonSi~
warmodgenilia sulis ukvdavebis mtkicebulebis mxolod
eqspozicia da ara daskvniTi argumentacia (24.22).
p.natorpi wers, rom sulis ukvdaveba logikurad ar gam-
omdinareobs `fedonis~ wanamZRvrebidan, rom `fedonis~ Zi-
riTadi mizani aris ara sulis ukvdaveba, aramed cdiseuli
Semecnebis WeSmaritebis dasabuTeba ideebis Semecnebis saS-
ualebiT.
am TvalsazrisTa sapirispirod s.i.SeinSan-topSteini
Tvlis, rom `fedonSi~ sulis ukvdaveba ganmartebulia ara
mxolod miTologiurad, aramed mtkicdeba dialeqtikuradac
(59.110).
sainteresoa sxvadasxva poziciaTa dapirispireba miTosTan
mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT. mecnierTa nawils uadgilod da
gaumarTleblad miaCnia analitikuri azrovnebis dros mi-
TologemaTa moSveleba.
maTgan gansxvavebiT u.gaTri srulebiTac ar Tvlis, rom
sokrates mier moTxrobili `grZeli miTosi~ xels uSlis an
akninebs sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis dialeqtikur
dasabuTebas. `miTosis Rirebuleba isaa, rom is amgvari, po-
etebisa da religiuri geniiT dajildoebuli sxva adamianebis
mier aRmoCenili samyarosken gvikvalavs gzas. miTosi pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT ar unda gavigoT. misi meSveobiT Cven mxolod
warmodgenas viqmniT WeSmaritebebze, romelTa idumalebac maT
zusti dasabuTebisTvis miuxelTebels xdis~ (59.112).
sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb platoniseuli moZRvrebis
Tanamedrove interpretaciebi pirobiTad sam jgufad SeiZleba
daiyos. mecnierTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom `fedonSi~ sulis

97
ukvdaveba mtkicdeba (u.gaTri, s.i.Seinmat-topSteini, h.bonici,
k.riteri, e.Siure, k.zingeri, q.rouvi), mkvlevarTa meore jgufi
sakuTari Sefasebisgan Tavs ikavebs (v.kapele, fr.iubervegi),
xolo mecnierTa mesame nawili ki `fedonSi~ warmodgenil
argumentacias aradamajereblad miiCnevs (a.losevi, s.wereTeli,
T.kukava, v.asmuri, p.natorpi, p.fridlenderi, h.g.gadameri,
j.rendali da sxv.). gamoiyofa mkvlevarTa erTi frTa
(r.Staineri, i.koni, e.dodsi), romelic miiCnevs, rom sakiTxis
amgvari dasmac ki ar aris saWiro da mizanSewonili. maTi azriT,
`fedonSi~ ar mtkicdeba sulis ukvdaveba da es arc unda
damtkicebuliyo. `sulis drouli arseboba ar mtkicdeba
mecnierulad platonis mier nacadi arc erTi xerxiT. platons
aq surda codnis obieqtad eqcia is, rac yovelTvis rwmenis
sagnad unda darCes~ (60.330).
niSandoblivia r.Staineris mosazrebac, romelic an-
Troposofiuli moZRvrebidan momdinareobs. pirovneba, ro-
melmac gamocdilebiT icis, rom sicocxles fasi ara aqvs _ ai,
mtkiceba, radikalurad gansxvavebuli mTeli logikisa da
gonebis yvela sabuTisagan. filosofosis azriT, `fedonSi~ ver
naxavT sulis ukvdavebis logikur dasabuTebas. mTeli dialogi
erT mizans emsaxureba: sokratem unda miiyvanos megobrebi
maradiulis Wvretamde. maSin maT damamtkicebeli sabuTebi aRar
dasWirdebaT. raRa mtkiceba unda imas, rom vardi wiTelia
imisaTvis, vinc amas xedavs. rogorRa unda daumtkico, rom suli
maradiulia imas, vinc Tavisi sulieri TvaliT ixila es?~
(90.38-39).
Tu sakiTxs religiur-mistikur planSi ganvixilavT, maSin
amgvari interpretacia savsebiT bunebrivia, magram aseTi
damokidebuleba, albaT, gaumarTlebelia, Tanamedrove
mecnierebis poziciidan.
Cvens winaSe dgas konkretuli kiTxva _ mtkicdeba Tu ara
sulis ukvdaveba platonis `fedonSi~, magram, Cveni azriT, am
kiTxvaze konkretuli, sworxazovani pasuxis gacema Seu-
Zlebelia am nawarmoebis mravalplanianobidan gamomdinare.
sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb saubrisas platons TiTqos sxvadasxva
sibrtyeze gadavyevarT _ dialogSi empiriuli, miTologiuri,
religiuri da dialeqtikuri aspeqtebi erTmaneTs enacvleba.
swored amitom sulis ukvdavebis `fedoniseuli~ koncefciis
interpretaciisas, Cveni azriT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, na-
warmoebis rogorc filosofiuri, ise literaturuli aspeqtebi

98
_ anu unda movaxdinoT kvlevis e.w. `doqtrinuli~ da
`dramatuli~ mimarTulebis sinTezi.
rodesac vkiTxulobT `fedons~ `ara mecnierulad~, anu
azrovnebis logikuri aparatis momarjvebis gareSe, e.i. rodesac
ar vuRrmavdebiT argumentaciis logikur detalebs, maSin wina
planze moiwevs sokrates damokidebuleba moaxloebuli sik-
vdilis mimarT da mis mier moTxrobili esqatologiuri miTi. es
yvelaferi gadmocemulia religiur konteqstSi da Tanac im-
denad amaRlebulad da STambeWdavad, rom mkiTxvels gulis
siRrmemde SesZravs da emociur planSi mas eWvi aRar epareba
sulis ukvdavebaSi. swored amitom, saukuneebis manZilze
TiTqosda zebunebrivi iyo am dialogis zemoqmedebis Zala.
rogorc kalimaqes 23-e epigrama gadmogvcems, `fedonis~
wakiTxvis Semdeg sokrates mowafe, kleombrotosi zRvaSi
gadaeSva SeZaxiliT: `salami Senda, mzeo.~50
nawarmoebis fabulasTan mistikur-miTologiuri nakadis
ostaturi Sezaveba (da, ra Tqma unda, sxva faqtorebic) emociur
planSi sulis ukvdavebis damajereblobas ganapirobebs, magram
rodesac `fedons~ filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT vikvlevT, maSin
nel-nela amotivtivdeba msjelobis logikuri xarvezebi, ris
gamoc dialeqtikur planSi sulis ukvdavebis mtkicebuleba
warmatebulad ver CaiTvleba. h.g.gadameris zusti SefasebiT,
sulis ukvdavebaSi sokrates saxe da `fedonis~ poeturi Zala
ufro gvarwmunebs, vidre argumentebis logikuri Zalmosileba
(106.22).
albaT, `fedonSi~ sulis ukvdavebis mtkicebulebis swored
amgvari orazrovnebis gamo werda ciceroni am dialogis Sesaxeb:
`rodesac vkiTxulob, veTanxmebi, magram rodesac wigni gverdze
maqvs gadadebuli da viwyeb sulis ukvdavebaze fiqrs, mTeli es
Tanxmoba qreba~ (`tuskulanuri saubrebi~, I,II,24 ).

`fedonis~ miTologia
mkvlevarni sagangebod amaxvileben yuradRebas im mZlavr
miTologiur nakadze, romelic platonis memkvidreobaSi iCens
Tavs.
Tavis SemoqmedebiT principebs platoni arc miTologi-
asTan mimarTebaSi ar Ralatobs. kerZod, erTis mxriv, igi
eyrdnoba tradicias, anu safuZvlad iRebs ukve arsebul da

50
`fedonis~ Sesaxeb arsebuli gadmocemebi ix. 125.180-187..

99
aRiarebul miTologiur gadmocemebs, xolo meores mxriv,
Tavisi mxatvruli Tu filosofiuri Canafiqris Sesabamisad maT
transformirebas axdens. filosofosi ukve arsebuli mi-
Tologiuri gadmocemebis gadamuSavebiT qmnis originalur
miTebs, romelTac miTosis tradiciuli formiT gvTavazobs,
magram maTSi yovelTvis igrZnoba platonis individualuri
xelwera.
platoni `fedonSic~ warmogvidgeba rogorc originaluri
miTebis mTxzveli. sulis ukvdavebis logikuri argumentaciis
dasrulebis Semdeg sokrate gadmogvcems ambavs, romelic
sxvaTagan smenia rogorc aprioruli WeSmariteba da romlis
mtkicebac SeuZlebelia logikuri operaciebiT da cdiseuli
gamocdilebiT.
Txrobis dasawyisSi Tavad filosofosi ramdenjerme
aRniSnavs, rom ukve cnobil ambavs, sxvebis monaTxrobs
gviambobs (107d5-6; 107d4; 110b5), Tumca Tavis wyaros ar
akonkretebs. sokrate aqve miuTiTebs, rom am ambis moyolas
glavkosis ostatoba ar sWirdeba, magram imis damtkiceba, rom es
simarTlea, glavkosis ostatobiTac gaZneldeba (108d4-6).
sokrate xazs usvams, rom yveba imas, rac irwmuna (108c7-8,
108e4), radgan `gonierma kacma ar unda daiJinos, rom es
yvelaferi isea, rogorc me gadmoveci. magram is, rom es an raRac
amdagvari ( ) [WeSmaritebaa] sulebisa da
maTi samkvidreblebis Sesaxeb, rameTu suli aSkarad ukvdavia, es
unda virwmunoT~ (114d1-6). 51 sokrates monayols msmenelebi
ukamaTod iReben, radgan igi logikur argumentacias ar
eqvemdebareba.
rogorc vxedavT, Tavis monaTxrobs filosofosi Tavad
axasiaTebs im niSnebiT, romlebic mas tradiciuli miTosis
farglebSi aTavseben. amdenad, dialogis dasasruls sokrates
mier moTxrobili ambavi unda ganvsazRvroT rogorc miTi. igi
mWidrod ukavSirdeba `fedonis~ filosofiur problemebs da
CarTulia nawarmoebis sasaubro konteqstSi, riTac TiTqos
iSleba zRvari realursa da irealurs, racionalursa da
iracionalurs, logikursa da alogikurs Soris.
platonis dialogebSi miTs, poetur sityvas, mudam Tan
axlavs logosi _ filosofiuri msjeloba, mecnieruli sityva.
ufro sworad miTia logosis Tanamxlebi, mxardamWeri, es-

51
sityvasityviT: es gariskvad Rirs imisaTvis, visac swams.

100
Tetikuri tkbobis momniWebeli. miTi da logosi erTurTs
avseben. logosis analitikuroba platonTan miTis fantaziasa
da gamonagons erwymis. 52 platonis dialogebSi zogjer
mecnierebisa da mxatvruli warmosaxvis urTierTgamijvnac ki
rTuldeba. platoni _ filosofosi da platoni _ miTebis
Semoqmedi erTi ganuyofeli mTlianobaa.
logikis SesaZleblobaTa amowurvis Semdeg Cndeba miTosis
moTxovnileba. igi rwmenis sferos ganekuTvneba da mtkicebas ar
saWiroebs. j.kirki Tvlis, rom `platoni mimarTavs miTs
kritikul momentSi, roca sufTa gonebas TiTqosda aRar ZaluZs
winsvla~ (87.69)(berZnuli filosofiis miTosTan mimarTebis
Sesaxeb ix.64.178-207).
`fedonis~ miTologia moicavs dialogis bolos gadmo-
cemul vrcel miTs da calkeul miTologiur aluziebs,
romlebic filosofiur msjelobaSia CarTuli.
Cvens naSromSi SevecdebiT ganvsazRvroT rogorc das-
kvniTi miTis, ise fragmentuli miTologiuri informaciis arsi
da mizandasaxuloba ara mxolod Tavad am dialogis
ideur-mxatvruli konteqstidan gamomdinare, aramed berZnul
filosofiur azrovnebasTan, mecnierul codnasa da mi-
Tologiur-mistikur warmodgenebTan mimarTebaSic.
`fedonis~ mocemuli miTologiuri pasaJis xasiaTs
mkvlevarni sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven (ix. 140.23). Tumca
savsebiT veTanxmebiT d.uaitis mosazrebas, rom platonis mTels
SemoqmedebaSi miTebis kategoriuli klasifikacia sakiTxis
masStaburobidan da sfecifikurobidan gamomdinare, arc Tu ise
mizanSewonilia (140.24), miuxedavad amisa, erT konkretul
dialogSi miTis kategoriis gansazRvra savsebiT
gamarTlebulad migvaCnia.
Cveni azriT, `fedonis~ miTi, mTlianobaSi, esqatologiuri,
eTikuri, paramecnieruli da, nawilobriv, alegoriulia (Tumca
ar gamovricxavT sxva calkeul aspeqtTa arsebobasac).
ar SevudgebiT miTis Sinaarsis detalur da Tanmimdevrul
gadmocemas, mxolod saTanado pasaJebs moviyvanT saWiroebisda
mixedviT, garkveuli azrisa Tu daskvnis sailustraciod.

52
aRsaniSnavia, rom `miTosisa~ da `logosis~ klasikuri dapirispireba
platonis zogierT dialogSi, da maT Soris `fedonSic, ar aris
absoluturi (78.563). Cvens naSromSi ar SevexebiT miTosisa da logosis
terminologiur-Sinaarsobriv dapirispirebas, romelic am dialogSi
iCens Tavs (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix.87.76; 78.562-563; 127).

101
 platoni Tavdapirvelad saiqioSi sulTa bed-iRblis
Sesaxeb gviambobs, xolo Semdeg aRwers dedamiwis formas,
adgilmdebareobas, mis zedapirsa da Sinagan struqturas _
miwisqveSa zRvebs, mdinareebsa da vulkanebs.
sokrate dedamiwis raobasa da adgils kosmosur sivrceSi
nawilobriv dialogis dasawyisSi, saganTa mizezis Ziebisas
exeba, nawilobriv _ nawarmoebis daskvniT miTSi. erTgan gad-
mocemulia sxvaTa naazrevi, meoregan _ is, risac filosofoss
Tavad sjera.
miwas brtyel, badros formis mqone sxeulad miiCnevdnen
ionieli fizikosebi, xolo sferosebr sxeulad _ piTagorelebi
da parmenide. orive Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT movlenaTa
mizezebze saubrisas sokrate svams ritorikul SekiTxvas:
rogoria miwa _ brtyeli Tu mrgvali? 53
p.fridlenderi aq xedavs platonis cdas, rom ionuri
koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad, dedamiwa Sezneqil-zedapiriani
diskoa, moargos ufro Tanamedrove hipoTezebs, romelTa
mixedviT igi sferosebria (109.362).
rogorc Cans, sokrate icnobs ionielebisa da eleelebis im
Sexedulebasac, rom miwa samyaros centrSi mdebareobs. aki
Tavad filosofosi ambobs, rom zogis azriT, `dedamiwa uZ-
ravadaa gaCerebuli cis qveS da mas raRac qarborbala gars
evleba, xolo zogs warmoudgenia dedamiwa, rogorc didi
varcli, romelic haers eyrdnoba~ (99b). mkvlevarni aq emped-
oklesa da anaqsimenes moZRvrebaTa anarekls xedaven (ix. em-
pedokle, anaqsimene 31A67).
Tavis winamorbed filosofosTa kosmogoniuri
Sexedulebebis gadmocemis Semdeg, dialogis dasasrulisTvis
sokrate ukve Tavis Tvalsazriss gvimJRavnebs. igi aRniSnavs, rom
rogorc Tavad daarwmunes, `dedamiwa arc iseTia da arc im
zomis, rogorc miiCneven isini, romelTac dedamiwis Sesaxeb
saubari sCveviaT~ (108c). mecnierebisTvis dRemde ucnobia
konkretulad visi naazrevi igulisxmeba am sityvebSi.
sokrates swams, rom `Tu dedamiwa mrgvalia da igi zecis
centrSi mdebareobs, rom ar Camovardes, mas arc haeri da arc
sxva araviTari Zala ar esaWiroeba. amisaTvis sakmarisia zecis
erTgvarovneba yoveli mxridan da Tavad dedamiwis

53
sokrate gulisxmobs anaqsagoras Txzulebas `bunebis Sesaxeb~. miwis
formisa da misi adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb ix. anaqsagoras, anaqsimenes
da demokrites Sesabamisi fragmentebi (59A88D).

102
wonasworoba~ (108e-109b). es Sexeduleba, aristoteles azriT,
anaqsimandresgan momdinareobs (12A11D).
dedamiwis `fedoniseul~ aRwerilobaSi Tanadrouli
mecnierebis gavlena igrZnoba. kerZod, platonma icis, rom
dedamiwa mrgvalia da rom igi kosmosis centrSi mdebareobs.
Cveni sacxovrisis aRweris Semdeg sokrate e.w. WeSmariti
miwis 54 Sesaxeb gviambobs. vidre mis aRweras Seudgebodes,
filosofosi sagangebod migvaniSnebs, rom is, rasac igi gve-
tyvis, ufro metad miTosis sferos ganekuTvneba (110b1).
`fedonis~ mixedviT, `WeSmariti miwa sufevs wminda, wminda
da varskvlavebiT moWedil caSi, romelsac eTers uwodebs bevri
imaTgan, vinc msgavs sakiTxebze saubrobs xolme~ (sityvasityviT:
visac msgavs sakiTxebze saubari sCvevia) (109b7-c3).
a.losevi aRniSnavs, rom platons eTeri esmis rogorc
atmosferos zeda nawili (7.503). u.gaTris azriT, `fedonSi~
eTeri dakavSirebulia farTod gavrcelebul rwmenasTan,
romlis Tanaxmad, igi rogorc RvTaebrivi substancia, ise
adamianuri sulis substanciacaa. amave dros misi gageba
ukavSirdeba mecnierul doqtrinas mexuTe elementis Sesaxeb,
romelic platonma, SesaZloa, ufro gviandel wlebSi SeiTvisa
da aristotelem ki Semdeg mtkiced daafuZna (109.362).
zemoT ganxilul monakveTSi (109b7-c3), sadac laparakia
dedamiwis garemomcveli eTeris Sesaxeb, mkvlevarni (kerZod,
j.berneti da m.verdeniusi) gamoyofen frazas _
 (sityvasityviT: maTgan, romelTac
sCveviaT saubari) _ da igi gadamweris CanarTad miaCniaT 108c7
striqonis analogiiT, radgan, maTi TqmiT, mocemuli tipis
enobrivi konstruqcia ( +acc.) ar aris
damaxasiaTebeli platonisTvis. q.rouvi `fedrosidan~ saTanado
magaliTis moyvaniT abaTilebs am mosazrebas (27.273).

54
am samyaros saxelwodebas mkvlevarni sxvadasxvagvarad Targmnian:
`wminda miwa~ _ b.bregvaZe (platoni erTgan mimarTavs am epiTets); yfcnjzofz
ptvkz _ d.lebedevi; Nf ptvkz _ s.markiSi (platoni am miwasa da dedamiwas
moixseniebs urTierTsapirispiro nacvalsaxelebiT: `es miwa~ da `is
miwa~); ipsa terra _ laTinuri Targmani; die Erde selbst (Tavad, sakuTriv miwa)
_ f.Slaiermaxeri; die eigentliche Erde (sakuTriv, namdvili miwa) _ d.liubke;
the true earth (WeSmariti miwa) _ d.gelopi, b.joveti; the true surface of the earth
(dedamiwis namdvili zedapiri) _ q.rouvi;  (miwa
Tavis Tavad; miwa rogorc aseTi) _ kaktosis seriis Targmani.
Cven upiratesobas vaniWebT im interpretaciebs, romlebic migvaniSnebs
im faqts, rom es miwa dedamiwis WeSmariti, namdvili saxea.

