fe. | WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGy i Contents JUNE 2022 APRIL 2022 MARCH 2022 .....0..ccccces FEBRUARY 2022. JANUARY 2022 DECEMER 2021 NOVEBMER 2021 OCTOBER 2021........ ‘SEPTEMBER 2021.... AUGUST 2021... JULY 2021 (MUMBAI ONLY)... JULY 2021. ‘APRIL 2021 (MUMBAI ONLY) ‘APRIL 2021 MARCH 2021 FEBRUARY 2021 JANUARY 2021.... DECEMBER 2020. NOVEMBER 2020. OCTOBER 2020 MARCH 2020 FEBRUARY 2020... JANUARY 2020... DECEMBER 2019. NOVEMBER 2019 OCTOBER 2019..... SEPTEMBER 2019... AUGUST 2019 JULY 2019...... JUNE 2019. APRIL 2019... MARCH 2019 FEBRUARY 2019. JANUARY 2019, 159 DECEMBER 2018...... 159 NOVEMBER 2018... onl OF OCTOBER 2018, 165 SEPTEMBER 2018...... 165 ofthe purchaser of is book. Circulating, copying, reproducng tis book wil avec BEEBE [FE OR code contains nforman HESPE bevere copyright punishments under section 63 of the copyright act, 1957. Purchaser ol this books responsible for ony fj uch vilations originates from this copWWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY AUGUST 2018. JULY 2018 JUNE 2018 APRIL 2018. MARCH 2018.. FEBRUARY 2018...... JANUARY 2018. DECEMBER 2017... NOVEMBER 2017, OCTOBER 2017.. SEPTEMBER 2017... AUGUST 2017 JULY 201 JUNE 2017. APRIL 2017. MARCH 2017. FEBRUARY 2017.. JANUARY 2017. (BERG [Ths GR code contains information of the purchaser ofthis back, Creulating, copying. reproducing ths book wil strat evere copyright punishments under section 63 ef the copyright act, 1957, Purchaser of his book responsible for ary uch violations originates from this copy 3WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2022 SECTION - 1 3 Q1. What are semiconductor devices? What are its advantages over thermionic devices? With | respect to semi-conductor devices describe working principle and application of the following. A. Zener Diode, B. Transistor, C. Photocell, D. Thyristor ‘201s/sR11 2017/SF¥06-—«2O19IN _2019/SEP_—2020//AN 202 1/1UL/Q5_2021/0CTIQS 2021/NOVIQ2 2022/UNIQ’ What are semiconductor devices? >> Semiconductor devices are nothing but electronic circuit component made from a material that is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator (hence semiconductor). >> Semiconductor devices have found wide applications because of their compactness, reliability, and low cost. As discrete components, they have found use in power devices, optical sensors, and light emitters, including solid-state lasers. They have a wide range of current- and voltage-handling capabilities, with current ratings from a few Nano amperes (10-9 ampere) to more than 5,000 amperes and voltage ratings extending above 100,000 volts. What are its advantages over thermionic devices? 1. Heat produced is much lesser on SC devices. 2. Due to no necessity of heat, quicker response time. 3. Less space consuming 4, Able to handle multiple inputs, process and deliver data much quicker than thermionic devices. 5. Easy to manufacture 6. Not as breakable as thermionic devices, due to their smaller construction. With respect to semi-conductor devices describe working principle and application of the following A. Zener Diode >> A Zener diode is a particular type of diode that, unlike a normal one, allows current to flow not only from its anode to its cathode, but also in the reverse direction, when the so-called "Zener voltage” is reached. >> Zener diodes have a highly doped p-n junction. Normal diodes will also break down with a reverse voltage but the voltage and sharpness of the knee are not as well defined as for a Zener diode. Also normal diodes are not designed to operate in the breakdown region, but Zener diodes can reliably operate in this region. Application: >> Zener diodes are widely used in electronic equipment of all kinds and are one of the basic building blocks of electronic circuits. >> They are used to generate low power stabilized supply rails from a higher voltage and to provide reference voltages for circuits, especially stabilized power supplies. They are also used to protect circuits from over-voltage, especially electrostatic discharge (ESD) 8. Transistor severe copyright punishments under section 63 of the copyright act, 1957. Purchaser ofthis book is responsible for any Ti OR coe aan fomaton fe piri ofa Eno, Crain oping reroduana a bak aad | BEB Coch vcitton onginates rom ts copwww.p! ESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY 5 ~ A transistor is a semiconductor device used to ampli electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material for connection to an external circuit. ify or switch electronic signals and usually with at least three terminals => Avoltage or current applied to one pair ofthe transistors terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Applications: >> Transistors used as an electronic switch, in grounded-emitter configuration. >> Transistors are commonly used in digital circuits as electronic switches which can be either in an “on” or “off state, both for high-power applications such as switched-mode power supplies and for low-power applications such as logic gates. C.Photocell > Photocell is a solid-state electronic device that converts light into electrical energy by Producing a voltage or that uses light to regulate the flow of current: => A Photocell or photo resistor or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photoconductive cel) is a light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. >> A photo-resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photo-resistor can have a resistance as high as several megaohms (MQ), while in the light, a photo-resistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. Applications: >>A photo resistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark- activated switching circuits. >> In ship photocells are used in boiler flame eyes, Incinerator flame eyes, Some oil content meters, Oil mist detectors, smoke density monitoring etc., D. Thyristor >> A thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating N and P- type materials. It acts exclusively as a bi-stable switch, conducting when the gate receives a current trigger, and continuing to conduct while the voltage across the device is not reversed (forward-biased) >> A three-lead thyristor is designed to control the larger current ofits two leads by combining that current with the smaller current of its other lead, known as its control lead. In contrast, a two-lead thyristor is designed to switch on if the potential difference between its leads is sufficiently large (breakdown voltage). Applications: >> Thyristors are mainly used where high currents and voltages are involved, and are often used to control alternating currents, where the change of polarity of the current causes the device to switch off automatically, referred to as "zero cross" operation. >> The device can be said to operate synchronously; being that, once the device is triggered, it conducts current in phase with the voltage applied over its cathode to anode junction with no further gate modulation being required, ie, the device is biased fully on. >> Thyristors can be used as the control elements for phase angle triggered controllers, also known as phase fired controllers. >> They can also be found in power supplies for digital circuits, where they are used as a sort of “enhanced circuit breaker’ to prevent a failure in the power supply from damaging Fis GR code contain information ofthe purchaser ofthe Book Crculatng, copying, reproducing ths book wil tract severe copyright punishments under section 63 ofthe copyright act. 1957, Purchaser ofthis books responsible for any bch violations originates tram this copWWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY ‘ener diode attached tc downstrea gate. im components. A thyristor is used in conjunction with a 2 | | Q2. Tank liquid level sensors are an integral part of ships. Describe with aid of suitable | sketches the working principle of, (@) capacitive type level sensor; (0) Ultrasonic level sensor, (0) Float. 2orsisaty 2016/8808 2019/)UN 2oziNovigs 2022/FEB/G2” 2022/NIG2 2o19/SeP —2020)/AN2021/MARIQ3 202H/APRIQ2 | 2021/UL/O (2) Capacitive type level sensor 7 / => Capacitance level instruments operate on the basic principe ofthe variation of the electrical capacity or capacitance of a capacitor formed by the sensor, vessel wall and dielectric material, => A capacitor is made up of two conductive plates which are separated from each other by ‘a dielectric. The storage capability of a capacitor defined by the capacitance, C, is directly dependent on the plate areas (A), their distance apart (d) and the dielectric constant of the material between the plates. C= eA/d Capacitive sensor probe acts as outer shell of the probe >> Capacitive probes are used in liquids that are non-conductive and have a high dielectric constant (€)and can be used for continuous level monitoring. A capacitive probe shown, consist of an inner rod with an outer shell immersed in the liquid that we intend to measure the level. >> The capacitance of the probe is measured between the inner rod and the outer shell (Tank walllwith the aid of a capacitance bridge. In the portion out of the liquid, air serves as the dielectric between the rod and outer shell. In the immersed section, the dielectric is that of the liquid that causes a large capacitive change as the level of liquid changes. >> Ifthe tank is made of non-metal the inner rod will be surrounded by another metallic outer shell. | >> The capacitance change is directly proportional to the level of the liquid. The dielectric | constant of the liquid must be known for this type of measurement. Tis GR code conta Nora lie prove at book Creang ih book Crag, pin, peducng a bok ya ae vere copygh pnamentsurcestson 6 ote Copyaght a 157 Purranero! rs books essonle oat sch cada clgrates tom iscoWWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY >> The dielectric constant of the process material is the most important aspect of this level measurement application. It should be noted that temperature, moisture content, humidity and density can change the dielectric constant of the process material. These factors are often taken into account and corrected for in the design of capacitive probes for level measurement (0) Ultrasonic level sensor inal out (620m) I * Uttrasonic transducer * Sound wave probe “Tank ‘Tank contents - Liquid __ Ultra Sound pulse wave al Induced downwards S ._ Ultra Sound pulse wave reflected upwards >> In this design, the level sensor is located at the top of the tank in such a way that it sends Out the sound waves in the form of bursts in downward direction to the fluid in the tank under level measurement. As soon as the directed sound waves hits the surface of the fluid, sound echoes gets reflected and returned back to the sensor. >> The time taken by the sound wave to return back is directly proportional to the distance between the electric sensor and the content in the tank. This time duration is measured by the sensor which is then further used to calculate the level of liquid in the tank. >> The speed of the sound waves can sometimes be affected due to variations in temperature for which appropriate compensations need to be provided in the sensor design. In general, the medium over the fluid's surface is air. However, one can employ a blanket of nitrogen or any other vapor also. ‘Advantages >> Non-contact type i.e. they do not make any contact with the process fluid under level detection. >> Fixed components only hence require less maintenance hence less leakage problems. Disadvantages >> Not suitable for Materials like powders etc. >> Heavy vapors >> Surface turmoil & Foam >> Ambient noise and temperature >> Do not work satisfactorily in areas involving vacuum or high pressure conditions. (6 Float Sensor >> A magnetic float level indicator, shown in this schematic, consists of a float chamber, a float, and an external indicator tube. hig OR code contain information ofthe purchser ola book. Creuatng, copying, reproduchig Wa book wits ever coptiht punishments under section 83 af the copyright act, 1957 Purchaser af this book responsible or ony uch elation eiginaes rom this copyWWW.DIESELSHIP.coM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGy >> Afloat chamber isa column of pipe with connections to match the tank whose liquid fay is to be measured > The float moves up and down inside the chamber as the liquid level changes. Float jp, and material are determined by the properties of the liquid being measured. Advantage > Simple and accurate results a Flat Chamber Indicator Sale Magnetic Feat * Magnet indicator | | | E25 emmoessieco Dis-Advantage >> Complicated piping and installation >> Not suitable for double bottom tanks >> Blocking of tubes. Q3. A. Sketch a standby battery charging/discharging circuit; B. Describe the circuit sketched, making special reference to how battery charge is maintained and how it operates upon loss of main power. 