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    Sailing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    112 views113 pages

    Basic Sailing

    Uploaded by

    goguta gigel
    Sailing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 113
    gy aa aN eae euuse of tir ase of the ach, thick extonds wd broadens the ‘Spread of canwas, Phe sail plan hoe helps to make Kis type ff craft mot efetive when unning or rosching. I-GAFF-HEADED stoop ing. With strong winds and a rough wes the sal ares can be casily reduced for safe sailing, The large mainsuil can be tightly furled and the bout sulled with only the jib and jlawet os om a saw, the jth and mizaon as on w ketch, and jih ond foresail as un « schooner. A sloop would have to lic i a double reef and perhaps set a storm jib under ‘similar conditions. ‘Today the yaw) is the most popular of the two-merted types though the others have staunch advocates. c-KETCH D-ScHOONER FAJIB-MEADED YAWL G-J15-MEADED KETCH HUSTAYSAIL SCHOONER J-GAFP-HEADED YAWL KOGAFF-HEADED KETCH L-GAFF-HEADED SCHOONER The two adingrome at the left show th placement of the mast and a jrheader foil plan for a cutter. The mast tel is stepped at 4 point ebeut 49% of th water Tine length from the bm, Tht sakee for @ smaller mninactl than » sinilar ised sloop would cotry un tlso allows room for tw headsail, Th ove of haus Readvels can Be varie, fo meet 27a end wind conditions. COMPARISONS OF GAFF TYPE SAILING CRAFT WITH BERMUDIAN OR JIBHEADED TYPE “Ti ai canner p ee what Like this wore first used in Deraiuda. However, thrvugh the constant impraverient of the sanding rigging and use of taller masts, present day sil plane differ from the origi nal Bermudiats As new lightweight, ruw-proof wire was developed, plus ineneased knowl. wdge in the uae of eprondore and supporting bracing, taller, lighter masta were built to tarry taller sails aad 9 creete more drive when sailing on the wind, The term fibheaded 4s used mere in this country then the Britishfavored “Bermudian” because the mainsail is Uuiangular Tike a jib, GAFF TYPE JIBHEADED TYPE ‘The sail plan i Tong and low, are short und hesvy. Shrouds und stays are thick and heavy were often ‘made from galvanized wire oats were generally of heavy construction. Two men make it easier to raise the mainsail, for two halyards axe used—one for the throat, the other to raise the peak. Sails were made from lioayy canvas. Faster when seeching ar running bat much corseetive action with the tiller s needed bevause of the imbslance of sail plan. ‘Te leading edge of the mainsail is mach shorter than. in the jibhaaded typo, hence Jews drive is generated when beating. This is indicated hy the shaded eran in rwwing shove. Low sail eam pick up only surface breezes, Maineail is high on the Iuf and short at the foot, Masts are tall, hollow and light in weight. Shrouds aud stays are thin and light in weight, made from rasiless stainless siel. Boats ure usually of lighter displacement but are just 4: strong aa the older type, Only one halyard is used—therefore only one man ix needed lo raise the mainsail, Sails are lighter In weight and genorally are made from Ducroa. Running and reaching deficieney compensated for by the use of lunge spinnaker. More forward drive is generated when sailing on the wind because there is more minseil leading eae ex- posed to the wind. Indicated hy the thaded section of sai] ia above drawing, ‘The toll sail picks up higher krocees. THE KNOCKABOUT RIG TRige of sailboats yore not akrays ae simple a0 they are now, Not too lous ay the vomen cveryday silling craft had moveh of its rg cuthoard, tht i, extending over the how and the stern, mach like the drawing of the gaff type exalt above. This proved scracnbut huzerdous Inn rough seas and awkward to manage at other limes, Over a period of years an oasy'to handle inboard rig. like the jibheaded type, above, was developed. tt proved popular end ese sed for Sunday afternoon knocking-about-the harbor, so the txt knockabout came into being. Neary all present day, single masted wailing craft re Enockaboos, though «xan. monly termed soups. ‘TME EXTENDED SAIL PLAN ‘accommodate an extended sail plan, some craft