Earthquake Resistant Design of Foundations

Prof. B. K. Maheshwari
Department of Earthquake Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture No -05
Shallow Foundations: Numerical Examples

So, I welcome you here for this NPTEL course on earthquake resistant design of foundations,
and this is the fifth lecture on this course, which is on Shallow foundation. As we discussed the
course in five module and we are under the second module which is on shallow foundations.
Under the second module we are discussing the chapter second which is bearing capacity and
settlement.

We have already discussed in the last two lectures in detail what about bearing capacity and
about the settlement also. In today's lecture we are going to discuss some of the numerical
examples related to bearing capacity as well as settlement.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:06)

So let us in these examples are for both cases that is for bearing capacity and settlement. So let us
have the first example which is exclusive and bearing capacity of shallow foundations and in this
example, what is required to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing which is
1.5 meter wide.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:33)
And its depth is 1 meter, so that means width of the footing is more than the depth of the footing
so it is under the category of shallow foundation and footing is resting on dry sand saturation,
sand with unit weight. So this is here resting on a dry sand and this should be deleted this is not
there saturation is not there with gamma d = 17 kilo Newton per meter cube as the unit weight
dry unit weight.

And the angular interval friction effective angle is 38 degree and being the sandy soil C is used,
this cohesion is 0. So the ultimate bearing specific qu need to be calculated using Terzaghi’s
theory that is the first problem of this example. Once the qu has been determined for the case,
this case then the; we need to see the effect of water table what happens to the value of qu when
the water table rises and reaches at a depth of 0.5 meter below the base of the footing?

That is the one case and another case when the water table further rises and it is above 0.5 meter
from the base of the footing or at 0.5 meter below the ground level. Other data givens are here
that assume saturated unit weight as 20 kilo Newton per meter cube unit weight of water 10 kilo
Newton per meter cubes and for Terzaghi’s theory when you assume the angle of angular
interval friction 38 degree.

The value of Nq = 60 N gamma is 75, this is N gamma and then with this data, we need to start
the computation. So let us first without the effect of water table, when the water table is very
deep. So, this is the situation here. So you have see the figure in this figure B is the width of the
footing and Df is the depth of the footing simple.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:42)

And according to Terzaghi’s theory, the ultimate bearing capacity is given by this relation qu =
cNc+ qNq +0.5 gamma BN gamma. Here being granular soils C = 0. While the value of q is we
need to remember that q is in this case is nothing but surcharge. Surcharge will be because there
is no water, so gamma d into Df where gamma d value was 17 and depth of footing was 1 meter
Df was given 1 meter and V is given 1.5 meter.

So, this is the case here. So the q is comes out to be 17 then using the equation this equation, we
calculate once you put the C= 0 the first term is 0 and the second term 17 into 1 for q and Df; Df
is 1 meter Nq is 60 and then 4.5 gamma 17 into 1.5 is the width and then 75 is the value n
gamma. So you get the value answer comes out to be 1976.25 kilo Newton per meter cube. So
this is answer.

This was the case when the water table was very deep. Very deep means water table was more
than the from the base of the footing the suppose the water table is here, in this case. Then this
need to be this depth need to this is greater than B. So in this case, no need to apply the
correction for water table. But when this water table rises above and when it goes towards the
footing then what is the corrections?
(Refer Slide Time: 05:23)

So this is given in the this case when the water table rises and it is located at a duct 0.5 meter
below the base of the footing which is typically denoted by Dw dash prime. So if you see in this
case then we can apply the correction for water table and this correction can be applied by two
methods; one is called exact method another is called this approximate method. So exact method
means where you calculate the value of unit weight applied in this case for the terms these
different terms what should the unit weight of soil.

And that you calculate in exact sense and then apply and that is the better way than the
approximate method and I can tell you that this will be easier than the approximate method even
name is approximate method but that is not going to be simple. So let us talk about exact method.
In case of exact method ultimate bearing capacity is given by this relation we already drop the
once we said C= 0.