103
 Cveni azriT, fraza _  _ aris ara
CanarTi, aramed teqstis organuli nawili, radgan am pasaJis
filosofiuri Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs. is, rasac platoni aq
eTeris Sesaxeb ambobs, aris farTod gavrcelebuli rwmena da
amitom, savsebiT bunebrivi da mosalodnelia msgavs konteqstSi
aseTi Sinaarsis winadadebis arseboba _ `mas eTers uwodeben
isini, visac msgavs sakiTxebze saubari sCvevia~.
platoni WeSmariti miwis adgilmdebareobasa da formas, mis
bunebas _ mcenareebs, qvebsa da cocxal arsebebs _ adamianebs
xazgasmiT dedamiwasTan SepirispirebiT aRwers. WeSmariti miwa
warmogvidgeba rogorc srulyofili da daxvewili samyaro,
romelic yovelmxriv, yoveli aspeqtiT aRemateba Cvens sam-
flobelos.
ara mxolod rigiT mkiTxvels, aramed platonis
filosofiis gamocdil mkvlevarsac ki uCndeba kiTxvebi: mainc,
ra aris WeSmariti miwa? ras gulisxmobs filosofosi am
cnebaSi? risTvis dasWirda misi amgvari aRweriloba? vin arian
WeSmariti miwis mkvidrni?
m.morgani `fedonis~ WeSmarit miwas ukavSirebs piTagorul
warmodgenebs, romelTa Tanaxmad, mze da mTvare netarTa
kunZulebia. filolaosi fiqrobda, rom mTvare iseTi arsebebiTa
da mcenareebiTaa dasaxlebuli, romlebic sididiTa da
mSvenierebiT aRematebian dedamiwis mcxovreblebsa da mis
bunebas. v.burkerti piTagorelTa am Sexedulebas ganmartavs,
rogorc Samanisturi miTebisa da eqstazuri gamocdilebis
Sedegs, anu `zecaSi mogzaurobis~ Semdeg individebis mier
gadmocemul informacias. burkertis Tvalsazrisze
dayrdnobiT, morgani `fedonis~ WeSmarit miwas ganixilavs
rogorc piTagoruli eqstazuri miTebis platonur gada-
muSavebas (117.77). SesaZloa, mTvaris Sesaxeb piTagorul war-
modgenasa da `fedonis~ WeSmarit miwas Soris erTgvari
analogia marTlac arsebobs, magram mocemuli piTagoruli
miTi, Cveni azriT, SeiZleba iyos mxolod impulsi, romelmac
biZgi misca platons, rom Seeqmna WeSmariti miwis sakuTari,
originaluri modeli, romelic mocemuli dialogis
filosofiuri konteqstidan da esqatologiuri koncefciidan
gamomdinareobs.
r.s.blaki miiCnevs, rom WeSmariti miwa `fedonSi~ `wmindad
simbolur xasiaTs~ atarebs. amgvari gancxadeba saWiroebs Semdgom
miTiTebas, Tu ra ras warmoadgens simbolurad, magram mkvlevari
ar akonkretebs, rogori saxisaa es simbolizmi. samagierod,

104
r.hekforTi ufro srulyofil interpretacias gvTavazobs. misi
azriT, es miTi emsaxureba rogorc esqatologiur, ise metafizikur
mizans da es ukanaskneli warmoaCens kontrasts `realur da
xilul samyaroebs Soris~. u.d.gedesi kidev ufro azustebs am
Tvalsazriss. misi TqmiT, `platoni miiCnevs dedamiwas cxovrebis
platformad or sxvadasxva cxovrebas Soris Sua gzaze. erTi
qvemoT, zRvaSia... xolo meore ki _ zemoT, eTerSi...~ gedesi mi-
uTiTebs, rom es miTi Seicavs platonur ideebs. masSi zeda da qveda
samyaroebis saSualebiT warmodgenilia realobis sxvadasxva
xarisxi. (140.20).
d.uaitis ganmartebiT, WeSmariti miwisa da dedamiwis
SedarebiTi aRweriloba gvexmareba, rom ukeT gavigoT sikeTe,
anu is, Tu konkretulad ra igulisxmeba im sikeTeSi, romelsac
sokrate qadagebs. garda amisa, igi gvTavazobs ideaTa klasikuri
metafizikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, romlebic sulis
ukvdavebis argumentaciaSi aris gadmocemuli (140.21).
Cveni azriT, yvelaze calsaxa da mkafio d.gelopis
Tvalsazrisia, romlis Tanaxmadac, `dedamiwisa da WeSmariti
miwis dapirispireba simbolurad warmogvidgens gansxvavebas
grZnobad sagnebsa da ideaTa samyaros Soris~ (26.222).
ra STabeWdileba gvrCeba, rodesac vkiTxulobT erTis
mxriv, dedamiwis, xolo meores mxriv, WeSmariti miwis mkvidrTa
Sesaxeb da maT erTmaneTs vadarebT? Tvalwin warmogvidgeba
dedamiwa, romelzec Cven vsaxlobT _ anu xiluli, xelSesaxebi,
grZnobaTa organoebis saSualebiT aRqmadi, CvenTvis cnobili
obieqturi realoba. amis Semdeg sokrates gadavyevarT WeSmariti
miwis samyaroSi, romelic miuwvdomelia Cveni aRqmisaTvis, ara
fizikuri siSoris, aramed Cveni `sisustisa da sizantis~ gamo. e.i.
ar Segvwevs WeSmariti dedamiwis danaxvis unari. erTmaneTs
aSkarad upirispirdeba dedamiwa da misi namdvili saxe _
WeSmariti miwa da maT Soris zustad iseTive mimarTebaa,
rogoric realur sagnebsa da maT ideebs, anu obieqtur rea-
lobasa da ideaTa samyaros Soris.
saganTa empiriuli arsebobis adgilsamyofeli ideaTa
samyaros upirispirdeba. nebismieri movlena Tu sagani mxolod
mqrqali aslia Tavisi WeSmariti arsisa. marTlac, dedamiwisa da
WeSmariti miwis aRwerisas ganuxrelad moqmedebs erTi principi:
zeda samyaroSi yvelaferi srulyofilia, daxvewili da
dasrulebuli, xolo dedamiwa warmogvidgeba rogorc misi
anarekli.

105
 WeSmarit miwasTan dakavSirebuli fragmentis komen-
tirebisas q.rouvi kategoriulad aRniSnavs, rom `ugnureba
iqneboda gvefiqra, TiTqos mocemul konteqsts _ romelic,
bolosdabolos, eqspliciturad zRapris Txrobaa _ realurad
SeuZlia mogvawodos damatebiTi da saWiro informacia ideebTan
dakavSirebiT~ (27.276).
Cven mxolod imas davamatebdiT, rom mocemuli konteqsti,
vinaidan igi miTosia da filosofiuri msjeloba ar ZaluZs da
arc moeTxoveba, `damatebiT da saWiro informacias~ ki ar
gvawvdis, aramed dialogis filosofiur nawilSi mocemuli
debulebis erTgvar ilustrirebas axdens mxatvruli da mi-
Tologiuri saxeebiT.
WeSmariti miwis raobis gansazRvris Semdeg sagangebod
unda SevCerdeT WeSmariti miwisa da dedamiwis formaze, maT
urTierTmimarTebasa da amasTan dakavSirebul erT termi-
nologiur problemaze.
sokrates TqmiT, `WeSmariti miwa, Tuki zemodan daxedav,
sxvadasxva ferad aWrelebul, tyavis TormetnaWrian burTs
miagavs~ (110b5-7).
maSasadame, WeSmarit miwas aqvs srulyofili sxeulis,
burTis anu sferos forma, rasac piTagorelebi qadagebdnen.
isini RvTaebrivad Tvlidnen wres da miaCndaT, rom `geometriul
formaTagan yvelaze mSvenieri sferoa~ (58C3).
piTagorelebs ekuTvnis xuTi geometriuli sxeulis (kubi,
tetraedri, oqtaedri, ikosaedri, dodekaedri) aRmoCena. cno-
bilia, rom hipasosma pirvelma daxaza sfero Tormeti
xuTkuTxedisgan. piTagorelebi geometriul figurebs Tvlidnen
samyaros makonstruirebel elementebad. maTi azriT, cis sfero
dodekaedridan warmoiSva (44A15).
`fedonSi~ piTagorelTa kvalobaze WeSmariti miwa war-
mogvidgeba rogorc Tormeti nawilisgan (e.i. xuTkuTxedisgan)
Semdgari sfero _ dodekaderi (60.104).
ra igulisxmeba am pasaJSi _ WeSmariti miwis mxolod
fizikuri forma Tu simbolurad misi srulyofileba,
RvTaebrioba da mSvenierebacaa warmodgenili? aq erTgvari
winaaRmdegoba Cndeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `fedonSi~
dedamiwasac sferos forma aqvs, magram igi, sokrates naambobis
Tanaxmad, sruliadac ar aris srulyofili.
Cvens varauds meti safuZveli eqneba, Tu terminologiur
faqtorsac gaviTvaliswinebT. ras gveubneba platoni dedamiwis
formis Sesaxeb? WeSmariti miwis Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom igi aris

106
 (sfero), xolo dedamiwa ki aRwerilia rogorc
 
am sityvis gaazreba Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi azrTa
sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. aRiarebulia misi erTgvari `orazrov-
neba~ da aqedan gamomdinare sirTule, rac interpretaciaTa
simravles ganapirobebs. arada, am termins arsebiTi mniSvneloba
aqvs zogadad platonis da, kerZod, `fedonis~ kosmologiis
mecnieruli kvlevisaTvis.
Cveni azriT, am seriozuli terminologiuri problemis
gadawyvetas xels Seuwyobs WeSmarit miwasa da dedamiwas Soris
zemoT miTiTebuli urTierTmimarTebis gaTvaliswineba.
tradiciulad gaizreboda rogorc
sferosebri. am Tvalsazriss emxrobian r.s.blaki, q.rouvi da
d.lebedevi (27.135; 8.200-1). alternatiuli variantebi Semog-
vTavazes j.s.morisonma da t.g.rozenmaierma. morisonis azriT,
 unda vTargmnoT rogorc `naxevrad sferosebri~
(hemi-sperical), xolo rozenmaieri Tvlis, rom es termini unda
gaviazroT rogorc `diskos formis mqone~ (disk-shaped).
mTargmnelTa erTi nawili upiratesobas aniWebs sityvas
mrgvali (mag. d.gelopi, s.markiSi, f.Slaiermaxeri, d.liubke,
b.joveti, kaktosis seriis mTargmnelTa jgufi da sxv.).
d.gelopis ganmartebiT, sakiTxis amgvari gadawyveta Tavidan
agvaSorebs im problemis ganxilvas, mocemul konteqstSi
gaazrebulia Tu ara dedamiwa rogorc sferosebri (26.223).
am terminologiuri sakiTxis gadawyvetisas amosavali
SeiZleba gaxdes WeSmariti miwisa da dedamiwis aRwerisas
`fedonSi~ moqmedi gansazRvruli da sakmaod mkacrad daculi
principi _ aq warmodgenilia msgavsebaze dafuZnebuli ur-
TierTmimarTeba. dedamiwa yoveli aspeqtiT aris ara iseTi,
rogoric WeSmariti miwa, aramed misi msgavsi. savaraudoa, rom
igive principi iqneba gamoyenebuli dedamiwis formasTan da-
kavSirebiTac. WeSmariti miwis Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom igi aris
 _ sfero, e.i. mas aqvs sferos forma. dedamiwis
mimarT platoni igive termins ar iyenebs, aramed sargeblobs
sxva sityviT, romelic, Cveni azriT, formaTa Soris unda as-
axavdes im urTierTmimarTebas, romelic, `fedonis~ mixedviT,
WeSmarit miwasa da dedamiwas Soris arsebobs.
platoni mimarTavs termins  Tvali
gadavavloT am sityvis SesaZlo mniSvnelobebs: dhfof.obqcz^
,ke;lf.obq (Luc.) rheuksq^ d ajhvt jrhe;yjcnb (Plat.)^ ifhjj,hfpysq^ cathbxtcrbq

107
(Plat.)^ gthty& pfrheuk/yysq^ pfrjyxtyysq (Arst.)^ bpub,f.obqcz^ dbnjq^ rhbdjq
(Eur.)^ jrhe;/yysq^ jrfqvk/yysq (Eur.) (47). revolving; rounded or curved; spher-
ical, globular (56).  
 (sferosebri) ( 108e)
(52).
rom ar arsebobdes sxva mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi, rom
 unda gaviazroT rogorc `sferosebri~, Cven
zemoT miTiTebuli principidan da miTis saerTo logikidan
gamomdinare sworedac rom am mniSvnelobaze SevaCerebdiT
yuradRebas. vinaidan WeSmariti miwa aris `sfero, burTi~
( ), savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom dedamiwis forma
miTiTebul iqnas masTan msgavsebis safuZvelze, anu warmog-
vidges rogorc sferos msgavsi, sferosebri.
zemoTqmulis safuZvelze vfiqrobT, rom
1) WeSmariti miwis sferos forma SeiZleba simboluradac
gaviazroT;
2) WeSmariti miwisa da dedamiwis formebTan dakavSirebuli
terminebi  da  asaxavs am or samyaros
Soris arsebul zogad mimarTebas.
sokrates monaTxrobidan gamomdinare, ra SeiZleba iTqvas
WeSmariti miwis mosaxleTa Sesaxeb? marTalia, filosofosi
pirdapir arsad ar miuTiTebs, magram misi sityvebidan SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom iqauri adamianebi warmoadgenen sulisa da kidev
sxva raRacis kombinacias, rac Cvens sxeulebs SegviZlia Se-
vadaroT (sokrate erTgan pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom WeSmarit
miwaze mxolod filosofiiT savsebiT ganwmendilni sufeven
usxeulod).
WeSmariti miwis mkvidrni yovelmxriv aRgvematebian, Cvenze
bevrad ufro srulyofilni arian (111a7-b1; 111b2-6). amasTan, maT
drodadro SeuerTdebian Cvens Soris yvelaze ufro iRblianni.
aq ukve aSkarad Semodis Txrobis esqatologiuri plani da
CvenTvis savsebiT gasagebi xdeba, Tu risTvis dasWirda sokrates
WeSmariti miwis, zeciuri samyaros aRwera.
WeSmariti miwis zedapirze sxva cocxal arsebaTa Soris
binadroben isini, romlebmac kargad da sworad icxovres, Tumca
filosofiis saSualebiT sruli ganwmendisaTvis ki ar miuR-
weviaT. maT Soris filosofiiT saTanadod ganwmendilni

108
usxeulod cxovroben mTeli Semdgomi dro da kidev ufro
mSvenier samkvidrebelSi gadadian55 (114b2-c2; c2-5).
`fedonSi~ aRwerili WeSmariti miwa, anu miwieri samoTxe,
warmogvidgeba rogorc RvTaebrivi, usrulyofilesi da
umSvenieresi samyaro, romelic gvaocebs, gvxiblavs da
gvizidavs, raTa is, rac dialogis dasawyisSi swori cxovrebis
wesis, misi samomavlo perspeqtivisa da upiratesobis Sesaxeb
Teoriulad iTqva, miTosis saSualebiT ufro TvalsaCinod da
STambeWdavad warmoCindes.
rogorc zemoTqmuli cxadyofs, WeSmariti miwisa da de-
damiwis sokrateseuli aRweriloba, upirveles yovlisa es-
qatologiuri miTis saWiroebas emsaxureba _ msmenelebs sik-
vdilis Semdgomi sulieri cxovrebis perspeqtivas gadauSlis.
garda amisa, ganmsWvalulia eTikuri SinaarsiT _ warmoaCens
swori cxovrebis upiratesobas da bolos, exmianeba nawarmoebis
filosofiur problematikas _ masSi airekleba da ilus-
trirdeba moZRvreba ideaTa Sesaxeb, romelic argumentaciis
procesSia formulirebuli.
`WeSmariti miwis~ daxasiaTebis Semdeg platoni hadesis
aRweras iwyebs. igi aris sivrce dedamiwis wiaRSi, sadac
droebiT sufeven gardacvlilTa sulebi.
platoni aRwers hadesis _ miwisqveSa Rrmulebis, Rrma da
farTo ufskrulebis, civi da cxeli wylebis STambeWdav suraTs,
romelic dafarulia miwis zedapirze mcxovrebTaTvis. Tavad
hadesis etimologiac Sesabamisia. `fedonSi~ igi uxilavs,
uCinars ukavSirdeba (80d6-7) (HaïdesaFides).
filosofosi gadmogvcems dedamiwis wiaRSi mimdinare
rTul geologiur procesebs, miwisqveSa wylebisa da qanebis
daudgromel bunebas (111c-112a).
`dedamiwis siRrmeSi SeWrili erT-erTi naprali gan-
sakuTrebiT mozrdilia~ (112a). Tavad platoni miuTiTebs, rom es
jer kidev homerosTan nagulisxmevi ufskrulia, romelsac
tartarossac uwodeben (Sdr. `iliada~, VIII. 13-15). tartarosi
hadesis nawilad warmoidgineba `odiseas~ gviandel SreebSi,
`fedonsa~ da `eneidaSi~. aseTivea orfikul-piTagoruli
Tvalsazrisic.
`fedonis~ mixedviT, tartarosi aris adgili, romlis
gavliTac xdeba dedamiwis wylebis maradiuli mimoqceva miwis
siRrmidan mis zedapirze da piruku.

55
igulisxmeba: : RmerTTa samflobelo..