have a jetion extending {rom tho bow called-a howsprit, and ‘stern a projection called a kounkin, The bowsprit the headstay and/or jibstay snd the boombie holds Teockstay on some sloop, On yaws it holds, Blocks which the miazenskeet ie Ted. keep the bowsprit from breaking when an excessive is put on it, a wire oF chain is led from the tip of owspril to the stem just above the water fine. Tis in is called a bobstay. ‘Should the howsprit ke long. a fixed spar is often used tt comes ilown frum the point of the bow to the bol- | This spar or epreadar is called « dolphin striker, Tt yhably got iis nieme during the old sailing ship days lolphine would avim around the bow of 2 vessel. projection, when the ship plunged up und down, wed to strike ot the dolphins “The hoomkin is usally x thick ook plank, though ctimes two plovke ore used extending te form a V. keep this boorakin from break. or bending upward, # wire Ted downward from its outer to s paint just above the yerline, This wire ic called a yh stay. ew Aspect RATIO. LOW ASPECT RATIO. MODERATE AMPEG RAT Stem Bob Stay | Martingale (or Dolphin Striker) ASPECT RATIO ‘Aspect ratio te @ term used w describe the ree lutionship o} the lengths of lu and foot. A sail ‘with a hiek tu and short foi is aad 10 have a high eepect ratios ons with a short li and Tone foot has 1 Low aspect satin. A anil not high at the luff and ‘oi too short ar the foot hes w moderate aspect ratio. OTHER COMMON TYPES OF SAILBOATS THE CATAMARAN, Alihough catamarans may take fny 1ype of rg, most of there appear aiher in tdoap or cat vig, These lightweight, high pevformance bouts are expe eially popular for racing, howsh- many catararans serve toll as daysuilers, Ta smaller sien, catamarans have litle or no stowage space, cittough from about 25 fect and xp they may be rigged fer eride- ing. SAILBOARDS A relatively new-and increaxingly populer—type ef telboat isthe aaitbaard or sportbeat, characterised by a single letoowstzle sail and a low hull. On iosirof these boas, ¢ smail foot ull compres the only cockpit the erew rides on the boat rather then in st. Sailbearde are fatt, exciting, demanding, and wet THE SAILING DINGHY Jo a smell centerboard wiley croft used for sewing as well os for sail ings Te has a sruult single sal, generally jihhended vehen wsed for roving, but ojten tuprigged, Most frostbite racing is done with boats of this type THE SAILING CANOE A very sensitive craft gener~ ty of lighe contraction and ef very narrow beam. Loe boards are used instead of « centerboard. The helmenen site on sliding syst or board, called a Biking boord, which ‘ean te exended Jar overside when aceseary %» koep the cralt upright in strong winds The helnsman must be quite agile Jor he muct hike out on THE cATBOAT ‘Has the mast forward close to the bow. There is one huge reincail, generally 40h headed. It docs wot carry a jib. The name originally referred to u type of deamy censerbousd craft distnetice tx hall ond rig SUNFISH Overall longs 1301 Bian sessile Sait aree 5.18 50. fi Weight 0000 139 ths Overall langrh 18.6" Woterine 180" ‘muUE Jay Oxcrall tongih .... 6 Waetline Ws" Bears w2 Sail aren. .11.90 09, fi HoHTNING Overall tena 19°" Waresine (opprox) 18°58" Ben ou Sail avea o.... ATT 9. fe Small Boat MAINSAILS CHAPTER 2 Nic sie es tie rel rovenneat of « bost an do the ail, Therefore, know at their pars, how aod what they ate made ol, wal their ‘tue Ks of basis importa Tho object of thi chapter i to Aoqanint you with thats factor, ‘ ‘Asis composed of many wicthe of matril neatly sera tngrther too preseibel alee aa supe. Tle shape reinfored ot the edues by an extra thin strip of matorial called tabling, and atthe corners by pleces called csi. forcing prehes. Roping oa ots, tro, ot tee eden de pending on the ype of alle then aren to the age ofthe sail, This sewing of the rope to the ssl is of mest in portance for it controle to quite a degree the oot of the soil, The sailmeher, according to his own formula, takes a set nurher of ticker pa fot of saras to bid the labsie to the rope and while so duiag takes in extra material. This ‘is nocemury.o countorat th excentve stretch of rope as compared to cleth. Tt also etves to erate