In the ultimate bearing capacity, you have only two terms that is gamma Df into Nq + 0.5 gamma
BN gamma. In these two terms there will be no effect of water table in the first term until the
water table goes above the base of the footing. While in the second term there will be effect, if
water table rises and so for the second term have calculate the effective unit weight using this
relation.
And effective unit weight gamma is gamma submerged + Dw dash divided by B gamma t minus
gamma. Here you need to understand that gamma sum was nothing but gamma saturated -
gamma w. The value of gamma saturated is already given 20 to you and gamma w is 10, so
gamma submerged is 10 kilo Newton per meter cube and once you have this 10 kilo Newton per
meter cube, then you have gamma submerged + Dw is already the duct below the base of the
footing 0.5 divided by b 1.5 17, so you calculate 12.3.

Here while you calculate this value effective value of gamma you need to make sure that this
value is more than gamma submerged and less than gamma t, it cannot be more than gamma t.
So what I suggest that check, apply this check that you are the what this gamma submerged, is
gamma is greater than gamma submerged and less than gamma t. So this check need to be
applied for all when you apply the correction for what on the unit weight.

Once you got this corrected value or effective, let us say value for the unit weight. Then put in
this equation and as I said because water table is located below the base of the footing. So the
only this term get affected while this term is not get affected and then you put the values this
numbers and then answer comes out to be 17.4 kilo Newton per meter square and naturally as the
effect of water table, your bearing capacities expected to decrease.

So the value which you obtained final number should be lower than the value which you have
calculated in the previous slide that means this value need to be, this was 1976 so this is okay,
this is less than 1976 kilo Newton per meter square. So that means, this cannot be more than that
if it is coming more then you have done some calculation mistakes so that need to be seen now
this was the case when water table was rising but it was still below the base of the footing.

Now, let see the next case when the water table further rises and it goes above the base of the
footing which is here, although the base of the footing.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:21)
So in this case here the location water table is about the base of the footing and it is at a depth 0.5
meter from ground level and depth of the footing is in this case is 1 meter, so that means it is
here. So what you have in this case, we could see that now because the water table rises about
the base of the footing so both the terms will get affected but the last term gamma for the last
term is in the second term is gamma is gamma submerged which is given 10 kilo Newton per
meter cube.

Now let us talk about what is the effective in the first term and that is calculated here. We do not
use D dash, so in this case it will be better not to use this. Test is not used anyway, so simple it is
without prime value. Once you have this then you can calculate the value of gamma t minus
gamma and here one need to be understand that this ratio is Dw by Df in the last slide this ratio
was Dw by B Dw dash by B.

So the ratio was divided by B but now this is divided by Df, so this is the common mistake
normally you do. So you have 10, this is once you calculate. So the first term gives you 13.5 and
the second term is said gamma. Again, you need to make sure the value is this value is in
between it should be more than gamma submerged and it should be less than gamma t that need
to be understood.
Then, when you put the numbers then you get 1372 because now as rises so one need to make
sure that this value is even lesser than what you have calculated in the last slide that was 1714, so
this is less than 1714 kilo Newton per meter square, so that is okay. So that check need to be
applied. This was using exact method, but once you have what is called approximate method.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:24)

In this case the next slide talks about approximate method what you do in approximate method
you apply the water table corrections using the factor Rw dash, so in this case under the first case
when the water table is rises and it is just below the base of the footing at 0.5 meter then using
this relation, you can apply the correction factor for Rw dash component 0.67 and then this
equation can be used.

But one important issue here in this equation because only the second term will get affected now
the value of gamma neither it can be gamma submerged nor it can be gamma saturated rather
you need to calculate the value of gamma depending on your location of water table and the
gamma should be calculated the average values between gamma t and gamma saturated. So for
example water table in this case was 0.5 meter below the base of the footing so up to when the
water table is not there it is the it is you have this dry unit weight so 17 into 0.5.