109
 `swored am napralSi Caedineba da aqedanve gamoedineba
yvela mdinare... rodesac wyali ukuiqceva im adgilisaken,
romelsac Cven miwisqveSas veZaxiT, igi miwis siRrmeSi, iqauri
mdinareebis kalapotebSi Caedineba da maT ise avsebs, TiTqos
rwyavso... xolo rodesac iqaurobas tovebs da aqeT moemarTeba,
maSin aqaur kalapotebs avsebs... qmnis zRvebs, tbebs, mdinareebsa
da nakadulebs... iqidan kvlav dedamiwis siRrmeSi iZireba... da
isev tartarosisken miemarTeba~ (112c-d).
im nakadTagan, tartarosis gavliT rom mimoiqcevian, sa-
gangebod xasiaTdeba oTxi: okeanosi, aqeroni, piriflegeToni da
kokitosi. platoni aRwers maT saTaves da im gzas, romelsac
gaivlian dedamiwis siRrmeSi (112e-113d).
marTalia, `fedonSi~ hadesis mdinareTa aRweriloba
`iliadasa~ da `odiseas~ eyrdnoba (Sdr. `iliada~, XVIII.607;
`odisea~, X.508-516), platoni Tavisi mxatvruli Canafiqris
Sesabamisad cvlis da ganavrcobs homerosis mier daxatul
suraTs (27.285). stiqsis tba Tu Waobi, aqerusiadis tba,
aqerusiadisa da kokitosis Senakadebi ufro gviandeli war-
modgenaa, romelic `fedonSi~ aisaxa rogorc homerosis
Semdgomdroindeli Sexeduleba.
rogorc q.rouvi aRniSnavs, `fedonSi~ aRwerili sami
miwisqveSa tba qmnis dedamiwis zedapirze arsebuli,
dasaxlebuli Rrmulebis miwisqveSa analogs da TiToeuli
maTgani aris sacxovrebeli adgili sxvadasxva saxis sulTaTvis.
maSasadame, mocemul SemTxvevaSi tradiciuli warmodgena
miwisqveSa tbebis Sesaxeb imgvarad transformirdeba, rom igi
platonis esqatologiuri koncefciis erT-erTi Semadgeneli
detali xdeba.
qvesknelis mdinareTa saxelwodebani uSualo kavSirSia
maT garegnul ier-saxesTan da im funqciasTan, romelsac isini
asruleben micvalebulTa saiqio samsjavroSi. piriflegeToni
ganimarteba rogorc cecxlovani mdinare. igi `fedonSic~
cecxlmodebul tafobsa da lavas ukavSirdeba. stiqsi
sityvasityviT `sicives~, `saSinelebas~ niSnavs. am saxelwodebis
tba, `fedonis~ mixedviTac, Semzarav, moSavo-molurjo feris
tafobze iqmneba da mis wylebSi kokitosi saSinel Zalas iZens.
Tavad am nakadis saxelwodebas `tirilis~, `godebis~ mniS-
vnelobas aniWeben. `fedonSi~ swored mis napirebTan Sesa-
bralisad `yivian~ da moTqvamen micvalebulTa sulebi (7.504).
komentatorebi xSirad ayeneben sakiTxs: `fedonSi~
moTxrobili miTi fantaziad unda miviCnioT Tu faqtad? Tavad

110
dialogi sakmao masalas iZleva rogorc erTi, ise meore
TvalsazrisisaTvis. `fedonis~ miTi aris sulieri realoba,
romlis faqtobrivi arsebobac nawilobriv mtkicdeba
Tanamedrove mecnierebis monacemebiT. rogorc j.stiuarti
aRniSnavs, `zogadi sqema nawilobriv SeTanxmebulia realur
faqtebTan, nawilobriv Sevsebulia miTologiuri gamonagoniT~
(135.112).
u.gaTri SeniSnavs, rom `fedonSi~ aRwerilia qvesknelis
mdinareebi, romlebic miwis zedapirzec iCenen Tavs. amasTan
zogierT maTgans aqvs `ara marto miTiuri, aramed faqtobrivi
arsebobac~. magaliTad, aqeroni, kokitosi da aqerusiadis tba
realurad arsebobda CrdiloeT saberZneTSi, epirosSi, stiqsi
_ arkadiaSi. es ukanaskneli iyo CanCqeri, romelsac xalxurma
rwmenam mianiWa miTiuri roli. mas xedavdnen rogorc mdinares,
romelzedac qarons gadahyavda micvalebulTa sulebi. (109.361).
radgan tartarosi miTologiidan aRebuli saxelia,
r.hekforTi kategoriulad uaryofs mis wiaRTan dakavSirebul
mdinareTa realurobas. gaTris azriT, es sakamaTo sakiTxis
martivi gadawyvetaa. igi Tvlis, rom `platonis dros ar
SeiZleboda mkacri zRvari gavlebuliyo miTs (an realur
rwmenas) da mecnierul faqtad miCneul movlenas Soris... yovel
SemTxvevaSi platoni cdilobs, mecnieruli safuZveli misces
Zvel miTologias~ (109.361-362).
aristotele Tavis `meteorologiaSi~ gadmogvcems `fe-
donis~ 111c-113c striqonebis Sinaarss da Semdgom umkacresad
akritikebs maT. filosofosi kategoriulad acxadebs: `is, rac
weria `fedonSi~ mdinareebisa da zRvis Sesaxeb, SeuZlebelia~
(`meteorologia~, 355b33-356b).
aristotele asabuTebs Tavis mosazrebas. igi aRniSnavs, rom
obieqturad SeuZlebelia mdinareTa dineba win da ukan, rom
miwis zedapirsa da siRrmeSi naleqTa Tanafardoba sinamdvileSi
sxvagvaria, rom platoni arasworad xedavs dedamiwis wiaRs.
rodesac ganvixilavT `fedonis~ miTis, kerZod, ki hadesis
aRwerilobis mecnierebasTan mimarTebis sakiTxs, unda gaviT-
valiswinoT Semdegi aspeqtic _ obieqtur WeSmaritebad da
mecnierul simarTled miiCnevda Tu ara Tavad platoni yovelive
imas, rasac miwisqveSa samyaros Sesaxeb werda. miwisqveSeTis
bunebis miseul aRwerilobas sokrate axasiaTebs rogorc
`raRac aseTs, amdagvars~ (115e5-6).
maSasadame, Tavadve migvaniSnebs, rom misi monaTxrobi, SesaZloa,
arc aris obieqturi sinamdvile, xolo miTis dasasruls

111
filosofosi pirdapir migviTiTebs, rom Tavis monaTxrobs
sruliadac ar Tvlis ucilobel, obieqtur realobad (114d1-6).
Cveni azriT, ar aris gamarTlebuli `fedonSi~ asaxuli
mecnieruli codnis kritikuli Sefaseba. ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom platoni gvesaubreba rogorc miTosis mTxrobeli da ara
rogorc istorikosi an geografosi (27.283). miTi rwmenis sferos
ganekuTvneba da, amdenad, mas mecnieruli simarTlis gadmocema
ar moeTxoveba.
miTosSi SeiZleba vipovoT mecnieruli codnis calkeuli
elementebi, es SesaZleblobaa, magram ara aucilebloba.
`fedonis~ miTSi aris fantaziac, gamonagonic, tradiciuli
rwmenac da garkveuli Teoriuli codnac, im droisaTvis
arsebuli mecnieruli monacemebic, magram platonis sxva
dialogebSi warmoCenili sensaciuri mecnieruli faqtebis
fonze (ix. 133) `fedoni~ SedarebiT uferulad gamoiyureba. am
nawarmoebis miTologiis kritikuli analizis dros uTuod
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom aq amosavalia ara obieqturi, aramed
is sulieri realoba, romelsac gvixatavs platoni da
ganmsazRvrelia is zneobrivi paTosi, romliTac ganmsWvalulia
es monakveTi. amdenad, obieqturi sinamdvile da mecnieruli
monacemebi aq imdenad iCenen Tavs, ramdenadac miTis es-
qatologiuri da eTikuri Sinaarsi moiTxovs.56
mniSvelovani da sainteresoa, Tu rogor gvixatavs platoni
gardacvalebis Semdeg saaqaodan saiqioSi micvalebulTa

56
amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia `fedonis~ miTologiis mimarTeba
dantes `RvTaebriv komediasTan~. am sakiTxs j.a.stiuarti sagangebo
naSroms uZRvnis. mkvlevari dawvrilebiT ganixilavs orive nawarmoebis
saTanado adgilebs da paralels avlebs erTis mxriv, `fedonSi~
tartarosis geografiasa da WeSmarit miwas, xolo meores mxriv,
`RvTaebriv komediaSi~ jojoxeTis geografiul suraTsa da purgato-
riumis mTas Soris, romlis mwvervalzec miwieri samoTxe mdebareobs.
stiuarti asabuTebs amgvari paralelis _ sxvadasxva epoqis am ori
qmnilebis SedarebiTi analizis _ aucileblobas. misi TqmiT, `is
ostatoba, romliTac dante mecnierebas miTis samsaxurSi ayenebs,
gacxaddeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba `RvTaebrivi komediis~
mimarTeba `fedonis~ miTis geografiul-geologiur suraTTan~ (135.119).
mecnieris dakvirvebiT, platoni Tanmimdevrulad aRwers samyaros
geografiul suraTs, raTa `miwieri samoTxe~ da tartarosi realur
adgilebad warmoudginos mkiTxvels. amiT meti damajerebloba da
zemoqmedebis meti Zala eZleva imas, rasac mwerali religiuri da
zneobrivi miznebisaTvis wers. igive iTqmis dantes Sesaxebac. igi
mimarTavs mecnierebas, raTa sarwmuno gaxados Suasaukuneebis didi
qristianuli miTi.

112
gadasvlis process. `gadmogvcemen, rom TiToeul maTgans is
daimoni winamZRvrobs, romelic wilad xvda da mihyavs iq, sadac
gankiTxulni ikribebian, raTa hadess gaemarTon im winamZRolTan
erTad, romelsac aqedan iqiT maTi gadayvana evaleba~ (107d5-e2).
Tavdapirvelad unda ganisazRvros, Tu ras gulisxmobs
platoniseuli `daimoni~ ( ), vinaidan es termini mTels
berZnul samyaroSi araerTgvarovnad gaiazreba (ix. 96.179-181).
CvenTvis arsebiTia, Tu ras ganasaxierebs daimoni platonTan.
`sokrates apologiaSi~ filosofosi daimons uwodebs im
idumal da ucnaur Sinagan xmas Tu gancdas, im idumal Zalas,
romelic sxvadasxva situaciaSi mis qmedebebs gansazRvravs, mas
garkveuli gadawyvetilebebisken ubiZgebs (`apologia~, 31cd);
yovel adamians hyavs Tavisi daimoni, romelsac igi wilad ki ar
xvdeba, aramed romelsac pirovneba Tavad irCevs (`saxelmwifo~,
617de); arCeuli daimoni dahyveba adamians mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze rogorc gakeTebuli arCevanis mcveli (`saxelmwifo~
620d).
daimonis Sesaxeb platonis Sexedulebebi mis sxvadasxva
dialogSia mimofantuli. koncentrirebulad, erTiani saxiT ki
arsad gvxvdeba. TiToeuli nawarmoebi daimonis erT romelime
aspeqts warmoaCens. `fedonic~ sakmaod mwir masalas iZleva,
rasac zemoT ganxiluli fragmentic cxadyofs. aq pirdapir ar
aris miTiTebuli, Tu ras warmoadgens daimoni, magram mocemuli
konteqstidan da `sokrates apologiidan~ gamomdinare Cven
vxvdebiT, rom adamianis warmmarTvel idumal arsebasa Tu
Zalazea laparaki. `saxelmwifoSi~ daimoni aris Tavad pi-
rovnebis mier arCeuli, rac mis Tavisufal nebaze miuTiTebs,
xolo `fedonSi~ araferia naTqvami amgvari arCevanis Sesa-
Zleblobaze. daimoni aq adamianis wilxvedria. (gamoiyeneba zmna
 ( ), rac `wilad xvdomas~ niSnavs).
q.rouvi im frazas, romelSic daimonzea saubari (107d5-e2)
winamaval striqonebs (c1-d2) Seusabamebs da daaskvnis, rom
daimoni aqac, iseve rogorc `saxelmwifoSi~, adamianis mier
sicocxleSi gakeTebul arCevans unda warmoadgendes (27.267).
Cveni azriT, daimonis platoniseuli koncefciis es aspeqti
`fedonSi~ gabundovanebulia, magram dialogis saerTo
konteqstidan gamomdinare SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom am na-
warmoebSi Tavisufali arCevanis SesaZlebloba igulisxmeba.
platoni saiqio netarebis misaRwevad filosofosis cxovrebis
wess gviqadagebs, rasac araviTari azri da gamarTleba ar

113
eqneboda, adamians rom Tavisufali neba da Tavisi cxovrebis
warmmarTvelis _ daimonis _ arCevis saSualeba ar hqondes
(Tumca platonis mier zmna  -s gamoyeneba mocemuli
problemis gadaWras mainc arTulebs).
`fedonSi~ platoni imeorebs im azrs, rom yovel adamians
hyavs Tavisi wilxvedri daimoni. es farTod gavrcelebuli
Tvalsazrisi da uZvelesi tradiciis gamoxatulebaa, rasac
Tavad filosofosic miuTiTebs (107d5-e2). xolo is
Tvalsazrisi, rom es mfarveli daimoni adamians gardacvalebis
Semdeg hadesiskenac winamZRvrobs, mkvlevarTa varaudiT,
platonis mier Semotanili siaxlea, romelic logikurad
gamomdinareobs filosofosis esqatologiuri koncefciidan.
platoni adamianis amqveyniuri cxovrebis warmmarTvels rom
saiqio cxovrebaSic mis winamZRolad gvixatavs, amiT kidev
erTxel Segvaxsenebs da xazs usvams, rom adamianis saaqao
cxovreba gansazRvravs mis beds saiqioSi. Cveni azriT, savsebiT
bunebrivi da logikuria isic, rom `fedonis~ mixedviT, adamians
ukve sxva winamZRoli abrunebs hadesidan (e.i. xelaxali gan-
sxeulebisas adamians ukve sxva winamZRoli hyavs). miwisqveSeTSi
yofnis Semdeg, rac garkveuli sasjelis Sedegad sulieri
gamocdilebis SeZenas da zneobriv srulyofas gulisxmobs,
unda Seicvalos adamianis cxovrebis wesi, rac mis warmmarTvel
idumal Zalaze _ daimonzea damokidebuli. hadesSi adamianis
suli transformirebas ganicdis, Sesabamisad, ecvleba winam-
ZRolic.
hadesi warmogvidgeba rogorc Taviseburi `purgatoriumi~
(salxinebeli). aq moxvedrili sulebi Tavdapirvelad ganis-
jebian. Cadenil danaSaulTa Sesabamisad maT ekisrebaT `sas-
jeli~, romlis moxdis Semdegac isini ganiwmindebian.
micvalebulTa gansjis idea, rogorc v.burkerti miuT-
iTebs, aSkarad win uswrebs platons. es Tvalsazrisi jer kidev
homerosTan gvxvdeba (96.197-198), magram saiqio samsjavros
`fedoniseul~ koncefciaSi bevri ram, aSkarad, Tavad platonis
gamogonebaa. (mag. daimonis funqcia, romelic ukve ganvixileT da
saiqio nacvalgebis rwmena, romelsac misterialur religiebTan
dakavSirebiT SevexebiT).
cnobilia, rom `fedonSi~ pirvelad warmogvidgeba tar-
tarosi rogorc didi ufskruli dedamiwis siRrmeSi, romelsac
ori urTierTsapirispiro xvreli aqvs. am detals gadamwyveti

114
mniSvneloba eniWeba sulTa maradiuli wrebrunvis aRwerisas,57
rac dabadeba-gardacvalebis mudmiv cikls gulisxmobs.
mas Semdeg, rac micvalebulTa sulni hadess miaRweven,
ganisjebian uklebliv yvelani _ biwiernic da ubiwonic.58 isini,
romelTac zomierad icxovres, sasjels moixdian da xelaxla
gansxeuldebian (113d). miutevebeli codvebiT damZimebuli
sulebi samudamod tartarosSi aRmoCndebian (113e), xolo
sulebi, romelTac misatevebeli codvebi Caidines, aq mxolod
droebiT xvdebian (114a-b). isini, romelTac wmindad icxovres
WeSmarit miwaze mkvidrdebian, filosofiiT ganwmendilni ki
RmerTebis samkvidrebelSi gadadian (114c).
zneobrivi srulyofis mixedviT sulTa mkveTri da kate-
goriuli urTierTgamijvniT, maTi Sesaferisi samomavlo per-
speqtivebis warmoCeniT platonma unda daarwmunos adamianebi,
rom wmindad da Seuryvnelad ganvlon wuTisofeli, radgan
maTTvis `jildo keTilia da imedi didi~ (114c).
`fedonis~ daskvniTi miTi nawarmoebis arss _ sulis
ukvdavebis zogadadamianur problemas _ warmogvidgens
religiur, miTologiur-mistikur da zneobriv planSi.
logikuri da racionaluri adamianuri arsebis mxolod
erTi mxarea, romelic mistikuriTa da iracionaluriT unda
Seivsos, rom adamianma transcendenturi WeSmariteba Seimecnos.
rogorc d.uaiti aRniSnavs, `argumentacias esaWiroeba
garkveuli saxis `simRera~ (miTosi) misi wmindad diskursiuli
Sinaarsis Sesavsebad... sulis ukvdaveba unda ganmtkicdes
garkveuli miTologiuri konfiguraciebiT...~ (140)
iqneb, `fedonis~ dasasruls esqatologiuri miTis Semotana
platonis meSvide werilis (e.w. `dauwereli~ moZRvrebis) da
misterialur religiaTa suliskveTebiT unda aixsnas? rogorc
m.WeliZe aRniSnavs, `dauwereli~ filosofia platonis gagebiT,
cnobierebis im mdgomareobas ukavSirdeba, roca logikuri
Ziebis gzebi uariyofa da cnobierebaSi moqmedebas iwyebs
iracionaluri, intuiciuri wvdomis Zala~ (64.69-70).
bevri ram `fedonis~ daskvniT miTSi SeiZleba verc
ganvmartoT. ufro sworad, zogierTi detali, romelic misi

57
faqtobrivad, sulTa maradiuli wrebrunva xorcieldeba am ori
xvrelis saSualebiT.
58
cnobilia, rom vergiliusTan sulTa samefos dawvrilebiTi
aRweriloba, sasjelTa mTeli gradaciebiT, eyrdnoba homerossa da
platonis `fedons~ (Sdr. `eneida~,VI).

115
arsis srulyofili gagebisTvisaa saWiro, SeiZleba Tanamedrove
mecnierTa `maxvil Tvalsac~ ki gamoeparos, radgan miTis de-
talebi, misi qveteqsti da Sinaarsi im sulieri gamocdilebis
Sedegia, romelic saukuneTa siRrmeSi, antikurobaSive da-
karguli da Tanamedrove adamianebisTvis miuRwevelia. mxolod
imdenad gavSifravT `fedonis~ miTologiur-mistikur plans,
ramdenadac antikurobis sulier da religiur gamocdilebas
varT naziarebi.
dReisaTvis aRiarebulia sulis ukvdavebis `fedoniseuli~
argumentaciis arasrulyofili xasiaTi (ix. `fedoni~ da
platonis filosofia), magram am `logikuri naklis~ miuxedavad,
udidesi iyo misi zemoqmedebis Zala, rasac bevrwilad es es-
qatologiuri miTic ganapirobebda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
dialogis es pasaJi mxatvruli TvalsazrisiTac gamorCeulia
(ix. `fedoni~ rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebi).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `fedonis~ daskvniT miTs
garkveulwilad `filosofiuri mniSvnelobac~ aqvs. ara mxolod
imitom, rom masSi mocemulia dialogis filosofiuri prob-
lematikis, anu sulis ukvdavebis religiur-miTologiuri in-
terpretacia, e.i. xdeba misi ilustrireba miTologiuri
saxeebisa da mistikuri warmodgenebis saSualebiT, aramed
imitomac, rom masSi areklilia ideaTa Teoria. garda amisa, aq
sokrate kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs im sakiTxebs, romelTa
Sesaxebac igi dialogis dasawyisSi, `Tavdacvisas~ gvesaubreba.
Cveni msjelobis dasasruls zemoTqmuls SevajamebT da
SevecdebiT ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba `fedonis~
daskvniTi miTi.
1) misi saSualebiT platons logikuri azrovnebidan
mistikis sferoSi gadavyevarT. gvixsnis sulier Tvals, radgan
WeSmariteba mxolod mSrali logikuri operaciebiT ar
Semecneba.
2) masSi koncentrirebulia platonis esqatologiuri
koncefcia.
3) igi sulier faseulobebze orientirebas, zneobasa da
swori cxovrebis wess gviqadagebs.
4) gvTavazobs mocemuli nawarmoebis filosofiuri
problematikis Tavisebur sailustracio masalas. `fedonis~
miTi am dialogis racionaluri msjelobis iracionalur eqod
SeiZleba warmovidginoT.
5) igi gvevlineba racionaluri argumentaciis damxmare
masalad, mis mxardamWerad.