2Os2/SR1_—_—-2013/5R4_—_—2OIBISAI2 _2020/0CTIQS 2021/JUL/QS_2021/0CTIOS 2022/MARIOS 2022/10N/Q3 A. Sketch a standby battery charging/discharging circuit; Rectified AC or DCsupply all Emergency 2 Loads z q Test @ Switch a @ ©|DIESELSHIP Batteries is GR cade conana nformavon othe p Ievere copyright punishments under seeton ich vilations originates from ths copy erat is book ofthe copyright lang, copying, reproducing ha book wil stra 1957. Purchaser ofthis book i response for anyWWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY B, Describe the circuit sketched, making special reference to how battery charge is maintained and how it operates upon loss of main power. >» During a loss of main power, Until the emergency DG cuts-in and supply power, The battery bank provides transitional supply to essential services that requires uninterrupted power supply such as Navigational equipment, Emergency lighting, VHF & other communication devices, Control computers, Fire safety systems etc. >> When the emergency generator starts, the emergency switchboard feeds the loads at the same time charging the batter unit. When emergency generator runs out, battery unit can continue supply further power. >> Asimple arrangement is shown in figure above consisting of lead-acid batteries. This type of secondary cell loses charge gradually over a period of time. Rate of loss is kept to a minimum by maintaining the cells in a clean and dry state, but it is necessary to make up the loss of charge the system shown has a trickle charge. >» In normal circumstances the batteries are on standby with load switches (L) open and charging switches C closed. This position of the switches is held by the electromagnetic coil against pressure of the spring, During a loss of main power, the coil is de-energised, which closes switches L and opens C. When the power is restored by EDG or Normal DG the coil again opens Land closes C. >> Loss of charge is made up when the batteries are on standby, through the trickle charge which is adjusted to supply a continuous constant current. This is set so that it only compensates for losses which are not the result of external load. Q4. What is the meant by “excitation” in an altemator? With the help of a neat diagram of brushless alternator labeling all the important parts. explain how the excitation is achieved in a brushless alternator. 2O1S/AUG _2020/MARIQS 2020/0CTIQ2 2021/FEB/QS 2021/0CTIQ! 2022/MARIQ2 2022/UNIQE What is the meant by "excitation" in an alternator? >> The two factors essential for the production of a generated emf in an a.c. generator are rotational speed (n) and magnetic flux (@). >> Field windings on the rotor create strong magnetic field poles when direct current is passed through them, this process is called excitation in an alternator. >> Various methods have been devised to supply the correct d.c. field (excitation) current to produce the required ac. output voltage from the stator terminals, >> The excitation must be continually regulated to maintain the generator output voltage as the load power demand fluctuates. With the help of a neat diagram of brushless alternator labeling all the important parts, explain how the excitation is achieved in a brushless alternator. >> Broadly, the excitation methods are either rotary or static. A rotary method utilises an ac or d.c. exciter which is shaft-mounted and rotates with the main generator rotor. >> Traditionally, rotary exciters were d.c. generators with stationary field poles, rotating armature, commutator and brush gear. Now the most common arrangement is to use a shaft mounted ac. exciter. >> In some applications, a small additional rotary pilot exciter may be used to supply current to the main exciter field. A pilot exciter is a small permanent magnet a. c. generator which is ete copyright punishments under section 63 of the copyright act, 1957. Purchase ofthis book is responsible for any uch violations originates from this copy. ae ig OR code contains information ofthe purchaser al his book Creating, copying, repraducng Ws baak wil seract @> JECT RY fi MARINE ELI rally at a high frequency (€.9.1Qq field. WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME -4 aft, Its output voltage is gene ori hi it iven from the generator sl od into the main excite ied to d.c. before being f pier retofoo SURGE SUPPRESSION RESISTOR oToR reLD shown in Figure. The absence of brushes, brush gear and carbon dust improves reliability and considerably reduces generator maintenance. oe Rectification ofthe a,c. excter voltage is achieved by six shaft-mounted silicon diodes. The suppression resistor connected across the main generator field protects the diodes against voltage surges arising from sudden changes in excitation current : >> Although diode failures are rare, some generator field systems ar fitted with an electroni¢ detector relay to give an alarm andy or tip signal should such a fault occur. Usually, the detector monitors the exciter field current whose size and shape are noticeably affected by a diode failure. >> Generators with rotary exciters, response to sudden load changes. For example, it may take typically correct a 15% voltage dip caused by the start-up of a large pump motor. >> A “brushless” ex conventional or brushless, have a relatively sluggish p to one second to | Q5. A. What are the causes of overheating of an induction motor? B, What preventive measures are provided against damage to an induction motor in installed condition? C. What is the purpose of ‘fuse back up protection’ provided to an induction motor? D. How does an induction motor develop torque? E. What is the condition to be satisfied for achieving maximum running torque in an induction motor? 2o‘3/SR03 —2015/SR02 -2017/5RO1_——ZO17ISAII —«2048/SROZ —-2018/SRO4 —_202O/IAN 2024/MARIQS 2022/N/QS ‘A. What are the causes of overheating of an induction motor? 1. Over-Current (Electrical Overload) 2. Stalling 3, Mechanical obstruction, Overload & vibration 4, Single phasing 5. Low Resistance 6. Over Heating due to ambience, cooling failure 7. Dirt in the body, windings etc., 8, Moisture 9. Frequent start & stops [This GR code contains infermation of the purchaser of ation of the purchaser of his Book, Crcvlating, copying, reproducing Wis book wil evere copyright punishments under secon 63 ofthe copyright act. Serespontlefor nf kereasomtet peneimert unr sorin pyright act, 1957. Purchaser ofthis book fs responsible fr anyWWWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 — MARINEELECTRO TECHNOLOGY — | B. What preventive measures are provided against damage to an induction motor in installed condition? >> Protection of motors is required mainly to prevent overheating which can cause deterioration of winding insulation and burnout, if severe. Overheating as the result of overload, stalling, single-phasing or prolonged starting period can be detected by a rise in line current and by temperature change. >> Overheating as the result of high ambient Jtemperature or poor cooling due to blocked air passages can only be detected by temperature rise within the windings. >> Overload protection is required for all motors of more than 0.5 kW although different rules apply to steering gear motors and others essential to safety or propulsion. >> A conventional electromagnetic overload trip must have a time delay dashpot (similar to those for d.c. switchboards) to allow for high starting current in direct on-line started induction motors. An electromagnetic overload trip can be reset quickly and a motor restarted repeatedly with the result of excessively high winding temperature, unless a temperature trip is also provided. >> Each of the three supply phases of the motor is usually fitted with an overload protection. >> Induction motors based on their usage are protected from environmental conditions like fiooding, water dripping, moisture, heat etc. >> Proper earthing is provided if the motor is installed i an insulated platform. C. What is the purpose of ‘fuse back up protection’ provided to an induction motor? >> The secondary function of fuses is to provide back-up for the other protective devices. >> Back up fuse protection is provided to safeguard the induction motor from short circuit. Fuses also protect the motors from faults that occur before the breaker like in the bus bar sections, >> Short-circuit protection is also a requirement for motors of over 0.5 k W. >> Fuses of the cartridge/high rupture capacity (HRC) design are employed to provide the necessary rapid interruption of high fault current. >> Because short-circuit current may be high enough to damage normal motor contacts, the fuses may be arranged to break first in the event of short circuit. , How does an induction motor develop torque? >> The shaft of an AC induction motor rotates because of the torque created by the interaction between the magnetic field of the stator and the magnetic field of the rotor. >> The torque produced by three phase induction motor depends upon the following three factors: 4. Firstly the magnitude of rotor current 2. Secondly the flux which interact with the rotor of three phase induction motor and is responsible for producing emf in the rotor part of induction motor 3. Lastly the power factor of rotor of the three phase induction motor. Combining all these factors together we get the equation of torque as- T Ol,Cos0; Where, T-is the torque produced by induction motor, 6s flux responsible for producing induced emf, 12 -is rotor current, (ee This OR code contains information ofthe purchaser of this book. Circulating, copying, reproducing this book will o| vere copyright punishments under section 63 oft copyright act. 1957. Purchaser ef his book is esponsible for any uch vations originates from this copy.voi WWW.DIESELSHIP.com VOLUME - 4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGy 5 €0802- is the power factor of rotor circuit. © The maximum torque is directly proportional to square of rotor induced emf at the standstill > The maximum torque is inversely proportional to rotor reactance. The maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance. ~> The slip at which maximum torque occur depends upon rotor resistance, R2. So, by varying the rotor resistance, maximum torque can be obtained at any required slip. E What is the condition to be satisfied for achieving maximum running torque in an induction motor? 1. That the maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance as such. 2. However, the speed or slip at which maximum torque occurs is determined by the <5 Fesistance. Torque becomes maximum when rotor reactance equals its resistance. Hence, by varying rotor resistance (possible only with slip-ring motors) maxi- mum torque can be mal to occur at any desired slip (or motor speed) i 3. Maximum torque varies inversely as standstill reactance. Hence, it should be kept as sma, as possible. 4. Maximum torque varies directly as the square of the applied voltage. 5. For obtaining maximum torque at starting (s =1), rotor resistance must be equal to rotor reactance. SECTION 6. (a). Explain the significance of the root- mean- square value of an alternating current voltage waveform; Define the form factor of such a wave form, (b). A total load of 8000 kW at 0.8 power factor is supplied by two alternators in parallel, one, alternator supplies 6000 kW at 0.9 power factor. Find the KVA rating of the other alternator. and the power factor. 2011/SRB ——-2O11/SR4_——«2011/SR7_—«2010/SRB | 010/82 ——«2010/SR1 —zo12/SRE 2o11/SR1 ——-2012/SR7——2OI2ISRI2—-2013/SROG —2014/SRI1__2014/SRO1 —_2014/SRO3 2015/SRO3 —2015/SROB ——«2O1G/SR4 —-2016/SRO?