Then you have saturated + 20 into 1 by 1.5, so this gamma need to use 19 in this case. Here and
then once you substitute the value you get 1736 and this value which you are getting is little
higher than the value which we have obtained from the exact method. Exact method this number
have come 1714, so this 1714.This is if you compare this with 1714 earlier obtain an answer was
1714 kilo Newton per meter square.

So that means this is higher so that means it is not conservative so it may be not good on the
safer side so it is recommended that to use the exact method rather than approximate method.
The same was the case if you compare for the second case when the water table further rises then
you could have this number here, for that is what we call the b case.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:40)

In this b case as we discuss earlier both the terms will get affected and the Rw dash this prime
will not be there and as a result you have 0.75 and the for the second term you can find the value
of gamma effective 17 into 0.5 + 20 saturated and this should this value should be 0.5. So this
you get 18.5 and once you put all these numbers here, then you get 1395, again if you compare
this numbers, which you have obtained from the exact number which was for exact case, the
value was here one minute this.

This was 1372 so if you compare this number with 1372 which is coming 1372 kilo Newton per
meter cube per meter square, so again this number is quite high a little higher than this value so it
is not on the safer side. So my recommendation is to use the exact method rather than
approximate method to calculate the effect of water table and which will be simpler also.So then
the let us after discussing the effect of water table on the bearing, capacity ultimate bearing
capacity let us discuss the next example which is on continue on bearing capacity of shallow
foundation.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:05)

But earlier what we have used was completely a sandy soil granular soil, the value of C was 0. In
this case C is not 0 or rather there is effect of drainage, so let us see that how the drainage
changes the bearing capacity or what is the effect of drainage so the ultimate bearing capacity qu
of a strip footing which is 2 meter wide and base at a depth it is lying at a depth 1.5 meter so
means simply what we see in this case B which is given the value of B given to u is 2 meter and
Df is given 1.5 meter.

And B is greater than Df so this is shallow foundation saturated unit rate of the soil is given 20
kilo Newton per meter cube. Now when you have undone condition. Your phi u was 0 and you
have only cohesion that is cu. When you have drained condition then because as a result of
drainage you got some internal friction, but you are the value of c get reduced or the phi becomes
20 degree while c becomes 10 degree.

So in these two conditions what are the bearing capacity we are going to find as a result you will
see the effect of drainage. So let us see the first case when and this is done using the you know
that.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:39)

So let us have the first case, in the first case and it is here undrained and drained and loading
conditions can be using the total stress.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:42)

And effective stress shears and parameters so for undrained loading condition, we use the total
stress parameter while drained condition, you need to use effective strength parameters. For
undrained loading condition when phi = 0, you have Terzaghi’s theory, you know that Nc is
equal to 5.7 while nq is 1 and N gamma is 0. So the value of qu ultimate bearing capacity is cu
Nc + q, so cu is given 20 Nc is given like you have this.
And let us first what is q, q is surcharge and such as coming from the top which is total 1.5
meter. But out of the 1.5 meter then location of water table is given to you and if you see in the
last slide the location of water table is with its base of depth 1.5 meter below ground so depth is
given and for the natural water table is it is written here at 1 meter below the ground level. So we
should not miss this, 1 meter below the ground level.

So below the ground level a total depth is 1.5 meter so the location is comes somewhere here. If
this is 0.5 meter, sorry this 1 meter so then in that case, it will be this will be somewhere here.
This is 1 meter below the ground and until you have the water down you have the, so the q will
be you have when up to 1 meter you use the total weight that is 20. But below the water table it
will be submerged.

So that is q will be 20 into 1 + 10 into 0.5, so 25 kilo Newton per meter square and once we put
all these numbers here, then you get the value of qu = 253 kilo Newton per meter square but in
the second case;
(Refer Slide Time: 18:50)

In the b case when you have the drained loading conditions, that is this is the b case and this
should be this should be treated as b. Then loading condition when you have phi = 20 degree you
have the value of Nc, Nq and n gamma these factors are from Terzaghi’s theory for 20 degree.
Now in your equation you have cNc qNq + 0.5 gamma BN gamma. Earlier the third term was
absent the simply because N gamma was 0.

