FACULTY OF BUSINESS

COURSE: BACHELOR OF COMMERCE

UNIT CODE: DHR 202

UNIT TITTLE: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

TASK: ASSINGMENT ON EMPLOYEE HEALTH AND SAFETY

1
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Employee Safety................................................................................................................................4
.1 MAIN CONTENT...............................................................................................................................4
1.1.2 Employer health and safety responsibilities...............................................................................4
1.1.3 To help keep the workplace safe, employees must:...................................................................6
A). Objectives of Employee health and safety.............................................................................................7
b). Significance of employee health and safety...........................................................................................7
c). Health and Safety Policy.........................................................................................................................8
d). Measures to Promote Good Health Conditions among Employees......................................................10
1.2 HR’s Role in Safety...............................................................................................................................19
1. Set the tone during the recruiting and hiring phases........................................................................19
2. Administer and implement the safety program.................................................................................19
3. Make sure employees see what’s in it for them................................................................................20
4. Champion safety................................................................................................................................20
5. Make sure training and development sets workers up for success...................................................20
6. Ensure the workplace is committed to overall employee well-being................................................21
1.3 Factors Influencing Health and Safety.................................................................................................22
1.3.1 Government Regulations..............................................................................................................22
1.3.2 Factors enhance at workplace performances...............................................................................22
1.3.3 Temperature and Humidity..........................................................................................................23
1.4 Case study............................................................................................................................................24
Case 1....................................................................................................................................................24
Case 2....................................................................................................................................................25
Case 3....................................................................................................................................................26
Theories.....................................................................................................................................................28
1.5.1 Operations Theory........................................................................................................................28
1.5.2 Adjustment stress theory.............................................................................................................28
1.6 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................30

2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Employee health and safety is a state of well-being. It includes not only physical but also
psychological and emotional well-being. It is the responsibility of all employers to provide
employees with a healthy work environment. By paying attention to their health, you can
avoid the cost of disability allowances and the replacement of injured or dead employees.
There is no doubt that taking appropriate precautions and instilling safety awareness in
workers will greatly help prevent occupational accidents that can lead to loss of life or
property. An unsafe or unhealthy work environment can affect the work capacity and
motivation of employees. Poor health and safety can jeopardize meeting the safety needs of
employees and thus undermine the importance of regulatory action by different organizations
in different areas of goal setting. However, regardless of how many risks and hazards
employers minimize, accidents will continue to happen if workers don’t take responsibility
for their actions. Employers hold most of the responsibility for workplace health and safety,
although no one person is solely accountable. In fact, The Health and Safety at Work Act
1974 defines the general duties of everyone from employers and employees to business
owners, managers and more (eg. maintainers of work premises) as maintaining health and
safety within the workplace. In short, everybody is responsible in some part for workplace
health and safety.

Safety is a team effort. One employee acting irresponsibly can not only hurt themself, but
other employees as well. Consider that employee collisions are one of the top causes of
injury in the workplace: one person running into another or an employee running into an
object. This is largely a result of someone being distracted or just not paying attention.
Another common cause of workplace accidents is a trip and fall. Two primary reasons this
happens are, again, someone not paying attention, or poor housekeeping: people tripping
over objects that haven’t been put in their proper place. These and most all other common
causes of injuries at work are readily avoided simply by workers being more mindful and
diligent about keeping the workplace safe. Workers must understand their role in creating a
safe and healthy working environment and always take that responsibility seriously. Safety is
always the top priority.

3
1.1 Employee Safety
Employees have a legal right to be safe at work. An employer must ensure that the workplace
is free from as many hazards as possible. Some hazards cannot be completely eliminated, in
which case every precaution should be taken to reduce the chances of injury.
Employee safety involves the following:
 Adequate and ongoing safety training
 Machinery that is well maintained and has adequate protective guards
 Being provided with the required safety gear
 Protection from toxic chemicals
 The ability to report any injury

.1 MAIN CONTENT
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is Great Britain’s national regulator for workplace
health, safety and welfare. HSE’s purpose is to prevent work-related death, injury and ill health.

HSE’s responsibilities are primarily concentrated on the most serious risks within the workplace,
targeting industries with the greatest hazards and sectors with the worst risk management
records. HSE provides support to businesses by offering free advice and guidance to employers
to help them manage workplace risks correctly.

1.1.2 Employer health and safety responsibilities

While ensuring responsibility for workplace health and safety does not fall under one person,
HSE states that: “it is an employer's duty to protect the health, safety and welfare of their
employees and other people who might be affected by their business.” Therefore, the majority of
the responsibility belongs to the employer. To fulfil their responsibilities, an employer must:

Carry out risk assessments: Employers are responsible for carrying out both generic and specific
risk assessments (for example, coronavirus risk assessment, manual handling operations risk
assessment, etc.) to ensure that employees have all the information they need about the hazards,
risks and relevant controls in their workplace. Carrying out a risk assessment involves inspecting
the workplace to determine all significant hazards and putting measures in place to eliminate,

4
reduce, or control identified risks. Risk assessments should highlight how employees are
protected and are designed to instruct and inform employees on how to manage the risks.

Identify who needs protecting from potential hazards: Employers need to consider the health and
safety of everyone on the premises or who could be affected by their operational activities. This
includes all employees, contractors, part-time staff and people with specific requirements, such
as pregnant women or those with disabilities.

Implement health and safety procedures: Employers must implement suitable and sufficient
health and safety procedures by arranging for the installation, maintenance and management of
any equipment or activity necessary to keep people safe. For example, this could involve
supplying PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), replacing old equipment or providing your staff
with additional training.

Create a health and safety policy: Creating a health and safety policy to make all staff aware of
the relevant procedures is a legal requirement for all businesses. The policy should be
documented if there are more than five employees, cover all health and safety procedures in the
workplace, including fire safety and first aid, and be readily accessible by your employees, on-
site contractors and other interested parties. The policy should also detail how you manage
workplace health and safety, such as risk assessment details, evacuation plans, staff training and
consultation. The policy should also include the names of anyone with specific health and safety
duties, for example, first aiders or fire wardens.

Display the health and safety law poster: It is a legal requirement for all employers to display the
health and safety law poster, which outlines British health and safety laws and summarizes the
duties of staff and employers. It must be displayed in a place where workers can easily read it.
For businesses with multiple sites, this will mean displaying a poster per location or remote
workers can be provided with an equivalent leaflet or pocket card.