He cue oF Shape the sal will uke when hoisted. Tho roletionchips Detween stitches of canvas 10 foot of rope are sallmakers? os Countless experiments and experiences, over mesy, many ‘years in cutting and breaking in new canvas (cotton) sails brought therm to u wonderful degree of ellclenoy. Canvas tails are slowly, gontiy, carehilly broken in 20 that they will be weinkle-free, enabling the wind to fow without in terruption over their surfaces Util a few years ago most sails were rade from special gzailes of finely woven Exyptian cotton, Now a syatbetic tateril, Dacron, hae come to the fore and has proved most effective. Nylon hus also been trled, with sucoess where certain amount of szetch is acceptable, The principal sails on s small singlomasied hoot are the ‘mainsail, the jib and the epinneker. MAINSALLS ‘There are thre types of mainsail: the jib-hendest (alo called the Marconi and Rermaticn), tho gaifhoaded, and ast be carefully and alowiy broken not pulled out of shape) so that their contours will be free from wrinkles shrink in wet or damp weather —are cut smaller when first mode, to allow for stretch snd breaking in 0 re- quired dination —manlle supe is used to reinforce Uae IB and foot of those except for head ssile (an big boats) ssbere rire i used proved though many, many years of —aey rot if stoned when wet canvas COMPARISON OF CANVAS AND DACRON sails ean he used immediately, no bresking in period roquized DACKON —peasiclly unalfoctod by darapncss olten are fall of wrinkles yet there ‘wrinkles €o ge seem to impair the sails efleciveness —ight and very steong —eloth, rope and stteing thread are all ‘made from one material (Decron) thereby eliminating any difference in stectoh or shriakoze have a hard, shiny finish “ae slightly more expensive thao canvas As readily soon tm thts drowings the ‘bsheeded mainsail tt long, narrow, and trangulr in shape, a popatoity is dae to the case of handling (only One halyard needed orale tt) and les wondarjl “on the wind” bility. MEAD CRINGLE The maivity o} anal! boats wie this ‘ype sil for ther main ring tall, Another characteristic is thet the trailing edge (called the leech), is the only side of tha el thas dove setihtie « sinfrcing cops smn TRACK SUDES Phe tech i tn ct in 6 ne ture, from head to let, tht alles or certain fallnst. This extra ma ‘elalon tpicnied tear fh dete tiroight line ond the oech tal, gees Gen ile otis sek hin ook ing or running I is called the roach, ensue the vo1eh 1 ope to ane 0 fag (6 tha wind te Had sre and wif by thi, nerrow, sneothly ‘Gish slats rade from foible hard toad, or plastic, alld batons. Bat fens te ted fight i Be Batten cle fis other they would Ay 088 ad nowy sehen pressure of the tend te tard te sere AU arog pesca) ill sei te similarly named, whether the wil ie tats jib or @ spinnaker (a Sil eeesbene an de pf nth ad the spinnaker. Tha leading edges theta The raling edg> isthe leech, The lower edges tho foot. The toy corner isthe herd. The lover leading corner is he tack The trailing alter cormarta the clos. aaik BOLT ROPE {JIB-HEADED MAINSAIL oose-footed. The jib-eaded mainsail is by far the + commonly ased in the US.A. It is shaped like 2 long angle wiangle, "Tho gathoad mainsail is « fourssided (quadrilateral. shaped!) sail ou which the upper edge is fastened to 4 spar “called a gaff, hence its name. ‘The third type of mainsail ie called loowesootad. Ths ‘gencral shape is similar to the other maine, bat ite foot Common cuts jor three types of mainsile: L. diagonal, or “crosseut?” 2. vertical, 3 2 itr u GAFF-HEADED MAINSAIL The ga headed mainte ders {rom the jtb-heaed mainstl in thas the sail is ‘quadrilateral. Italo is longer on the fo! and much shorter olong the lif, and dis seit rem generally és muck greater, The foucth or high side of thi sail is Called the head and it ts fasiened by lashings 10 a spar called a sf, from twhich the ouil gets its name. The highest outside corner of the sot ix called the peak und. the tap corner oj the laf close to the razt ia called the throat ‘The sail tx roied by two halyards. One ts ened a throat halyard (i cise the throat) ard the ether i called the peal halyard because it controls the se of the peak when