And in this case the value of q is surcharge same as before 25, now we put the number here and
this number we do have the c we do are also Nc Nq N gamma and then we put all the numbers
then you get this value 420 which is greater than the value which has been calculated in the last
slide so this number was 253. So this is greater than 253 kilo Newton per meter square.

So as a result what is our outcome it says and when you drained of the water then the ultimate
bearing capacity have increased and the simple reason being that because now your so you got
some friction, angle of internal friction have come as a effective parameters compared to that
though there is a decrease in the value of c. So that under drained loading condition is higher
than the undrained loading condition.

Therefore the bearing capacity analysis for a clay is should be carried out invariably under
undrained loading condition, why? The simple reason here because for this we want to be on
conservative side so the answer for undrained loading condition is qu is smaller, so that will be
there. So now let us talk about another example which is on the settlement of shallow foundation
and in this example what you have been given you have been given the data of a plate load test.
In this table and these data are the conducted plate roll test on a 60 centimetre square plate.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:00)
That means you have the value of Bp is 60 centimeter this and depth of the footing Df is given 3
meter so in this case Df is 3 meter, honest which extend up to and settle on the foundation is 3
meter by 3 meter is square size of the footing that means Bf = 3 meter these are the data given.
Carrying a load of 110 ton and located at a depth of 3 meter below the ground surface, so the
depth is common. In the plate load test, the plate is kept at the same depth, that is the depth of the
footing Df.

Now using these data, what do we do first thing is that we prepare as load settlement curve
which is shown in the slide.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:56)
So you could see that this load settlement curve is not linear or rather initially when you increase
the load, settlement little bit increases however after that the value of settlement increases
exponentially. So as a result you can divide this graph into two component one component is
initial component and if I draw in asymptotes here, this is and the last part this is asymptotes and
both are meeting at this point and the load intensity corresponding to this point is called quP
which is shown in this figure.

So what you have the load settlement curve is shown in this and load settlement load intensity
shown in this case is in ton per meter square. After this once you have this plotted this chart then
this is used for further calculation how this is used?
(Refer Slide Time: 22:49)

The value of load intensity of the foundation is total load divided by the area of the foundation
which is 3 meter by 3 meter so you get 12.2 ton per meter square, for this value of 12.2 ton per
meter square you get the settlement from this chart, so this is 12.2 and for this value you get this
is here, so you get the value load intensity from here directly and load intensity or sorry this
other way, load intensity is given to you 12.2.

So 12.2 will come somewhere here and for this load intensity you get the settlement and if you
get the settlement this is 5 mm or otherwise directly from this table lower intensity is 12.2, 12.2
will be between 10 and 15 so the settlement will be between 4 into 7.5 and interpolation gives
you the value Sp= 5 mm. So the settlement of plate is 5 mm and settlement of plate is known
now you need to find the settlement of the foundation which is given by this relation.

And you need to put this numbers in this relation what you have here you have in this case let us
say that Bf footing width which is 3 meter that means 300 centimeter and the 60 centimeter and
then once you put all the numbers this ratio comes, while using this relation you need to
understand that this square is coming most of the time this is square is missed out and end then
you get the wrong answer.

So you got this 9.3 mm as the settlement of the footing, this was for the settlement of the
footings found out using this relation.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:37)

Continue with this another example on the settlement and we use the data of what we have
discussed in example 3. But the question is that using the load test data in example 3 determine
the allowable load on a 1.5 meter into 1.5 meter column footing, you have a square footing but
now the footing dimension is different earlier is a 3 meter by 3 meters, so be careful here it is 1.5
meter and 1.5 meter with its base at a depth of 2 meter Df is also changed.