Communicate with employees: It’s essential for employers to regularly communicate with their
employees regarding health and safety matters. This is especially important during the
coronavirus pandemic. You should inform and involve your employees of any changes or
additional controls that are being made to manage the risk of spreading coronavirus to create a
safe working environment. You should also find out if your employees have any concerns

5
around risks and associated policies, and encourage their ideas for operating your business
safely.

Provide training and first aid kits: Every business needs to have appointed first-aiders and a
suitably-stocked first aid kit. There is no set number of first-aiders required, as it depends on
your specific workplace risks and the type of injuries that may occur. As guidance, HSE
recommends that low-hazard workplaces have at least one qualified first-aider for every 100 staff
while high-hazard workplaces have one per 50 staff. The specific requirements for each
workplace will be determined by a specific first-aid assessment which must be completed. You
should also provide training to ensure that all employees understand all potential risks in the
workplace. Depending on the employee’s role, the specific type of health and safety training that
they require may vary. For example, staff who regularly lift heavy objects should receive manual
handling training, while those working with harmful substances may require chemical spill
training.

Employee health and safety responsibilities: According to HSE: “workers have a duty to take
care of their own health and safety and that of others who may be affected by [their] actions at
work.” Therefore, employees share some workplace health and safety responsibilities with their
employer. They must cooperate with their employer and co-workers to help everyone meet their
legal requirements and stay safe in the workplace.

1.1.3 To help keep the workplace safe, employees must:

Follow health and safety instruction; All employees should follow any health and safety
instructions and training they receive. This is to ensure that they work safely and take care of
themselves and others who may be affected by their actions. Employees must never misuse any
equipment provided for health and safety purposes, such as fire extinguishers and fire alarms.

Attend health and safety training; Employees must attend any health and safety training to
ensure they keep themselves and their colleagues’ safe in the workplace.

Adhere to safety procedures; Employees must always adhere to safety procedures and must wear
PPE at all times, as required.

Report any hazards or failings in safety procedures; If an employee thinks something could be a
risk to their health and safety or the health and safety of others, they should report it to senior

6
members of staff. For example, if the employee discovers faulty equipment or broken PPE, they
must inform a relevant manager immediately so the hazard can be removed or suitably
controlled. Employees should also inform senior staff if there is a risk with no appropriate
control measure in place.

Be proactive; As employees must maintain good health and safety practices within their
workplace, they should be proactive in their approach to upholding health and safety standards.
For example, they should tidy away obstructions and clean up after themselves to help avoid
accidents.

Stay safe together; While the main responsibility of health and safety in the workplace falls on
the employer, it is also the responsibility of the employee to help create a safe working
environment. This is especially important during the COVID-19 pandemic. While the pandemic
continues to present challenges to businesses across the UK, there are many resources available
to help employers and employees create a COVID-secure workplace as far as is reasonably
practicable.

A). Objectives of Employee health and safety

 Ensuring employees' health, safety and welfare at work;
 Protecting non-employees against the health and safety risks arising from work
activities; and.
 Controlling the keeping and use of explosive or highly flammable or dangerous
substances.

b). Significance of employee health and safety

Within the organization, the health and safety measures are regarded to be of utmost significance
in promoting well-being of not only employees but employers as well. In the present existence,
the individuals are required to experience number of problems and challenges within the course
of implementation of job duties. These may arise within the course of implementation of job
duties, as well as in promoting health and safety among employees. Health and safety measures
within the working environmental conditions lead to reduction in employee illnesses and health
problems. These procedures can also help the employees understand the potential hazards within
the working environment. Training is regarded as important and effective. The primary objective

7
of training is to make provision of knowledge to the employees in terms of workplace
procedures, practices and behaviors to prevent injuries and illnesses. It is a fact that paying for
work-related injuries and illnesses can have a negative effect on the bottom line and this is one of
the reasons, why implementation of health and safety measures is necessary (Weakley, 2019).

It is comprehensively understood that when employees will feel safe and secure within the
working environmental conditions, only then they will be able to render a significant
contribution in the implementation of job duties and in the achievement of organizational goals.
On the other hand, when the employees will feel insecure or vulnerable within the working
environment, it is apparent that they will not be able to concentrate well on their job duties and
responsibilities. Good health conditions are regarded to be of utmost significance. When the
employees will keep good health, they will not only be able to carry out their job duties in an
appropriate manner, but also would conduct analysis of various aspects, which need to be
improved. Furthermore, they would give ideas and suggestions to their supervisors and
managers, which would enable them to render a significant contribution in augmenting
organizational structure. Therefore, it can be stated, health and safety of the employees as well as
employers are crucial aspects, which need to be focused upon satisfactorily.

c). Health and Safety Policy

Section 24 of the Occupational Health and Safety Act requires all workplaces with five or more
employees to develop a safety policy and review it on an annual basis. The main objective of this
policy is to express the commitments of the employers to health and safety. It must include a
statement regarding the responsibilities of the employers, supervisors and other workers. The
policy states clearly what the employers intend to do in terms of commitment and support for
health and safety in the workplace. It is crucial to take into account the job duties and
responsibilities of the individuals. It is vital for the individuals to be responsible for the aspects,
which are necessary in maintaining health and safety. The policy commits the entire organization
towards maintenance of a safe working environment. In other words, it is vital for members of
the organization to work towards implementation of health and safety policy in an appropriate
manner (Guide to Workplace Health & Safety Policy, 2004).

In the formulation of policy, there are certain aspects, which need to be taken into account. These
include, a clear commitment is needed to make provision of a healthy and safe workplace and

8
how this will be integrated into daily work activities. A statement reflecting upon the awareness
of the employers in terms of their duties and responsibilities need to take precautions to prevent
illnesses, health problems, injuries and accidents. Addressing the needs of the employees and
making provision of proper supervision and enforcement of work practices is regarded as
indispensable (Guide to Workplace Health & Safety Policy, 2004). When the individuals are
recruited within the organization, it is apparent that in the initial stage, they may not be aware of
measures and practices in terms of implementation of job duties as well as other aspects of the
organization. Therefore, it is the job duty of the supervisors to provide them guidance, support
and assistance to achieve organizational and personal goals.