the aad is raised, The parts of this soil are named in the accompanying drawing. The ather parts, exept for the disinguishing cherac- Ceristion, meniiened above, are named exactly as on the jib-headed maine shown on she previous paxe. Un hs country the gag.headed mainsail, or sartason thereol, came first. Ie twas used on both ploziure erajt and the then much more nemerovs aaling work boats. The gaf-headed main was wed until the ill jbvieaded mainseit [proved tiseif mere effcirnt ond easier to handle. When prover staying was Gesigned for the tall maxis ncecsoary for this type of sa the gafiheaded rein Sal rapidly lest Javor. However, there ore all sore small onedesign classes fend cruising yackee that use this sail 2 THROAT AST HOOPS 1 BOOM TRACK SLIDES REINFORCING. PATCHES LOOSE-FOOTED MAINSAIL lower edge is not fastened: it hangs loose. It is rolled by w sixigl line fastened to the clew and jot ont by a Tine attached to the end of the vr by an outhan!, Bs Originally the sai that we call jib-yas named a stay sail, Otters who ei oll thy that rame re tecreally orvet. Jile were set ruta the boweprit of the old-time ing vessel The sayesil war inboard and menrest the i. Tey, practically everyone calls the single sail for ward of the mast of a small sloop, a jb, “There are several different types of jtb: the working jth, the eno jib, the storm jib, and tubers, The fret two named are of prime Impor- tance beskise they are in constant everyday use. “The working jb triangular inshope, isthe or- inary uyeragestoed sail that fits in the wiangle formed by the mest, ho fenedeck and the jibstay. \ 3 The toose jonced mainsail is vo named boemase the Jaot or lower edge of the set! hangs Jrex and is not fastened by Inclngs or sides tou boom. This lower edge does not have u bole rope and is ished sm a manner siniley 10 0 leeck. The set fr curvelure o} the cil, whather full or fit, i controled by a line that ts ted to the clew and runs #9 an outhaal on the boom. Resides the renal batten pockets in the loch, thare often is a bation pecker sewn in the foot to evp this lovcer edge from curling up. This sais currenily weed by many of the small dinghy clesses ‘The spinnaker is compacttively the latest und newest evelopment in asila. It repluoes the jib when broad reache ling or solling before the wind. Tt is huge and. bulbone shaped, and made frog the lightect of materials so that it ‘ean puff or bitlow out in the lightest of winds, Tt fics out and up, outside of the beodstay. An additional nN ‘The genoa jib is « huge triengulershaped sail thet overlaps the must ‘The storm jb is a small sail in comparison to others, male of very heavy material to withstand storm winds THE SPINNAKER pole ie carried (called a spinncker boom) to hold lower vemer out to catch the wind. The other comer’s movements aze controlled by 8 sheet. Battens CHAPTER 3 — oo ae tora aeaes eee ae cee oa ee ee he! ee ee ees Te nt GA ec ako fs ht a al eal ow ne coe eos BATTEN Ties Barren Battons for auy sing sail aze often different in length sud should, for quick and easy identification when being in tortor, bo letored o¢ nunaboced to correspond to their respective pockets. This holpe to avoid conftsion as te ‘hich botton goos in whet pocket. Altes the batten is oasrtal jn its pocket it must e tied securely with ¢ tight square haot, If the huot ist tight in will work loose when sailing and the hatton wil yout, Because: of their thinness battens are fragile, When re- moved {rom the sal it isu good ides to ley the at eides together and bind them into & neat frm bundle with sev. ral elastic bonds. Taters must he handled carefilly at all times to prevent their edaes from being dented or splintered, They must always be smooth so they ean easly be alipped in or out of the betten pocket, and abt tear o cause uneven surfaces in the wal, ‘laaeraion No. J shows howe the old ate batten de insert in les pocket, narrow end fst. Fen fully iseried te is tied in place Ly two smoll pivces of line called batten ties, The pass Orough the grommmcis tn the anil and the hole in the bruten, Phey are then formed into square knot, Tying a Light hard kno is moxt importer, fore foase hrot will epen when wind