—2018/SRO4 —2018/SRO7 2018 /$ROB 2016/SRO9 ——-2018/SR14 —2018/SRIZ_2OZO/IAN —2OZO/OCTIQD Z020/DECIQS 2021/JAN/QS 2O21/FEBIQS 2021/MARIQIO 2021/APRIQE 2021/SEP/Q6 2021/0CT/Q92021/NOVIQS 2022/FEB/Q8 20zz/MARIQS — 2022/IUNIQE A. Explain the significance of the root mean square value of an alternating current or voltage wave form; Define the form factor of such a wave form. >> RMS is one of the most important parameters that is used to describe the ‘strength of an Alternating Current (AC). >> RMS value of an AC voltage/current is equivalent to the DC voltage/current that produces, the same heating effect when applied across an identical resistor. Hence, it is also a measure’ of energy content in a given signal. >> When two uncorrelated (or orthogonal ) signals are added together, such as noise from two independent sources, the RMS value of their sum is equal to the ‘square-root of sum of the ‘square of their individual RMS values. >> The root mean square (RMS) value of an alternating current or voltage is of considerable importance in practice, because the ammeters and voltmeters record the RMS value of, alternating current and voltage respectively. b i bs Tis OR code contains information ofthe purchase’ ol this book Grealating, Copying reproducing Wis book wilaeraa]) severe copyright punishments under section 63 ofthe copyright ec, 1957. Purchase’ ofthis book is responsible fo any | ; {cha jolations originates trom this copWWWODIE! SHIP.COM VOLUME-4 — MARINEELECTRO TECHNOLOGY = [3 Define the form factor of such a wave form. > The form factor is defined as the ratio of RMS value to the average value. Its numerical value is 1.14 The form factor enables the RMS value to be found from the arithmetic mean value and vice versa B. Numerical Solution Given Data: - ‘Alternator A; (Power), = 6000 kW; cos (p, = 0.9 (lagging assumed) Total power = 8000 kW; cos @ = 0. Required Data: () KvAg (ii) cos @p SOLUTION: = For generator B, KVAg = J( KWo?) + (KVA,,)° KW; And cos @ vag Alternator B: = KW = KWhotat ~ KWa = 8000 - 6000 = 2000 KW, = 2000 Alternator A: = Reactive power(KVA,) = KVA x sin xva = cos " 6000 its apparent power rating KVA =~" = 6666.7 Where, cos @ = 0.9 ° 25°50! sin = 0.4358 Reactive power KVA, KVA x sing = 6666.7x 0.4358 Reactive power KVA, = ~ 2905 Total: - KVA, =KVA x sing xva = cos@ Apparent power rating KVA 7 ~ = 10,000 cos ~ = 0.8; @ = 36°52! Tis OR code consis internation lhe purarr ois book Creag, copying, eproduchg Wa book waa] HEGEL vere copyight punshmerts unde secon 63 ofthe copyiigh ac. 1957. Purchase ths book's responsible foray | uch lations ogists fom ths co JWWW.DIESELSHIP.cOM VOLUME -4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGy sing Reactive KVA, = KVA xsing = 1000 x 0.6 Reactive KVA, = 6000 KVA,, = KVAriseg) — KVArg = -6000 — (—2905) = -3095 kva, = -3095 KVA, = (KWp?) + (KVA,,)° = (2000? + (—3095)? = 3684.97 KVA KVAy = 3684.97 KVA Apparent power rating for alternator B is 3684.97 KVA Power factor for Alternator B, KWs _ 2000 = We 543 (laggi KVAp 360497 (aging) A lagging power factor is assumed, if the power factor of both the load and the alternator A are taken to be lagging. 0s Pp Q7. A. By means of a schematic circuit diagram illustrate the peak rectifier. lf the supply voltage is v(t) = Vm Sin wA, what is the voltage across the load resistor? B. A battery-charging circuit is shown below in Fig. The forward resistance of the diode can be considered negligible and the reverse resistance infinite. The internal resistance of the battery is negligible. Calculate the necessary value of the variable resistance R so that the battery charging current is 1.0 A. R Suoply Voltage T qoov v=200sineot J 2011/SR7 2010/57 2011/SR4—2O10/SR11.—2014/SR11 —2012/SR4—=—«-2012/SRT 2Or2/SR11 2013 /SRSROB —2014/SRO1 —2014/SROB_«2014/SRIO —-2015/SROZ_-—-2015/SRA 2O1G/SR12 —-2018/SRO4 —2018/SRO7?_——2020//AN —2021/MARIQB 2021/]ULIQB _2021/SEPIQ9 20z2/10N/Q7 ‘A. By means of a schematic circuit diagram illustrate the peak rectifier. If the supply voltage is v(t) = Vm Sin wt, what is the voltage across the load resistor? \ o L f 779, inder section 63 of the copyright act, 1957, Purchase of ‘opytight ations elginatesWWW .DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME: 4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY =); >> The above figure shows a full wave rectifier with a filter arrangement >> Diode D1 will conduct in + ve half wave cycle, D2 in ve - half wave cycle, So the current through load will be in same direction but pulsating or ripples are high with fluctuating D.C. >> Thus filter is introduced to reduce these variations in voltage >> The filter arrangement has capacitance C1 across the rectifier; coil L in series and capacitor C2 across the load. ‘The filtering action is mentioned as follows >> Filter capacitor C1- offers low reactance to AC component of rectifier O/P, while it offers infinite reactance to DC component. >> Therefore C1 bypasses an appreciable amount of AC component while DC component continue its way to L >> Choke L ~ offer reactance to AC component while almost 0 reactance to DC components therefore it allows DC parts to flow through while blocking AC component. >> Filter capacitor C2 — bypasses the AC component which the choke has failed to block. If supply voltage is V = V,,Sinet The output willbe Vo ~ Vone = >> Therefore, only component appear across the load and this is desirable &. Numerical solution Diode conducts during the period v > 100 V, 200 sin at = 0.5 ie. when, x Sn ot = and = Therefore, diode conducts when, 1 Sa g> When the armature of the motor rotates due to the torque developed by the armatirg conductors. The conductor also rotates and cut the flux. ; ; >>An emf is induced as per faradays law, direction of some given by Flemings right hand rujg. This emf (Eb) is in opposite direction to the applied voltage V. This is known as back emf, POZN azure >> The back emf Eb(= PZN/60 A) is always less than the applied voltage V, although this difference is small when the motor is running under normal conditions. i Derive the relation for the back emf and the supplied voltage in terms of armature reactance, | >> When de voltage V is applied across the motor terminals, the field magnets are excite and armature conductors are supplied with current. >> Therefore, driving torque acts on the armature which begins to rotate. As the armature | rotates, back emf Eb is induced which opposes the applied voltage V. >> The applied voltage V has to force current through the armature against the back emf Eb, >> The electric work done in overcoming and causing the current to flow against Eb is converted into mechanical energy developed in the armature. >> It follows, therefore, that energy conversion in a de motor is only possible due to the Production of back emf Eb. Is 1 Shunt Field Ish 1 | >> Net voltage across armature circuit = V - Eb >> IF Rais the armature circuit resistance, then, la = (V ~ Eb)/Ra >> Since V and Ra are usually fixed, the value of Eb will determine the current drawn by the { motor. ¥ >> If the speed of the motor is high, then back ems. Eb (= PdbZN/6O A) is large and hence the motor will draw less armature current and vice-versa. B. Numerical Solution Given Data : Required Data : Pole (P (Ns =x j (i) N, when slip is 4% = x ‘antans Information ofthe purchaser of tis book Grcuatng, copying, reproducing this ookwl H Dumshments under section 63 ofthe copyright act, 1957. Purchaser ol this book responsible for any ‘ctiginates rom this coy ASA)WWW.DIESELSHIP,COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY 7 (ii) f Solution: Pw. {We know, f = eal (where Ng = synchronous speed ) 10f _ 120x50 = ON ot = REST = 1500, ile, Synchronous speed, Ns = 1500 rpm (i) The speed of the rotor when the slip is 4% is Ng~ Ne Np s =8 x10 3 4" x 100 Ns Ns 1500-Ny _ fae =004 3 1500-N,= 60 = N, = 1500-60 = 1440 rpm The speed of the rotor is 1440 r.p.m when the slip is 4%. (ii) The rotor frequency when the speed of the rotor is 600 rev/min. Weknow, f, =SF = Ns-Me y ¢ _ 1500-600 she ie XE = 500 ie, The rotor frequency , f = 30 Hz when speed of the rotor is 600 rev/min Q9. A. Explain the potential hazards if liquid-cooled transformers are used. B. What are the losses in transformers? Mention the various factors which affect these losses. In a 25 KVA, 3300/233 V, single phase transformer, the iron and full-load Cu. Losses are respectively 350 and 400 watts, Calculate the efficiency at half-full load, 0.8 power factor. 2009/SR2 2008/SR9-«2007/SR4 | ZO11/SA1_OTOISRB 2011/SR3__2012/SR12 2013/SR11 2014/SRO3_2015/SRO8_—«2O1S/FEB — 20'S/AUG 2020/FEBIQS z020/MARIQT 2020]0CT/Q7 2021/FEBIQE 2022/MARIQ7 2022/NUN/Q9 A. Explain the potential hazards if liquid-cooled transformers are used onboard ships. >> If the oil due to any reason leaks into the winding, it will cause fire, apart from shorting the winding. Though the oil used for cooling may not ignite easily but once ignited will result in uncontrolled fire, forcing a threat to bigger fire and safety of personals. => Due to sea environment and continuous agitation, the oil is subjected to deterioration at sea, the oil may get contaminated and lose its properties, leading to overheated transformer. >> Additional maintenance involved, as the oil would need to be changed at a specified interval, transformer would then be needed to isolate which may not be possible most times. >> May result in spillage resulting in slippage undesired work. B. Numerical Solution Copper losses FL = 400 W Copper tosses I? 1 Copper losses at half load = x copper losses at full load = ; x 400 = 100 watts = 0.1 kW [ Note: IL is constant Iron lossesFL = 350 watts = 0.35 kW CL is variable] vase copyright punishments under section 63 of the copyright act, 1957, Purchase ofthis book s responsible for any Tis OR code contain Information ol the purchaser of his book Cireulaing, copying reproducing this Bock wil tract i sich violations originates rom this coywww, trie DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME - 4 m; load = MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGy output ___output_ | Losses = Cu loss + Fe loss} " ~Tnput — output + losses KVA COS? = Fev Acos @ + Cu loss + Fe toss nici 1x25x08 pee oe ROB sod ; = Tiasvanptoa +035 10 +0. + 035 x 100 = x 100 = 95.69% j Toas ny load = 95.69 % Losses ~ Core loss (Iron loss) - copper loss Factors — Construction of transformers- leakage resistances Q10. (A). Compare the effectiveness of a current limiting circuit breaker with that of a HR fuse, (8) An AC Voltage Of 24 V is connected in series with the silicon diode and load resistance 500 Ohm having forward resistance 10 Ohms. Calculate the peak output voltage. 202 1/DECIQ1O 2022/1UN/Q10 ‘A. Compare the effectiveness of a current limiting circuit breaker with that of a HRC fuse, BASIS Working Principle Reusability Status indication Auxiliary contact ‘Switching Action Temperature Protection HRC FUSE CIRCUIT BREAKER Fuse works on the electrical and _Circuit breaker works on the thermal properties of the Electromagnetism and switching conducting materials. principle. Fuses can be used only once. Circuit breakers can be used a number of times. It does not give any indication. _It gives an indication of the status No auxiliary contact is required. They are available with auxiliary contact. Fuse cannot be used as an The Circuit breaker is used asan | ON/OFF switch. ON/OFF switches. ‘ They are independent of ambient Circuit breaker Depends on ambient temperature temperature \ The Fuse provides protection . Circuit breaker provides protection against only power overloads _against power overloads and short circuits.WWIW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE CTRO TECHNOLOGY 0 Function It provides both detection and Circuit breaker performs only interruption process. interruption. Faults are detected by relay system, Breaking Breaking capacity of the fus capacity low as compared to the circuit breaker. Breaking capacity is high Operating time Operating time of fuse is very Operating time is comparati ly more less (0.002 seconds) than that of the fuse. (0.02 - 0.05 seconds) (®) Numerical Solution * Df 100 + Rp ‘ ©WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM ~ a 5002S R Load 24 . By using KVL to above circuit, +24-12-1x500 0 12 =5101 = © 510 Vout = 1X Poot 2 =a* 500 Vout = 14.76 volts APRIL 2022 ‘SECTION -1 1. Explain the methods used to control the speed of a 3 Phase induction motors. Draw and Explain a Variable Frequency Drive used for optimization of energy efficiency of auxiliary machineries on board vessels. 