The input of senior management to demonstrate commitment from the highest levels of the
organization. In other words, senior management should sign the policy. A statement to
demonstrate how the commitment to health and safety will be communicated and how it will
function at all the levels of the organization. A statement reflecting the requirement for everyone
working in the organization to take the responsibility for developing and maintaining a healthy
and safe working environment. In other words, all the members of the organization need to be
dedicated towards the maintenance of healthy and safe working environment (Guide to
Workplace Health & Safety Policy, 2004). These are some of the important aspects, which need
to be included in the policy.

In order to promote effective functioning of the policy, it is necessary to take into account
various aspects. These are, informing all the members of the organization in terms of policy;
involving as many number of individuals in the development of policy as possible; educate all
individuals in terms of roles and responsibilities in maintaining a safe and healthy workplace; it
is important to illustrate clarity in terms of who is accountable for what and how it will be
established and enforced; make provision of adequate resources to promote safe standards and
set up a process for regular review. It is essential on the part of the supervisors to make provision
of a healthy and safe environment and provide training to the workers that is vital for them to
create a healthy environment. When the employees will be well-aware and make effective use of
precautions, then they will contribute well in the maintenance of healthy and safe working
environment (Guide to Workplace Health & Safety Policy, 2004).

9
d). Measures to Promote Good Health Conditions among Employees
Employees are regarded as one of the most important assets in all types of organizations. The
health and safety of the employees are regarded to be of utmost significance in leading to
effective growth and progression of the organization and achieving the desired goals and
objectives. It is essential for the members of the organization to focus upon the measures that
would promote adequate health conditions among employees. The measures to promote good
health conditions among employees have been stated as follows: (57 Great Ways to Encourage
Better Employee Health, 2019).

Focus on Prevention – It is stated, prevention is better than cure. It is necessary to generate

awareness in terms of factors that may have an effect upon the health conditions of the
employees. The individuals in leadership positions within the organizations need to implement
certain strategies to focus on prevention. The physician is required to make a visit to the
organization and interact with the employees in terms of common health issues. Within the
organization, the factors which may impose detrimental effects upon the health of the individuals
need to be prevented. For instance, when the employees are working with chemicals and other
hazardous substances, they need to take precautions. Offering of rebates and incentives on health
insurance is also beneficial to the employees. Therefore, it can be stated, implementation of
measures that may focus on prevention would contribute in promoting health and safety of
employees.

Encourage Consumption of Nutritious Diet – Consumption of nutritious diet is regarded to be of

utmost significance in promoting good health conditions. Consumption of nutritious diet can
contribute effectively in prevention of illnesses and health problems and make provision of
nutrients, which are necessary in leading to effective growth. It is essential for the individuals to
consume essential nutrients in their diet. The individuals need to consume carbohydrates,
proteins, vitamins, minerals and some amount of fat as well in their diet. It is essential to
consume regular meals and one should not skip meals. When the individuals are required to work
long hours, it is essential for them to consume a healthy and nutritious diet. Research has
indicated that managers and supervisors communicate with their employees regarding
consumption of nutritious diet, so they can concentrate well on their job duties. Apart from

10
communication, there are organization of workshops as well, which may focus upon the
significance of healthy and nutritious diet.

Develop a Smoke Free Workplace – It is comprehensively understood that smoking is injurious

to health. Reducing the effects of smoking in the workplace is regarded to be of utmost
significance in promoting better employee health. In order to develop a smoke free workplace,
there are certain measures, which need to be taken into consideration. These are, ensuring
workplace and all the company vehicles are smoke free; develop a smoke free company events
policy; encourage the employees to join the ‘quit smoking program’ and consider subsiding these
programs; when employees are involved in a smoking activity, they need to consult with their
doctors in terms of quitting this habit and subsidizing of aids is necessary to quit smoking such
as, nicotine replacement patches or therapy. Apart from these measures, it is vital to generate
awareness among the employees in terms of disadvantages of smoking and how it can impose
detrimental effects upon their health.

Encourage Participation in Physical Activities – The managers and supervisors need to

encourage the employees to get engaged in some kind of physical activity. Even when
employees have busy schedules, still, it is vital for them to get engaged in a physical activity at
least for 20 minutes, thrice a week. In some of the organizations, there are even health clubs and
gymnasiums, which are joined by the employees. Normally, employees go for either morning
walks or evening walks, if they find time during working days. Whereas, during weekends, when
they are free, they are able to devote more time towards getting engaged in physical activities.
Apart from morning walks, there are number of other physical activities that employees are
engaged in. These include, sports activities, running, jogging and so forth. Physical activities are
selected on the basis of one’s interest. Therefore, it can be stated that participation in physical
activities contribute effectively in promoting good health.

Improve Mental Health – Improvement in mental health is regarded to be of utmost significance

to the employees. Within the course of implementation of job duties, it is necessary for the
individuals to have a sound mind-set. They need to make wise decisions, think in terms of
utilization of important methods and approaches and carry out their job duties in accordance to
the expectations of their employers. In order to improve mental health, there are certain
approaches, which need to be taken into consideration. These include, formation of company-

11
wide mental health plan, encourage positive communication within the workplace, seek ideas
and suggestions from professional counsellors, maintain good terms and relationships with other
members of the organization, generate awareness in terms of adequate performance of job duties,
avoid the occurrence of conflicting situations and disputations, create an amiable working
environment and make provision of facilities and amenities. When these approaches are
implemented, one is able to carry out their job duties in a well-organized manner.

Avoid Long Chair Time – In order to maintain good health, it is necessary to avoid long chair
time. Research has indicated that individuals, who sit for most of the day are 54 percent more
likely to experience heart attacks. Therefore, one needs to avoid long chair time. Within the
working environmental conditions, it is necessary to install standing desks, install cycle chairs,
encourage stand up meetings, the experts and professionals need to be called to review the
ergonomic environment, encourage the teams to take regular breaks during the day, and
participate in a 10 minute stretch program on daily basis and twice a day is better. When the
individuals need to work on computers, they need to take breaks. Therefore, it can be stated,
avoiding long chair time is regarded to be of utmost significance in promoting good health. On
the other hand, when the individuals are engaged in field jobs, they are more likely to remain
active, as they have to remain mobile.

