Abstract

The automotive industry has become one of the most important world-wide industries, not
only at economic level, but also in terms of research and development. Increasingly, there
are more technological elements that are being introduced on the vehicle towards the
improvement of both passengers and pedestrians’ safety. In addition, there is a greater
number of vehicles on the roads, which allows for us to move quickly and comfortably.
However, this has led to a dramatic increase in air pollution levels in urban environments
(i.e., pollutants, such as PM, nitrogen oxides (NOX), CO, sulphur dioxide (SO2), etc.). In
addition, and according to a report by the transport sector is responsible for nearly 28% of
the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while the road transport is accountable for over
70% of the transport sector emission. Therefore, the authorities of most developed countries
are encouraging the use of Electric vehicle (EVs) to avoid the concentration of air pollutants,
CO2, as well as other greenhouse gases. So electrical vehicle is best option over this all
issues. But charging of electrical vehicle is again new task. We are implementing a self-
charging system in this project for solve this charging issue.

Introduction
The main objectives of the concept “Solar energy a promising source for E-vehicles”
is to explore the ability and to utilize solar energy for E-vehicles thus reducing the fossil fuel
consumption and protect the environment. The conventional vehicles and potential for the
use of alternative technologies in automobiles such as electric/hybrid vehicles need to be
worked out or develop a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle by converting available conventional
vehicle with a suitable motor and battery. It is also necessary to know why E-vehicle
couldn’t get enough consumer attraction. Need for E-vehicles marketing and production can
be done and problems can be solved by applying suitable engineering solution techniques
considering consumer requirements and cost constraints. Consumers should be aware of the
CO2 emissions caused by fossil fuel-based vehicles and the initiatives taken by government
for promoting E-vehicles by giving subsidies. Electrical energy demand is increasing at an
exponential rate which is very important for all the aspects of modern life. The exponential
growth of the world population witnesses the same. Therefore, energy sources will play an
important role. Present practices in this regard are having potential and priorities which
attempt to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improvement in the energy efficiency of
domestic, offices and industries, energy marketing, energy management, energy conservation
and energy security. These also try to find the practical and affordable alternate sources of
energy, developing cleaner and more efficient transportation vehicles and systems, energy
policy and energy strategy. Excessive extraction of fossil fuels or depletion and
environmental degradation are the major issues that the current world is facing. To overcome
these problems, recently renewable energy has been receiving increasing attention due to its
environmental benefits. Competition of renewable fuels to the fossil fuels is important in the
near future. The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of
energy, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed it can only be changed from
one form to another. Solar energy is the energy from the sun one who is the huge source of
energy in the form of heat and light resulting from nuclear fusion at its core. The nuclear
reaction releases energy that travels outward to the surface of the sun. The earth absorbs
about 3,850,000 exajoules of solar energy every year and primary energy out of that is light
energy. Among heat and light few of the systems utilize the heat energy for heating and rest
others convert or transform the light into electrical energy. In the present situation energy
crisis is an important very critical problem hence necessary to address. Basically, it is to
verify the availability to increase the generation or to install additional generators.
Alternatively, a systematic demand side management schemes such as demand control and
shift or curtailment (DSM) methods must be adopted. In the current scenario the uses of
fossil fuel for the domestic transport is rapidly increasing and indicate the threat in the near
future. The adverse effects of the practice of such vehicles and means leads to the
environment pollution and health issues related to the living habitats. In line with this the
upcoming mode of transport is E-vehicles keeping concerned about the environment. The
drawback of this mode of transport is the use of electric energy for the propulsion and going
to create additional burden on the existing power system setup and infrastructure. The advent
of power electronics made the E-vehicle (EVs) application wise and green among the other
transportation systems.
Presently, the storage system is the bottle neck issue in this regard due to technical
and economic barriers and challenges. The perception of electric or hybrid vehicle has
changed over the years. These vehicles are viewed as interface between the grid as V2G and
G2V for appropriate charging or discharging. Then the solar PV systems installed on the roof
top of the vehicle (considering a retrofit) generate the electricity and is stored in the battery
for their operation. E vehicles fitted with solar PV can even transfer electricity to the grid
(V2G) using suitable power electronic interface while not in operation or on need. Hence the
suitable design and implementation can prove that the solar photovoltaic as a promising
source for such E-vehicle application in the very near future creating lot of opportunity to the
engineers and enterprises.