116
 6) daskvniTi miTi bevrwilad ganapirobebs `fedonis~
emociuri zemoqmedebis Zalas, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, ise
mxatvruli formis TvalsazrisiT.
bunebrivia, rom platons SemTxveviT ar mouTavsebia es miTi
dialogis dasasrulisTvis, filosofiuri argumentaciis
Semdeg, sokrates sikvdilis aRweramde. Cveni azriT, zemoT
CamoTvlili ramdenime faqtori ara mxolod miTis mizan-
dasaxulobas gansazRvravs, aramed mis adgilmdebareobasac
ganapirobebs. Txrobis miTologiur-mistikuri planis aSkarad
Semotana, garkveuli filosofiuri Canafiqris ilustracia Tu
metaforuli Sexseneba platons mxolod racionaluri argu-
mentaciis dasrulebis Semdeg sWirdeba. garda amisa, es
yvelaferi sokrates gardacvalebamde unda Semoitanos
TxrobaSi, rom ar dairRves nawarmoebis dramatuli CarCo da
moqmedebis ganviTarebis Sinagani logika. dialogis dasawyisSi
ganisazRvreba fedonis mizani _ man sokrates ukanaskneli
saaTebisa da gardacvalebis Sesaxeb unda gviambos. Sesabamisad,
nawarmoebi am movlenis aRweriT unda dagvirgvindes. garda
amisa, mkiTxvelma jer esqatologiuri miTi unda moisminos,
xolo Semdeg unda aRiweros sokrates gardacvaleba. msmeneli
azrobrivad da sulierad momzadebuli unda Sexvdes am faqts,
rom sworad Seafasos filosofosis ganwyoba sawamlavis
dalevis win, rom sworad gansazRvros misi sikvdilis Semdgomi
bedi.
Tumca `fedonis~ miTologiaze vmsjelobT, ZiriTadad,
nawarmoebis dasasruls mocemuli monumenturi miTidan gam-
omdinare, fragmentuli miTologiuri informacia mTels
dialogSia mimofantuli _ vgulisxmobT platonis mier
sxvadasxva konteqstSi, sxvadasxva mizniT moxmobil calkeul
miTologiur saxeebs. maT mniSvnelobis imdeni niuansi gaaCniaT
da imdenad mravalferovani funqciebi akisriaT, rom TiTqmis
SeuZlebelia `fedonis~ fragmentuli miTologiuri infor-
maciis sistemuri analizi.
Tavdapirvelad mokled mimovixilavT platonis mier
gamoyenebul miTologiur aluziebs da ganvsazRvravT Ti-
Toeuli maTganis rolsa da daniSnulebas mocemul konteqstSi.
xolo dasasrul, analizisas gamovlenili kanonzomierebis
safuZvelze SevecdebiT miTologiuri saxeebiT sargeblobisas
`fedonSi~ moqmedi zogadi principis dadgenas.

117
 1) nawarmoebis dasawyisSi irkveva, rom sokrate ganaCenis
gamotanisTanave ar dasjila. sasjelis aRsruleba aTenelebma
uZvelesi wes-Cveulebis gamo gadaavades.
rogorc fedonis monaTxrobidan vigebT, rodesac Tesevsi
minotavrisaTvis gankuTvnil Svid wyvil qal-vaJTan erTad
kretaze gaemarTa, aTenelebma apolons aRuTqves, rom maTi
gadarCenis SemTxvevaSi, yovelwliurad wminda elCobas
gagzavnidnen delosze, vinaidan es kunZuli apolonis sam-
Soblod iTvleboda.
Tesevsma minotavri mokla da aTenelebi gansacdelisgan
ixsna. maT aRTqma ar daurRveviaT da mas Semdeg yovel wels
miemarTeboda wminda misia delosisaken. arsebobda kanoni, rom
manam, sanam gemi kunZuls ar miaRwevda da ukan ar dabrundeboda,
qalaqi unda ganwmendiliyo, ris gamoc ikrZaleboda vinmes
sikvdiliT dasja.
es religiuri rituali iwyeboda im dRes, rodesac
apolonis qurumi gvirgviniT Seamkobda delosisken warsagzavni
xomaldis kiCos, rac sokrates sasamarTlos wina dRes moxda
kidec. filosofosis dasja garkveuli droiT gadaido.59
Cvens winaSe dgeba sakiTxi, Tu ratom aris gamoyenebuli,
ras gviCvenebs da riTia mniSvnelovani `fedonis~ es miTolo-
giuri preludia. iseTi STabeWdilebac ki SeiZleba dagvrCes,
rom platonma mwerluri fantaziiT ganzrax gamoigona delosis
misiis epizodi, rogorc sababi sapyrobileSi Semdgari di-
alogisa. mocemul SemTxvevaSi miTosis moxmoba platons,
aSkarad, konkretuli faqtis da movlenis asaxsnelad dasWirda.
misi saSualebiT ganimarta, Tu ratom, ris safuZvelze igzavneba
`Teoria~ _ religiuri misia _ delosSi da ratom gadaido
sokrates dasja.
amave dros platonis mier moyvanili ganmarteba SeiZleba
arc iyos mxolod realuri faqtis asaxva, meqanikuri movlena,
romelmac teqnikurad Seaferxa ganaCenis aRsruleba. delosis
religiur misiasa da sokrates bed-iRbals Soris Sinagani
kavSiric SeiZleba davinaxoT.
sayuradReboa q.rouvis dakvirveba. platoni konkretulad
arafers ambobs Tesevsis gmirobaze. ar miuTiTebs, rom man
minotavri mokla, ris Semdegac damkvidrda delosis rituali,
aramed xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom Tesevsma `sakuTari Tavic ixsna

59
qsenofontis miTiTebiT, 30 dRiT. vilamovic-molendorfi miuTiTebs,
rom mocemuli rituali unda Semdgariyo buniobis momdevno Tves (141.117).

118
da sxvebic~ (58b1). aq gabundovanebulia sagmiro saqme da
aqcentirebulia Tavad gmiri, rogorc sakuTari Tavisa da
sxvebis mxsneli, rac Zalauneburad sokrates pirovnebasa da mis
sulier misias gvaxsenebs (27.109). e.i. mocemul monakveTSi
erTgvari alegoriac SeiZleba SevniSnoT.
`fedonis~ es e.w. miTologiuri preludia aTenis religiur
cxovrebasa da sulier atmosferosac warmoaCens. rogorc Cans,
miTologia da masze dafuZnebuli religiuri wes-Cveuleba
imdenad mniSvnelovania aTenelTa sulieri cxovrebisTvis, rom
igi TviT uzenaesi samoqalaqo kanonis aRsrulebazec ki axdens
gavlenas (140.27).
d.gelopis savsebiT misaRebi dakvirvebiT, `fedonis~ es
pirveli miTologiuri CanarTi or mniSvnelovan religiur
Temasac aRZravs. esenia: 1) RmerTis mimarT adamianis samsaxuri
da 2) ganwmenda (26.75). aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc erTi, ise meore
religiuri Tema laitmotivad gasdevs mTels dialogs. e.i. am
miTologiur preludiaSi Tavs iCens motivebi, romlebic
mZlavrad aJRerdebian Tavad dialogSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ra damatebiTi aspeqtic ar unda
movuZebnoT miTs Tesevsisa da delosis wminda elCobis Sesaxeb,
TxrobaSi misi CarTva, arsebiTad, moqmedebis ganviTarebis
aucileblobiTaa ganpirobebuli
2) dapirispirebulTa urTierTgadasvlis Sesaxeb saubrisas
sokrate aRniSnavs: mxolod Zili rom arsebobdes da mas
gaRviZeba rom ar awonasworebdes, maSin Tqmuleba endimionis
Sesaxeb azrs dakargavda da sisulele aRmoCndeboda, imitom,
rom sxva yvelaferic Zils miecemodao (72b7-c2).
`fedonis~ mocemul konteqstSi platonis logika aseTia:
Zils rom gaRviZeba ar mosdevdes, maSin yvelaferi ZilSi
dainTqmeboda da miTic endimionis maradiuli Zilis Sesaxeb
azrs dakargavda, radgan es gmiri sxvebisgan gamorCeuli aRar
iqnebodao.
mocemuli miTologiuri saxe uSualod filosofiur
msjelobaSia CarTuli da gamoyenebulia rogorc maradiuli
Zilis simbolo.
3) filosofosis cxovrebis wesze saubrisas sokrate
aRniSnavs, rom mas Semdeg, rac filosofosi Tavis suls
gainTavisuflebs, kvlav sixaruls da mwuxarebas ar unda mieces,
xelaxla ar unda Seiborkos Tavi, `ar unda akeTos penelopes
dausrulebeli saqme, romelic gauTaveblad arRvevda ukve
moqsovils~ (84a2-6)(`odisea~, II,92-105).

119
 mocemul SemTxvevaSi penelopes miTi moxmobilia rogorc
dausrulebeli saqmis, Caketili wris simbolo.
4) mas Semdeg, rac sokrate daasrulebs arguments
`msgavsebidan~ gamomdinare da vidre simiasisa da kebesis
kontrargumentebs moismendes, filosofosi kvlav miTologiur
aluziebs mimarTavs. `Tqven geCvenebaT, rom me gedebze naklebi
winaswarmetyveli var, romlebic sikvdilis moaxloebas rom
grZnoben, maSin mRerian yvelaze xmamaRla da momxibvlelad.
xaroben, rom unda eaxlon RmerTs, romelsac emsaxurebian...~
(84e3-85a3) sikvdilis win isini mwuxarebis gamo rodi mRerian,
rogorc es adamianebs hgoniaT, `aramed vfiqrob, rom isini
apolons emsaxurebian, winaswarmetyvelni arian da winaswar
xedaven im sikeTes, romelic maT hadesSi elis...~ (85a8-b4) arc
bulbuli, mercxali da ofofi mRerian mwuxarebisa da glovis
gamo... (85a7-8) `mec gedebis mbrZaneblis mona var. arc
winaswarWvretis maTze naklebi unari moucia CemTvis mbr-
Zanebels da arc maTze ufro mwuxare vSordebi wuTisofels~
(85b4-7).
bunebrivia, sokrate SemTxveviT ar miiCnevs sakuTar Tavs im
RmerTis msaxurad, romelsac saberZneTSi gzebis, mgzavrebisa da
mezRvaurebis mfarvelad Tvlidnen. filosofosi xSirad aR-
niSnavs, rom misi cxovreba gardacvalebisTvis, anu
`mgzavrobisTvis, mogzaurobisaTvis~ ( )
mzadebaa. amdenad, mas Tavis sicocxleSi upirvelesad apolonis
mfarveloba sWirdeba da misi msaxureba marTebs.
arsebobs sxvagvari Tvalsazrisic. sokrate Tavis Tavs
apolonis anu winaswarmetyvelebis RmerTis msaxurs uwodebs,
radgan filosofosi apolonis sxva msaxurebis (mag. piTias, ti-
resiasis da kalqantis) msgavsad winaswar ganWvrets momavals.
gedi apolonis wminda frinvelad iTvleboda (homerosis
XXI himni). arsebobda legenda sikvdilis win misi samgloviaro
simReris Sesaxebac.
amave monakveTSi moxseniebuli bulbuli, mercxali da
ofofic cnobili miTis aluziaa (ovidiusi, `metamorfozebi~;
VI.424-674).
tradiciulad am etiologiur miTSi bulbulis galoba
dedis tirilad aRiqmeboda, mercxlis Wyivili ki _ munjis
luRluRad, magram platonma `fedonSi~ diametralurad gan-
sxvavebulad, araordinalurad gaiazra es miTologiuri
saxeebi. maT STambeWdavi da moulodneli transformacia

120
ganicades. bulbulis, mercxlisa da ofofis simRera
filosofosma glovas ki ara, sixaruls daukavSira, Tumca
TavianTi bed-iRblidan gamomdinare ufro mosalodneli iyo,
rom maT tkivilisa da mwuxarebis gamo emReraT.
tradiciul Tqmulebas aq platoni, Cveulebisamebr, Tavisi
miznebis Sesabamisad saxes ucvlis da Tavis mwerlur Canafiqrs
moargebs _ legenda esqatologiur prizmaSi gardatydeba.
am miTologiur saxeTa saSualebiT platoni kidev erTxel
warmoaCens sokrates filosofiur da cxovrebiseul kredos.
garda amisa TxrobaSi Semoaqvs mistikuri ganzomileba, ira-
cionaluri sawyisi da TiTqos Segvaxsenebs, rom WeSmaritebis
Secnobis gzaze gonebis Tanmxlebi mistika _ xilvebi da
winaswarmetyvelebaa. arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom mocemul
monakveTSi am miTologiuri aluziebis saSualebiT platoni
niadags amzadebs daskvniTi vizioneruli miTisaTvis. masSi xom
swored sokrates winaswarmetyveluri niWi da RvTaebrivi codna
unda iyos gacxadebuli.
dialogis procesSi garkveul azramde Tu daskvnamde
misasvlelad sokrate meti sicxadisa da TvalsaCinoebisTvis
xSirad mimarTavs ara mxolod realur faqtebsa da fizikur
movlenebs, aramed miTologiur personaJebsa da ambebsac, rac
kidev erTxel migvaniSnebs, rom miTologia platonisTvis
imdenad angariSgasawevi sulieri realobaa, rom filosofoss
dasaSvebad miaCnia misi moxmoba garkveuli azris naTelsayofad.
5) sulis harmoniulobis Teoriis gabaTilebis Semdeg
sokrate mimarTavs fedons, rom meore dRes mas, SesaZloa, Tavisi
lamazi kululebis SeWra60 mouwios (89b4-5), magram Tu sokrates
sityvebis WeSmaritebaSi darwmundeba, maSin amis gakeTeba aRar
dasWirdeba (89b7). filosofosis TqmiT, igi fedonis adgilas
rom yofiliyo da mtkicebuleba rom xelidan dasxltomoda,
maSin argoselebis darad fics dasdebda da manam ar gaizrdida
Tmebs, sanam simiasisa da kebesis Tvalsazriss ar daamarcxebda
(89c1-4).
amis Semdeg filosofoss fedoni Seepasuxeba, oris
winaaRmdeg heraklec ki uZluriao. maSin sokrate urCevs, rom igi
iolaosad ixmos megobarma, razec fedoni miugebs, rom igi,
rogorc iolaosi, ixmobs sokrates _ rogorc herakles (89c5-10).

60
uZvelesi tradiciis Tanaxmad, berZnebi Tmebs glovis niSnad iWridnen.
(ix. `iliada~, XXIII.141; herodote, `istoria~, 82,7).

121
 mivaqcioT yuradReba, Tu ras miiCnevs sokrate samwuxaro,
samgloviaro faqtad. filosofosis azriT, Tmis SeWra da glova
misi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi ki ar egebis, aramed maSin, Tu is ver
gaabaTilebs siamisisa da kebesis kontrargumentebs da sulis
ukvdavebis damtkicebas ver SeZlebs.
berZnul tradiciebsa da gadmocemebze miniSnebiT, maTi
saSualebiT sokrate kidev erTxel, amjerad alegoriulad
daafiqsirebs Tavis poziciasa da mrwamss.
berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, lernes hidrasTan
brZolis dros herakles heram miuvlina giganturi kibo, ro-
melsac gmirma iolaosis saSualebiT sZlia. dialogis mocemul
konteqstSi miTis analogiiT fedonis mier miniSnebuli ori
mowinaaRmdege, uTuod, simiasi da kebesi unda iyvnen, 61 xolo
sokrates sityvebi, rom igi ise daexmareba fedons, rogorc
iolaosi _ herakles, aSkarad, sokrateseuli ironiis nimuSia.
iolaosma xom mxolod umniSvnelo daxmareba gauwia masze
gacilebiT ufro Zlevamosil herakles. mocemul SemTxvevaSi
platoni mimarTavs miTologiur saxes sokrates saubris stilis
aqcentirebisaTvis.
6) argumentaciis erT-erT gadamwyvet etapze sokrate
gaabaTilebs simiasis mier SemoTavazebul Teorias _ suli
rogorc harmonia. vidre kebesis eWvebis gaqarwylebasac
Seudgebodes da daamtkicebdes, rom suli sxeulidan ganTa-
visuflebis Semdegac arasodes ispoba, sokrate siamovnebiT
SeniSnavs: `Tebel harmonias, rogorc Cans, rogorRac guli
movulbeT, magram kadmosi rogorRa gadmovibiroT?~ (95a4-6).
kadmosi Tebes miTiuri damaarsebeli, xolo harmonia misi
meuRle, imavdroulad aresisa da afrodites qaliSvilia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom simiasi da kebesi warmoSobiT swored maTi
samflobelodan, Tebedan arian. unda vivaraudoT, rom am or
miTologiur personaJs platoni metaforulad mimarTavs. 62
mocemul konteqstSi sityvaTa TamaSic aSkaraa (Teoria: suli
rogorc harmonia da Tebeli harmonia).

61
Tumca arsebobs alternatiuli Tvalsazrisic. k.dorteris azriT, aq
SeiZleba vigulisxmoT 1) simiasisa da kebesis aliansi ukvdavebis
winaaRmdeg da 2) aqedan gamomdinare misologiis (sityvaTmoZuleobis)
safrTxe (26.153).
62
am mosazrebas mxars uWers q.rouvis filologiuri dakvirvebac, rom
mocemul frazaSi gamoyenebuli sityva ` ~ metaforulobas
migvaniSnebs (27.227).

122
 d.gelopi `saxumaro aluzias~ xedavs aq ganxilul Te-
oriasa da harmonias, kadmosis meuRles Soris, romelic simiasis
argumentis personifikaciad miaCnia (26.147). SesaZlebelia am
sakiTxis sxvagvari gaazrebac, romelic mxolod umniSvnelod
gansxvavdeba mocemuli Tvalsazrisisgan.
Cveni azriT, qalRmerT harmonias xsenebisas sokrate
metaforulad simiasze migvaniSnebs. filosofosi harmoni-
ulobis Teorias damajereblad amarcxebs, simiass daiyoliebs,
e.i. qalRmerT harmonias guls moulbobs. amis Semdeg kadmosis,
anu kebesis gadmobirebaRa rCeba.
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi arsebobs am monakveTis wmindad
mistikuri, SesaZloa momxiblavi, magram arc Tu damajerebeli
ganmartebac. d.uaitis azriT, aq is igulisxmeba, rom qalRmerT
harmonias STagonebiT moxda simiasis Teoriis damarcxeba.
magram Tu sokrate qalRmerTisaTvis gulis molbobaSi misgan
miRebul impulss gulisxmobs, maSin kadmosis gadmobireba
risTvisRa sWirdeba? is xom RvTaebrivi Zalmosilebis mqone
(RmerTi an qalRmerTi) ar aris da mas xom igives gakeTeba ar
SeuZlia?
7) saganTa mizezis Ziebisas sokrate upirispirdeba
naturfilosofosebs, romlebic samyaroSi im Zalas ki ver
xedaven, romelmac RvTaebrivi ZalmosilebiT yvelaferi sau-
keTesod ganalaga, aramed eZeben am Zalaze ufro Zlier, ukvdav
da samyaros kidev ufro ukeT Semakavebel atlass (99c1-5) (mis
Sesaxeb ix. `odisea~, I.53; `Teogonia~, 517-520,746).
mocemul SemTxvevaSi platoni miTologiur masalas
iyenebs imisaTvis, rom daupirispirdes da gaemijnos
naturfilososfosTa warmodgenebs. miTologiuri atlasi aq
warmogvidgeba rogorc samyaros momwesrigebeli da
yvelafrisaTvis sazRvris damdebi Zalis simbolo. mocemul
monakveTSi platoni mogvaniSnebs, rom naturfilosofosebi
realur, WeSmarit atlass anu samyaros Semakavebel realur
Zalas ki ver xedaven, aramed eZieben da mcdarad imedovneben, rom
odesme masze ufro Zlier atlass, anu Sesabamis Zalas miagneben.
8) dialogis dasasruls, sawamlavis dalevis Semdeg
sokrate Tavisi ukanaskneli sityvebiT mimarTavs megobars:
`kriton, mamali gvmarTebs asklepiosisaTvis, SeswireT, nu
dagaviwydebaT~ (118a7-8).
asklepiosi, apolonisa da koronisis vaJi, mkurnalobis
RmerTad iTvleboda, romelsac adamianebi gamojanmrTelebisas
mamals swiravdnen xolme.