2O19/AUG -—2019/NOV 2020/FEBIQY 2020)NOV/QI 2021/0CTIQ2 2022/AFRIQI >> The Speed of Induction Motor can be achieved from Both Stator and Rotor Side. The speed control of three phase induction motor from stator side are further classified as: 4.V/f control or frequency control. 2. Changing the number of stator poles. The stator poles can be changed by two methods; 2.1 Multiple stator winding method. 2.2 Pole amplitude modulation method (PAM) 7 En ngs Ta OTTETG Ta TERERE Thc GR cade contain formation othe purchaser ols book Creulating, copying reproducing this book wil atvact ee eealtpunhmenta under section 63 ofthe copytight at 1957 Purchaser of his book s responsible fer any ach vations originates from this coECTRO TECHNOLO WWW.biesrnsip.com VOLUME <4 MARINE : Controlling supply voltage Addin 19 rheostat in the stator clrcult m rotor side are further classifigg ~The speed controls of three phase induction motor fron | as saaulcnnitviiasi 1. Adding external resistance on rotor sida 2. Cascade control method. 3, Injecting slip frequency emt Into rotor side, Draw and Explain a Varlable Frequency Drive used for optimization of energy efficiency 4, auxiliary machineries on board vessels. ] >> A variable-frequency drive isa system for controlling the rotational speed of an aera Current electric motor by controlling the frequency of the electrical power supplied to thy Motor. It is a specific type of adjustable-speed drive. Variable-frequency drives are also knoy 8 AC drives or inverter drives. 4 >> Ship auxiliaries that can run on reduced output when not really necessary to run al maximum speed can be controlled to run at desired output level thus reducing the pow, consumption of the equipment which leads to the reduction in fuel consumption of the, generator engines. 1 >> Equipment that can be run on reduced load are; | 1. Engine combustion air supply & Engine room air supply fans - Set to run temperature ox) Pressure based thus by reducing speed when there is no need. | ss | ‘ak Bt | =O i sh & newt | at Bk | iesetsh } Tapa acter oc Ieper | Working principle of a VFD | 2. Boiler FD fans ~ Based on the air demand. i 3 ‘Sea water pumps for engines, general service, Air conditioning & refrigeration system - __ based on the temperature or pressure demand. 4, Rotary compressors while running off-load - Rotate at minimum possible revolution while running Offload. A 5. Fuel supply pumps while running off-load for circulating purposes ~ Enough to maintal pressure without fuel pressure controller valve wasting the energy, 4 6. Lube oil pumps while circulating. 7. Non-peak hours (night time) running water Supply & circulating pumps of passenger ships. >> Induction motors rotate at a fixed speed that is determined by the frequency of the suppl). voltage. Alternating current applied to the stator windings produces a magnetic field that rotates at synchronous speed. This speed may be calculated by dividing line frequency by the number of magnetic pole pairs in the motor winding. [This OF cade contains information of the purchaser ofthis book Greulang, Copying, reproducing ths book wil am fre copytight punishments under section 63 ofthe copytight at, 1957, Purchaser of tha book 1 response fo 0 ih velations originates tom this cox 3WIVW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY — 5, >> Since an induction motor rotates near synchronous speed, the most effective and energy- efficient way to change the motor speed is to change the frequency of the applied voltage VFDs convert the fixed-frequency supply voltage to a continuously variable frequency, thereby allowing adjustable motor speed For example, a SO Hz supply system is considered, A VFD converts 50 Hz power, to anew frequency in two stages: the rectifier stage and the inverter stage. The conversion process incorporates three functions: 1 Rectifier stage: A fullewave, solid-state rectifier convert three- phase 50 Hz power from a standard 440 or higher utility supply to either fixed or adjustable DC voltage. The system may include transformers if higher supply voltages are used. © loverter stage: Electronic switches - power transistors or thyristors - switch the rectified DC on and off, and produce a current or voltage waveform at the desired new frequency. The amount of distortion depends on the design of the inverter and filter. 5. Control system: An electronic circuit receives feedback information from the driven motor and adjusts the output voltage or frequency to the selected values. Usually the output voltage is regulated to produce a constant ratio of voltage to frequency (V/H2). >> Controllers may incorporate many complex control functions. Converting DC to variable frequency AC is accomplished using an inverter. Currently available inverters use pulse width modulation (PWM) because the output current waveform closely approximates a sine wave. AA State with reasons the essential requirements for unattended machinery spaces; | B. As second Engineer, describe how you would respond to the irretrievable failure of the | Machinery space fire alarm system whilst the ship is on voyage. 2009/82 2008/SR10—2008/SR3._-—«2007/5R7 2007/5R3_«2OL0/SR12 2011/87 2010/89 2010/SR7_——«2010ISRE——«2O10/SRE” —2OIH/SAII —-2012/SR4 —2012/SRB. 2013/5807 2013/SR11.—-2013/5R12 —-2014/SROS—-2O14/SRIZ —_-2O1S/SROY—_-2015/SR7 2016/SR4 —_2016/SRO4 —2017/SR12__ZO1DIAPR —_2019/0CT___2019/DEC _2020/NOVIQE 2021/APRIQ4 — 2021/JULIQ3 — 2021/SEP/Q5 , 2021/NOV/Q4 2022/APR/Q2 | Q2. With reference to UMS. operations: | A. State with reasons the essential requirements for unattended machinery spaces; >> Essential requirements for any unattended machinery space (UMS) Ship are prescribed in the SOLAS 1974 Chapter II-1, regulations 46 to regulation 53. 1. Fire Precaution >> Arrangement should be provided on UMS ship to detect and give alarm in case of fire. >> In the boiler air supply casing and uptake. >> In scavenge space of propulsion machinery. >> In engines of power 2250 Kw and above or cylinders having bore more than 300mm should be provided with oil mist detector for crankcase or bearing temperature monitor or either of two. 2. Protection against Flooding >> Bilge well in UMS ship should be located and provided such that the accumulation of liquid is detected at normal angle of heel and trim and should also have enough space to accommodate the drainage of liquid during unattended period. >> In case of automatic starting of bilge pump, the alarm should be provided to indicate that the flow of liquid pumped is more than the capacity of the pump. 3. Control of Propulsion Machinery from Navigation Bridge he is GR code cortaine information of the purchaser of tus book Crcuating, copying, reproducing tn book wilawvact vere copyright punishments under section 63 of the copyright at, 1987, Purchaser ofthis book's respansiblefor any ch vations originates frm this copyteenie ww. DIESELSHIP.cOM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY i te to be controlled from bridge under all sailing conditions bindgs that be aie sa the speed, direction of thrust, and should be able to chang the pitch in case of controllable pitch propeller. Emergency stop should be provided on navigating bridge, in system > The remote operation of the propulsion should ee such connection in ‘ontrol position are permit 4 The mb coneceve automat tempt hich ist sta th prOpUSON aching shall be limited to safeguard sufficient starting air pressure. 4 4, Centralized control & instruments are required in Machinery Space >> Centralized control system should be there so that engineers may be called to machinery space during emergencies from wherever they are. 5. Automatic Fire Detection >> Alarms and detection should operate very rapidly and effectively. It should be placed a ‘numerous well sited places for quick response of the detectors. 1 6. Fire Extinguishing System j >> There should be arrangement for fire extinguishing system other than the conventional hand extinguishers which can be operated remotely from machinery space. The station mus give control of emergency fire pumps, generators, valves, extinguishing media etc. 7. Alarm System >> A comprehensive alarm system must be provided for control & accommodation areas. & Automatic Start of Emergency Generator >> Arrangement for starting of emergency generator and automatic connection to bus bar ‘must be provided in case of blackout condition. Apart from that following points are also to be noted. q 1) Local hand control of essential machineries like steering, emergency generator starting, emergency start for main engine etc. 2) Adequate settling tank storage capacity. 3) Regular testing & maintenance of machinery alarms & instruments. dependent of bridge con. be possible from one location at atime, B. As second Engineer, describe how you would respond to the irretrievable failure of the Machinery space fire alarm system whilst the ship is on voyage. j __ Manned operation >> If ship is on UMS, it must be cancelled and regular watch keeping to be called in for. 4 Card system > Card replacing system can be followed, every hour a different color card to be | Placed in the designated areas by the fire watch keepers, they must be replacing the card "every hour. Other watch keepers who pass the area can keep an eye on the color of the ca if it doesn't correspond to the hour, then that area is considered not monitored, to be checked. and replace the card, No hot work > All hot work to be cancelled and further no hot work to be issues until the issue is rectified, Special attention -> Additional care is given to purifier, boiler & incinerator rooms. Additional manpower -> Ensure at least one extra watch keeper is provided during regulat watch and additional watch keepers during standby conditions. Q3. A. Give a brief outline of the care maintenance that should be given to the stator and rotor of an AC. generator, his GR code contains information ofthe purchaser of his book Greuating, copying, reproducing Ws book wil ava severe copyright punishments under section 63 ofthe copyright a, 1957, Purchaser of his book is responsible fra uch violations originates trom this copWWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY B, Explain what is likely to occur if the driving power of one A.C. generator suddenly fails when two generators are running in parallel. What safety devices are usually provided for such events? 