Literature Review

The rapid development in manufacturing and production of electric vehicle

(EV) gains more interesting in the future regarding environmental, technical, and
conomical opportunities. The impact of production of carbon dioxide (Co2) from fossil fuels
on climate changes is currently one of the very high concern issues. Another issue is the
economic challenges of using battery banks storage in automotive systems [1].

Renewable energy resources have been seen as a promising technology option

for both EV's industry and transportation sector. The renewable resources contribute to
charging of the batteries of EV which increases its lifetime and reliability. Using renewable
resources instead of conventional electrical grid to operate the EV is conceived to
improve the overall system efficiency and reduce the environmental harmful emissions
[2].

Photovoltaic (PV) panels, comparing with other renewable resources, have been
progressively recognized as competitive energy source technologies to charge EVs.
Recently, PV systems have been used as a main source of energy to charge batteries due to
several advantages such as lower maintenance and operation cost, low greenhouse gas
emissions production, and energy independent capability [3].

Enormous research and technologies have been recently applied to charge EV using
solar energy. large numbers of countries have been initiated installation regulations and
design standards for PV charging stations [4]. Authors in [5] addressed the present status
and future challenging in the implementation of EV and charging systems. They also
analysed the current challenging issues due to the massive deployment of EVs with several
international standards and charging codes. Based on large number of applications and
situations, batteries are charged by PV’s charging station during the daytime when the EV is
stopping in the parking area. This topology provides numerous benefits such as cost saving,
shifting load demand, and low Co2 emissions [6]. The energy management strategy and
designing of a closed-loop system controller were analysed in [7]. The authors did not
mention the types of charging techniques and the influences on battery’s behaviors. The
control of a new topology of hybrid charge converter was presented in [8]. The hardware
and software simulations were addressed and validated using vector control techniques to
charge EV’s battery. The disadvantages of charging EV using PV charging station include
increasing the stress on the grid, limiting the EV’s moving, and fluctuating charging
duration.
Numerous aspects of EV charging techniques using PV energy supply were reported in
literature. A review of different charging techniques for the EV using PV-gird connection
and PV-standalone systems were presented in [9]. The designing of charging station at the
University campus was presented in [10]. The authors evaluated the economic feasibility and
system sizing of the charging station. However, the authors did not provide the hardware
applications and the advantages of the proposed work. Tiano et al., evaluated the potential of
install solar photovoltaic panels vehicle body [11]. The paper focused on only mathematical
models and temperature impact without considering the collection of solar resource data. The
experimental results and performance analysis of an electric golf cart with a 100W solar
panel was given in [12]. The authors only implemented the experimental approaches without
considering the simulation techniques.

Block Diagram
Vehicle module

LCD module

LM35 Wi-Fi
Module

Microcontroller
Current Motor Driver
and voltage
sensor

Motor

Solar
Solar Panel Charging Battery
circuit
Server module

Cloud
Server PC

Methodology

Block diagram depicts the overview of the proposed system. In order for the system to work,
initially, the voltage sensor measures the battery’s voltage level. The battery’s voltage level
readings are conveyed to an Arduino Uno microcontroller for processing and same will be
displayed on LCD module connected to the Arduino. Depending on battery voltage and
Motor power consumption microcontroller calculates the distance travel estimation and same
will be displayed. IOT model is used monitor the Battery health parameters, Charge
remaining the battery and Distance Travel Estimation remotely from control station. Entire
setup is powered using Battery which will be continuously charged using solar panel.

Hardware
 Arduino UNO
 Voltage sensor
 Current sensor
 LCD
 Motor
 Motor Driving Circuit
 Wifi module
 Solar Panel
 Battery
Software
 Arduino IDE
  Embedded C Programming language
 Node JS
References
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electric vehicles and battery storage to integrate high shares of solar photovoltaics?. Applied
Energy, 277, 115548.
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(2019). System design and realization of a solar-powered electric vehicle charging station.
IEEE Systems Journal, 14(2), 2748- 2758.
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