The Age of Industrialisation

Short Answer Questions:

Q.8. How was the foreign trade from India conducted before the age of machine
industries? Explain.
Ans.8. (i) A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export
trade – financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. Supply merchants
linked the port towns to the inland regions.
(ii) They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages,
and carried the supply to the ports.
(iii) At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the
price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

Q.9. Why did the network of export trade in textiles that was controlled by Indian
merchants, break down by the 1750s? What were its effects?
Ans.9. (i) The European companies gradually gained power – first securing a variety of
concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade.
(ii) This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local
merchants had operated. Exports from these ports fell dramatically, the credit that had
financed the earlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt.
(iii) In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of trade that passed
through Surat had been Rs 16 million. By the 1740s it had slumped to Rs 3 million.

Q.10. How did East India Company ensure regular supply of cotton and silk goods from
Indian weavers? Explain.
Ans.10. (i) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with
the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid
servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of
cloth.
(ii) It prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers. One way of doing
this was through the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given
loans to purchase the raw material for their production.
(iii) Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha.
They could not take it to any other trader.
Q.11. Describe the results of clashes between the gomasthas and the weavers.
Ans.11. (i) In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated,
setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation.
(ii) Elsewhere, weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the
Company and its officials.
(iii) Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and
taking to agricultural labour.

Q.12. By the beginning of the 19th century why was there a long decline of textile
exports from India? Explain.
Ans.12. (i) As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began to pressurize
the Government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could
sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. At the same time industrialists
persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian market as well.
Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early 19th century.

(ii) The export market for the Indian cotton weavers collapsed and the local market shrank,
being glutted with Manchester imports. The imported cotton goods were cheap and our
weavers could not compete with them.

(iii) When the American Civil War broke out the cotton supplies to Britain from the US were
cut off. As raw cotton export from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers
in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices.

Q.13. Why did Indian businessmen/manufacturers avoid competing with Manchester

goods in the Indian markets? Explain the reasons.
Ans.13. At end of the eighteenth century, there was virtually no import of cotton piece-goods
into India but by 1870 it was over 50 per cent. The Indian businessmen /manufacturers
avoided competing with Manchester goods due to the reasons as mentioned below :

(i) The market was glutted with Manchester imports.

(ii) Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were very cheap
that the weavers could not easily compete with them.
(iii) Insufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. During the American Civil War,
Britain could not get cotton supplies from the US. Thus, raw cotton was exported
from India to | Britain. As a result of this, the Indian weavers could not get
supplies and sometimes, they were forced to buy at high prices.
Q.14. Describe the contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore as an entrepreneur of Bengal.
Ans.14. The contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore was as mentioned below:

(i) He made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial
investment.
(ii) He set up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
(iii) Tagore’s enterprises sank along with those of others in the wider business crises
of the 1840s.

Q.15. Which restrictions were imposed by the British government upon the Indian
merchants in the 19th century? State any three.
Ans.15. The following restrictions were imposed upon the Indian merchants in the 19th
century:

(i) The functioning of the Indian merchants was limited. For example, they were
debarred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods.
(ii) The Indian merchants could export mostly raw materials and food grains which
were needed by the British.
(iii) Gradually, shipping business was controlled by the European companies and
Indian merchants were edged out of this business.

Q.16. What was the condition of Indian industries at the time of the First World War?
Ans.16. At the First World War, the condition of Indian industries had become as mentioned
below:

(i) A large sector of Indian industries was controlled by European Managing

Agencies. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and
managed them.
(ii) In most instances, Indian financiers provided the capital while the European
Agencies made all investment and business decisions.
(iii) The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce
which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

Q.17. Where did the workers come from to work in factories in India?
Ans.17. (i) With the expansion of factories, the demand for workers increased. In 1901, there
were 584,000 workers in Indian factories.

(ii) By 1946, the number increased to 2,436,000. This large number of workers came
from the places as mentioned below:
 In most industrial regions the workers came from the districts around because
peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search
of work. For example, in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911, over 50 per cent workers
came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri.