So Df is 2 meter and the permissible settlement for the foundation is 20 mm and minimum factor
of safety 3 is determined against shear failure. The weight of the soil is determined at the base of
the test bit by the core cutter method was 2 ton per meter cube. So these are the data given and
using these data we need to determine the settlement the permissible settlement of the foundation
is given.

So ultimately what is the cohesion is to determine the allowable load, what load you can allow
here and you know for allowable load when we talk about allowable load you required a factor
of safety which is also given in this cohesion that is 3 this will be required that means ultimate
load divide with the factor of safety will give you the allowable load.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:56)

So what we have in this solution, that the angle of shearing resistance of the soil and this is done
with the help of ultimate bearing capacity the test plate quP. quP as we have seen in the graph
that was the chart let me go back and then show you again the chart. So you have this C here this
chart the quP value is this is where the tangent or meeting this not to the scale but it is coming 24
kilo newton per, 24 ton per meter cube per meter square.

So what you have here for this case, the value of this quP is 24 ton per meter square and this is
using the double tangent method and which we have. Then, this quP is the ultimate bearing
capacity for the plate not for the footing and we need to find the ultimate bearing capacity for the
footing for that you know, when we talk about the plate there was no surcharge in the plate and
the value of C=0 and the plate is square plate.
So as a result the ultimate bearing capacity is given by 0.4 gamma Bp nn gamma. Here two terms
are absent one is absent because C=0 and second term is absent because q which is surcharge as
0, there is no surcharge as a result you get this value quP. In this relation quP is known to you
but you do not know the value of N gamma. So N gamma can be calculated and n gamma comes
50.

Once you know the value of N gamma then you using the back calculation you find the
corresponding value of phi and for N gamma 50 correspond to phi = 36.5 degree. Once phi is
known then you can calculate for footing the value of Nc and Nq. But Nc is not required because
C=0 it is sandy soil. So Nq comes out to 40. Now using these data, we calculate the ultimate
bearing capacity for the footing.

So here because ultimately; we need to find the net safe bearing capacity. So qnu is calculated
from this relation gamma Df Nq - 1 again 0.4 is coming is to 0.5, because you are footing is your
square footing. So, 0.4 gamma B N gamma surcharge is there now. So and surcharge will be
gamma into Df and gamma is unit weight is 2 ton per meter cube, Df is 2 meter. So gamma Df
this is q and 40 is value of Nq - 1. So once you put all these numbers, then you get 216 ton per
meter square.

If you divide this simply by factor of safety 3 then you get net safe capacity has 72 ton per meter
square. This was best on the bearing capacity equation, but we need to check from the settlement
criteria also.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:54)
And for the settlement criteria what you have the settlement for the plate allowable settlement is
given here it is the reverse case here. Earlier you have been given the load and you find the value
of plate load test this value of Sp, but Sp is not known here or rather than what is the maximum
settlement which is permissible settlement for footing is given 20 mm, so we can find the
corresponding settlement of the plate using this relation and corresponding settlements comes out
to be 12.8 mm, which is no this is going to be less than the settlement.

Because footing is higher the dimension of the footing is more compared to the plate the
settlement of plate will be less than 20 mm that is sure so this comes out 12.8 mm. Now for this
12.8 mm we settlement, we determine the load intensity using what is the typically called the this
methods by suggested by researchers, so in this case what you do the use this chart back again
and in this chart see for 12.8 mm;

For 12.8 mm settlement you get from this end here we cannot use this because this is out if you
12.8 mm your curve is out, so this tangent which is asymptotes tangent and this is a method
satisfied Rao and Ramaswamy, so you have the this tangent you meet this point and
corresponding value pick up this value you pick up from this chart this value which is between
30 and 40 so this is exactly 32 ton per meter square.
So for this value you get net surface bearing pressure 32 ton per meter square. So now you have
two values one value is coming from the bearing capacity point of view ultimate bearing
capacity which we have obtained in the last slide that was 72 ton per meter square and from
settlement criteria 32 ton per meter square naturally to for software design you need to use a
lower value, so the settlement criteria will govern the design and this is the normally for the
granular soils of the sandy soil the settlement criteria is governing the criteria.