Encourage Healthy Body Weights – It is vital for the employees to maintain their body weight.
As a healthy body weight influences one’s physical as well as psychological health conditions.
Obesity is one of the major health problems, which gives rise to number of health problems, such
as disfigurement, heart diseases and so forth. Furthermore, obese individuals are more likely to
feel depressed due to their body weight. The managers and supervisors encourage the employees
to maintain healthy body weight. In order to encourage healthy body weights, there are number
of factors that need to be taken into account. These include, consuming healthy and nutritious
diet, getting engaged in physical activities, participating in weight management programs, and
consulting medical practitioners and health care specialists in terms of management of weight.
Therefore, it can be stated that maintenance of appropriate body weight is essential for
promoting good health physically as well as psychologically.

Reduce Alcohol Intake – In accordance to the health care experts, there are number of alcohol-
related diseases and health problems. Though alcohol is publicly accepted. In the organization of

12
parties and ceremonies, there is alcohol available. But the individuals need to understand that
alcohol should be consumed in moderation, as excessive consumption may impose detrimental
effects upon one’s health conditions. In order to cause a reduction in the alcohol intake, there are
certain measures, which need to be taken into account. These are, consumption of alcohol within
the workplace should not be allowed, promote responsible drinking in the case of organizational
events, such as, celebrations and social events, provide non-alcoholic options in all the functions
of the organization, consider workplace stress as a stimulus to high-risk or problem drinking,
provide employees information in terms of the risks of high-risk and problem drinking,
encourage employees to communicate with medical practitioners and health care specialists in
terms of quitting alcohol or reducing its intake and employees need to be encouraged to join the
program which aims to address problem drinking. Therefore, it can be stated that reducing
alcohol intake leads to a healthy mind-set among employees.

Encourage Educational Opportunities – Within the organization, the employees need to be

educated in terms of various factors that are necessary to maintain good health conditions. The
employees need to be aware in terms of creation of an environment, which would enable them to
promote good health not only at the workplace but also home as well. Educational opportunities
can be enjoyable to the employees as well. Local chefs should also be invited to provide training
to the employees in terms of preparation of healthy and nutritious meals. Speakers should be
invited from various fields to provide information to the employees in terms of maintenance of
good health conditions. Therefore, it can be stated that educational opportunities allow the
employees to provide on-site preventive health care and offer vaccines for flu season. These
measures will lead to a reduction in sick days taken and maintain productivity at a steady rate.
One can make selection of ways to reimburse the employees for the vaccination fees (7 Ways to
Promote Health and Wellness, 2019).

Take Precautions – When the individuals are engaged in hazardous jobs and are required to work
with machines, tools and chemicals, it is necessary for them to take precautions in order to
maintain good health and prevent injuries and accidents. Precautions are necessary for the
employees, when they are engaged in the manufacturing and production processes. They need to
wear proper attire, make use of gloves, and spectacles and so forth to ensure their safety and
prevent any kinds of health problems. When the employees are to dress in office professional

13
clothing discourages them from being active on the way to and from the office. It is vital to allow
casual days for the employees, who make use of their bikes to travel to work and offer fitness
classes during these days. Whereas, simply being dressed to work might make them more likely
to participate in physical activities (7 Ways to Promote Health and Wellness, 2019).

e). Measures to Promote Safety among Employees

Safety among employees within the working environmental conditions is regarded to be of

utmost significance. When the employees feel safe within the working environmental conditions,
they are able to render a significant contribution in the implementation of job duties as well as in
the achievement of desired goals and objectives. On the other hand, when the employees are not
safe, they will feel vulnerable and apprehensive. Vulnerability and apprehensiveness are
regarded as major barriers within the course of implementation of job duties and achievement of
desired goals and objectives. Therefore, it is necessary for the members of the organization to
formulate measures that may enable the employees to feel safe and enhance their confidence.
These measures have been stated as follows:

Making Provision of Equal Rights and Opportunities – Within the working environment, there
are individuals, who are different from each other in terms of various aspects, such as, caste,
creed, race, religion, ethnicity, gender, age, educational qualifications, personality traits and
socio-economic background. It is unlawful to discriminate among the individuals on the basis of
these factors. They should be provided with equal rights and opportunities. On the other hand,
when recruitment and selection of individuals takes place, it is appropriate to take into
consideration their educational qualifications and competencies. When individuals are provided
with equal rights and opportunities, they form the viewpoint that they can share their ideas and
suggestions and thus feel safe. Therefore, it can be stated that making provision of equal rights
and opportunities would enable the individuals to feel safe.

Create a Workplace Safety Culture – The members of the organization need to work in
collaboration and integration with each other to create a workplace safety culture. Creation of a
workplace safety culture is not a concept that needs to be focused upon at one point of time, but
it needs to be focused upon on continuous basis. The members need to generate awareness in
terms of modern and novice strategies to promote workplace safety culture. In the formation of
workplace safety culture, there are number of factors that need to be taken into consideration.

14
These include, ensuring the machines, tools, and other equipment are in proper order, the
environmental conditions need to be appropriate such as, temperature, lighting and so forth.
These facilities and amenities enable the employees to perform their job duties in an appropriate
manner. Furthermore, the individuals need to communicate with each other in a courteous and
respectful manner. Therefore, it can be stated, creation of workplace safety culture contribute in
promoting safety among employees.

Providing Adequate Training – When employees are recruited within the organization, they are
required to undergo training programs. Training programs not only impart information to the
employees in terms of effective implementation of job duties, organizational structure and
organizational culture, but they are also provided with information in terms of measures that are
required in promoting safety. When the employees are engaged in hazardous jobs, then too they
are required to undergo training programs, which make provision of adequate knowledge to them
in terms of making use of machines and chemical substances in an appropriate manner, which
may enable them to feel safe and secure within the course of implementation of their job duties.
In such cases, practical training is recommended, which enables the employees to generate
information in terms of machines and tools. Therefore, it can be stated that providing adequate
training would enable employees to feel safe and secure.

Formulation of Policies and Programs – Within the organization, it is vital to formulate policies
and programs concerning safety and well-being of the employees. These policies and programs
are of numerous kinds. These are, anti-discrimination policies, policies against sexual
harassment, making provision of equal rights and opportunities, policies regarding making use of
materials, technologies and equipment and so forth. Research has indicated that within the
working environment, women have experienced sexual harassment and discriminatory treatment.
These aspects have even compelled them to quit from jobs. These are regarded as major
impediments not only within the course empowerment of women, but also within the course of
effective growth and development of the organization. Therefore, it is of utmost significance to
formulate policies and programs against prevention of sexual harassment and discriminatory
treatment against women. It is vital to ensure their safety in order to lead to effective growth and
development of the organization.