123
 arsebobs am miTologiuri aluziis sxvadasxvagvari in-
terpretaciebi, (romlebic s.gils, vilamovic-molendorfs,
r.hekforTs, d.gelops, q.rouvsa da sxvebs ekuTvnis ix.: 26.225;
27.296), magram `fedonis~ saerTo konteqstidan da platonis
mxatvruli principebidan gamomdinare Cven tradiciul in-
terpretacias vemxrobiT. savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom platonma
sikvdilis win filosofoss aTqmevina sityvebi, romlebiTac ara
pirdapir, deklaraciulad, aramed gadataniT, iribad, kidev
erTxel Segvaxsena nawarmoebis arsi _ suli ukvdavia da
filosofiiT ganwmendilTaTvis sikvdili sxeulebriv vne-
baTagan, cxovrebiseuli senisgan ganTavisuflebas moaswavebs.
zemoT ganxilul miTologiur aluziaTagan gamomdinare,
ra SeiZleba iTqvas `fedonSi~ maT mxatvrul funqciasa da
daniSnulebaze? rogorc davinaxeT, calkeuli miTologiuri
personaJi Tu movlena am dialogSi SeiZleba iyos:
1) moqmedebis ganviTarebis ganmapirobebeli faqtori;
2) garkveuli filosofiuri debulebis paradigma an misi
simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatuleba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ra mizniTac ar unda mimarTavdes platoni
miTologiur saxeebs, ra funqciasac ar unda akisrebdes maT,
nebismier SemTxvevaSi isini acocxleben da alamazeben Txrobas,
mas ufro gamomsaxvels, amaRelvebelsa da STambeWdavs xdian.
organulad Tavsdebian azris logikur mdinarebaSi da arasodes
gvevlinebian ufunqcio, garegnul samkaulad. isini `...albaT
mainc, Rrma simboloebad unda miviCnioT, romelTac Znelad Tu
gavmijnavT obieqtur-ontologiuri msjelobisgan~ (78.560).
`fedonidan~ miTologiuri fragmentebi rom amoviRoT,
nawarmoebi dakargavs mxatvrul Rirebulebas da emociuri
zemoqmedebis Zalas. igi gacilebiT ufro uferuli da usaxuric
ki gaxdeba. Sesustdeba dialogis moraluri paTosi da sulieri
Sinaarsi. da garkveulwilad, TviT logikuri argumentaciac ki
gauferuldeba.

`fedoni~ da misterialuri religiebi

platonisa da misterialuri religiebis ur-
TierTmimarTebis kvlevam cxadyo, rom erTis mxriv, platonis
qmnilebebi xels uwyobs religiis istoriis Seswavlas, xolo
meores mxriv, Tavad religiis istoria platonis Semoqmedebis
ukeT gaazrebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

124
 berZnuli religiis erT-erTi yvelaze avtoritetuli
mkvlevari, v.burkerti Tavis naSromebSi sxva avtorTa cnobebisa
da arqeologiuri masalis garda, Zalian xSirad platonis
memkvidreobasac eyrdnoba, radgan filosofosi klasikur sa-
berZneTSi misterialur religiaTa Teoriuli safuZvlebis karg
codnas amJRavnebs. ZiriTadad, `gorgiasi~, `menoni~, `krati-
losi~, `fedoni~, `nadimi~, `fedrosi~, `timeosi~, `saxelmwifo~
da, nawilobriv, sxva dialogebic saintereso da xSirad
unikalur informacias awvdian Zveli berZnuli religiis
mkvlevars.
platonis nawarmoebebSi reliefurad warmoCnda orfizmis,
piTagoreizmisa da dionises kultis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, sulis
ukvdavebisa da metemfsiqozis idea, sikvdilis Semdgomi
cxovrebis rwmena, ganwmendisa da xeldasxmis ritualebi,
misteriebi _ maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli saiqio netarebis mo-
lodiniTa da imediT, daimonis cneba Tu kerZo kultebTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (ix. 95; 96).
ra SeiZleba iTqvas platonis `fedonisa~ da misterialur
religiaTa urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb? am dialogTan pirveli,
Zalian zedapiruli Sexebac ki cxadyofs, rom igi scildeba
logikisa da racionaluri argumentaciis sferos. nawarmoebis
warmmarTveli mxolod dialeqtikuri msjeloba da logikuri
operaciebi rodia. Tu `fedonis~ safuZvlad da mis mamoZravebel
Zalad mxolod logikasa da dialeqtikas miviCnevT, maSin aq
bevri ram CvenTvis auxsneli da gaugebari darCeba. `fedonis~
kvlevisas uTuod unda gaviTvaliswinoT is gavlena, romelic
orfikul-piTagorulma doqtrinebma da misterialurma reli-
giebma platonis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze moaxdines.
`fedonSi~ racionaluri argumentaciis fonze aqa-iq
gaielvebs xolme misterialur religiaTa iracionaluri
suliskveTeba. am dialogiT xom wmindad iracionaluri _ sulis
ukvdaveba _ racionaluris gziT unda damtkicdes. platonis
`fedonis~ mistikuri suliskveTebis ganxilva am dialogis
srulyofili Seswavlis umniSvnelovanes pirobad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos.
`fedonis~ mkvlevarisTvis mniSvnelovania ara misteri-
aluri religiis is codna, romelsac platoni mocemul di-
alogSi amJRavnebs, aramed am misterialuri nakadis dan-
iSnuleba. Cvens naSromSi Tavdapirvelad mivuTiTebT `fedonSi~
warmodgenil misterialur religiaTagan momdinare ramdenime
ZiriTad motivs, ganvixilavT saTanado pasaJebs da SevecdebiT

125
warmovaCinoT, Tu ra aspeqtebiTa da ra funqciiT iCens Tavs
maTSi misterialur religiaTa gavlena.
upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom `fedonis~ saerTo
suliskveTebas gansazRvravs misteriaTa sakraluri arsi _
imqveyniuri cxovrebis saamo imedi da maradiulobisken
dauokebeli da amaRlebuli swrafva.
`fedoni~ eZRvneba sulis ukvdavebas, romelic dramatul
planSi demonstrirebulia sikvdilis mimarT sokrates
damokidebulebiT, risi msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvelic
swored misterialuri religiebia.
sikvdilis winaSe Tavisi simamacis gamarTlebasa da
filosofosis raobis gansazRvras rom iwyebs, sokrate mi-
uTiTebs, rom igi ar Relavs sikvdilis win, radgan aRsavsea
keTili imediT _ ( ) `rom rogorc
ZvelTaganve ambobdnen
( ), gardacvlil-
TaTvis arsebobs raRac, rac keTilTaTvis gacilebiT ukeTesia,
vidre borotTaTvis~ (63c4-7). sokrate imedovnebs, rom sikvdilis
Semdeg gaemarTeba brZen RmerTebTan, yvelaze keTil mbr-
ZaneblebTan, gardacvlil adamianebTan, romlebic aq myofebze
ukeTesebi arian (63b6-c3).
am monakveTSi pirvelad warmoCndeba imqveyniuri
cxovrebisa da saiqio nacvalgebis rwmena, romelic laitmo-
tivad gasdevs filosofosis raobis `fedoniseul~ koncefcias
da reliefurad warmoCndeba dialogis daskvniT miTSi. rogorc
vxedavT, sokrate Tavad miuTiTebs, rom es warmodgenebi
ZvelTagan momdinarea. u.gaTri aq misterialur religiaTaTvis
Cveul dapirebas xedavs (109.338). Cveni azriT, mocemul Sem-
TxvevaSi nakleb mniSvnelovania is, Tu saidan momdinareobs
imqveyniuri cxovrebisa da nacvalgebis rwmena da ufro
arsebiTia is faqti, rom es warmodgena berZnul filosofiaSi
platonis mier Semotanili siaxlea.
`fedonidan~ gamomdinare SegviZlia vilaparakoT elinur
msoflmxedvelobaSi momxdar arsebiT Zvrebze, romlis sa-
fuZvelic misterialuri religiebi da orfikul-piTagoruli
moZRvreba, Sesabamisad, egvipturi da aRmosavluri sulieri
memkvidreobaa.
`fedonis~ mixedviT, miwieri cxovreba aris WeSmariti
cxovrebis preludia. igi sxva araferia, Tu ara sikvdilisaTvis
mzadeba. `fedonis~ suliskveTebas exmianeba evripides sityvebi:
`vin icis, iqneb sococxle sikvdilia,
126
 xolo sikvdili _ sicocxle?~
imqveyniuri cxovrebis rwmena da molodini, saiqiosa da
saaqaos amgvari mimarTeba cota ar iyos ucxoa antikuri
tradiciisaTvis. platonamde yvela poetisa Tu moazrovnisaTvis
amqveyniuri cxovreba iyo erTaderTi WeSmaritad faseuli da
ueWveli ram; adamianuri imedebi da ocnebebi mxolod saaqaos,
Cvens grZnobad arsebobas ukavSirdeboda.
gavixsenoT, Tundac, homerosis epoqis msoflaRqma,
rodesac amqveyniur arsebobas mkveTrad upirispirdeboda
sulTa uazro boriali miwisqveSeTSi. aqilevsi micvalebulTa
mefobas Raribi glexis mojamagireobas amjobinebda (`odisea~,
XI).
platonTan amqveyniuri realoba ararealuri xdeba im
uxilavi da maradiuli samyaros fonze, romelic pirvelx-
arisxovnad miiCneva. `ego~ koncentrirebulia ukvdav sulze,
romelic misTvis ucxo sxeulSia datyvevebuli. am samyarodan
gaRwevis survili laitmotivad gasdevs mis Semoqmedebas (mag. ix.
`Teeteti~ 176ab).
misterialur religiaTagan momdinare motivebi `fedonis~
msoflmxedvelobis qvakuTxeds qmnis da warmodgenilia ara
deklaraciulad, aramed, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, dramatuli
formiT. maT safuZvelze aagebs platoni filosofiuri
cxovrebis koncefcias, romelic nawarmoebis erT-erT wamyvan
Temad gvevlineba.
vin aris filosofosi da ras niSnavs filosofosoba
`fedonis~ mixedviT? ra moTxovnebs uyenebs platoni
filosofoss da rogor xedavs misi cxovrebis gzas?
filosofosis mizani aris WeSmaritebis Semecneba, codnis
mopoveba, magram ratom aris es mizani esoden mimzidveli da
sasurveli? da rogor, ra gziT, ris fasad aRwevs mas
filosofosi? am kiTxvebze pasuxs platoni misterialur
religiaTagan gamomdinare gascems, anu nawarmoebis erT-erT
ZiriTad motivs _ filosofiuri cxovrebis koncefcias _
misterialur saburvelSi gaaxvevs.
`fedonis~ mixedviT, namdvili filosofosi aris is, vinc
WeSmaritebis Semecnebasa da codnis mopovebas eswrafvis, magram
am gzaze mas sxeuli abrkolebs, radgan codnis mopoveba
SesaZlebelia mxolod sulis sxeulidan gamijvnis, anu sik-
vdilis Semdeg. WeSmariti filosofosi mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze Tavs izRudavs sxeulebrivi vnebebisgan da uSiSrad

127
egebeba sikvdils, radgan icis, rom saiqioSi RmerTTa Soris
damkvidrdeba.
sulis ukvdavebis, sikvdilis Semdgomi cxovrebisa da
saiqio nacvalgebis rwmena, platonis epistemologiuri naazrevi
da sulisa da sxeulis dualizmi, asketuri cxovrebisaken
mowodeba da ganwmendis cneba qmnis filosofosis `fedoniseul~
koncefcias, romelSic ramdenjerme _ xan aSkarad, pirdapir, xan
ki Sefarulad, iribad _ gaielvebs is azri, rom es yvelaferi
aris ara sokrates mier Semotanili siaxle da misi naazrevi,
aramed is, rac mas ZvelTaganve, sxva moZRvrebaTagan smenia.
filosofosis pirovnebisa da misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb
Tavisi msjelobis dasasruls sokrate daufaravad acxadebs,
rom misi Tvalsazrisi ukavSirdeba uZveles misteriebs
( ),63 rom misi azriT, WeSmariti filosofosi
SeiZleba iniciaciis gziT ganwmendilTan gavaigivoT.
`SesaZloa, arc Tu ise martivni ( ) iyvnen
isini, vinc Cven misteriebi ( ) dagvidgina da
ZvelTaganve farulad gagvimxiles (gadakrulad migvaniSnes)
( ...), rom vinc uziarebeli
(
 ) Cava hadesSi, sibinZureSi ( )
aRmoCndeba, xolo ganwmendili ( ) da zi-
arebuli ( ) RmerTTa Soris damkvidrdeba.
vinaidan rogorc misteriebTan dakavSirebiT
(  ) amboben, ferula bevrs moaqvs
( ), xolo bakxosis qurumi ( ) ki
cotaa. xolo es ukanasknelni, Cemi azriT, sxva aravin ar arian,
Tu ara WeSmariti filosofosni. da mec, SeZlebisdagvarad,
sicocxleSi arafers vaklebdi da vcdilobdi, rom erT-erTi
maTgani gavmxdariyavi~ (69b8-d4).

63
u. gaTri sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom am terminis inglisuri ekvivalenti
ar arsebobs. igi Cveulebriv iTargmneba rogorc initiations (27.338).
evripides `bakxi qalebis~ Targmnisas z. kiknaZem moiZia Zveli qarTuli
sityva `nasruli~ _ `warmarTni, romelTa aswaveben saidumloTa
eSmakisaTa~ (saba). aqedan gamomdinare mTargmneli sityvas `nasruloba~
xmarobs berZnuli  -is mniSvnelobiT (`saidumloebaSi zi-
areba~, misteria), rac niSnavs `gansrulebas~ (`dasasruls~) (1.32).
vinaidan `telete~, `misteria~ wmindad berZnuli religiuri movlenaa da
qarTul samyaroSi misi Sesatyvisi rituali da, Sesabamisad, misi
aRmniSvneli adekvaturi termini ar mogveZeveba, am sityvis gad-
moqarTulebisgan Cven Tavs vikavebT.

128
 misteriaTa sakraluri codna aq gamorCeuli mowiwebiTa da
krZalviT moixsenieba. sokrates sityvebSi saidumlo
moZRvrebaTa idumali Zalmosileba igrZnoba.
TiTqmis andazad qceuli orfikuli leqsis safuZvelze
wers platoni, rom rogorc misteriebTan dakavSirebiT amboben:
`ferula bevrs moaqvs, xolo bakxosis qurumi ki cotaa~ _
`
 ~ (69c9-d1). marTalia, aq naxsenebia bakxosis saxeli,
magram amisda miuxedavad, mkvlevarni Tvlian, rom filosofosi
gulisxmobs xeldasxmasTan dakavSirebul rituals zogadad da
ara konkretulad bakxur misterias.
pirvelad j.bernetma SeniSna, rom Tu am frazaSi or sityvas
_  da  _ adgilebs SevunacvlebT,
maSin miviRebT WeSmaritad daqtilur striqons:
 

es striqoni gvaxsenebs heqsametrul teqstebs oqros
furclebze, romelTac micvalebulebs Caatandnen xolme da
romlebic `netarTa kunZulebisken~ mimaval mistebsa da
bakxosebs Seexeboda.
 sityvasityviT niSnavs narTekis kverTxs.
mis Sesatyvisad ixmareba  _ Tirsosi, dionisuri
kverTxi, romelic dionises sayvareli mcenareebiT, suroTi da
vaziTaa Semovlebuli, xolo Tavze _ naZvis girCiT Semkobili.
Tirsos kverTxi misteriaTa erT-erTi aucilebeli
atributi _ RmerTis Zalmosilebisa da yovlisSemZleobis
simbolo, misi nayofierebis gansaxierebaa. igi upyriaT xelT
misterialuri procesiis monawileebs (ix. evripide, `bakxi
qalebi~, 692-699; 713-714; 750-752). mravali iswrafvis RmerTTan
SeerTebas da amdenad, mravalsa aqvs dionises misteriaSi
monawileobis miRebis ufleba, magram Tirsosis xelSi aReba da
sayovelTao ferxulSi Cabma dionisesTan ziarebis anu RmerTad
qcevis garantia ar aris.
Tirsosi bevrs upyria xelT, magram WeSmaritad
xeldasxmulni cotani arian. erT-erT rusul TargmanSi
sityvaTa TamaSiT xerxdeba am azrobrivi niuansis gadmocema:
Yfhntrjyjcwtd-nj vyjuj^ lf ,jujyjcwtd - vfkj (47.1120).
u.gaTri sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom Tirsosis mpyrob-
elTagan yvela rodi miaRwevs srul eqstazs, romlis drosac

129
adamiani RmerTis suliT ivseba da sakuTar Tavs mis saxels
uwodebs (109.338).
bakxuri siSmagiT mogvrili eqstazi, _ dionisuri ziareba
anu bakxosad qceva aris TiToeulis mizani, magram mxolod
rCeulTa xvedri. 64 `bakxosad viwode ganwmendili~
( ) (fr.472), _ ambobs
erT-erTi misti evripides `kretelebSi~. bakxosad qceva,
bakxosis qurumoba adamianisgan moiTxovs ganwmendas, rac
gulisxmobs cxovrebaSi ritualur siwmindesac da sayovelTao
RvTismsaxurebaSi monawileobasac~ (109.338). aRsaniSnavia, rom
ganwmendas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba `fedonis~
mxatvrul samyaroSic. igi filosofosobis erT-erTi
aucilebeli pirobaa.
`fedonis~ zemoT ganxilul pasaJSi Tavs iCens ganwmendisa
da ziarebis Tema, romelic manamdec da merec ramdenjerme
gaiJRerebs da filosofosis `fedoniseul~ koncefcias kidev
ufro aaxlovebs misterialur religiaTa praqtikasTan. `fe-
donSi~ ganRmrTobis aucilebeli piroba aris filosofosoba _
anu sxeulisagan gamijvniTa da sulze orientirebiT _ codnis
mopovebiT ganwmenda. es azri araerT monakveTSi meordeba.
`sicocxleSi miT ufro metad mivuaxlovdebiT codnas, rac
ufro naklebad davuaxlovdebiT [sxeuls], rac ufro naklebi
urTierToba gveqneba masTan, rac SeiZleba nakleb avivsebiT misi
bunebiT, aramed ganviwmindebiT ( ) misgan, sanam
Tavad RmerTi ar gangvaTavisuflebs. amgvarad ganwmendilebi
( ) da sxeulis ugnurebisgan ganTavisu-
flebulebi... SevimecnebT yovelive wmindas, es ki, albaT,
WeSmaritebaa. xolo arawmindasaTvis ( ) ar
aris nebadarTuli wmindasTan ( ) Sexeba (67a2-b2)
(`ganwmendis~ Sesaxeb ix. agreTve: 67c5-d2; 69b8-c3).
r.parkeris azriT, ganwmendisa da iniciaciis am war-
modgenebis safuZveli elevsinuri da orfikulia, magram
v.burkerti damajereblad amtkicebs, rom im periodSi ar
arsebobda mkafio sazRvrebi orfikul moZRvrebasa da im
ritualebs Soris, romlebic ukavSirdeboda elevsins,
piTagorelebsa da bakxur xeldasxmulebs, koribantebs (117.63-64).
mkvlevari xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom `orfikuli, piTagoruli da
bakxuri miTebi da ritualebi, Tumca gansazRvrulia, na-
64
zemoT ganxiluli orfikuli andaza maTes saxarebas exmianeba: `mravalni
arian Cinebul, xolo mciredni _ rCeul~ (maTe.20,16).