pressure is exerted on the sail, ond Repping Tec will couse the batien to fr out of tis pocket. Wasrasion No, 2 shows w type of Batien pocket coming more and more into use. The batten ts inserted, at em angle 10 ite fal poste tion, threugh en opening in the leech. Since aail material is not rigid, she butcen works in east. When underway the tater end pushes aguinst the sewnp port of the loock ond therejore should rot work out (bat sometimes it dees), though the opening is not closed ia any manner whaisoerer. Phe batten used és exactly lke the fone in ilustration No. 1, wih the ssception that the hole, through which the string is ed, ls not neczasery. Also grommets and batten fies in the buitew pocket ure eliminated, making a smoother leech. “ THE WORKING JIB ee HEAD. their ‘CHAPTER 4 s0 HEAD CRINGLE SNAPHOOKS tied dh = TABLING: ‘ae, ROACH hata LEECH- ran WIRE ROPE tout tof REINFORCING RUFF: ROPE es in PATCHES: CLEW: = A CLEW CRINGLE FOOT TACK ae TACK CRINGLE ate " "hese TH the ma Tat te nig 6 a lw Ae ow of wind, to balance the force ating on the aa to erewe w drining force and to asst in the stesring of « sailboat, As seen in the accompanying drewing, the work: ing jb 1s crlangular in shape and To parts wre named a cxaclly lke those of w jib-shayed mainsail, It te jn the ad ea This esradion hous how a clad ren betweon the mast jibtay and deck. IG tack 6 oe ts generally fastened to the foot fexweacid use tu the deck at the jibstay to which the nae af a fib It con alae ba fastened t@ ss sphooks, or hanks, on the jib luff ure attached. oe ee at ak er Most jibs are loose-footed and their curvature is cua seul the slider on w main boot. Some La cee ee the rides on a main boom. Some sylld by jb shots and the plocoment of the jth sheet on aurannece Teen mee leads. An exception ie found when a short spar called a ugh ‘ener Ther purpew iv 'omeke club is sed lo hozp th foo straght. Some emaiing vachiy ten a lleking nd contrllable ot fee raring eles, se thin weranginen week bia inte shet. The leech, more often than aut, us battens wo keep it straight and prevent the sail fom carling, This is very important; ifthe leech be allowed to out it will foree he vind Rowing olf the jib to strike the eeward aide of the ruinsail (called hakvinding), This modifs the forces created and defeats one purpose of the jib. A jib should sid and not destroy the forces oreting rive, jib that sets well always belps the performance of @ mainsail. IL joursasee the wind sposd and amocthe ont the wind flow an th leeward aide of the larger mainsail, thereby increasta the spocd of uke boxt. The combined jib and mainsail are called working tail an expression handed down from the days when most bouis were work beats end this combination of wails was easiest to handle, ‘When the jib ie raised the halyard must be snngged up tight co no vrakles vr lope form in the lll, This lading elu, the first to strike the wind when under way, mut The TILLER Hot it contrels the course of « sailboat CHAPTER 5 Pa ee mous effect below water, for the tiller controls the rudder overeat, The proseute of the midler on the water when moved by the tiller is what causes & buat to turn. With the tier ox center, the rudder lice perfectly straight. The pprsure cn both sides of the radder, caused by water owing past the hull, is equal. When the rudder is tamed so that one side is more exposed to the lurve of the flowing water than the «ther, aan unbalanced or unequal effect is produced which pushes the stern sround hus eeusig the craft to swing from her original course and tum on its center of rotation. ‘The modern small sailboat, sailing in moderate winds, is easily steered, For sousitive and easy control the filler should be held at itn extreme end, not in the middle, In 2 well helonced craft the tiller can be controlled by the finger tips when sailing to windward. ‘When the wind increases and the boa is reaching, fem stip is necessary. In steering, the tller should never he jerked hack and forth, Steering movements should be smovth, the lew tmovetucat the better, forthe turned rudder has a rearding ‘fect on the speed of the boat, ‘The tiller is alweys moyed in a dirvetion opposite to that in which