(iii) Sometimes, workers came from distant places in search of work in the mills. For
example, many workers from the United Provinces went to work in the textile mills of
Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.

Q.18 Who was a jobber? Describe his role and position.

Ans.18. A jobber was a person who was employed by the industrialists to get new recruits.
He was generally an old and trusted worker.

Role and position of a jobber:

(i) His main function was to get new recruits.

(ii) He generally got people from his village and ensured them jobs.
(iii)He helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis.
(iv) He was a person with some authority and power.
(v) He often began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the
lives of workers.

Q.19. How did a series of changes affect the pattern of industrialization by the first
decade of the 20th century?
Ans.19. The various changes that affected the pattern of industrialisation in India were as
given below:

(i) During Swadeshi Movement, people boycotted foreign cloth.

(ii) Industrial groups put pressure on the government to increase tariff protection
and grant other concessions.
(iii) From 1906, Chinese market was flooded with Chinese and Japanese mills’
products. This resulted in decline of export of Indian yarn to China.

Indian industrialists shifted from yam to cloth production. Thus, cotton piece-goods
production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.
Long Answer Questions:

Q.4. Why did some industrialists in 19th century Europe prefer hand labour to
machines? Give four reasons.
Ans.4. The Victorian industrialists were not interested to introduce machines in England.
They preferred hand labour to machines. The reasons for this were as mentioned below:

(i) Abundance of labour and low wages: There was no shortage of human
labour. People had migrated to the cities in large numbers. The wages were also
low. On the other hand, machines required huge capital investment.
(ii) Seasonal demand for labour: Some industries such as gas works and
breweries were especially busy through the cold months. So, they needed more
workers to meet their peak demand. Book binders and printers, catering to
Christmas demand, too, needed extra-workers before December. At the
waterfront, winter was the time that ships were repaired and spruced up. In all
such industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists
usually preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season.
(iii)Production of goods with different shapes by hand only: Uniform and
standard goods could be produced by machines but some goods with intricate
and specific shapes could be made by hand only. In mid-nineteenth century,
there were 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes that were being
produced. Such goods required human skill and not mechanical technology.
Preference for handmade goods by the upper classes: In the Victorian age, the
upper classes preferred handmade goods to symbolise refinement and class.
Handmade goods had good finishing. Machine made goods were generally
exported to the colonies.
(iv) In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were interested in using
machines to minimise need for human labour. This was the case in nineteenth-
century America. However, Britain had no problem of labour.

Q.5. Explain how the condition of workers steadily declined in early 20th century
Europe.
Ans.5. The factors for the steady decline of workers in early 20th century were as follows:

(i) Abundance of labour and wait for jobs: There was abundance of labour in
the market. Job-seekers had to wait for weeks. They had to spend nights under
bridges or in the night Shelters or in Night Refuges or Casual Wards maintained
by the Poor Law authorities. One could get a job quickly if he had social
connections.
(ii) Seasonal work: Work in many industries such as gas works, breweries was
seasonal. There were, therefore, long periods without work. As a result of this,
some returned to the countryside while other did odd jobs.
(iii) Low wages and less period of employment: Wages were increased to some
extent in
the early mid-nineteenth century but as the period of employment was less, the
 average income was low. About 10 per cent of the urban population was very
poor. In periods of economic slump, like the 1830s, the proportion of
unemployed went up to between 35 and 75 per cent in different regions
(iv) Introduction of new technology: The workers were against the introduction
of new technology due to fear of unemployment. So, when the Spinning Jenny
was introduced in the woolen industry, women workers attacked the new
machines.
(v) The condition of workers was, therefore, not satisfactory. However, after the
1840s employment opportunities increased due to building activities and
transport industry.

Q.6. Explain any three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas.
What were its effects?
Ans.6. Gomasthas was a paid servant of the East India Company. After establishing their
political power, the company could assert a monopoly right to trade. So, it proceeded to
develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs
and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.
There were clashes between weavers and gomasthas due to the reasons as mentioned
below:

(i) Earlier supply merchants very often lived within the weaving villages. They
used to help the weavers in times of crisis. Therefore, there were good relations
between them.
(ii) The new gomasthas were outsiders. They had no social link with the village.
(iii)Gomasthas acted arrogantly. They punished weavers for delay in supply. They
often beat and flogged them.
(iv) The weavers could not bargain for prices or sell to different buyers and the
price paid by the Company was low.