130
wilobriv Tanxvdeba~ (117.246). aqedan gamomdinare, `fedonis~
calkeul debulebaTa wyaros miTiTebisas absoluturi si-
zustis dacva, praqtikulad, SeuZlebelia. Tanamedrove
mecnieruli codnis safuZvelze mxolod garkveuli varaudebis
gamoTqma da wyaroTa miaxloebiTi dasaxeleba SegviZlia.
ganwmendis Tema `fedonSi~ uSualod ukavSirdeba saiqio
nacvalgebis rwmenas, amgvari urTierTmimarTebac misterialur
religiaTaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
`filosofiiT savsebiT ganwmendili
( ) da swavlis moyvare
( ) sulni sikvdilis Semdeg RmerTebis modgmaSi
gadadian... (83b10-c1) suli, romelmac wmindad ( ) da
TavdaWerilad icxovra, RmerTTa Soris poulobs megzursa da
Tanamgzavrs da saTanado adgilas mkvidrdeba~ (108c1-5).
misterialur warmodgenebSi Tavs iCens dapirispireba:
ziarebuli _ uziarebeli. RvTaebriv WeSmaritebasTan wilnayari
xeldasxmuli Tavisi cxovrebis wesidan gamomdinare siwmindiT
upirispirdeba Cveulebriv mokvdavT. mas saiqioSic gan-
sxvavebuli, sxvebze aRmatebuli xvedri _ RvTaebasTan ziareba,
masTan erToba moelis (Sdr. pindare, `olimpiuri oda~, 2.65-68;
2.56-60).
misteriaTa kvalobaze platonic erTmaneTs upirispirebs
ganwmendilisa da ganuwmendlis, ziarebulisa da uziareblis, anu
filosofosisa da arafilosofosis beds saiqioSi. `vinc uzi-
arebeli Cava hadesSi, sibinZureSi aRmoCndeba, xolo ganwmendili da
ziarebuli RmerTTa Soris damkvidrdeba~ (69c5-7).
platonis erT-erTi komentatoris, olimpiodores
miTiTebiT, `fedonis~ zemoT ganxilul striqonebSi (69c8-d1)
igulisxmeba orfikuli moZRvreba titanebTan wilnayari ada-
mianuri sxeulis damZimebuli materiis Sesaxeb, romelic
mxolod bakxosTan ziarebiT Tu ganTavisufldeba boro-
tebisagan (7.500).
uziarebels, anu xeldausxmels, maSasadame, cxovrebiseuli
sibilwisgan ganuwmendels rom imqveynad `WuWySi wola~ moelis,
esec orfikuli teqstidan momdinare azria (Sdr. `bayayebi~,
145-147. ix. agreTve `saxelmwifo~, 363d-e. Sdr. `kanonebi~, 870d).
`fedonis~ mixedviT, filosofiiT ganwmendili suli `mis
msgavs uxilav, RvTaebriv, ukvdav da gonier adgilas miemarTeba,
sadac xetialis, ugunurebis, SiSis, uxeS vnebaTagan da sxva
adamianur mankierebaTagan ganTavisuflebuls netareba

131
( ) elis da, rogorc ziarebulTa Sesaxeb
amboben
(
), amieridan RmerTebs Soris damkvidrdeba~ (81a4-9).
rogorc mocemul pasaJSic Cans, `fedonSi~ ara mxolod
ziarebisa da ganwmendis, aramed netarebis misteriaTaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli cnebac iCens Tavs. rogorc m.morgani miuTiTebs,
igi gadmocemulia `religiuri leqsikis gadamuSavebiT~ da
gulisxmobs sikvdilis Semdeg sibrZnis mopovebas da RvTae-
basTan erTianobas. amave dros, `fedonis~ mixedviT,
`filosofiuri kvleva-Zieba, swavla da codna aris propedevtika
(anu Sesavali i.d.) evdaimoniaSi~ (118.75;59).
misteriis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iTvleba ini-
ciaciis Sedegad `makarizmis~, netari mdgomareobis gancda, rac
RvTaebrivis `xedvis~ procesSi miiRweva (ix. homerosis himni
demetresadmi (480-482), sofokle (fr.837), evripide (`bakxi
qalebi~, 731), `fedrosi~ (250b), aristofane, (`bayayebi~, (745),
Turiis oqros TefSebis monacemebi).
1974 w. gamoqveynebuli hiponiosis (Hipponian) oqros fur-
celi gvixatavs mistebsa da bakxosebs miwisqveSa samyaroSi,
romlebic wminda gzaze miemarTebian maradiuli netarebisken.
elevsinis misteria netarebas, anu saiqioSi privilegirebul
cxovrebas pirdeba imaT, visac `nanaxi~ (anu gancdili, gamo-
cdili) aqvs es misteria (95.21-22).
misterialur religiaSi iniciacia, xolo `fedonSi~ ki
filosofosoba aris netarebis mopovebis saSualeba.
`fedonSi~ Tavs iCens misteriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
damokidebuleba sikvdilis mimarT. ax.w.aR. 200 wliT daTa-
riRebuli hierofantTa epitafiebis erT-erTi warwera
gvamcnobs, rom xeldasxmulTaTvis `sikvdili aris ara bo-
roteba, aramed sikeTe~ (IG, II/III, 3661,6), xolo ciceronis TqmiT,
elevsini gviCvenebs, `rogor icxovro sixaruliT da rogor
mokvde ukeTesi imedebiT~ (`kanonebis Sesaxeb~, 2.36) (95.21-22).
amqveyniuri yofis sixaruli `fedonSic~ saiqio cxovrebiskenaa
mimarTuli. filosofosTaTvis aRTqmuli `keTili jildos~ _
saiqio netarebis _ `keTili imedi~ dialogs laitmotivad
gasdevs.
`adamiani, romelmac Tavisi sicocxle filosofias mi-
uZRvna, gabedulad egebeba sikvdils da keTili imediT aRsavsea
( ), rom udides sikeTes

132
( ) moipovebs mas Semdeg, rac
aResruleba... (63e10-64a2) (ix. agreTve: 63c5; 114c7-8).
rogorc vxedavT, filosofiis sferos miakuTvnebs platoni
im sulier sazRaurs, romelsac misteriebi pirdebodnen
xeldasxmulT. `berZnuli filosofia da mistika erT sulier
safuZvelze idgnen~ (90.26). `fedonSi~ filosofiisa da
filosofosis platoniseuli koncefcia ganmsWvalulia siwmin-
disa da iniciaciis misterialuri suliskveTebiT da amave dros
efuZneba sulisa da sxeulis orfikul dualizms, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, uSualod ukavSirdeba platonis gnoseologias.
`fedonis~ mixedviT, filosofosi sxeulze ki ar zrunavs,
aramed SeZlebisdagvarad emijneba mas da sulisaTvis iRwvis...
(64d2-e3; 64e4-6; 65a1-2).
sxeulisgan maqsimaluri gamijvna filosofosis
TviTmizani ki ar aris, aramed misi sanukvari ocnebisa da
uzenaesi miznis _ codnis mopovebisa da WeSmaritebis Semecnebis
_ erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba.
filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebisas sxeuli abrkolebs adamians.
igi ar unda endos Tavis sxeulebriv grZnobebs (mxedvelobas,
smenas da sxv.). TiToeuli maTgani arazusti da bundovania...
(65a10-b7). rodesac suli sxeulis TanxlebiT raimes kvlevas
iwyebs, maSin sxeuls igi SecdomaSi Sehyavs.. (65b9-11) WeSmariti
yofiereba mxolod azrovnebis dros gacxaddeba (65c2-3), xolo
suli yvelaze ukeT azrovnebs maSin, rodesac mas ar awuxebs arc
erTi sxeulebrivi grZnoba _ arc smena, arc mxedveloba, arc
tkivili da arc siamovneba... rodesac igi maqsimalurad Tavis
TavSi rCeba, emSvidobeba sxeuls, SeZlebisdagvarad wyvets
masTan urTierTobas, wydeba mas da iswrafvis [WeSmariti
yofierebisken].. (65c5-9; 65c11-d1; 66b10-d3).
WeSmariti filisofosni bevrs fiqroben sikvdilze da igi
sxva adamianebze nakleb aSinebT (76e4-6), radgan ician, rom mxolod
sulisa da sxeulis urTierTgamijvnis, anu sikvdilis Semdeg
eziarebian gonebas srulyofilad, rac mTeli sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi guliT ewadaT da rasac eswrafvodnen (66e4-67a2).
Cvens mier zemoT miTiTebuli principebi (sxeulis
daTrgunva da sulier faseulobebze orientireba), romlebiTac
platoni filosofosis cxovrebis wess gansazRvravs, orf-
ikul-piTagorul mrwamss, misterialur religiaTa moTxovnebs
mogvagonebs. saerTod, nebismieri mistikuri praqtika war-
moudgenelia asketuri fsiqo-teqnikis gareSe. adamiani ver

133
eziareba RvTaebas, Tu ar moxda gardatexa mis grZnobad
cxovrebaSi. igi mTlianad unda daeqvemdebaros sulis inter-
esebs da daemorCilos mis Zalauflebas. xeldasxmas win uZ-
Rvoda asketuri cxovreba _ marxva, ganmartoeba, ganmwmendi
ritualebi da garkveuli sulieri varjiSebi, romelTa mizani
sxeulebrivis daTrgunva da sulze orientireba iyo. mxolod
winaswari momzadebisa da gamocdis Semdeg iwyebda xeldasxmuli
sulier cxovrebas, umaRlesi samyaros Wvretas.
zogierTi kulti da religiur-filosofiuri doqtrina
awesebda cxovrebis gansazRvrul stils da moiTxovda mis mkacr
dacvas. cnobili iyo rogorc piTagorelTa, ise orfikosTa
cxovrebis wesi.
am religiur-filosofiuri mimdinareobisaTvis arsebiTi iyo
pirovnebaSi maradiulis gaRviZeba. Semecnebac am mizans emsax-
ureboda. adamiani fasdeboda imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad
gamoavlenda igi sakuTar TavSi am maradiuls. swored waruvalTan
ziareba da masTan mudmivi kontaqti iyo mizani orf-
ikul-piTagoruli aRzrdisa, romelic, arsebiTad, filosofiur
xeldasxmas warmoadgenda. orfikul-piTagoruli cxovrebis wesic
da misteriebic saerTo mizans emsaxureboda.
rogorc vxedavT, misterialur religiaTa gamocdilebas da
orfikul-piTagoruli cxovrebis wess platoni mimarTavs
filosofiuri cxovrebis koncefciis Sesaqmnelad, romelsac
nawarmoebis erT-erT wamyvan motivad aqcevs. yuradRebas ga-
vamaxvilebT `fedonSi~ warmoCenil misterialur religiaTa kidev
ramdenime aspeqtze, romlebic iribad filosofosis raobis
koncefciasac ukavSirdeba65.
Cveni azriT, yuradsaRebia g.vlastosis mier SeniSnuli
mimarTeba ideaTa Teoriasa da misterialuri religiebis RmerTs
Soris. `fedrosis~ erT-erT pasaJSi platoni miuTiTebs, rom
WeSmariteba adamianma unda Seimecnos ideis Sesabamisad... xolo
es aris gaxseneba imisa, rac odesRac unaxavs Cvens suls maSin,
rodesac igi Seesabameboda RmerTs, zemodan uyurebda imas,
rasac axla Cven yofierebas veZaxiT da aRwevda WeSmarit
yofierebas (249bc).

65
aRsaniSnavia, rom misteriebis enas platoni mimarTavs ara mxolod
filosofosobis _ sulieri da inteleqtualuri procesisa da
Taviseburi ritualis _ ilustrirebisaTvis, aramed dialogis daskvniT
miTSic.

134
 rogorc vxedavT, WeSmaritebis, anu ideebis Semecneba
filosofoss aRwerili aqvs misterialuri iniciaciis
analogiurad (anu ideebis Semecnebis procesze ambobs igives,
rasac misterialur sulier gamocdilebaze. Sdr. `fedrosi~,
249bc).
daaxloebiT igive azria gatarebuli `fedonis~ erT-erT
cnobil monakveTSic, sadac platoni aRniSnavs, rom is, vinc
Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze filosofiiT iyo dakavebuli, anu
sworad cxovrobda, aris namdvili misterialuri xeldasxmuli
RmerTTan msgavsebis momentSi (69cd). filosofosoba _ WeSma-
ritebis anu ideaTa Semecneba _ da RmerTTan erTianoba
gaigivebulia. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare g.vlastosi daas-
kvnis, rom platoni filosofosobis `amaRlebul ritualSi
ideas RmerTis adgilas aTavsebs~ (138.52-53).
rodesac `fedonisa~ da misterialur religiaTa ur-
TierTmimarTebas ganixilaven, mkvlevarni, Cveni azriT, nakleb
yuradRebas uTmoben kidev erT sagulisxmo faqtors _ codnisa
da mexsierebis mniSvnelobas rogorc ritualuri xeldasxmis,
ise filosofosobis procesSi.
`fedonis~ mixedviT, sicocxlem, romelic miznad isaxavs
xsnas, unda miiRos filosofiuri cxovrebis _ racionaluri
kvlevisa da codnis SeZenis _ forma.
rac Seexeba misteriebs, v.burkertis miTiTebiT, arsebobs
cnobebi, rom mistebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo mosamzadebeli
`swavla~ da, ase vTqvaT, `swavleba~, moZRvrebis gadacema
( ), `srulyofili da zusti codnis SeZena~.
magaliTad, dionises erT-erTi taZris elinisturi periodis
warwera mouwodebs mkiTxvels, rom SeuerTdes rituals imi-
saTvis, rom Seimecnos logosi, romelic nawilobriv sai-
dumloa, nawilobriv ki _ ara (SEG..28.84).
misteriebisaTvis saWiro, garkveuli codnis gadacema Teon
smirnelTan moixsenieba rogorc  , xolo klement
stromnelTan _ rogorc  . orive avtori am
process `ganwmendasa~ da `epopteias~ ( ), ini-
ciaciis mesame da umaRles safexurs Soris miuCens adgils.
rogorc v.burkerti varaudobs, misteriebs hqondaT `wminda
logosi~ ( ), romelic, SeiZleba,

135
garkveul wignSic ki iyo mocemuli.66 mistebs ufro meti unda
eswavlaT RmerTebze, maT manamde ucnob detalebze, maT
aspeqtebsa da identurobaze. qrisipus stoikosi miiCnevda, rom
teletes arsi aris `RmerTebze logosis gadacema~ anu `Te-
ologia~. aseTi logosis eqo mocemulia empedoklesa da par-
menides naazrevSi, platonis `nadimSi~, kerZod, diotimas
sityvaSi (95.70.Sen.14,18;135).
rogorc zemoTqmuli cxadyofs, misteriaTa xeldasxmulsa
da `fedonis~ filosofoss saerTo aqvT kidev erTi niSani _
codnis SeZenis aucilebloba.
Cvens dakvirvebas nawilobriv exmianeba m.morganis
Tvalsazrisi, rom `fedonSi~ `swavlisa da codnis SeZenis
koncefcia isea organizebuli da imgvaradaa religiurad mo-
tivirebuli RvTaebasTan erTianobis surviliT, rom warmog-
vidgeba rogorc eqstazuri ritualuri procesi~ (117.232; 117.235).
yuradReba unda mivapyroT kidev erT detalsac _ gax-
senebisa da mexsierebis mniSvnelobas _ erTis mxriv, mistis,
xolo meores mxriv, filosofosisaTvis.
cnobilia, rom gaxsenebas, mexsierebas gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen piTagorelebi (96.296). 67 sagangebo
funqcia ekisreboda xsovnas sxva misterialur religiaTa
praqtikaSic.
erT-erTi orfikuli himni eZRvneba mnemosines, mexsierebis
qalRmerTs, zevsis Tanamecxedresa da wminda orgiebSi adamianTa
winamZRols ( ). himnis avtori mas SesTxovs, rom
yovlad wminda teletes ( ) xsovna
( ) gauRviZos mistebs ( ) da maT daviwyeba
( ) aSoros (orfikuli himni, 76.9-10).
rogorc es fragmenti cxadyofs, misteriis erT-erTi
moTxovna is aris, rom mistma unda gaixsenos iniciaciis,
RvTaebasTan erTianobis momenti.68

66
dervenis papirusi amtkicebs, rom V-s-Si mainc, orfevsis Teogoni-
ur-kosmogoniuri poema arsebobda. v.burkerti varaudobs, rom, `Sesa-
Zloa, platoni da aristotele am poemidan axdendnen citirebas (96.296).
sxvaTaSoris, `saxelmwifosa~ da `menonSi~ platoni miuTiTebs, rom
xeldasxmulT unda hqonodaT orfevsis wignebi, romlebic gamoiyeneboda
ritualSi (95).
67
dawvrilebiT ix. W.Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, Cambridge,
Mass. 1972.
68
`saxelmwifoSi~ platoni mogviTxrobs leTes mdelos Sesaxeb, sadac
gardacvlilTa sulebi mdinare amelesTan wyals daewafebian da mex-

136
 platoni `fedrossa~ (250a) da `gorgiasSi~ (493c) gviambobs
im sulTa Sesaxeb, romelTac daiviwyes is, rac maT `nanaxi~,
gamocdili hqondaT misteriis umaRles safexurze da amisTvis
_ daisajnen.
rac Seexeba `fedons~, am dialogis mixedviT, codna aris
imis gaxseneba, rac iyo adamianis dabadebamde, mis inkarnaciamde
(72e3-77a5). filosofosis mizani aris codnis miReba, xolo misi
WeSmariti obieqtebi arian ideebi.
filosofiuri kvleva-Zieba miznad isaxavs ideebis
Semecnebas, ris Sedegadac suli ufro da ufro emsgavseba am
RvTaebriv, maradiul, usxeulo da uxilav obieqtebs.
filosofosma unda Seimecnos WeSmariteba, anu mexsierebaSi
unda aRidginos Tavisi codna ideaTa samyaros Sesaxeb, xolo
mistma unda gaixsenos yovlad wminda telete, RmerTTan er-
Tianoba (rac, filosofosisTvis, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT,
ideaTa Semecnebis tolfasia).
maSasadame, xsovna ( ) misterialuri religiis iseve
aucilebeli elementia, rogorc gaxseneba ( ) _
filosofiisaTvis. orive SemTxvevaSi xsovna (gaxseneba) aris
RvTaebasTan erTianobis piroba.
SevecadeT warmogveCina, rom misterialuri ritualis
analogiuria `fedonis~ epistemologiac, romlis erT-erTi
aucilebeli elementi _ gaxseneba _ aris misteriis erT-erTi
moTxovnac, mistis winaSe mdgari amocanac.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, platoni filosofoss uyenebs
imave moTxovnebs, romlebsac misteria _ xeldasxmuls.
filosofias igi eqstazur ritualTan aigivebs. ufro sworad,
platoni `religiur rituals gadaakeTebs racionalur dis-
ciplinad~ (118.75).
`orfikul-piTagoruli, elevsinuri da bakxuri motivebis
gamoyenebiT platoni xazs usvams filosofiisa da racionaluri
kvleva-Ziebis Terapiul rols~ (118.64). swored amitom, savsebiT
bunebrivia is, rom Tavisi sococxlis, anu filosofiuri
Ziebebis dasasruls (rac gankurnebis sawindaria), sokrate
asklepiosisgan, mkurnalobis RmerTisgan davalebulad grZnobs

sierebas kargaven, rasac maTi inkarnacia _ sxvadasxva sxeulSi dabruneba

mohyveba. e.i. daviwyeba miwier, fizikur samyaros ukavSirdeba, xolo
gaxseneba RvTaebrivs miemarTeba.