the bow i to move of dnection to bo steered. If ‘ke boat is to go to port the tier is moved to starbeard; if ts to go to starboard, the tiller is moved to port. says he kept bersteut, Sometimes (see A in ilurteation) 4 wire ie ueed instead of laff rope. This ads in heeping the fll strcight and also eliminates some of the vertical steain from the canvas, When this arrangement is. used Joope are spliced in the wire at the heed and tack. The tuck erinle and head eringle then are not necessary so are Inf out of the sail plan, Showld the Ia hang loose, or the forestay to which it is fastened hang slack, the shape of the sil i destroyed. I wll lee much of its driving power, especially when the craft is beating 1k js ost izportat thatthe jib be setup correctly, not nly for the greater ofcioncy derived but because most skigpers sal by the actions of w taut lull, From its sctons, ‘whother shivering, vielanly shaking, or quietly fall, thoy can tll whether they ave sailing correty. The lu of the jib more than any otker single factor holde the key to DYoper seering and aailesting. Fig. A Uf the rier is moved to port (left) (Fig. A) the ‘os iumne tw starboard (right). It the tiller ie ‘moved to sterboard (right) (Fig. B) the bow turns 0 pore (left). The craft elways terns in a diree- an opposits 10 thet in which the Uler ts moved tiller and rudder arc tn line with the beet (amie ‘the left dizgrany, he wotor owe enraly ard easily ler, When the tlle is moved, ceusing Use rudder with the even siren of water flowing under (right diagram), a prescire is created against ‘of the rudder. Thix prevsure causes the stsin 10 the craft to ier on its center of rotation, ‘ver the rudder in ranch the ema manner 06 ‘tsi and with the same resnltant foots. There feof rudder siving the greatest usniag effect for picwlar boot. If tarned at @ grenter angle, the ‘ster more braking action, leer turning. 1) the ts pestiioned ai Jail 90° to the Teel, it acis mostly tan does ito turning. TILLER EXTENSION os wizetching and reaching to man the tiller. har ix fastened to the ives an appearance of being part of the tiller. filings lolding the bor must be somewhat tight Jose) so that any movement of the bur is istntly 40 the tiller, The extention itrelf should roach imately from the lle, winen itis on center, to the This allows for an easy hold when leoning out over fl. It should be made of strong hard wood such as ‘ach or mahogany. y skippers york out ingenious aye of fastening the “wo the tiller Ta its siwplest form this fitting is a serexe ‘weather and # countersunk mut, with the bolt eut combined thickness of both ber and tiller (See ion.) md the bolt exuaud beyond the Jower edge of the it may enag any loos line. Thic arrangement may 7 Titer Anexaonple oe sinple und easily made tier estensian. extension is s pivoting bar fattened to the end occasionally work loose but it can eavily be tightened by w filer to faclitale seering whun it becomes necestary fou tums of screw driver, thereby retaining the stiff ‘skipper to be out on the rail in strong winds, Jt swivel action necessary when in mse. le in manner thal ellovs el of turn to either side, forward and aft, a full When tumed all, i lays stuly oa top of the tiller eins There te a dliference in wink a WHEEL eoring with a tiller and swith a wheel, A cles ty abe sways pushed opposite tthe dretian the boat isto heads Ty sou want te 99 to the starboard (righ), you pith to port (left) side and vice vers, A wheel, used om larger eraft, i turned in tha ‘Breeton you want t9. gee Tara te 0 che viel and the raft steers 10 the right, Turn to the loft, he crate sere the Tei, Uke a cat. SCREW BOLT ‘COUNTER SUNK NUT CHAPTER 6 The BASIC SAILING POSITIONS BEATING When “esting” you are working to windward in series of tacks, sailing as close to the eye of the wind as possible on each luck without "pinching” and thus retard. ing the boat's speed. ‘The sheets are hauled in hard Bringing the boom close to the center line of the eraft, Cate mast be taken to get the boom in a proper position 9 the craft will sail ot its maximum speed and not stll. ‘More often thin not, for bet seiling, the end of the boc should point to the lee quarter, but