2014/SRB 20187808 2ONBERIO. ——2018SRIt —2019MAR —2019NIOY—_-2021/18N/T 021/AUGIQ) 2022/APRIQ3 A. Give a brief outline of the care maintenance that should be given to the stator and rotor of an AC. generator, Safety precaution-> Always ensure that generator prime mover is shut down and locked off Circuit breaker should be put off and warming sign boards to be placed before doing any maintenance. Terminal box-> 1. Check all connection in the stator terminal box are tight. Check for signs of cil and water contamination of cable insulation within the terminal box. Cooling & Heating > Keep cooling air intake and exhaust are free of dirt and dust. Clean the filters at regular intervals, ~> Ensure that the space heaters come "on" automatically whenever the alternator is stopped for a long time. They should go "of? when the alternator is started. Dust removat> Inspect and clean alternator rotor and stator windings by removing dust with dry lint free cloth. An industrial type of vacuum cleaner with rubber or plastic nozzle (so as not to damage the winding insulation) is very effective in removing dirt. Oil on the winding reduces insulation resistance and shortens its life. Use electro cleaner for degreasing. Minor abrasions to winding insulation can be repaired after cleaning by applying air drying varnish. ‘Slip rings & carbon bushes-> . Slip rings on the rotor must be checked for even wear and that carbon brushes have free movement in their boxes. >> Correct brush pressure can be checked by pull type spring balance and compared with maker's instruction. A pull of around 0.14 to 0.21 kg/cm? is usual. Worn out brushes (below 2 cms approximately) suffer reduced spring pressure and cause sparking at slip ring contacts. >> Replace brushes with correct type and ‘bed! them to the curvature of the slip rings. This can be done by placing a thin strip of glass paper (not emery paper) over the slip ring, with its cutting surface under the carbon brush. Pull glass paper around slip ring tll brush surface has the same contour as the slip ring. Remove all traces of carbon dust with a vacuum cleaner. Brushless alternator> In case of brushless alternator, the rotating diodes should be kept free from dirt, oil and dampness. Insulation resistance -> Measure the insulation resistance of stator and rotor windings. Remember to disconnect any electronic circuit components which may be damaged by a SOOV insulation test. Measure the insulation of the stator winding and the rotor winding to earth, and between stator phases. A minimum value is 1 MQ, but a lower value may be acceptable to a surveyor based on 1 kM/volt. No load tests" No load running checks should be done before synchronising and loading. On load check for excess temperature rise and load sharing stability when running in parallel. B. Explain what is likely to occur if the driving power of one A.C. generator suddenly fails when two generators are running in parallel. What safety devices are usually provided for such events? >> The running engine will be overloaded, First thing there will be a preferential trip occurring to restrict the load on engine or sudden if the load is more than its rated capacity there be blackout and automatic sequence will start Tins OF code conta nformaton a he purdave afte book. Grea copying reproducing ts book wilseaa vere copys punhara under scon 83 ofthe copyright ac 1957 Purchave ik Books responsible fr any vilsongenignats trom hs copWWW.DiEsELsHiP.com VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOgy i >> If the engine manages to take the load and continue to run the faulty engine will gg Motoring action, which will be protected by reverse power trip. i 4 >> The power management system will start the next available standby engine and > In this machine slip rings and brushes are eliminated and excitation is provided not by, conventional direct current exciter but by a small alternator. ] >> The acc. exciter has the unusual arrangement of three phase output windings on the rotor! and magnetic poles fixed in the casing. >> The main rotor has residual magnetism which produces a weak magnetic field therefore, when the rotor turns, this weak field flux cuts the main stator winding and a low voltage is| generated in the main stator. >> This output is fed back to the AVR which rectifies the ac. power to d.c. This d.cis fed to: the exciter stator. v4) >> A stationary magnetic field is created in the exciter stator by the d.c. fed to it. The exciter, rotor, when it rotates, cuts this stationery field. | >> Since the exciter rotor windings are wound to produce 3 phase ac. power, 3 phase ac. is generated in it. >> All of this 3 phase a.c. is led to a bank of rotating diodes mounted on the same shaft. The diodes convert all of this ac. to dic. This D.C is the “excitation” of the main generator >> This D.C. in the main rotor adds to the weak magnetic field already there due to residual magnetism of the main rotor. | reproducing Ws book wil a i GR code contains infarmaton althe purchaser of hs book Craulatng, copy ir copyright punishments under section 63 of the copyright act, 1957. Purchaser of this book is respons’ble for a uch violations originates rom this copyWWW.DIESELSHIP,COM VOLUME-4 — MARINEELECTRO TECHNOLOGY 55 ~ So the total field flux produced by the generator rotor is now increased. Field flux due to current feedback from AVR & field flux due to residual magnetism. >> Since more flux now cuts the generator stator windings, a higher voltage is generated. > This process of voltage build up continues until the generator rated terminal voltage | (usvally 440V) is reached. The AVR regulates the voltage to this value. B. State the output voltage characteristics for this type of machine. Period of ehnge ransient | Vonage steady sate tte of poor ore mover of governor responte volt dlrecoverypotern enor eco er roo >> Both the conventional alternator with d.c. exciter / carbon pile regulator combination and the brushless machine described have error operated AVR and excitation systems >> The voltage has to change for the AVR to register the deviation from normal and to then adjust the excitation for correction. => The suddenness of the initial volt dip is such that the response from the error operated system cannot come until the dip is in the second slower stage. Thus neither machine can prevent the rapid and vertical volt dip due to transient reactance, but the faster acting voltage regulator of the brushless machine will arest the voltage drop sooner on the slower secondary part of its descent. => The carbon pile regulator is slow compared with the static type but better recovery by the brushless alternator is also achieved by field forcing, i.e. boosting the excitation to give a quicker build - up. > AVR will control generator voltage to + 2.5% [or better] of its set value over the load range. This is steady state voltage regulation >> Transat voltage dip is usually limited to 15% for a specified sudden load change with recovery to rated voltage within 1.5 seconds. QS. What is Zener diode and how does it regulate the voltage ? What happens to the series current, load current and Zener current when the d.c. input voltage of a Zener regulator increases? Draw a neat diagram of Zener regulator and explain. Tis book. Galating copying reproducing Ws Doak wil aac TERRE [1s GR code cortoins information of the purchaser of ee ee cevtighrpunhments under section 83 ofthe copyright ac, 1957 Purchaser a this book is responsible for any Kuch violations originates from this copTRO TECHNOLOGY WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME -4 MARINE El 202274PRIQS What is Zener diode and how does it regulate the voltage ? fee toh A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current fo cua we ora rd direction as normal but will also allow it to flow in the reverse directior lage ig ‘above the breakdown voltage or Zener’ voltage. | S> Zener diode is a silicon semiconductor with a p-n junction that is specifically designed tg work in the reverse biased condition. When forward biased, it behaves like a normal signa diode, but when the reverse voltage is applied to it, the voltage remains constant for a wige| range of currents. . | >> Due to this feature, it is used as a voltage regulator in dc. circuit. The primary objective of the Zener diode as a voltage regulator is to maintain a constant voltage. Let us say if Zener voltage of 5 Vis used then, the voltage becomes constant at 5 V, and it does not change. What happens to the series current, load current and Zener current when the d.c. input voltage. of a Zener regulator increases? 4 Zener current and load current increases but the load current remains constant. >> If the input voltage V; increases, then the current ls through the series resistor Rs increases. This increases the voltage drop across the resistor, ie. Vs increases. Though the current through Zener diode Iz increases with this, the voltage across Zener diode Vz remains constant, keeping the output load voltage constant. Draw a neat diagram of Zener regulator and explain. kk T Rs nul | Yu | Unregulated HY ug oc fe | >> The applied input voltage Vi when increased beyond the Zener voltage Vz, then the Zener diode operates in the breakdown region and maintains constant voltage across the load. The series limiting resistor Rs limits the input current. “Al >> The Zener diode maintains the voltage across it constant in spite of load variations and input voltage fluctuations. 4 scenarios to explain the working of a Zener voltage regulator. Scenario 1 ~ If the load current ll. increases >> The current through the Zener diode IZ decreases in order to maintain the current through the series resistor RS constant. The output voltage Vo depends upon the input voltage Vi and voltage across the series resistor RS. 5 >> This is can be written as 7 cade conti infrmaton ol he purchavw oT is book Gradatng copying, aprodicag Is book wala Be bevere copynah punatentsunder secon 63 fhe copyight act 157 Pucoser of ths book separable oo Esch vlsvonsongnsten am thi coyWWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 = MARINEELECTRO TECHNOLOGY — 4, Vo = Vin ~ IRy Where I is constant. Therefore, V, also remains constant, Scenario 2~ If the load current I decreases >> The current through the Zener diode |; increases, as the current |, through Rs series resistor remains constant. Though the current Iz through Zener diode increases it maintains a constant output voltage Vz, which maintains the load voltage constant. Scenario 3 If the input voltage V, increases The current |;through the series resistor Rsincreases. This increases the voltage drop across the resistor, i.e. Vs increases. Though the current through Zener diode |; increases with this, the voltage across Zener diode Vz remains constant, keeping the output load voltage constant. Scenario 4~ If the input voltage decreases >> The current through the series resistor decreases which makes the current through Zener diode lz decreases. But the Zener diode maintains output voltage constant due to its property. SECTION =I Q6. A 72 KVA transformer supplies a heating and lighting load of 12 KW at unity power factor and a motor load of 70 kVA at 0.766 (lagging) power factor; Calculate the minimum rating of the power-factor improvement capacitors which must be connected in the circuit the ensure that the transformer does not become overloaded. 2011/SR10_2018/SR10_2019/MAR _2OI9/UN __2019/SEP -2019/0CT___2019/0EC. 2OZ0/NOV/QE 2024 /JULIQ —2021/SEP/Q8__ 2021/OCT/Q6 Numerical Solution For the motor load Cos = 0.766 40° and sin @ = 0.6428 Power Rating = 70 x 0.766 = 53.62 kW Reactive Power = 70 x 0.6428 = -44,996 KVAr Total Active Power = 12 + 53.62 = 65.62 kW The 72 KVA transformer is capable of supplying this power load and a reactive load, given by 72)? + (65.62)? = 10 VS184— 43.06 = 10 V876 = -29.63 kVA The total reactive load must therefore be reduced by, 44.996 - (29.63) = 15,366 = -15.4 kVAr >> This will then be the rating of the capacitors which will achieve the reduction by providing 15.4 kVAr at a zero (leading) power factor to oppose 15.4 kVAr of reactive load at zero (lagging) power factor. ‘GYR What Back emt? Derive the ration for the back en and he supped vokage Th terns of ature ASAE 8 A three-phase induction motor is wound fr four poles and is supplied from a 50 He system, Calevate i The synchronous speed (6) i. The speed ofthe rotor when the slip is 4 per cent; (3) it The rotor frequency when the speed ofthe rotor is 600 r/min, (2) ALREADY DONE IN 2022/ANNE/Q8 [ BERR oF cove constrain fe purchaser fis book. Creuning. copy epoducng WU BOOTS ies conyistpsimersunde secon shh copia 15) Huis she eck stopooi eos chide ona foniheereVOLUME-4— MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGy .SHIP.COM QB. A. What are the characteristics of PN junction diode? Point out its specifications, Point out the significance of dynamic and static resistances. B. Draw the circuit of Half-wave rectifier and its output waveform. A diode whose in resistance is 200. Is to supply power to 1000 £1 load from 110 V (RMS) source. Calculate (i) peak load current, (ji) DC load current, (ili) AC load current. POrOISROS ——O1H/SRIZ —201Z/SROB _—-7013/SROA— 2013/SRIO_—2014/SRO3_ 2015 /SAgy 2O17/SRO3 —-2017/SRO7—«2O17/SRO9 «207/511. 2017/SR12_ 2018/SRO2_ 2048 /SRgg 2o20/NOvIQS i ‘A. What are the characteristics of PN junction diode? Point out its specifications. Also poj out the significance of dynamic and static resistances. Forward Bias Characteristics >> When forward biased (Si diode), initially current does not flow until biasing is less than) potential barrier (0.7 V) but it increases suddenly beyond 0.7 V and current is dire proportional to voltage. >> Resistance in forward biasing is dynamic resistance which is given by R in forward biasing in the range of few ohm to ten kilo ohm. Curent or Vottage b >> When the diode is reverse biased, there is no crossing of majority carriers and current is approximately zero. Se tictacisec >> A very small current of the order mA flows because of minority carriers in depletion region. This current is called reverse current. 