15
Promote Effective Communication – Effective communication is regarded as the lifeline in order
to lead to operative growth and development of the organizations and promote safety of the
employees. When communication is taking place in organizations in a verbal manner or written
manner or vertically or horizontally, it needs to be implemented in a polite, respectful and decent
manner. In some cases, some of the members of the organization, particularly managers are
demanding in nature and difficult to get along with. This may enable the employees to feel
vulnerable and apprehensive. They may not even feel comfortable in communicating with the
managers. Therefore, it is essential for the managers, supervisors and other individuals in
leadership positions to possess an easy-going and approachable nature. They need to
communicate with their employees in a friendly manner, should possess a calm attitude and
provide them sufficient time for the completion of job duties. Therefore, it can be stated that
effective communication is regarded to be of utmost significance in promoting safety.

Implementation of Safety Protocols from the Initial Stage – Workplace safety is a concept that
needs to be paid attention to on a continuous basis. When the employees get recruited within the
organization, it is necessary for them to take into account various aspects. These include,
adequate implementation of job duties, maintaining good terms and relationship with other
members of the organization, efficient management of resources and promoting safety and well-
being. These are regarded as vital aspects in leading to effective growth and development of the
employees and organization as a whole. A safe workplace begins with the employee, who follow
the safety requirements and carry out their job duties as per the required expectations. Some of
the employers work with physical therapists to conduct an analysis of the physical demands of
each job position (Hopkins, 2018). Therefore, it can be stated that implementation of safety
protocols from the initial stage is regarded as one of the important measures in promoting
employee safety.

Reward Employees for Safe Behavior – When the employees are dedicated towards the
implementation of job duties in a diligent and sincere manner, when they are adequately
implementing measures to promote safety of not only themselves, but also others, in such cases,
it is vital to give them some kinds of rewards. Giving of rewards for doing something good is
one of the important measures for development of motivation among employees for continuing
the good work. For instance, in case of explosion or a disaster, when employees participate in

16
saving the lives of others, then it is apparent that they will be appreciated and rewarded. Rewards
are regarded as manageable ways of encouraging workplace safety. Giving out of small rewards
to the employees, who follow the safety policies, facilitates in their involvement, which would
render a significant contribution in leading to a reduction in workplace injuries and accidents
(Hopkins, 2018).

Partner with Occupational Clinics – When the employees experience any types of accidents and
injuries within the course of implementation of their job duties, it is apparent that they would
need medical treatment. Apart from medical treatment, they also need information in terms of the
measures that are necessary in preventing workplace injuries. In some cases, the injuries and
accidents are severe and take time to heal. This may even require the employees to take leave
from work. In such cases, it is up to the organization to compensate the employees. The
occupational clinics make provision of help and support to the employees to prevent workplace
injuries by making visit to the worksite. Before, operating the machines, it is vital to make sure
that machines are in proper order and are safe to make use of. Physical and occupational
therapists can lead to improvement in workplace ergonomics and develop human performance
evaluation procedures to screen the candidates for demanding job duties and assistance in the
return-to-work process (Hopkins, 2018).

Inspection of Tools and Machines – The main purpose of inspection is to identify whether work
equipment can be operated, adjusted and maintained safely within the working environment. In
order to lead to safety and well-being of the employees, it is necessary to ensure, they are in
proper order. It is not necessary that all work equipment will be inspected to ensure safety. In
many cases, a quick visual check before making use of it will be sufficient. However, inspection
is necessary for any equipment, where significant risks to health and safety may take place from
inappropriate installation, reinstallation, deterioration and any other circumstances. The need for
inspection and inspection frequencies need to be determined through the assessment of risks
(Inspection of Work Equipment). When the machines and equipment have not been made use of
for a certain period of time, it is vital to ensure, it is inspected, before making use of it, in order
to promote employee safety.

Bring about Improvements on Continuous Basis – In order to reinforce the safety measures, it is
necessary to bring about improvements on continuous basis. With advancements taking place

17
and with the advent of modernization and globalization, it is necessary to put into operation,
modern and innovative methods in order to promote employee safety. For example, policies are
formulated against eliminating any types of criminal and violent acts within the working
environment. These include, verbal abuse, physical abuse, sexual harassment, grievous hurt,
theft, robbery and so forth. When the individuals are engaged in the implementation of these
acts, they are subjected to judicial penalties and even get suspended from their jobs. Therefore, it
is vital for the members of the organization to understand that to retain their jobs and achieve the
desired goals and objectives, they need to inculcate the traits of morality and ethics and
communicate with others in a decent manner.

18
1.2 HR’s Role in Safety
“Every employee should have the right to show up to work, to do their job successfully, to do it
in a safe environment, and to come home to their family after the workday,” says Joey Price.
(Price is CEO of Jumpstart: HR, a company that provides outsourced HR outsourcing and
consulting, helping to tame HR to-do-lists for small businesses, non-profits, and other
organizations.) And HR’s role is help ensure that happens. Knowing safety success is about
much more than meeting compliance requirements, here are key ways HR should be involved in safety.

1. Set the tone during the recruiting and hiring phases

In many ways, the way you recruit and hire sets the tone for workers in terms of your company
culture. Are people being recruited and hired who are capable and have the capacity, with
training, to do the job? Do you stress to them how important safety is for your organization? Are
hires those who show that they are aligned with your culture of safety?

2. Administer and implement the safety program

Depending on your company size, this may or may not be part of HR’s responsibilities directly.
Even if HR isn’t solely responsible, they should ideally be involved. HR’s role in injury and
incident prevention can include:

 Culture: ensuring values are upheld and making sure safety is taken as seriously as
productivity and results are;

 Policies and procedures: are the policies and procedures upheld? This can make or break
any safety program!

 Communication: one of the most critical components is transparent communication and

collaboration to make all of this possible. High-performing cultures have a way for
people to speak up to support safety, and HR clearly has a connection to this.

 Proper monitoring and updating of a safety program: While starting or re-launching a

safety program means you have good intentions, HR is critically important in monitoring

19
 and ensuring what should happen, does happen, when it comes to injury prevention
efforts.