that depends on how all or how flat the sail is eut, ond how much breeze and sea there is. The jib too should be carefully trimmed so that it crestes maximum draft on the leeward side of the Generally « host can eail no closer than 45° to the tras wind divestion, Of course, some than 45°, othere do not da as wal. Sells should be kept fall and drawing at all times. Keeping the proper sailing ankle in relation to the wind and course ealls for sensitive tiller handling and skillfel sail imaing. ‘When trimmed for beating, a boat is seid to he on the wind ot elose hauled, luser vo the wind Bean Reach es oD — i ( 2) ch AS FenEL STARBOARD TACK RUNNING Running is sailing ia the sume divection in whieh the wind is blowing, or nearly 0, ‘The wind comes ftom astern or slightly on the quarter. It is the slowest point of suing whea the wind is very Light ‘The orainsall is set by letting out sheet uot the boom ie nearly at right angles to the ovater line of the boat. The wlole suil then presents a broad front to the wind and moet of the driving force is derived from the push of the ‘wind against it, Thevzetcally the sail should be set at 90° to the wind hot actual trim has to take speed and sail shape fnto account. ‘The working jib does not sae or fuetion too well on: this point of ssiling since it is blanketed by the mainesil. Itslaps or swings back and forth unless held out by « pole the The ow veil, vole. PORT TACK spinnaker was invented and perfected for use when ‘x brood recching and supplants the ineficient jib on these points of sailing. Ic noticably” In- the speed of the boat. ing is aleo called “uillag before the wind” and “wind aft" relates to this point of sailing. Reoch, Beem Reach, end Broad Reach 206 all ate poinis of suiling between thet of on the wind ‘wind comes feom x point direlly seam the host 1s beor reach, en wind comes fiom alzetions berween that of a ‘each and a beat the cra is then close reaching. pat ised to esaling Broa” reach when wind come disections Letyeen that of a run and a earn reach, Bean Reach The trimming of sil ie wouerned by wind MBrection ond ite ralmion to the conven sailed. The closer ihe crejt bas t sail the mind the eloser the too és Drought fe the center line of the boat. The more the course of the craft approaches «run dead before the wind, the further the boom és cased of) oxay jrom the center line, The upper portion a} the diagram, 45° from the eye of the wind on both port and etarboard tack, eunnot be sailed. The Close Reael The Brosd Rech CLOSE REACH To set sails for a close ceach the sheets should be let out froin a closshawled position until both tae mainsail and jib start to fatter along the lut, Both sheris are then hauled until uhe flatering stops. Lf the releasing of shoots has been done slowly and careflly only a few inches of hhualing is necessary. The craft will move faster and heve Jest heel thax when sailing to windwaed elose-haule. BEAM REACH When wind i aboun or close Lo it « erafl is said to be sailing on « “beam reach.” The handling of sal is exactly ‘the same as when salling on 0 close or a brond reach When sale ara properly set in elation to one another and at the cozsect aagle to the wind itis the festest point of iling for some types} schooners like it « bit further ft BROAD REACH You ure broad reaching when the wind is coming feom slightly ahafe the heer to a point on the quarter. Here again, after the craft has been put on course, the sheste are Tee out until the Infls of the sails start to flutter. The sheets thea are hauled in enough to stop the fluttering, Only a dew inches of hauling are necessary. Broad reach: ing 1 the easiest point of sailing as the craft appears to bbe more in bulunce, though care must be exercised in eeaping the sails at their fall drawing angle to the wind. ‘The boom genezally is kept at an approximate angle half ‘way hetieen the centar Tine of the hoat und the dizeetion the wind pennant is pointing. RELATION of WIND to a MOVING BOAT ‘CHAPTER 7 1 ourar Sones a erage Tro nes og pee SES ees Ee Ceo seat ton ash eae eee nee Ream wind or wind ahoam is a wind blowing directly from a polat 90° from the bow. It is coming aver the side ‘ut right anglas to