So your answer comes 32 ton per meter square as allowable load intensity and allowable load
will simply this intensity multiplied by the area which is square 1.5 into 1.5 so your answer is 72
ton, so this is the final answer coming for this. So if you compare example 3 and example 4 so
like you know that these are like in a first case you have this given the settlement of the plate you
need to find the settlement of the footing.

In the second case allowable settlement of the footing is given you need to find the allowable
load on this. Now this all these example 3 and 4 was based on the plate load test. The last
example which is on based on the SPT data and this is the like, you know, the SPT data and I
think I will complete in 5 minutes this one. So what you have in this case.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:03)

This is the figure you see that this footing is given and B equal to 3 meter is the width of the
footing depth of the footing is 1.5 meter that is from ground level to here. Now when you want to
find the settlement using the respective data, you need to use the IS code and the IS codes
suggest that find the average value of N below the base of the footing and up to a depth of 1.5
times of B or 2B.

So if you have the available data go up to 2B if data are not available at least you need to go 1.5
times of B. So here if we see B is equal to 3 meter and 1.5 times equal to 4.5 meters. So data are
available below this is 1.5 meter and this data is up to 6 meter; that means this depth is 4.5 meter
below the base of the footing you have a data upto 4.5 meters. So this is enough data is available.
So what we do simply concept is here you apply whatever corrections required corrections the
two corrections we already discussed in the last lecture.

One was correction due to overburden pressure another was due to dilatancy applying both
corrections, you get the N values and these N values should be at an interval of 0.75 meter that is
the solution and if the strategy changing then you need to again get the N values. So up to 0.75
meter you have. For example the first 0.75 meter then 1.5, then 2.25, 3.0, 3.7. So these data are at
every 0.75 meter.

So they are good data and our N values will be below the base of the footing. So we do not
consider this data about the base of the footing. So using this we the calculation is done in the
tabular form, which is on the next slide but before that the correction due to the overburden
pressure is using this relation and in this relation you need to understand the sigma0 is in
kilogram force per centimeter square in this relation, not in kpa. So let us say use this relation.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:21)
Which is given in the next slide; so this is what we have already discussed that average value
between elevation minus 1.5 to 6 metres consider for the calculation and the this n of data 4.5
meter equal to 1.5B so data are enough. Now first column is elevation, which is given second
column is calculated simply gamma into h where gamma is not constant and you need to
understand that gamma is given data is varying gamma for this layer first layer is 1.8 ton per
meter cube.

For second layer 1 ton per meter cube while third layer 0.8 ton per meter cube and first layer is
coarse sand then you have water table at a depth of 3 meter below up to 4.5 meter you have
continue coarse sand so that means the correction due to dilatancy need to be applied after
starting from 4.5 meter not above that and so this is all the tabulation is given here. So what you
have this column is ton per meter square gamma into h and then if you divide by 10 then simply
you get kilogram force per centimeter square.

So this is the value and the third column is CN which is like CN value is calculated from the
equation which we have just discussed this enough subscript f that means these are the field
values of the N which is rightly measured in the field. So N of multipliers CN gives you the
value of N in this corrected value and this is corrected due to overburden pressure, then you need
to apply the correction due to dilatancy.
But the correction due to dilatancy will start only from poor from 4.5 meter and that is also if
your n values are more than 15 but all 3 values are more than 15 so it will be the you could see
that this is applied 22 so 15 minus you do have this the like you know 22 – 15 is 7, you have this
3.5 + this so you to get 18.5. So it will be somehow this will be 18.5, so this can be applied and
then seen. So all these after corrected values so final values you get 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:44)

And we do the average value of this number and once you do this 7 layers N values so you get
18. So to get this number we need to do the so many calculations and finally answer we got is
only one number N. Now if you got this value of n then we can use the chart which is given in
the IS code to get the corresponding value of 33 and the chart like here we can use either I square
on this case. We have it has been used by Peck, Hansun and Thornburn. So the chart is given is
here if you see in the next slide.
(Refer Slide Time: 37:19)
This is the slide Peck, Hansun so what we using this chart for corresponding value of n you find
the angle of shearing resistance, n values are given here, if you see this these are the n values so
n are coming to 18 for 18 values of this is the n values here, so if you have for 18 corresponding
to 18 you get finally the number for angle of internal friction. So angular of internal friction is
given and the down.