137
Tavs: `kriton, mamali gvmarTebs asklepiosisaTvis, SeswireT, nu
dagaviwydebaT~ (118a7-8) (ix. `fedonis~ miTologia).
rogorc m.morgani SeniSnavs, `fedonSi~ filosofia aris
iniciaciis ganmwmendi ritualis forma, xolo filosofosi ki
aris xeldamsxmeli anu hierofanti (118.64). amave dros platoni
Tavis Tvalsazriss warmogvidgens ara mxolod Teoriulad,
aramed mis ilustrirebas axdens Tavad dialogSi. sokrate aris
platonisaTvis filosofosisa da filosofosobis modeli
(14.231) da Sesabamisad, mis mier sapyrobileSi gatarebuli
ukanaskneli saaTebi anu is, rac `fedonSia~ aRwerili, SeiZleba
berZnul teletes SevadaroT.
es dialogi TiTqosda literaturuli formaa im
movlenebisa, romlebic misteriebisaTvis gankuTvnil centrebSi
xdeboda. sokrates, rogorc maswavlebel-filosofoss, unda
etvirTa hierofantis funqcia.
gavixsenoT misteriaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli da mocemul
SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis sayuradRebo erTi niSani. saTanado wy-
aroTa mowmobiT, misteriebs sibnelesa da sinaTles, wuxilsa da
sixaruls, SiSsa da bednierebas Soris meryeoba, erTgvari
ambivalenturoba axasiaTebT. elius aristides mowmobiT,
elevsini aris `yvelaze saSiSi da yvelaze brwyinvale im
yvelafers Soris, rac ki RvTaebrivia adamianisaTvis..
(`elevsinis Sesaxeb~ 22.2) `axlandeli grZnoba kargi ganwyobisa
( )... uwindeli drois usiamovno movlenebisagan
ganTavisuflebis Semdeg~ (iqve, 26.6).
plutarqes TqmiTac, misterialuri iniciaciis dros
Tavdapirvel sibrazesa da dabneulobas enacvleba raRac
tkbili da brwyinvale, xeldasxmis procesSi gamoicdeba
sixaruli, Sereuli dabneulobasa da wuxilTan, magram aRsavse
mSvenieri imediT (95.91-93; Sen.16).
`fedonis~ TxrobiT nawilSi, anu im monakveTSi, romelSic
sokratesa da misi megobrebis qmedebebi da sulieri
mdgomareobaa aRwerili, SeiZleba davinaxoT misteriaTa zemoT
miTiTebuli niSani _ ganwyobaTa ambivalenturoba: erTis mxriv,
SiSi, wuxili da dabneuloba, xolo meores mxriv, sixarulisa da
imedis gancda. emociis amgvar gradacias mTeli nawarmoebis
manZilze SeiZleba gavadevnoT Tvali.
`fedonis~ dasawyisi da dasasruli emociurad gan-
sakuTrebiT daZabulia. sokrates molodinSi myofi megobrebi
ucnaur grZnobas Seupyria. es aris sixarulisa da mwuxarebis
ucnauri nazavi, mRelvareba... dialogis Sua, sakuTriv
138
filosofiur nawilSi msjelobis procesSi daeWvebiT
gamowveuli wuxili da WeSmariti pasuxis Ziebisas gancdili
mRelvareba, pasuxis povniT mogvrili sixaruli da sakiTxis
arsSi wvdomiT gamowveuli kmayofileba talRebiviT enacvleba
erTmaneTs. diskusiis msvleloba, anu WeSmaritebis Semecnebis
procesi ganapirobebs ganwyobaTa miqceva-moqcevas. sokrates
aRsasrulis moaxloebasTan erTad msmenelebs emociebi
umZafrdebaT, Tumca sokrates sidinje da ukanaskneli sityvebi
aris niSani imisa, rom vnebebi dacxreba.
v.burkertis miTiTebiT, `misteria aris nebayoflobiTi,
piraduli da saidumlo xasiaTis mqone rituali, romelic
miznad isaxavs wminda gamocdilebis SeZeniT gonebis
cvlilebas~. Sesabamisad, platonic xeldasxmis rituals
ukavSirebs adamianis pirovnebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs (ix.
`saxelmwifo~, 560de) (95.97).
misteriis sulieri gamocdilebiT pirovnebaSi momxdari
cvlileba `fedonSic~ warmoCndeba. nawarmoebis dasasruli-
saTvis Cvens Tvalwin xdeba metamorfoza. msmenelebi ara marto
abstraqtul WeSmaritebas Seimecneben, aramed maTSi iRviZebs
raRac, TiTqos aqamde ararsebuli. es uTuod mistis arsebaSi
momxdar gardatexas _ xeldasxmas mogvagonebs. sokrates
megobrebi sulis ukvdavebas irwmuneben. sikvdili maTTvis ukve
gardacvalebaa da ara aRsasruli; isini sulieri ganviTarebis
axal safexurze adian. warmaval, miwier faseulobebze ki aRar
arian orientirebulni, aramed zneobrivsa da amaRlebuls
eswrafvian. sulieri Tvali aexilebaT da sikvdilis SiSs
Trgunaven.
gavixsenoT elevsinis misteriebi. telesterionis _ mis-
teriaTa wminda taZris karebs ver gadaabijebs verc erTi
xeldausxmeli. ixsneba anaqtoroni, iqidan gamodis mziarebeli
qurumi da mRelvare molodiniT SepyrobilT auwyebs RvTiur
dabadebas. sapyrobilis kari anaqtorons SeiZleba SevadaroT.
misi gaRebis Semdeg sokrates megobrebi RvTaebriv sibrZnes da
maradiul WeSmaritebas Seimecneben. is, rac `fedonSi~ Cvens
Tvalwin xdeba, aris WeSmaritad elinuri telete _ iniciaciis
gziT maradiulTan ziareba.
sokrate warmogvidgeba rogorc WeSmaritebisaTvis sik-
vdiliT ganwmendili. `ase kvdebian mxolod xeldasxmulni,
romelTaTvisac sikvdili cxovrebis erT-erTi Cveulebrivi
momentia~ (90.38). r.Staineris am gamonaTqvams q.rouvis
filologiuri dakvirvebac exmianeba. mecnieris TqmiT,

139
sicocxlis ukanaskneli wuTebis Sesaxeb saubrisas sxva
nebismieri kacis ena evfemisturi an sentimentaluri iqneboda,
sokrate ki Tavis sikvdils moixseniebs rogorc 
_ gamgzavreba, wasvla _ TiTqos surs daamcros imis mniS-
vneloba, rac mis Tavs xdeba. es dRe sokratesTvis nebismieri
sxva dRis msgavsia (27.290).
gvaxsendeba miSel montenis sityvebi: `sikvdilis winaSe Cven
vlaparakobT frangulad, anu sikvdilis win Cndeba, rani varT.
aq igulisxmeba namdvili, sada, gulwrfeli da pirdapiri ena,
romelic ar Seicavs Senacvlebebs... sikvdilis win dgeba
`WeSmaritebis momenti~. Exit persona manet res, _ ambobdnen
romaelebi. midis, qreba persona da laparakobs nivTi, sagani,
saqme. ena gamoTqvams imas, rac sinamdvileSia~ (61.90).
`fedonSi~ sokrate warmogvidgeba rogorc filosofosis
raobis platoniseuli koncefciis cocxali nimuSi, misi gan-
saxiereba, xolo aTenis sulieri cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi
faqti _ sokrates gardacvaleba _ aRwerilia rogorc WeSmariti
misteria, filosofiuri cxovrebis logikuri dagvirgvineba.
`fedonisa~ da misterialur religiaTa urTierTmimarTebis
ganxilvam cxadyo, rom
1) am dialogSi warmoCndeba Zveli berZnuli religiis
rTuli da mravalferovani fenomeni, romlis zogierT niSans
filosofosi ukuagdebs, zogsac SeiTvisebs da, Tavisi
Canafiqris Sesabamisad, mis transformirebas axdens.
2) misterialur religiur praqtikasa da `mdidar religiur
leqsikas~ (m.morgani) platoni mimarTavs filosofiuri
cxovrebis wesis da filosofosis raobis gansazRvrisaTvis, ris
demonstrirebasac axdens sokrates ukanaskneli saaTebis
saTanado aRweriT. `fedoni~ warmogvidgeba rogorc
filosofiuri misteria, rac am dialogs gamoarCevs platonis
sxva nawarmoebebisgan, romlebSic misterialuri nakadi gan-
sxvavebuli funqciiT gamoiyeneba.

daskvna
Cveni naSromi miznad isaxavda platonis `fedonis~
literaturuli, filosofiuri, miTologiuri da mistikuri
aspeqtebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli sakamaTo sakiTxebis
Seswavlas.
SevecadeT, rom kvlevis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis gaT-
valiswinebiT da sakuTar dakvirvebebze dayrdnobiT warmog-

140
vedgina am dialogis rogorc teqstis, ise mravalferovani
problematikis interpretaciis CvenTvis misaRebi varianti.
sagangebod gavamaxvileT yuradReba im aspeqtebze, romlebic
dReisaTvis saTanadod Seswavlili ar aris.
Cveni naSromis dasasruls warmovadgenT kvlevis Sedegad
miRebul ZiriTad daskvnebs:
`fedonis~ kompoziciuri organizaciis Seswavlis mizniT
misi struqturis analizis _ deskrifciuli da dialoguri
nawilebis gamijvnisa da maTi izolirebuli ganxilvis _
Sedegad warmoCnda, rom `fedoni~ SeiZleba warmovidginoT
rogorc triptiqi _ sami suraTis monacvleoba, rac gvaZlevs
originalur, rTul da saintereso struqturas, romlis
Semadgenel elementebs Soris mWidro logikuri kavSiria, xolo
filosofiur-miTologiuri da eTikuri problematika
ganawilebulia filosofiuri msjelobis logikidan, sulis
ukvdavebis argumentaciis saWiroebidan gamomdinare. amdenad,
platoni gvevlineba nawarmoebis kompoziciuri organizaciis
ostatad.
`fedonis~ Janruli Taviseburebebis analizis Sedegad
warmoCnda, rom es aris filosofiuri dialogi, romelSic Tavs
iCens sxvadasxva Janruli Senakadebi _ biografiis elementebi,
qadagebis suliskveTeba da antikuri tragediisaTvis damax-
asiaTebeli mTeli rigi formaluri niSnebi. amave dros es
nawarmoebi tragikuli suliskveTebis da esTetikis winaaRmdeg
ilaSqrebs. platoni tragediis formiT gvTavazobs an-
ti-tragedias, rac kidev erTxel cxadyofs mis araordinalur
mwerlur xedvas.
`fedonSi~ moqmedebis garemo (fliunti) da personaJebi
(piTagorelebi: simiasi, kebesi da eqekrate) sagangebodaa Ser-
Ceuli da simbolurad migvaniSnebs am dialogSi warmodgenil
piTagorul-sokratul moZRvrebaTa sinTezze. `fedonSi~ Ti-
Toeul moqmed pirs Tavisi, mkacrad gansazRvruli funqcia
ekisreba, romelsac ganuxrelad asrulebs. garda amisa, Ti-
Toeul personaJs aqvs xasiaTis raRac erTi, ZiriTadi niSani,
romelic erT epiTetSi SeiZleba iqnas formulirebuli.
personaJTa xatvisas platoni mimarTavs kontrastisa da
dapirispirebis xerxs, xolo sokrates portrets odnav
hiperbolizirebulad warmogvidgens da mis saxes bunebriobas
aniWebs `sokrateseuli ironiis~ saSualebiT.
`fedoni~ mravalferovani tropuli metyvelebiT gam-
oirCeva, Tumca mwerali gaurbis dekoratiuli detalebis

141
siWarbes. misi weris manera sadaa da daxvewili, metyveleba
mkafioa da lakonuri. platoni upiratesobas aniWebs Sedarebasa
da metaforas; am ukanasknelSi ukeT warmoCndeba misi origi-
naluri mwerluri xedva.
`fedonSi~ Tavs iCens platonisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
`stiliT TamaSi~ _ mwerlis metyveleba icvleba Txrobis
obieqtidan gamomdinare, rac nawarmoebs dinamiurobas aniWebs da
gamomsaxvelobas hmatebs.
`fedonSi~ sikvdilis aRmniSvnel sityvaTa SerCevis
principi araerTgvarovania da yovelTvis ar ukavSirdeba am
cnebis `fedoniseul~ gaazrebas.
platoni sakmaod xSirad mimarTavs sxvadasxva oratorul
xerxebs (enleqsisi, antiTeza, erTi azris ritorikuli vari-
aciebi, aliteraciebi, kalamburebi) da maTi saSualebiT, erTis
mxriv, garkveuli debulebis aqcentirebas axdens, xolo meores
mxriv, Txrobis emociur da daZabul intonacias aRwevs.
Cveni azriT, `fedonis~ mxatvrul samyaroSi ferebis
gaazreba ukavSirdeba maT sagnobriv aRqmas, rac ferTa dem-
okriteseuli maxasiaTeblebis gamoZaxilad SeiZleba CaiT-
valos.
s.gilisa da sxva mkvlevarTa sapirispirod migvaCnia, rom
sokrates sikvdilis scenaSi warmodgenili sawamlavis
zemoqmedebis arasruli klinikuri suraTi ar aris ganpiro-
bebuli sagangebo mwerluri CanafiqriT da es epizodi aris ara
sulis sxeulidan ganTavisuflebis ideis, aramed sikvdilis
mimarT filosofosis damokidebulebis ilustracia, romlis
safuZvelic filosofosis raobis platoniseuli koncefciaa.
`fedonis~ calkeul aRwerilobiT detalTa Cveneuli
interpretacia (sokrates fizikuri mdgomareobis Secvla,
sapyrobilis karebisa da dumilis funqcia, mzis Casvlis
molodini da sxv.) cxadyofs, rom platoni Tavis saTqmels
zogjer gadakrulad, faruli qveteqstis saxiT, simbolurad
migvaniSnebs, rac misi mwerluri ostatobis erT-erT gam-
ovlinebadac SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
`fedonis~ personaJ sokratesa da hagiografiul Txzu-
lebaTa martvils Soris Cvens mier warmoCenili sistemuri
xasiaTis mqone tipologiuri msgavseba aris platonizmisa da
qristianobis mWidro istoriul-kulturuli kavSiris kidev
erTi dasturi da garda amisa kidev erTxel naTelyofs
platonis mwerlur alRos, vinaidan warmoCndeba, rom `fedonSi~
man wamebuli kacis universaluri saxe Seqmna.

142
 dedamiwis, hadesisa da WeSmariti miwis aRwerilobas
platoni gvTavazobs homerosis Sexedulebebis, naturf-
ilosofosTa naazrevis da orfikul-piTagorul warmodgenaTa
safuZvelze, romelTa transformirebasac axdens Tavisi es-
qatologiuri da filosofiuri koncefciis Sesabamisad.
`fedonSi~ WeSmariti miwis sferos forma SeiZleba sim-
boluradac gaviazroT, xolo termini unda
vTargmnoT rogorc `sferosebri~, radgan WeSmariti miwisa da
dedamiwis formebTan dakavSirebuli zedsarTavebi
( da  ), Cveni azriT, asaxavs am
or samyaros Soris arsebul zogad mimarTebas.
`fedonis~ daskvniTi miTis analizis Sedegad dadginda, rom
masSi: koncentrirebulia platonis esqatologiuri koncefcia,
romlis saSualebiT mwerals a) mistikis sferoSi gadavyevarT,
b) zneobrivi cxovrebis wess gviqadagebs, g) gvTavazobs na-
warmoebis filosofiuri problematikis sailustracio da d)
racionaluri argumentaciis damxmare masalas da amave dros e)
es epizodi dialogs emociuri zemoqmedebis Zalas hmatebs.
`fedonSi~ mimofantuli sxvadasxva miTologiuri aluz-
iebis sistemuri Seswavlis Sedegad warmoCnda, rom isini
warmogvidgeba rogorc: a) moqmedebis ganmapirobebeli faqtori;
b) garkveuli filosofiuri debulebis paradigma an misi
simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatuleba.
misterialur religiur praqtikas platoni mimarTavs,
ZiriTadad, filosofiuri cxovrebis wesis da filosofosis
raobis gansazRvrisaTvis, ris demonstrirebasac axdens
sokrates ukanaskneli saaTebis Sesabamisi aRweriT. `fedoni~
warmogvidgeba rogorc filosofiuri misteria, rac am dialogs
gamoarCevs platonis sxva nawarmoebebisgan, romlebSic mis-
terialuri nakadi gansxvavebuli funqciiT gamoiyeneba.
sxva mkvlevarTa mier SeniSnuli da dReisaTvis aRi-
arebuli niSnebis garda, Cveni azriT, misteriaTa xeldasxmulsa
da platonis `filosofoss~ saerTo aqvT kidev ori aspeqti _
codnasa da gaxsenebas (mexsierebas) sagangebo mniSvneloba
eniWeba rogorc xeldasxmis, ise filosofosobis procesSi.
`fedonis~ filosofiur sistemas platoni qmnis orf-
ikul-piTagorul SexedulebaTa gaziarebisa da maTi na-
wilobriv transformirebis, xolo naturfilosofosTa naaz-
revis kritikuli Sefasebisa da ukugdebis safuZvelze.