3. Make sure employees see what’s in it for them

A safe workplace is one of the first things people can take for granted, unfortunately, despite
how important it is. In a society that’s all about “me,” this can be even more challenging,
explains Price; but it’s HR’s role to continue to show how safety and health goals do benefit each
individual person. And HR can help build awareness that it’s up to each employee to take
responsibility for their own safety. “There’s so many reasons why people choose to work, and
why they choose not to work. Now more than ever, the individual’s needs should be at the
forefront of leadership’s mind, because a company is comprised of a collection of individuals,”
says Price. In turn, it’s also HR’s role to show the importance of how safety policies and
procedures impact co-workers in a company, the company as a whole, and even the community.

4. Champion safety
HR needs to be a champion of safety in the workplace and they need to be one of the leaders of
safe workplace initiatives. “And that’s partly because it’s in our job description, and partly
because it’s not,” says Price. “What I mean by this is that ‘human resources,’ by definition,
means we are tasked with making sure the humans that show up to our workplace are
adequately selected and trained. It means we ensure that have adequate work space, and that they
are adequately informed of the mission and goals. And, it means we ensure they are aware of
what they are individually responsible for, and collectively responsible for, in the organization,”
says Price. “Safety falls under almost all, if not all, of those categories,” he says.

5. Make sure training and development sets workers up for success

HR’s role is to ensure that the organization invests in a proactive safety culture; that investment,
when done right, will prevent injuries, incidents, and other issues. A key piece of this is training
and development that helps workers to be safe. “Like anything, training is a muscle that allows
you, over time, to grow in your confidence to exercise those things,” says Price, who says that
training is what will help workers trust in their plan, no matter what happens on a job site or no
matter what emergency takes place. “You can have a plan. You can put it on the company
intranet. You can share it with your employees, but when you train on it, that gives people the

20
right applied knowledge, and it gives you confidence,” he says. “For health and safety, so often
it’s about having confidence in what you’re going to do.”

6. Ensure the workplace is committed to overall employee well-being

The “well-being” of an employee is connected to their health and to their safety. “Today, health
branches out to not just be our physical health, but it also includes mental health as well. Work is
more stressful these days. We take our job home with us at night. We package it up and put it in
our pocket with our cellphones and laptops. It’s harder to stay disconnected and recharge,”
explains Price. The idea of “health,” in many ways, has changed for workers, and the role of HR
has evolved alongside it, too. For example: who is more likely to get injured on the job: someone
who’s well-rested, alert, and engaged? Or, someone who is fatigued, complacent, and going
through the motions? This example is meant to show how connected an employee’s well-being is
to health and to safety, too. “HR has sort of a role, at times, where if no one else knows where to
put it, it winds up on HR’s desk,” says Price with a laugh. “The idea often is, ‘HR can do it,’” he
says. It might be planning the company picnic, or cleaning out the fridge, or another task…but
when it comes to more serious matters—such as active shooter training or what to do if there is
an earthquake—HR really has to be the champion around these issues, too. “We’re the ones
committed to creating a safe environment, and that’s really no matter what that means. “That’s a
safe environment where everyone has been communicated with: why the workplace should be
safe, how workers should be behaving to ensure its safe, and what to do if and when certain
situations arise.”

21
1.3 Factors Influencing Health and Safety
The workplace has an important bearing on health because of the multitude of hazards which
exist in many working environments.  Those hazards may relate to a wide range of physical,
chemical and biological agents.  Many aspects are regulated (e.g. the Health and Safety at Work
Act

1.3.1 Government Regulations

Health and Safety Act (1974) sets out minimum health and safety standards in the workplace.
Employers are required by law to prepare keep-to-date and post a copy of the Act in the
premises. The occupation Safety and Health Act was anchored on the “internal responsibility
system” which means employers and employees share a common responsibility for keeping the
workplace safe and workers health. The Occupational Health and Safety Act (1993) requires the
employer to bring about maintain as far as a reasonably practicable a work which is safe and
without risk to the health and safety of the worker. This means that the employer must ensure
that the workplace is free of harmful substances such as chemicals, articles, equipment, processes
that may cause injuries, ill health and diseases. Where it is not possible the employer should
inform workers on those dangers, how they may be prevented and provides other protective
measures for a safe workplace. A strategy for work place health and safety in Great Britain
(2010) was designed to see health and safety as a cornerstone of the civilized society and with
that, to achieve a record of workplace health and safety that leads to the world. Britain’s record
was already recommendable, with fatal accidents reduced by over two thirds since the
introduction of the Land mark Health and Safety at work (1974). The Management of Health and
Safety at work Regulations (1999). Place duties on employers to asses and manage risk to their
employees and any other arising from work activities.

1.3.2 Factors enhance at workplace performances

A poor health and safety record appears to be associated with low morale and downsizing.
Particular features of internal organization culture will impact on work place health and safety.
An example is the culture of small businesses which tend to have less formal approaches to
management, and employee-employee relationship closer. The external features such as
certificate schemes and customer demand all influence health and safety requirements. Reasons

22
(2002) Safety culture distinguishes a workplace that excels in health and safety. Market
segmentation involves the division of the total market into relatively homogeneous segments.
Donovan (2003) the different segments will respond to different types of government 9
intervention. The segmentation of the work place health and safety market is influenced by the
context in which the segments operate. The context would be internal such as, the wider
organization context or external such as, the impact of competitive market. The intent and ability
to develop workplace health and safety is strongly linked to internal organization and industrial
relations practice

1.3.3 Temperature and Humidity

Complaints about air conditions and heating in offices are common. It is either too hot or too
cold. However both the employer and the person who “manages or controls” a workplace have a
duty of care under the Occupational Health and Safety Act (2004) to provide as far as
practicable, a working environment that is safe and without risk to health and therefore should be
doing something about unsatisfactory air conditioning or heating. The employer also has the duty
to monitor conditions at the workplace. Temperatures vary drastically throughout the day. It is
not only temperatures that affect how people feel, but also the humidity levels and air movement.
There are no regulations specifying standards for minimum temperature in the working place,
humidity or air flow in Lake Victoria. The Code of Workplace Amenities and Environment Act
(2001) workplace buildings need to be capable of maintaining a temperature that are too high or
too low can contribute to fatigue, heat illness and cold related medical condition.

23
24
1.4 Case study
Historically, the health, safety and welfare of employees are issues that have been the subject of
public debate since the turn of the century. The aim of the study will be to assess the influence of
employee health and safety measures at workplace performance, a survey study of NHIF at
Mombasa Branch.