55 GR code contains ormaton ol the purchaser of hs book Cveulating, copying, repreducng tis book wil aod svete copyright punshments under ston 63 ofthe copyright ac. 1987, Purchaser af this Book i responsible fr 2 buch violations originates rom this copWWW. DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY: ‘coment Static resistance of DC resistance >> When forward biased voltage is applied to a diode that is connected to a DC circuit, a OC ‘or direct current flows through the diode. ~~ Direct current or electric current is nothing but the flow of charge carriers (free electrons or holes) through a conductor. In DC circuit, the charge carriers flow steadily in single direction or forward direction, >> The resistance offered by a p-n junction diode when it is connected to a DC circuit is called static resistance. >> Static resistance is also defined as the ratio of DC voltage applied across diode to the DC current or direct current flowing through the diode. _ DC Voltage 1” DC Current >> The resistance offered by the p-n junction diode under forward biased con denoted as Rf. is applied. >> When forward biased voltage is applied to’a diode that is connected to AC circuit, an AC or alternating current flows though the diode. >> In AC circuit, charge carriers or electric current does not flow in single direction. It flows in both forward and reverse direction. Change in Voltage "= Change in Current >> Dynamic resistance is also defined as the ratio of change in voltage to the change in current, Its denoted as rf. B. Numerical Solution oSor Half wave rectifier iota cus wrest n Data: 10V, RL= 1000 0, r= 200 severe copytight punishments under section 63 of the copyright act, 1957. Purchaser ofthis book is responsible for any his GR cade contoins information ol the purchaser of his baok Crevlatng, copying, reproducing tvs book wil atvact sch violabons originates from this eopy 8WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME- 4 MARINE RLECTRO TECHNOL ogy, Vems=110V R=10000 1 Peak load current 2. DC Load current 3. AC Load current Solution Peak load currem Vinax aN ' Rr) Total Resistance’ Vw = VemsX V2 Venue 10XV2 = 155.56 = = 556 Lo yg. Ine = Imax = SE = 01525 A Ima Ide = = 7 3525 _ lec sr = 0.0485 A le = 48.5A 3. AC Load Current es lac = lac = ae = 0.07625A = 46.25 Ma Q9. A. Show how the power that is transferred across the air gap of the three-phase induction motor is represented. Explain the terms. What portion of this is useful power? B. A 440 load of 400 KW at 0.8 (lagging) power factor is jointly supplied by two alternator. current loading of each machine, 2006/7EM 2007/56 «2006/SR1 ——«—«2012/SR1_——«2O1/SRE—«2083/SRI2 —_20t4/sAOR 20%8/SROB —2018/SR11 —2018/SR1Z__2022/APRIQO ‘A. Show how the power that is transferred across the air gap of the three-phase inducti motor is represented. Explain the terms. What portion of this is useful power? >> as Induction Motor works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. => The three phase input power supplied to stator terminal is converted into mechanical power at the shaft output. >» This conversion of energy takes place through magnetic coupling between stator produced: rotating magnetic flux and rotor bars. >> The power transferfrom stator to rotor takes place through the air gap. The power availabl at the air gap of induction motor is called Air Gap Power. It is denoted as Pg. his OR code contains information of the purchaser ofthis baok Ciculating, copying, reproducing ths book wil aaa] severe copyright punishments under section 63 of the copyright act, 1957. Purchaser of this book fs responsible fot anf uch wolations originates fcom this copy.\WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM, VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY Motor input i stator, Py -——_, Stator Cu and iron lostes Rotor input, Pr re Pa (Pes Po) (Via air~ 2p) | Rotor Cu losses ‘Mechanical power developed, (Pes) Pp, of Gross rotor output, Te 4 Windage and friction Rotor output or motor {05 (Py) Output, Pout ~» Air Gap Power is basically the rotor input power. It is the gross power available at rotor input and supplies ohmic loss, friction & windage loss and mechanical power output. Therefore, >> Mechanical Power Output Pm = Pg — Rotor Ohmic Loss — Friction & Windage Losses What portion of this is useful power? Mechanical Power Output Pm is the useful power whereas the other components are losses hence dissipated as heat. B, Numerical Solution For the load, ‘Active power = 400 kW, cos y = 0.8, sin y = 0.6.T Apparent power = ““° = 500 KVA; Reactive power = 500 x 0.6 For machine A, active power = 150 kW. ‘Active power supplied by machine B = 400 -150 = 250 kW. Similarly, for machine B, Reactive power = - 150 KVAr. . Reactive power taken from machine A = -300 — ( -150) = -150 KVAr. Apparent power load loading of machine A = ¥150 + 150? = 100 V1.5? +15? = 100 V5 = 212.1 KVA Apparent power loading of machine B = V250? + 150? = 100 v2.5? + 1.5? = 100 V6.25 + 2.25 = 100V85 = 291.5 KVA 150 Power factor of machine A = >= = 0.707 (lagging) —300 KVAr. 50 | Power factor of machine B = = = 0.057 (lagging) | Current supplied by each machine ( here three-phase alternators have been assumed) f 212100 _ 212100 } For machine A = Jax 72a 278.3 Amp 291500 For machine B = ———~ = 382.5 Amp | Q10.A. Explain the preference for a 60 Hz system. Describe the dangers of running a 50 Hz | system from a 60 Hz supply. | B.A .ring-main, 900m long, is supplied at a point A at a p.d. of 220V. Ata point B, 240m from | A, a load of 45A is drawn from the main, and at a point C, 580m from A, measured in the | some direction, a load of 78A is taken from the main. If the resistance of the main (lead and | return) is 0.25 ohm per kilometre, calculate the current which will flow in each direction round 1 Bg FoR secon ret pre oT ADE IT png ere too aT [eee seoensimans acsearle opis 7 chica abo pore ony 1WWW.DIESELSHIP,COM VOLUME - 4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY e the main from the supply point A and the potential difference across the main, at the where it is lowest: ZO1VISRS _—«ZOLOSR2_—«-2OIO/SRI_—2O18/SAOS—2018/SRI1—2018/SRIZ —_2021/AP Rg, 2022/AFR/Q10 A. Explain the preference for a GO Hz system. > Ships choose 60 Hz, as with GOHz, the transformers can be smaller and less expensiyg than for a 50Hz transformer. >> Generally GOHz equipment are smaller in size hence the weight factor is considered jg choosing the 60Hz for marine applications. Amount of copper involved in 60 Hz system jy much less than a 50 Hz system. >> Lower frequency is efficient for longer transmission since, ships transmis disadvantage is neglected. >> Higher frequency power producing diesel generators run at higher RPM, prime movers) especially turbines and engines efficiency is higher at higher RPM. >> With 60Hz the harmonics are easy to control using filters than 50 Hz system, Describe the dangers of running a 50 Hz system from a 60 Hz supply. >> For the same equipment all the parameters are constant except the frequency and this wil affect the applied voltage, ; Vy Va : hh V, = 400 V (for example), and fi = 50Hz, fa = 60H2, VY, =440V Vy Y= i Xf 440 Va= Fy X60 = 5287 Hence, the voltage required to run the equipment will be 528V @6OHz supply. >> Voltage should raise to get also the same power as before otherwise the load will consume more current and become hotter. 5 >> The core loss will increase and cause over heating of core. >> As the core loss will increase, the Power Factor of motor will reduce. i >> The motors speed will be higher, so shaft load will increase. Motor will be overloaded at. rated load. Motor will produce magnetic humming sound. Motor Bearing life will be reduced) (marginal) for more speed and more load. >> Dielectric Stress on insulation will increase due to higher frequency, causes margin reduction of life of insulation, B, Numerical Solution Total load = 45 + 78 = 123 A; Length BC = 580 - 240 = 340 m Let the current in the remaining section 320 m AC be | amps. Then current in section AC = | amps Then current in section AB = ( 123 -1) amps Then current in section BC = ( 123 ~1- 45 ) amps fg 'sGR code contains information ofthe purchaser of is book severe copyright punishments under coceen wa en es OOK. spying, reproducing the book will auvadvw. ay DIESE IPICOr VOLUME-4 MARINEELECTRO TECHNOLOGY — 4, Resistance of section AC = “25 , 309 = poe. 1000 ~ - Resistance of section AB = 225. _ ton x 240 = 0.060 Resistance of section BC = 225 x 349 = 0,085.0 1000 ~ rch By Kirchohoffs law, the voltage drops in either section of the main feeding the load C are equal 21 0.08 = [(123 ~ 1) x 0.06] + [(78 - 1) x 0.085) or, 81 = 6(123 ~ 1) + 8.5 (78 ~1) ( multiplying both sides with 100) or, 81 = 738-61 + 663-851 or, 8! +61 +851 = 1401 140: = Fy = 62.27 Amp 90-2402 340m df Ang’ 11 Q9 current in section AC = 62.27 Amp z. current in section AB = ( 123 - 62.27) = 60.73 Amp 4. current in section BC = ( 78 - 62.27) = 15.73Amp P.D at point C = 220 - ( 62.27 x 0.08) = 220- 4.98 =215.02 volt P.D at point B = 220 - ( 60.73 x 0.06) = 220 - 3.64 = 216.36 volt 2. P.D at load C is lowest = 215.02 volt MARCH 2022 ‘SECTION —! Qt. Differentiate with the aid of simple sketches between the following types of electronic circuits; A Rectifier circuit; B. Amplifier circuit; C. Oscillator circuit. O1O/SRI _2012/SR1 2012/SR2 —2O1Z/SRA_—2012/SRD__-2013/SR10 2015/SRO1 2015/SRO 2015/SR12 2016/SRO7_2016/SROB 2017/SR12 4 2O19AN 2O19/ULY 202A/AUGIQS 2022/IANIQS 2022/FEB/Q3 2022/MARIQ! 2013/8812 2014/SR11 2016/$RO7 2018/SRO9 “A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodicaly reverses direction, to direct current (DQ), which flows in only one direction. The bridge rectifier consisting of four diodes enables full wave rectification without th need for a centre tapped transformer. <> The bridge rectifier is an electronic component that is widely used to provide full w rectification and it is possibly the most widely used circuit for this application Di © DIESELSHIP Bridge Rectifier Load © DIESELSHIP Capacitor ‘Smoothing Without Capacitor >> In most power supply applications, the output from a bridge rectifier will be connected to| ‘a smoothening capacitor as part of the load. These electronic components accept charge] uring the high voltage parts of the waveform and then give out charge to the load as the) voltage falls. In this way they provide a more constant voltage than the direct output from the bridge rectifier. ] >> In terms of the bridge rectifier and its diodes, the inclusion of the capacitor means that the current taken through the diodes will have significant peaks as the capacitor charges up. 2. Amplifier circuit | An electronic amplifier is an electronic device that can increase the power of a signal (a time- varying voltage or current). It /s a two-port electronic circuit that uses electric power from power supply to increase the amplitude of a signal applied to its input terminals, producing @ proportionally greater amplitude signal at its output. | Tis OR code conta oration ofthis book Craving, copying, eproducng Wis book wil ave] rr coy pura non 8 th op et TT. Rn a beak repel 2WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME -4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY 8 An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal It does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape ‘but with larger amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier modulates the output of the power supply. >> The control by a small available power over a large usable power is called power gain or amplification. Transistor can be connected in different ways and can be used for various purposes including switching, >> Basic transistor amplifier amplifies by producing a large change in collector current for a small change in base current, This action result in voltage amplification because the load resistor placed in series with the collector reacts to these large changes in collector current ‘which in turn result in large variation in the input voltage. >> Amplifiers are described according to their input and output properties. They have some kind of gain, or multiplication factor that relates the magnitude of the output signal to the input signal. >> The gain may be specified as the ratio of output voltage to input voltage (voltage gain), ‘output power to input power (power gain), or some combination of current, voltage, and power. In many cases, with input and output in the same unit, gain is unit less (though often expressed in decibels). vee RL Rb Si Ne jt le my Ve a ov >> The power gain of an amplifier depends on the source and load impedances used as well as its voltage gain; while an RF amplifier may have its impedances optimized for power transfer, audio and instrumentation amplifiers are normally employed with amplifier input and output impedances optimized for least loading and highest quality. 