So for corresponding and this can be done using the IS code also, so somehow here it has been
done using this so for this N value of 18 phi obtains 30 degree once you obtain phi equal 30
degree again we calculate the value of Nq and n gamma which is 20 from the chart which is
given by6 IS code and the IS code 64039, so this is Nq and N gamma, Nq N gamma for the
corresponding value of phi.

You read the value of Nq N gamma from this chart and this is given here which is coming out 22
and N gamma and here the value of c is given 0, so we did not need the value of Nc and finally
using this relation you get the value net ultimate bearing capacity. Here this is according to IS
code so we need to apply the correction due to the shear factor and depth factor also. The
corrected value of shear factor is here, which is B by L.

Where B is given the and ratio of L is given 3 by 5 and so this once you put the number as it
comes over 1.12, 0.76 and when you apply the correction for depth factor, which is given by the
according to high score tan 45 degree + phi by 2, so once you put all these numbers phi is given
33 degree or calculated and you come out 1.09. Once you put these calculate number in this
equation and before that calculate the value of w dash also.
(Refer Slide Time: 39:18)

The correction for water table for w dash is applied here so first q you have this one 0.7 which is
I think already calculated the correction for water table. This has been not shown but you can
have w dash is because the water table is a c location of water table, let me show you the location
of water table is coming this slide here, this is water table here, so this water table is at a depth of
1.5 meter that means from the base of the footing.

So that means it is if it would be 3 meter draft then no correction is applied but so that means this
draft is what we called Dw dash and Dw dash is coming 1.5 meter so you are w dash will be
0.5+1.5 divided by 3 and then so once you work on this 1.5 divided by 3 into 0.5, so you get
0.75, so the value of w dash comes out 0.75. So 0.75 is coming here in this calculation for the
correction due to water table if you see in the next slide.

Heat is 0.75, this is the water table correction, putting all the numbers you get the value of qnu
that is net ultimately factor of safety was given 3. So this is the nets have been in capacity from
the bearing capacity point and for this qns from chart for settlement we get n equal to for certain
now let us see the settlement. There is chart in high scored settlement, which we have already
discussed in the last lecture for n equal to 18 and B equal to 3 meter.

The chart, which is given for the settlement we get the value of settlement for 1 kilogram force
per centimeter square that is 10 ton per meter square equal to 0.015 meter that is 15 mm. So 15
mm settlement has been obtained and the correction for water table we already discussed 0.75.
So for settlement the settlement will be higher due to the correction of water table and it comes
out to 20 mm and for this 20 mm settlement you find the corresponding value for qnp.

Because when settlement was 40mm then you have this like allowable settlement is 40mm so
that means you can have higher instead of 10 ton per meter square your this intensity could be
double of that so 20 ton per meter square. Now out of these two numbers 20 ton and 38.7 the
minimum the lower one will govern and you have final answer is this unit 20 ton per meter
square is the this net loading intensity from this.

So this was an example on this using SPD data and using SPD data we have done using from
both criteria from bearing capacity criteria as well as from the settlement criteria whichever is
the lower value which will govern the design and the answer comes net ultimate like this
intensity allowable is 20 ton per meter square. So this I think we have discussed a quite a number
of examples.

First two examples one on bearing capacity another two was on settlement and the third one was
on bearing capacity as well as a settlement but a last one fifth one is was for that for SPT data.
Now bearing capacity settlement is completed.
(Refer Slide Time: 42:58)
So now next lecture we will talk about combined footings on that. Thank you very much, thank
you for your kind attention.