The Tragic Incident of Dombivali Factory Blast

In May 2016, the chemical factory owned by Probace enterprises exploded at Dombivali East in
Mumbai MIDC area. The incident caused the death of 12 people and injured around 201. The
impact of the explosion affected the people at the nearby residents and shops. The mysterious
blast resulted in the shattering of glasses and rooftops in a two-kilometer radius from the factory.
Resulting in many reported cases of trauma victims, the incident noted prominent injuries due to
the cuts from the shattered glass pieces. With the cause for the accident still being investigated,
the loss of people remains uncompensated. The injuries and deaths left people with deep scars
both physically and financially.

The South Australian Industrial Court made three decisions in late July 2009 that are useful cases
to look at in order to promote improved health and safety practices but also, in one particular
case, to note the approval and endorsement of the judge in the post-incident actions of the
employer.

As the Safe Work SA media notice states

“All received 25 per cent discounts from their fines in recognition of their guilty pleas,
cooperation, contrition and remedial action to improve their safety systems.”

Case 1
“Bluebird Rail Operations Pty Ltd was fined $30,000 over an incident at its Kilburn workshop in
March 2007.  A worker’s arm was crushed beneath a 1,500 kilogram sidewall, which broke loose
when a lifting lug failed as it was being lifted to a rail freight wagon under construction.

25
The court heard that Safe Work SA’s investigation revealed deficiencies in the equipment used,
the work processes and the communication channels.

While the worker suffered permanent and debilitating injuries, his employer provided ongoing
support including education and training. The employee returned to work after several months
and has been promoted within the organization.”

This case reports a surprisingly short rehabilitation period for a crushed arm.  The words of
Magistrate Lieschke should be of considerable note to those OHS professionals who want their
clients and companies to go beyond compliance.

“I accept that Bluebird Rail facilitated Mr. Sewell’s return to work, in accordance with its legal
obligations to provide vocational rehabilitation.  I accept that Bluebird Rail has gone beyond its
minimum legal obligations and has provided further re-education support to Mr. Sewell,
sufficient for him to complete a Diploma in Project Management and for him to now be studying
an engineering degree at university. The degree course is being funded by Bluebird Rail.  That is
commendable support. Mr. Sewell has been promoted and is now working as an assistant project
manager.”

Case 2
“International Tastes Pty Ltd was fined $20,250 today after an incident in which an employee
had his arm caught in the rotating blades of a pasta-making machine at the company’s Glynde
premises in January 2007.

The court was told that the employee was taught to operate the machine with the safety guard
open, the interlock switch which would have stopped the machine from operating in such cases
was not working, and no safety checks or procedures were in place for either the machine or the
tasks involved with its use.

The 24 year old victim suffered fractures, lacerations and nerve damage resulting in a number of
operations and considerable pain and suffering.  He has since returned to work interstate with a
related company.”

Safety professionals constantly argue for interlocks that cannot be bypassed.  This case shows
that the relatively young worker suffered considerably from the incident and has moved
interstate to continue with his career.

26
The judgment raises issues of deep concern to OHS professionals in relation to the level of
supervision and induction required for workers and the perennial issue of machine guarding. 
The judgment reports the circumstances of the incident:

“On 23 January 2007 [Mr. B] suffered serious right arm injuries while operating a pasta making
machine in accordance with a method he had recently been taught.  He had received on the job
training only and was not given the benefit of any written work procedures.  He had been taught
to work in close proximity to unguarded rotating blades.

While using a two liter plastic container to collect pasta mix from the machine the container
came into contact with the exposed rotating blades of the adjacent mixing bowl, which in turn
dragged his right arm into the blades.”

Case 3
“Central Glass Pty Ltd was fined $9,375 having been prosecuted over an incident in February
2007 at its Salisbury factory, where it makes aluminum window components.

Two workers were manually lifting a slippery steel die weighing 95 kilograms to place it in a
press.  In doing so, the die slipped crushing the fingertip of one worker and narrowly missing
their feet as it fell to the ground from about waist height.

Safe Work SA told the court there were no safety procedures for the task and the injury could
have been averted through the use of mechanical lifting gear, which was later purchased.”

This case can relate to the concept that existed for some time in Australia of a “safe lifting
weight”.  This concept has been shown to be a myth as it focuses on only one part of the work
process and assumes that the particular lift is outside the other lifting actions that a worker may
have been performing previously. It also assumes that everyone has a similar lifting capacity.

The judgment of this case provides more detail

“On 16 February 2007 Central Glass Pty Ltd unnecessarily exposed its employee [Mr. R] to a
risk of serious injury at work.

27
With the help of another worker [Mr. R] was required to manually lift an oily 95kg steel die from
ground level and place it in a close fitting slot in a press at about waist height.  While doing so
the die slipped and crushed one of [Mr. R’s] fingers.  The die then fell to the ground narrowly
missing the feet of [Mr. R] and of his colleague. [Mr. R] suffered a crush injury to the tip of his
left middle finger.

Central Glass had not previously carried out any hazard identification and risk assessment
process in relation to changing and fitting dies.  It did not have any safe work procedure for this
task and did not provide adequate safety control measures such as mechanical lifting assistance.”

28
Theories
According to 2017 estimates of accidents and work-related diseases and deaths report released
by the International Labor Organization (ILO), each year 2.78 million workers die from
occupational accidents of which 2.4 million are disease related, approximately 86.3% of the total
estimated deaths. The work-related mortality accounted for 5% of the global total deaths (based
on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015) and fatal accidents accounted for the remaining
13.7%.

1.5.1 Operations Theory

Employees must comply with company procedures and arrangements for health and safety.
Every employer must carry out a risk assessment and then take health and safety measures in line
with this assessment. Competent individuals must be given responsibility for health and safety
arrangements. Emergency procedures must be set out. The health and safety of employees in the
work place is a major concern for employers and employees. Detailed employment laws and
legislation have been created covering this area. All organizations that employ five or more
people must have a written safety policy which sets out: Who is responsible for workplace health
and safety, and/or arrangements that have been made for health and safety. This policy must be
communicated to all employees. Employees must be trained and provided with clear information
about risks and the steps to take in dealing with them, Frick (2004)

1.5.2 Adjustment stress theory

This theory holds that the unusual ,negative, distracting stress experience by the individual
increases their liability to accident or other lower quality behavior .The distractive negative
stresses are imposed upon the individual either by internal environment (diseases, alcohol or
other toxic items) or by the external environment (temperature excess ,poor lightening ,excessive
noise level ,excessive physical work strain).