3. Oscillator circuit An oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. Oscillators convert direct current (DQ) from a power supply to an alternating current (AC) signal. vere copyright punishments under section 63 ofthe copyright act, 1957. Purchaser of his book is responsible for any Fis OR code contains information of the purchaser af his Book, Creating, copying, reproducing this book wil staal uch violations originates from this copy.MARINE WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME -4 c R 4 y >> They are widely used in many electronic devices. Common examples of signals generate by oscillators include signals broadcast by radio and television transmitters, clock signals tha regulate computers and quartz clocks, and the sounds produced by electronic beepers. >> Oscillators are often characterize the frequency of their output signal: 4 >> A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is an electronic oscillator that generates a frequency beloy| gol : istinguish tt fre ] >> This term is typically used in the field of audio synthesizers, to distinguish it from an augig frequency oscillator. / ] >> An audio oscillator produces frequencies in the audio range, about 16 Hz to 20 kHz, >> An RF oscillator produces signals in the radio frequency (RF) range of about 100 kHz tp 100 GHz. Oscillators designed to produce a high-power AC output from a DC supply are usually called inverters. 2. Wats te meant by "exctation in an ateratr? With the help ofa neat diagram of brushless altemator labeling al ta important pars expan how the excitation i achieved ina brushless alterator. ALREADY DONE IN 2022/JUNE/O4 Q3. Differentiate between squirrel cage and wound rotor motor of the three phases: ac induction. In respect of the following; A. Rotor construction, B. Torque characteristic, C. Speed b, variation, 4 2012/SRE __2012/8R7__—2013/SRB_——2013/SRO9 ~—~2013/SRO1 —2014/8RO12015/SROF pista ZOWGSAOs o/h aOT6/SHO9 _2017SAOI—_2OI7/ROZ 2017502 | 2017/SR11 (2018/SRO1 2018/SRO2 2018/SRO4 2018/SRO6 —_2020/0CT/Q1 2022/MARIQ3 A major difference between the wound rotor motor and the squirrel cage rotor is the conductors of the wound rotor consist of wound coils instead of bars. These coils are _ Connected through slip rings and brushes to extemal variable resistors. The rotating magnetic _ field induces a voltage in the rotor windings. Increasing the resistance of the rotor windings Causes less current flow in the rotor windings, decreasing speed. Decreasing the resistance allows more current flow, speeding the motor up. , J Induction motors use two types of rotors; Squirrel-cage rotor consists of thick conducting bars embedded in Parallel slots, These bars short-circuited at both ends by means of short-ircuiting rings. A wound rotor has a three-phase, double-layer, distributed winding. It is wound for as many) joles as the stator. le three phases are wired internally an n.a shaft with brushes resting on them, id the other ends are connected to slip-rings mounted)WWW.DIESELSHIP.coM, VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY x stars high eurrent and tow "pull-up" torque (60% of full speed highest “pull-out” torque and current drops full speed: torque and stator current are zero jound rotor motor drives use a specially constructed motor to accomplish speed control. The ‘tor rotor is constructed with windings that are lifted out of the motor through slip rings on the motor shaft. These windings are connected to a controller, which places variable resistors in series with the windings. The torque performance of the motor can be controlled using these jariable resistors. Wound rotor motors are most common in the range of 300 HP and above. Pull out torque 7 xFull load current jeyuaiad Full load stator current axfalload 6 xFullload current “ee 5 xFull load current Fall votagestarttoraue 4x Full load current x fuitond 3 xFull load current Pull out torque 2 xFull load current Sample Lad torque cure 1x Full load current! Percentage of motor full load current anb103 peo} Inj 1010 Jo 98 10% 205 308 ON SOR GON TON BONSOK 1008 Percentage of rotor full speed GA Sketch a standby batty charginglAscharging Greate B. Describe the circuit sketched, making special reference to how battery charge is maintained and how it operates upon oss ‘of main power. ALREADY DONE IN 2022/)UNE/Q3 QS. With reference to Marine Electrical Circuits: ‘A. Explain three methods of overcurrent protection for electrical circuit. B. Explain with aid of diagram, the meaning of the term inverse current time characteristic. 2018/SRO9 2019/JAN 2021/AUGIQS —2022/JAN/Q5 — 2022/MAR/QS ‘A. Explain three methods of overcurrent protection for electrical circu. The general term "overcurrent" applies to a relatively small increase over the full load current (FLO) rating (eg. due to mechanical overloading of a motor) rather than the massive current increase caused by a short-circuit fault. >> Generally, an overcurrent, supplied from a CT, is detected by a relay with an appropriate time-delay to match the protected circuit. >> Short-circuit faults in LV distribution circuits are mainly detected and cleared almost instantaneously by fuses, MCCBs or MCBs. >> Main supply feeders are usually protected against short-circuits by circuit breakers with instantaneous magnetic trip action. Overcurrent relay typ 1.Magnetic 2. Thermal 3. Electronic This OR cade contains information of the purchaser ofthis book. Cireulating, copy severe copytight punishments under section 83 of the copyright ect. 1957. Purchas uch violations originates fram this cog producing ths book wilatract this book is responsible for any t | ”WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 | MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGy Magnetic relay >> A magnetic relay directly converts the current into an electromagnetic force to opera, trip switch. | a >> One type is the attracted armature action similar in construction to a simple signalling ¢4 but with an adjustment for the current setting. >> The time of operation is fixed at a definite minimum time which is usually less than g seconds. This is regarded as instantaneous i. with no deliberate time-delay. j >> To obtain a magnetic inverse-time action, e.g. for motor overload protection, an induct, disc movement is usually employed, >> The disc movement is constrained by a spring so is not allowed to actually rotate. The qi travel is very small but sufficient to operate a set of trip switch contacts. Both current and ¢j settings are adjustable. >> A combined relay including an attracted armature element and induction disc element wi give an instantaneous action (high set current) and an inverse/time characteristic. Thermal relay >> Thermal relay utilises the bending action of a bimetallic bar (one per phase) to open normally closed (NC) contact which then trips a contactor or circuit-breaker. >> A small circuit current will be allowed to flow directly through the bimetallic strip but lar currents will be directed through a heater coil surrounding the strip. >> The three bimetal strips in a three phase relay, all bend in the same direction with balan overcurrent to cause a trip. A mechanical bell-crank trip arrangement can also operate wit unbalanced (differential) currents. This is particularly effective with a single phasing motor faut >> In this case, two of the bimetal strips bend further in the normal direction with incre: line current, while the other cools down allowing this strip to move relatively backwar (differential action). >> The time taken to heat the bimetal strip to cause sufficient bending fixes the required tim to trip. Resetting the relay can only be achieved after the strip has cooled down back to t ambient temperature. Electronic overcurrent relay >>An electronic overcurrent relay usually converts the measured current into a proportion: voltage. This is then compared with a set voltage level within the monitoring unit which be digital or analogue. >>In an analogue unit the time delay is obtained by the time taken to charge up a capacitor This type of relay has separate adjustments for overcurrent and time settings together with a instantaneous trip. >> The electronic amplifiers within the relay require a low voltage d.c power supply, e.g. 24 V d.c. derived from a 110 V ac. auxiliary supply. j >> The input from a line current transforn er (CT) is rectified to produce a d .c. voltage whi is proportional to the line current. This voltage charges capacitor at a rate set in ‘conjunctic with potentiometer which determines the inverse-time characteristic for the relay. >> When this capacitor voltage exceeds the predetermined level the detector circuit drives} Power transistor to operate the output electromagnetic relay which switches trip and alarm| contacts in the external circuits. B. Explain with aid of diagram, the meaning of the term inverse current time characteristic. Zz Eevere copyright punishments under section 63 ofthe copyright ac. 1957. Purchaser of this book # responsible or 2 BR [FOR code contains iteration fhe purchoner of Ha book Crean, copina, reproducing Ws book waa [ch visltong ogists rm ths con‘WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY Mint operating Current 4) © DIESELSHIP (Wen set Invtantaneous Ccurrent(t) —+ >> All relay types have an inverse current time characteristic called OCIT (overcurrent inverse time), ie. the bigger the current the faster it will operate. >> Refer the graph. The basic inverse i/t curve would tend towards zero time for the highest currents. >> To make the relay action more precise at very high fault currents the action is arranged to operate at a definite minimum time which is fixed by the design. This type is called an OCIDMT (overcurrent inverse and definite minimum time) relay action. >> The OCIDMT can also be combined with an instantaneous (high set) trip to give the fastest action against extremely high currents due to a short circuit fault. SECTION = I Q6. A. Explain distribution factor and pitch factor for alternator windings. B.A 3phase, 4pole 24 slot alternator has its armature coils short pitched by one slot. Find the distribution factor and pitch factor. 