Q.7. Why did the Indian industrial growth suddenly shoot up in the years after the First
World War? Describe three reasons for its effects on Britain.
Ans.7. The industrial production in India increased during the First World War due to the
following factors:

(i) As the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the
army, Manchester (British goods) imports into India declined.
(ii) Indian mills got a vast home market to supply.
(iii)As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs
i.e., jute bags, tents, leather goods etc.
(iv) New factories were set up to meet above needs.
(v) Multiple shifts were run in the factories.
(vi) New workers were employed and they were asked to work for extra-hours.
The above factors led to increase in industrial production during the First World
War.
(b) Effects:

(i) In Britain cotton production collapsed and export of cotton cloth fell dramatically.
(ii) As Britain was unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and
Japan, British economy crumbled.
(iii)Within the colonies, local industrialists had gradually consolidated their
position substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home markets.

Q.8. “In the 20th century, handloom cloth production in India expanded steadily,
almost trebling between 1900 and 1940”. How did this happen?
Ans.8. The handloom weavers in India survived the onslaught of the machine-made textiles
of Manchester and at the same time were able to expand the production due to the following
factors:

(i) Technological changes: Handicrafts people adopted new technology without

excessively pushing up costs. For example, they used fly shuttle. By 1941, over
35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. In regions like
Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per
cent. Some other small innovations helped weavers improve their productivity
and compete with the mill sector.
(ii) Demand for finer varieties: These were bought by rich and their demand was
stable than the coarse qualities because the rich could buy these even when the
poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris.
(iii) In addition to this, the mills could not imitate specialised weaves. For example,
Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras,
could not be easily displaced by mill production.
(iv) However, the weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand
production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper.
(v) They lived hard lives and worked long hours. But they were not simply
remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour were
integral to the process of industrialisation.

Q.9. “Industrialization in India was a mixed blessing”. Justify the statement.

Ans.9. It is true to say that industrialisation in India was a mixed blessing because it had both
positive and negative aspects as mentioned below:

(a) Positive aspects of industrialisation:

1. A large number of people got employment in factories. For example, people

from the United Provinces went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in
the jute mills of Calcutta.
2. During the First World War new factories were set up and old one ran multiple
shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work
longer hours.
 3. People started working in factories. There was migration of people from rural to
urban areas. There was now less pressure on agriculture.

(b) Negative aspects of industrialisation:

1. The condition of weavers was affected badly. With the arrival of Manchester
goods, the local market shrank.
2. There was decline in most of weaving region in India.
3. The weavers could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.

Q.10. What steps were adopted by the producers in India to expand the market for their
goods in the 19th century?
Ans.10. People were persuaded by the following ways to use the new products:

(i) Advertisements: Advertisements played an important part in expanding

markets for products and in shaping a new consumer culture. Now-a-days the
advertisement appear in newspapers, magazines, television screen etc.
(ii) Labels: Labels are needed to tell the consumer, the place of manufacture and
the name of the company and about the quality of the product. If a buyer is
familiar to the company and is confident about it, he will buy that product.
Generally, a person buys a branded shirt or any other product because he knows
that a particular company is a company of repute. So, label do help in attracting
consumers to buy a product.
(iii) Printing of calendars: Calendars are also printed to popularise the products.
They are hung in tea shops, homes and other places. People see the calendars
daily and slowly they are attracted towards that product.
(iv) Figures of important persons, emperors etc.: These figures are used to
convey the message that if you respect the royal figure, then respect this
product too. If the royal person is using a product, its quality cannot be
questioned. So, use of a royal figure popularises that product.
(v) Advertisement of nationalist message: In such advertisement, people are told
that if you love your country then use that product. Such advertisements were
used by Indian manufacturers.

Thus, various ways were adopted to persuade people to buy new products.