The theory differentiates the constitutional aspect of accident proneness from temporary stress
factor, which include:

a). Employee age: adjustment to work discipline, attainment of self-sufficiency away from
parents, courtship ,marriage, assumption of family economic ties struggle for a satisfactory place
in the organizational hierarchy

29
b). workplace temperature lighting congestion

c). Physical efforts required on the job

d). Alcohol consumption

e). Weakening effects of diseases

30
1.6 Conclusion
When the individuals seek employment opportunities in organizations, they not only have to
augment their knowledge and competencies to carry out their job duties in a well-organized
manner and achieve personal and professional goals, but they also need to take into account the
concept of health and safety. In order to implement one’s job duties in a well-organized manner,
maintain good terms and relationships with others and achieve the desired outcomes, it is
necessary to maintain good health and feel safe and secure within the working environment.
Section 24 of the Occupational Health and Safety Act requires all workplaces with five or more
employees to develop a safety policy and review it annually. The main objective of this policy is
to put emphasis upon commitments of the employers to health and safety. The measures to
promote good health conditions among employees are, focus on prevention, encourage
consumption of nutritious diet, develop a smoke free workplace, encourage participation in
physical activities, improve mental health, avoid long chair time, encourage healthy body
weights, reduce alcohol intake, encourage educational opportunities, and take precautions.

This is apparent that to carry out one’s job duties and responsibilities in an appropriate manner, it
is vital to feel safe within the working environment. Measures to promote safety among
employees are, making provision of equal rights and opportunities, create a workplace safety
culture, provide adequate training, formulation of policies and programs, promote effective
communication, implementation of safety protocols from the initial stage, reward employees for
safe behavior, partner with occupational clinics, inspection of tools and machines and bring
about improvements on continuous basis. These are some of the measures, which need to be
implemented by the members of the organization to ensure safety and well-being. Finally, it can
be stated that it is vital for not only employees, but all the members of the organization to
maintain good health and safety for the achievement of organizational goals, retain one’s jobs
and deal with others well.

31
References

Robins’ Committee (1972), Report of the committee on safety and healthy at work
(Chairman: Lord Robens), HMSO.

Healthy and Safety Executive (2008), Annual Report, HSE, London

Holt, A. (1993), Principles of Health and Safety at Work, IOSH Publishing, London

Sunders, R. (1992), Safety Audit, Pluman, London

Andrews, H (1993), Principles of Health and Safety at Work, IOSH Publishing, London

Donovan, R (2003), Scare Tactics Do Work… sometimes Presentation at the Social

Marketing for Social Profit Conference, Health Sponsorship council, Wellington

Reasons, J (1997), managing the Risks of organizational accidents, Ash gate publishing Ltd,
Aldershot

Vicker I, Bald Cock R, Small bone D et al (2003), Cultural influence on health and safety
Attitude and behavior in small business health and Safety Executive, UK

The global challenges of labor inspection, Education 2005

General Survey of Reports Concerning labor inspection Convention and recommendation,

ILC 95th session.

Reason J, Organization Accidents and Safety Culture Unpublished report, Department of

Psychology, Manchester

Bibliography
57 Great Ways to Encourage Better Employee Health. (2019). Retrieved March 03, 2020
from inside.6q.io
Guide to Workplace Health & Safety Policy. (2004). Safety Matters @ Work. Workers
Compensation Board of PEI. Retrieved March 02, 2020 from wcb.pe.ca
Health and Safety Guide for Human Resources Professionals. (n.d.). Canadian Centre for
Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved March 02, 2020 from ccohs.ca

32
Hopkins, M. (2018). 10 Simple Steps to Improve Workplace Safety. Retrieved March 03,
2020 from concentra.com
Inspection of Work Equipment. (n.d.). Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved March 03,
2020 from hse.gov.uk
7 Ways to Promote Health and Wellness within Your Employees. (2019). Retrieved March
03, 2020 from alt-creative.com
Weakley, L. (2019). The Importance of Health and Safety in the Workplace. Retrieved March
02, 2020 from workplacediversity.com
Bibliography
57 Great Ways to Encourage Better Employee Health. (2019). Retrieved March 03, 2020
from inside.6q.io
Guide to Workplace Health & Safety Policy. (2004). Safety Matters @ Work. Workers
Compensation Board of PEI. Retrieved March 02, 2020 from wcb.pe.ca
Health and Safety Guide for Human Resources Professionals. (n.d.). Canadian Centre for
Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved March 02, 2020 from ccohs.ca
Hopkins, M. (2018). 10 Simple Steps to Improve Workplace Safety. Retrieved March 03,
2020 from concentra.com
Inspection of Work Equipment. (n.d.). Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved March 03,
2020 from hse.gov.uk
7 Ways to Promote Health and Wellness within Your Employees. (2019). Retrieved March
03, 2020 from alt-creative.com
Weakley, L. (2019). The Importance of Health and Safety in the Workplace. Retrieved March
02, 2020 from workplacediversity.com
Bibliography
57 Great Ways to Encourage Better Employee Health. (2019). Retrieved March 03, 2020
from inside.6q.i
Bibliography
57 Great Ways to Encourage Better Employee Health. (2019). Retrieved March 03, 2020
from inside.6q.i
Bibliography
57 Great Ways to Encourage Better Employee Health. (2019). Retrieved March 03, 2020

33
from inside.6q.i
57 Great Ways to Encourage Better Employee Health. (2019). Retrieved March 03, 2020

from inside.6q.io

Guide to Workplace Health & Safety Policy. (2004). Safety Matters @ Work. Workers

Compensation Board of PEI. Retrieved March 02, 2020 from wcb.pe.ca

Health and Safety Guide for Human Resources Professionals. (n.d.). Canadian Centre for

Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved March 02, 2020 from ccohs.ca

Hopkins, M. (2018). 10 Simple Steps to Improve Workplace Safety. Retrieved March 03,

2020 from concentra.com

Inspection of Work Equipment. (n.d.). Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved March 03,

2020 from hse.gov.uk

7 Ways to Promote Health and Wellness within Your Employees. (2019). Retrieved March

03, 2020 from alt-creative.com

Weakley, L. (2019). The Importance of Health and Safety in the Workplace. Retrieved March

02, 2020 from workplacediversity.com

34