PLANNING- the first management function & very essential component of management.

GOALS- target or desired ends that mngt wants to reach.

PLANS- are the actions or means that administrator/mngrs intend to use to achieved organizational goals.
GOAL SETTING- the identification of targets or desired end that mngt wants to reach.
VISION- a mental image of what the origin will be in the future.
MISSION- basic purpose of an origin & range of their preparation.
OBJECTIVES- steps needed in order to attained desired ends.
PLANNING TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN THEIR APPLICATION
FORECASTING- according to Schermerhorn forecasting is to predict what will happen in the future.
CONTINGENCY PLANS- must be prepare by managers, ready for implementation when things do not turn out as they
should be.
CONTINGENCY FACTOR- trigger points/ indicate when the prepare alternative plan should be indicated.
SCENARIO PLANNING- is planning for future states of affairs/a long term version of contingency.
BENCH MAKING- another planning technique generally involves external comparison of a company’s practices and
technologies with those company.
Main purpose: to find out what other people’s and organization do well and then plan how to incorporate this practices
into the company’s operation.
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING- it includes the people who will be affected by the plan and those who will be ask.
DECISION- is a choice among possible alternative actions.
8 STEPS OF DECISION MAKING PROCESS SUGGESTED BY ROBBIONS AND CULTER
1. Identify the decision criteria
2. Allocate weights to the criteria
3. Allocate weights to the criteria
4. Develop alternatives