2018/SRO9 —2019/IAN ——-2024/APRIQIO 2021/AUGIQE Z0ZZ/JANIQ 2022/MARIQE A. Distribution factor >> Distribution factor is a measure of resultant emf of a distributed winding in compared to a concentrated winding. >> This term is written as Ko and is defined as the ratio of the emf. in a distributed winding to the emf, in a concentrated winding. emf in distributed winding emfin concentrated winding >> Ifall the coil sides of any one phase under one pole are bunched in one slot, the winding obtained is known as concentrated winding and the total emf induced is equal to the arithmetic ‘sum of the emfs induced in all the coils of one phase under one pole. >> But in practical cases, for obtaining smooth sinusoidal voltage waveform, armature winding of alternator is not concentrated but distributed among the different slots to form polar groups under each pole. >> In distributed winding, coil sides per phase are displaced from each other by an angle equal to the angular displacement of the adjacent slots. Hence, the induced emf per coil side is not an angle equal to the angular displacement of the slots. >> So, the resultant emf of the winding is the phasor sum of the induced emf per coil side. As it is phasor sum, must be less than the arithmetic sum of these induced emfs. Kp= is OR code contains information ofthe purchaser ofthis book Creating, copying, reproducing tis Book wil atract, re copyright punishments under section 63 ofthe copyright ct, 1957. Purchaser ofthis book is responsible for any ich violations originates from this cop 39) MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME - 4 >> Resultant emf would be an arithmetic sum if the winding would have been a concen} one. Pitch factor Definition >> The pitch factor is the measure of resultant emf of a short-pitched (Under pitched) comparison with resultant emf of a fully pitched coil. Hence, it must be the ratio of phasor of induced emfs per coil to the arithmetic sum of induced emfs per coil. Therefore, it muse less than unity. >> In alternator stator winding, on short pitched coil, the induced emf of two coil sides vectorially added and give resultant emf of the loop. Lt] Chorded or under pitched winding Coll span fully pitched winding Explanation >> In short pitched coil, the phase angle between the induced emf of two opposite coil si is less than 180° (electrical). But, in full pitched coil, the phase angle between the induced of two coil sides is exactly 180° (electrical). >>Hence, the resultant emf of a full pitched coil is just the arithmetic sum of the emfs ind on both sides of the loop. >> Vector sum or phasor sum ot fo quantitiés 1s’alWays less trian thir anthinetie’sum, B. A 3phase, 4pole 24:slot altemator has its armature.coils, short pitched by one slot. Find distribution factor and pitch factor. “ Given , “ > No of pole = 4 “nota'stur 24 '" 2. Pitch factor Solution No of slot per pole,n = 24/4 =6 Angular displacement between slots B = 180 /1n = 180/6 vere copyright punishments under section 63 of the copyright act, 1957. Purchaser ofthis book is responsible fort [Tvs Ok code contains information ol the purchaser ofthis book Creating, copying, reproducing ths book wil aa sch vlatons orginates rom ts copyWWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 — MARINE ELECTROTECHNOLOGY — 4, = 30 deg No of slot/phase/pole, m= 24 /(3x 4) =2 4. Distribution factor Kd = (Sin mB/2) /(m sin 8/2) = (Bin 2 x 30/2) / (2 x Sin 30/2) = 0.965 Armature colls are short pitched by one slot. Therefore anglé ais same as that of B. 2, itch factor Ke = cos a /2 = cos 30/2 = 0.965 7, A. Explain the potential hazards if iquid-cooled transformers are used. B Wit are the losses in transformers? Mention the varios factors which alfect these lasses. In a 25 KVA, 3300/233 V, sinle phase Wansformer, the Iron and fulLload Cu, Losses are respectively 350 and 400 watts. Caleuat the eicency at bal full load, 0.8 power factor. ALREADY DONE IN 2022/)MNE/Q9 QB. A. Sketch an arrangement showing the principal of proportional plus integral (P+!) control loop. 8. Compare the series and parallel resonance circuits. Find the frequency at which the following circuit resonates, - = 2pF Ry = 150, - R, = 100 Ly=01H 1,=0.2H) C= 0.5pF| © peseisiP 2011/SRO1_2012/SR12 —2016/SRO6 __2017/SRO4 _ 2OT9/FEB __2020/0CT/QB 2021/JANIQ7 2021/APRIQ? 2021/0CTIQB 2022//AN/QIO | 2022/MAR/QE ‘A. Sketch an arrangement showing the principal of proportional plus integral (P+l) control loop. Proportional plus Integral (P-) Control >> Pl control involves the measurement of the offset or “error” over time. >> This error is integrated, and a final adjustment is made to the output signal from the proportional part of this model. Set Point. >> This type of control response will use the control loop to reduce the offset to zero. A well set-up Pl control loop will operate in a narrow band close to the set point. It will not operate over the entire throttling range. >> Pl control loops do not perform well when set points are dynamic, where sudden load changes occur or if the throttling range is smal his OR code contains information ofthe purchase” afihs Book. Ceuating, copying, reproducing this book will abvack. severe copyright punishments under section 63 ofthe copyright act, 1957. Purchaser ofthis book is responsible fo any kuch violations erginates fram this copy.MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGy WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME -4 100% ODIESELSHIP Control Point Ce SetPoint Throttling Range Proportional Internal Control Response B. Compare the series and parallel resonance circuits Series Resonance Circuits 1. At resonance, net reactance is zero. X=Xe 2. Circuit impedance is minimum, consequently the circuit admittance is maximum, 3. Circuit current is maximum and is given by VR 4. Power dissipated is maximum, V?R. 5. Power factor is unity. 6. Voltage across the coil is higher than the voltage across the capacitance due to its resistance. 7. Resonant frequency = 1/ 2n VLC 8. Itis an acceptor circuit. 9. The series resonance is referred as voltage resonance. Numerical Solution 1 an vie Resonate frequency = Parallel Resonance Circuits 4. Net susceptance is zero. L/C = 2 2, The admittance equals conductance, 3. Reactive or wattles component of the ling current is zero. 4, Dynamic impedance = L/CR Ohms. 5. Line current is minimum and is in phase with applied voltage. 6. power factor of the circuit is unity, 7. It is a rejector circuit 8 The parallel resonance is referred as current resonance. 9, The current circulating between the two branches is many times greater than the line current taken from the supply. 10, Resonant frequency = 1/ 2m. 4 =R Y/R Total inductance L = L, + L; = 0.1 +0.2=0.3H In series CKt capacitance :- C=5=04pF 25 C=0.4x 10°F 1 f=———_ = 2nvV03 x 0.4% 107° 459.44 Hz f= 459. 44 HzWWW.DIESELSHIP.com VOLUME - 4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY 43 (@9. (a) Explain the significance of Oo oto 10h ee ae Of I Tet: mean-square vale of an aerating caren orvoage waveform: Define the ) A total load of 8000 kW 3 G power acon Fd a8 Bowe factor is supped by two akeratorsin paral, One aerator suppies 6000 KW HVA rating ofthe ther alterator and the power factor, ALREADY DONE IN 2022UJUNE/Q6 eee the effectiveness of a current limiting circuit breaker with that of a HRC fuse. B.A col aving 8 resistance of 10 Ohm, and an inductance of 0.15 H is connected in series with a capacitor across a 100V, SOHz supply. If the current and the voltage are in phase what will be the value of the current in the circuit and the voltage drop across the coil? 014/584 ZOrae 2OWNSMO 201e/HAR _ZOIRIAPR__—2OISIAN —_2OI0/NAY 2019/5 1 9/NOV 2019/DEC 2020/)AN_ 2020/0CT/Q1 2021/FEB/Q1 202 1/MAR/Q ° ° 9 ane 2021/JUUIQ —2021/SEP/Q1 2022/MARIQY 9 ° ° ‘A. Compare the effectiveness of a current limiting circuit breaker with that of a HRC fuse. BASIS HRC FUSE CIRCUIT BREAKER Working Fuse works on the electrical and Circuit breaker works on the Principle thermal properties of the Electromagnetism and switching conducting materials. principle. Reusability Fuses can be used only once. Circuit breakers can be used a number of times. Status It does not give any indication. ' It gives an indication of the status indication ‘Auxiliary No auxiliary contact is required. They are available with auxiliary contact contact. Switching Fuse cannot be used as an The Circuit breaker is used as an Action ON/OFF switch. ON/OFF switches. Temperature They are independent of ambient Circuit breaker Depends on ambient temperature temperature Protection The Fuse provides protection _ircuit breaker provides protection against only power overloads _against power overloads and short circuits. Function It provides both detection and Circuit breaker performs only interruption process. interruption. Faults are detected by relay system.WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME -4 Breaking Breaking capacity of the fuse is capacity low as compared to the circuit breaker. Operating time Operating time of fuse is very less (0.002 seconds) B. Numerical solution MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOgy Breaking capacity is high, Operating time is comparatively mpg than that of the fuse. (0.02 ~ 0.92 seconds) Given Data: Required data; 100;L=0.1H; tex V=100v;f= 50 Hz Voltage drop across inductance= x Voltage drop across capacitance = x Voltage drop across coil = x This is a series circuit and since the voltage and current are in phase, then the condi is one of resonance. The respective voltage phasors forthe value of voltage across the indy and capacitance are equal in magnitude but in phase opposition. v_ 100 At resonance the current / 5 = 10.amp 1=10amp Reactance of the inductors at 50 Hz = X, = 2n f l= 2n x 50 x 0.15 = 47.120 X, = 47120 Voltage drop across inductance = 1 X, = 10 x 47.12 = 4712 volts Because of resonance, the voltage drop across of capacitance = 1 X. = 47.12 volt So, impedance of the coil z= JR? + X,2 = VIFF ATE = 1004 221841 = V231841 = 48.150 Z= 48.150 Voltage drop across the coil, V=1Z = 10 x 48.17 = 481.7 volts “the value of the current is 10 A and voltage is 481.5 volt Q1. A. Sketch a circuit diagram of a pu: Phase Incorporating overload and short circuit protection,WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINEELECTROTECHNOLOGY 4s ‘Three Phase Supply By R Contact to keep ey coll Energiued ODIESELSHIP 7 ‘NO Norme stort ‘NC= Normal Cose Stort Direct Online Starter (DOL) Direct Online (DOL) Starter >> DOL Starter (Direct Online Starter) is also known as “across the line starter”. DOL starter is a device consist of main contractor, protective devices and overload relay which is used for motor starting operations. It is used for low rating usually below SHP motors. Construction. >> A DOL starter has two buttons; Start button (NO type) Stop Button (NC type). The start button connects the terminals and closes the circuit while the stop button disconnects the terminals and breaks the circuit. >> The DOL starter is made of a circuit breaker or MCCB or fuse, an overload relay and contactor or coil. >> The circuit breaker is used for protection against short circuits while the overload relay protects the motor from overloading >> The contactor is used for starting and stopping the motor where the start and stop buttons are connected. Parts of DOL Starter: ‘A DOL starter is made of following parts: 14. Circuit breaker or Fuse-> The circuit breaker or fuse is directly connected to the power mains and it is used for protection against short circuits. It trips the power supply in case of short circuit to protect the system from any potential hazards, ‘Magnetic Contactors-> Electromagnetic switch that operates electromagnetically to switch the power supplied to the motor. It connects and disconnects multiple contacts conveniently by providing remote control over the operation. >> The magnetic field generated by the coil is used for switching the terminals. The passing current through the coil magnetizes the iron core that is surrounded by the coll. The magnetic force pulls on the armature to close or open the contacts. ere copyright pn'shments under section 63 ofthe copyright act, 1957, Purchaser ofthis book’ responsible for any 5S OR ode contain oration athe purchaser ofthis book Crevlaing, copying, reproducing this book wil atract {Gi buch violations originates from this copy.WWW.DIESELSHIP.COM VOLUME-4 MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGy it facts used for >> The magnetic contactors have three NO (Normally Sree main pee estate & Supply to the motor and auxiliary contacts (NO and NC) with a eee Ronee Circuit. The coll is connected to the voltage source through au ny cee 3. Overioad Relaj-> Used for protection against overloading of m eet n flow when it exceeds a certain limit, but it also tolerates the) high sta an pti a a J {s carefully selected in such a way that its tripping current limit does no! tart current range. a ; >> The oun has current sensing properties that can differentiate between the starting overload current. . 4 4. Fuse > Used as short circuit protection, which is rated at least 30% higher than Starti Bi f nt and torque against S; B. Indicate, on a sketch of the typical characteristic curves of curr disadvantages of a direct online start squirrel cage induction motor. Starting Current Starting ODIESELSHIP | Torque ——+ Starting Torque Disadvantages 1. It does not reduce the starting current of the motor, 2. High Starting Current: Very High Starting Current (Typically 6 to 8 times the FLC of t motor). 3. Mechanically Harsh: Thermal Stress on the motor, thereby reducing its life. higher size squirrel cage mi jotors st gearbox, coupling, chain drive, plant downtimes, Tank Naud evel sensors ae an itegral par GaN Describe with aid of ea (@) capacitive type level sensor, (b) Utrasonic level sensor, (0) Float, ALREADY DONE IN 2022/UNE/Q2 table sketches the working principle