143
 `fedonSi~ platoni ayalibebs Tavisi e.w. hipoTeturi
meTodis Semadgenel sam princips da Teoriulad msjelobs
azrovnebis procesisaTvis maTi upiratesobis Sesaxeb, magram
praqtikulad ufro xSirad saxeebsa da analogiebs mimarTavs,
rac, Tavis mxriv, SeuTavsebelia mis gnoseologiasTan.
am dialogSi filosofosi gvTavazobs martivi sulis
koncefcias, rogorc sulis ukvdavebis ganmapirobebel erT-erT
faqtors, rac `fedons~ platonis sxva dialogTagan gamoarCevs.
`fedonSi~ ideebi da maTi mimarTeba kerZoobasTan war-
modgenilia daaxloebiT ise, rogorc sxva, e.w. sokratul
dialogebSi, mxolod aq ideebis Semecnebis procesi aRwerilia
ufro detalurad, vidre adrindel nawarmoebebSi. `fedonSi~
platons jer kidev ara aqvs mkacrad gansazRvruli ideaTa
samyaros sazRvrebi; ideaTa  is Teoria
gvxvdeba Canasaxovani saxiT; warmodgenilia imanenturi ideis
cneba, romelSic xedaven safuZvlebs aristoteles doqtrinisa
materiis, ideisa da konkretuli sagnis Sesaxeb.
`fedoni~ erTgvari gardamavali safexuria. masSi moce-
mulia wina dialogebSi damtkicebuli debulebebi da mzaddeba
niadagi platonizmis (da ara mxolod platonizmis) umniS-
vnelovanes sakiTxTa filosofiuri argumentaciisaTvis.
sulis ukvdavebis `fedoniseuli~ koncefciis interpre-
taciisas, Cveni azriT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT nawarmoebis
rogorc filosofiuri, ise literaturuli aspeqtebi _ anu unda
movaxdinoT kvlevis e.w. `doqtrinuli~ da `dramatuli~
mimarTulebis sinTezireba. sulis ukvdavebis `fedoniseuli~
argumentacia logikur planSi aradamajerebelia, rac
gamowveulia mtkicebis procesSi miTologemaTa gamoyenebiT da
filosofiuri msjelobis arasrulyofili xasiaTiT, magram
sulis maradiuloba damajerebelia emociur planSi, rasac
sokrates ukanaskneli saaTebis saTanado aRwera da nawarmoebis
saerTo religiur-mistikuri suliskveTeba ganapirobebs.
sulis ukvdavebis argumentaciis logikuri arada-
majerebloba sruliadac ar akninebs am nawarmoebis
Rirebulebasa da istoriul mniSvnelobas, radgan `fedoni~ aris
platonis azrovnebis erT-erTi etapi da misi filosofiuri
sistemis ganviTarebis erT-erTi safexuri, rac TavisTavad
ganapirobebs am nawarmoebis gamorCeul filosofiur mniS-
vnelobas; xolo Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am dialogis gavlenasa da
avtoritets Semdgomi periodis filosofiis istoriaSic, maSin

144
`fedoni~ ufro Tamamad SegviZlia SevafasoT rogorc umniS-
vnelovanesi filosofiuri nawarmoebi.

berZeni da romaeli avtorebi

(teqstebi, Targmanebi, komentarebi)
1. evripide, bakxi qalebi, ifigenia avlisSi, ZvelberZnulidan Targmnes
z.kiknaZem da g.sariSvilma, Tb.1979.
2. mosxosi ioane, limonari, Tb. 1960.
3. platoni, fedoni, ZvelberZnulidan Targmna b.bregvaZem, Tb.1966.
4. herodote, istoria, t.1, berZnulidan Targmna, winasityvaoba da
saZiebeli daurTo T.yauxCiSvilma, Tb. 1975.
5. Gfvznybrb Dbpfynbqcrjq Kbnthfnehs IV-IX dtrjd, V. 1968.
6. Gfvznybrb Dbpfynbqcrjq Kbnthfnehs IX-XIV dtrjd, V. 1969.
7. Gkfnjy^ Cjxbytybz^ n&2^ gjl htl. F&A Kjctdf. gth& C&G&Vfhrbif^ V. 1970&
8. Atljy^ Hfpujdjh] Gkfnjyf^ gth. L&Kt,tltdf. Vjcrdf^ 1896&
9. Aristides, Dindorf W.(ed.), vol.1, Leipzig: Reimer, 1829 (repr. Hildesheim: Olms,
1964).
10. Aristophane, Coulon V. and M. van Daele (ed.), vol.4. Paris: Les Belles Lettres,
1928 (repr.1967 (1st edn. Corr. ))
11. Aristotelis de arte poetica liber. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965 (repr. 1968 [of 1966
corr. edn.] ).
12. Aristotelis meteorologicorum libri quattuor. Fobes F.H. (ed.), Cambridge,
Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1919, (repr. Hildesheim: Olms,1967).
13. Aristotle. De anima. Ross W.D.(ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961 (repr.1967).
14. Aristotle’s metaphysics, Ross W.D. (ed.), 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924 (repr.
1970 [of 1953 corr. edn.]).
15. Cicero, Scripta quae manserunt omnia, fasc. 2-47, Lipsiae, 1915-1917 (repr. 1961).
16. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Diels H. and Kranz W. (ed.), vol.1, 6th edn. Ber-
lin: Weidmann, 1951 (repr.Dublin: 1966).
17. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Diels H. and Kranz W. (ed.), vol.2, 6th edn. Ber-
lin: Weidmann, 1951 (repr.Dublin:1966).
18. Euripidis fabulae, Murray G. (ed.), vol.3, 1902 (repr.1966).
19. Herodote. Histoires, Legrand Ph.-E.(ed.), 9 vols. Paris: Les Belles Lettres , 1932
(repr. 1970).
20. Hesiod. Theogony. West M.L.(ed.),Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.
21. Homeri Ilias, Allen T.W. (ed.), vol. 2-3, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1931.
22. Homeri Odyssea, von der Muehll, Basel: Helbbing / Lichtenhahn, 1962.
23. Orphei Hymni, Quandt W. (ed.), 3rd edn. Berlin: Weidmann, 1962 (repr. 1973).
24. Orphicorum Fragmenta, Kern O. (ed.), Berlin: Weidmann, 1922 (repr. 1972).
25. Pindari carmina cum fragmentis, Maehler H. (post Snell B.) (edn.), pt.1, 5th edn. Leip-
zig: Teubner, 1971.
26. Plato, Phaedo, Gallop D. (ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975 (Targmani,
komentarebi, SeniSvnebi).

145
27.Plato, Phaedo, Rowe C.J. (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1993 (Sesavali, te-
qsti, komentarebi).
28. Platon. Menon, Phaidon, Parmenides, Sophistes. Übersetzt von O.Apelt,
Herausgegeben von D.Lübke, Leipzig, 1985 (Targmani da gamokvleva
ideaTa Teoriis Sesaxeb).
29. Platon. Phaidon, Nachwort von Graeser A., Stuttgart, 1987.
30.Platon, Werke, Band 3, Herausgegeben von G.Eigler-Sonderausg, Darmstadt, 1990
(berZnuli teqsti, Targmani, komentarebi).
31. Platon, Werke, Band II. 3, in der Übersetzung von F.D.E Schleiermacher, Berlin
1987 (Sesavali, Targmani).
32. Platonis opera, vol. 1, Burnet J. (ed.), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1900 (repr. 1967).
33. Platonis opera, vol. 2, Burnet J. (ed.), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1901 (repr. 1967).
34. Platonis opera, vol. 3, Burnet J. (ed.), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1903 (repr. 1968).
35. Platonis opera, vol. 4, Burnet J. (ed.), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1902 (repr. 1968).
36. Platonis opera, vol. 5, Burnet J. (ed.), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1907 (repr. 1967).
37. Platonis opera ex recensione R.B. Hirschigii, Graece et Latine, Volumen Primum,
Parisiis, M DCCC LXXIII (berZnuli teqsti laTinuri TargmaniT).
38. Plato's Phaedo, Burnet.J.(ed.), Oxford, 1911 (Sesavali, teqsti, komentarebi).


40. Plutarchi moralia, Nachstädt W. (ed.), Leipzig: Teubner,1935 (repr. 1971).
41. The Greek commentaries on Plato’s ,,Phaedo”, vol.1 (Olympiodorus), Westerink
L.G.(ed.), Amsterdam: North-Holand, 1976.
42. The works of Plato, selected and edited by I.Edman, translated by B.Jowett, New
York, 1928 (Sesavali, Targmani,).
43. Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta, Nauck A. (ed.), Leipzig: Teubner,1889 (repr.
Hildesheim: Olms, 1964).
44. Xenophontis opera omnia, Marchant E.C.(ed.), vol.2, 2nd edn. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1921 (repr.1971).

leqsikonebi, enciklopediebi
45. <b,ktqcrbq <jujckjdcrbq Ckjdfhm (gth. c ahfywepcrjuj), Gtnhjuhfl 1928.
46. Kjge[by F.G.(htl.), Ghfdjckfdyfz <jujckjdcrfz Ýywbrkjgtlbz bkb <jujckjdcrbq
'ywbrkjgtlbxtcrbq ckjdfhm^ II, Gtnhjuhfl 1901.
47. Ldjhtwrbq B&{&(cjcn&)^ Lhtdytuhtxtcrj-heccrbq ckjdfhm^ n.2, V& 1958&
48. Kbnthfnehysq 'ywbrkjgtlbxtcrbq ckjdfhm^ V& 1987.
49. Abkjcjacrbq 'ywbrkjgtlbxtcrbq ckjdfhm^ V& 1989&
50. Buchberger M. (hrsg.), Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, Freiburg, 1960.
51. Cross F.L.(ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, London, New
York, Toronto, 1958.







53. Hammond N.G.L. and Scullard H.H.(ed.), Oxford Classical Dictionary, (2 nd. edn.),
Oxford, 1970.

146
54. Hastings J.(ed.), Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh, New York,
1981.
55. Lange E. und Alexander D. (hrsg.), Philosophen-lexikon, Dietz Verlag Berlin, 1984.
56. Liddell M.G. and Scott R.(ed.), A Greek-English Lexicon , Oxford, 1961.
57. Roscher W.H. (hrsg.), Lexikon der Griechischen und Römischen Mythologie,
1884-1890.
58. Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Band XIV, Berlin, New York, 1985.

samecniero naSromebi
59. gaTri u. berZeni filosofosebi, Tb. 1983.
60. kukava T. berZnuli filosofiis istoria, I, Tb. 1988.
61. mamardaSvili m. saubrebi filosofiaze, Tb. 1992.
62. narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi, Tb. 1993.
63. wereTeli s. narkvevebi filosofiis storiaSi, t. 1, Tb. 1973.
64. WeliZe m. miTosidan filosofiuri azrovnebisken, Tb. 1977.
65. WeliZe m. filosofiis istoriis mecnierebis saTaveebTan, (platoni,
aristotele), Tb.1982.
66. haidegeri m. ra aris es filosofia? mimomxilveli, 6/9, 1972.
67. F,hfvjd F&B& Jwtyrf abkjcjabb Gkfnjyf d heccrjq bltfkbcnbxtcrjq abkjcjabb^ d ry&%
Gkfnjy b tuj 'gj[f^ V& 1979
68. Fdthbywtd C&C& Dbpfynbqcrfz kbnthfnehf d ry& : Bcnjhbz Dctvbhyjq kbnthfnehs, n.2.
69. Fdthbywtd C&C& Rkfccbxtcrfz uhtxtcrfz abkjcjabz rfr zdktybt bcnjhbrj-kbnthfnehyjuj hzlf.
70. Fcvec D&A& Gkfnjy^ V& 1975&
71. <jyyfh F& Uhtxtcrfz wbdbkbpfwbz^ n&3& 1962&
72 Uflfvth U&U& Frnefkmyjcnm ghtrhfcyyjuj^ V& 1991&
73. Ututkm, Ktrwbb gj bcnjhbb abkjcjabb. - cjx., X, V. 1932
74. Ujhltpbfyb H&D& Ghj,ktvs ujvthjdcrjuj "gjcf^ N,& 1978&
75. Ujhltpbfyb H&D& Ghj,ktvs rjvgjpbwbjyyjq jhufybpfwbb d hfyytuhtxtcrjv 'gjct , d c,&:
F&A& Kjctde^ r 90-ktnm. cj lyz hj;ltybz^ N,& 1983
76. :t,tktd C.F. Cjrhfn, <thkby 1923
77. Rtccblb A.{. Cjrhfn, V. 1976
78. Kjctd F&A& Bcnjhbz fynbxyjq 'cntnbrb^ n&1, V& 1969&
79. Kjctd F&A& Jxthrb fynbxyjuj cbvdjkbpvf b vbajkjubb^ V& 1993&
80. Kjctd F&A& Gkfnjyjdcrbq j,]trnbdysq bltfkbpv b tuj nhfubxtcrfz celm,f, d ry&: Gkfnjy b
tuj 'gj[f^ V& 1979
81. Kjctd F&A& Ghbywbgs fynbxyjuj wdtnjdtltybz^ d ry&% Bcnjhbz fynbxyjq 'cntnbrb^ V&
1963
82. Kjctd F&A& Nf[j-Ujlb F&F& Gkfnjy^ :bpytjgbcfybt^ V& 1977
83. Vbkkth N&F& Vtajlbq Jkbvgbqcrbq b nhflbwbz gkfnjyjdcrjuj lbfkjuf^ d ry& : Fynbxyjcnm
b Dbpfynbz^ V& 1975&
84. Ythctczyw D.C. Cjrhfn, V. 1977
85. Gjgjdf N.D. Fynbxyfz ,bjuhfabz b dbpfynbqcrfz fubjuhfabz , d ry&: Fynbxyjcnm b
Dbpfynbz^ V& 1975&
86. Hj;fycrbq B.L. Pfuflrf Cjrhfnf, d c,.: `Ghjvtntq~, n. 9, V. 1972 .
87. Nf[j-Ujlb F&F& Vba e Gkfnjyf rfr ltqcndbntkmyjt b djj,hf;ftvjt^ d ry& : Gkfnjy b tuj 'gj[f^
V& 1979.
88. Itqyvfy-Njgintqy C&Z& Gkfnjy b dtlbqcrfz abkjcjabz^ V& 1978.
89. Itkkbyu A&D& Abkjcjabz Bcreccndf^ V& 1966&
90. Intqyth H& Vbcnthbb lhtdyjcnb b [hbcnbfycndj^ CG& 1990&
91. I. ht Ý& Dtkbrbt gjcdzo/yyst^ Rfkeuf^ 1914.
92. Arieti J.A. Interpreting Plato, The dialogues as drama, Rowman, Lihlefield Publishers,
Inc. 1991.

147
93. Belfiore E. The Art of Plato: Ten Essays in Platonic Interpretation, by R.B. Rutherford
in: Ancient Philosophy, Vol.XVII, No.2, Spring 1997.
94. Blundell M.W. The Art of Plato: Ten Essays in Platonic Interpretation, by
R.B.Rutherford in: Classical Philology, Vol. 92, No. 1, January 1997.
95. Burkert W.Ancient Mistery Cults, Cambridge, Mass./ London 1987.
96. Burkert W. Greek Religion, Basil Blackwell, 1985.
97. Capelle W. Die griechische Philosophie I (von Thales bis zum Tode Platons), Berlin
1971.
98. Chen C. H. Ludwing, Acquiring knowledge of the ideas (A study of Plato's Methods in
the Phaedo, the Symposium and the central books of the Republic), in: Palingene-
sia XXXV Sturttgart, 1992.
99. Cooper L. Plato, On the Trial and Death of Socrates, Cornell University Press.
100. Crombie I. M. An Examination of Plato's Doctrines, II, Plato on Knowledge and
Reality, New-York, 1963.
101. Dodds E.R. The Greeks and the Irrational, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1951.
102. Doherty F.C. (ed.), The Martyrdom of Socrates. The Apologia, Crito, with Selections
from Phaedo, Oxford 1966.
103. Döring K: A.Patzer (hrsg.), Der historische Sokrates. in: Gnomon 1988, 60 Band,
Heft 2.
104. Dorter K. Plato's Phaedo, An Interpretation, Toronto, Buffalo, London, 1982.
105. Friedländer P. Die Platonische Schriften, II, Berlin und Leipzig, 1930
106. Gadamer H.G. Dialogue and Dialectic, Light Hermeneutical Studies on Plato, Yale
Unoversity Press, New Haven and London, 1980.
107. Giebel M. Das Geheimnis der Mysterien, Artemis Verlag, Zürich and München,
1990.
108. Gill C. The Death of Socrates, in: The Classical Quarterly 23 (1973).
109. Guthrie W.K.C. A History of Greek Philosophy, IV, Plato: The man and his dia-
logues, earlier period , Cambridge, 1975
110. Guthrie W.K.C. Plato's views on the nature of the soul, in: Gregory Vlastos (ed.),
Plato: A Collection of Critical Essays, II, Ethics, Politics and Philosophy of Art and
Religion, New-York, 1971.
111. Hall R.W. Plato and the Individual, The Hague Martinus Nijhoff, 1963.
112. Kuhn H. The True Tragedy, On the Relationship between Greek Tragedy and Plato, I,
in: H.S.C.P. Vol. VI, 1941.
113. Kuhn H. The True Tragedy, On the Relationship between Greek Tragedy and Plato,
II, in: H.S.C.P. Vol. VII, 1 941.


115. Matthews G. Plato’s Epistemology and Related Logical Problems, London.
116. Montuori M. Socrates, Physiology of a Myth, Amsterdam, 1981.
117. Morgan M.L. Philosophy and the Language of Ecstasy in the Phaedo, in: Platonic
Piety, Philosophy and Ritual in forth-century Athens, Yale University Press, New
Haven-London, 1990.
118. Morgan M.L. Plato and Greek Religion, in: Richard Kraut (ed.), The Cambridge
Companion to Plato, Cambridge University Press, 1993.
119. Mueller J. Mathematical method and philosophical truth, in: Kraut R. (ed.), Cam-
bridge Companion to Plato, Cambridge University Press,1993.
120. Patterson R.L. Plato on Immortality, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1965.
121. Plass P. Socrates' method of hypothesis in the Phaedo, in: Phronesis, Vol.5, No.2,
1960.
122. Press G.A.(ed.), Plato’s dialogues. New studies and interpretations, Rowman and
Littlefield Publishers Inc.1994.

148
 123. Randall J.H. Plato, Dramatist of the Lite of Reason, New York, London 1970.
124. Richards I.A. Why so, Socrates? A Dramatic Version of Plato’s Dialogues, Cam-
bridge, 1964.
125. Riginos A.S. Platonica, The anectodes concerning the life and writings of Plato, Lei-
den, E.J.Brill, 1976.
126. Robinson R. Plato's earlier dialectic, Oxford 1953.
127. Romano F. Logos e Mythos nella Psicologia di Platone, Padova, 1964.
128. Rosenmeyer T.G. The shape of the Earth in the Phaedo: a rejoinder, in: Phronesis,
vol.4, no.I, 1959.
129. Ross W. D. Plato's Theory of Ideas, Oxford 1951.
130. Rowe C.J. Plato, in: Phronesis, Vol. XLII, No.2, 1997.
131. Rutherford R.B. The Art of Plato, Ten Essays in Platonic Interpretation, Harvard,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1995.
132. Singer K. Platon der Gründer, München, 1927.
133. Solmsen F. Plato and science, in: Interpretations of Plato, Lugduni Batavorum E.J.
Brill MCMLXXVII.
134. Solmsen F. The Influence of the Mistery- Religions, in: Plato’s Theology, Ithaca,
New York, Cornell University Press, 1942.
135. Stewart J.A. The Myths of Plato, London, Centaur. Press LTD, 1960.
136. Thesleff H. Studies in Platonic Chronology, Helsinki - Helsingfors, 1982.
137. Ueberwegs F. Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie, I, Leipzig, 1953.
138. Vlastos G. A Metaphysical Paradox, in: Platonic Studies, Princeton University
Press, 1973.
139. Vlastos G. Platonic Studies, Princeton 1973.
140. White D.A. Myth and Metaphysics in Plato's Phaedo, London and Toronto: Associ-
ated University Presses, 1989.
141. Wilamowitz - Moellendorff, U. Platon, Leben und Werke, I, Berlin, 1920.
142. Winiarczyk M.: A.Patzer. Bibliographia Socratica, Die wissenschaftliche Literatur
über Sokrates von den Anfängen bis auf die neueste Zeit in systema-
tisch-chronologischer Anordnung, in: Gnomon 1989, 61 Band, Heft 4.

149

View publication stats