the center line of the boot, Jt differs from vind forward of the learn in that it eames only from this one exact direction, Wind abaje the beam: is wind ccming from aft of the 'mid- ships line, rounhly auywhere between 90° to 135° from the bow. Wind coming jrom the quarter is wind voting from 195° from the bow lo dliseelly aston or 180° from the how, suid to be on the port, or starboard, quartet. Mind coming from astern is wid coming dixcctly from ‘bend the boat. I is also deseribed as wind alt A boa: cannot sail in the direction from which the uted Is coming. It caw suil ondy at an angle 1w it The elosest practical soiling angle is approximately 45°. I+ has boon reported thet some oats sail as closo te the wind es 33° under idoul conditions of wind and see. Many boats sail at an angle greater than 45°. The 44°angle is an average figure, How clave a boat can sail 10 ‘he wind depends on a number of factors, among them the sot of the soils, design ofthe hull, tims 24 the beat, strongth o) the windy smoothness of the water and ail of the helmaraa, Sailing as lose to the eye of the wind as possible is sang clase Huuled, on the wind, potning Aish ON THE wine, NX FORWARD OF IME teas eam win mm ans ie nea PF ROM The OUaeteR eon \tnenn sea wD jp ABAFT THE REAM The disgram above ilustratcs the names of the winds in relation to @ moving boos. Notice the sectors are separated exery 45° and are similar tn proportion to the major dixitone on a compat iss ows from VEERING AND BACKING Warr wind direction changes in re lstion tothe horizon it either VERRS cor BACKS, It is said to VEER when ft changes or swings t9 the right or Clockwise. Tt is ssid vo BACK when it swings to the left or counter lock ‘wise, Ths if the wind has been blow: jing ftom the North and swings ‘around to the East itis weering. If it swings the other way, to the west i HAUL ead Vi is backing, HAULING AND VEERING wind direction In relation to the craft itself, the ‘are used. When the wind changes direction to ‘ point mora towards the how the wind ‘said to HAUL. When, direction w come fom @ point more toward the stern itis sid ‘Ac au illustration: You are seiling a predetermined course on @ a chang VEERING Preach, The wind suddenly changes snd comes from w more forward > HAULING OFFICIAL DESIGNATIONS OF STRENGTH OF WINDS. SmENcTH of winds exe designated in three ways: 1) by Beaufor: Seale Number; 2) by Natioaal Weather Service NATIONAL rT WEATHER SERVICE VELOCITY 1n¢ cA DESIGNATIONS. MILES PER HOUR tei new 91024 Smell bet elim mee corel Fa handing aod tea hele 6 smone eneeze sem Hed toe areag for anall (a be sling, Sty a the cing 7 MODERATE Ove s038 & FEBH oAle . De 4 SONG GALE wos 10 WHO GALE sst089 the wate 1) stom. t41073 a HURRICANE 74308 et designations; end 3) hy waloeity in milac pee hour. Wits the winde are of greater intensity than « strong Ineeze, small-boat skippers shoul check mooring gear to insure the safety of the boal. When warned by tho wo ‘hureaw of the approach of an extremaly strong blow, boats in exposed anchorages should be hauled out, i possible, sand protected from damaging winds and waves. Thomgh a sal may have oversized mooring equipmaca, the surge of the soa can often upeet canterhoatd oath Alo, there isthe ulucat fron craft that have broken loose from thelr moor- inges they can drif. down, hit your boat and damage i Beatrort scale numbers were developed dusing the great old daye of coil. It was the fist attempt to officially desig. nave the strengths of winds, This veale s referred 10 on a ‘world-wide hacie, and io ated Inrgely hy oraising ckippors. a THE CENTERBOARD is ase and junctions in small sailing erajt CHAPTER 8: ‘Tose atest brs atc eosin functions of « centerkoard aro to impart stability, reduce leeway and all in steering, Diflerent skippers use the ova ietboard in different ways onder similar water and weather conditions, Weight and disposition of crow point of ing, bull form and helo response are factors governing position of the eenterhoard. Tn general, when beeting to windward under average weather conditions, the centerboard should be lowered al the say for maxinnim lateral resistanes. When running the board is all the way up. For cluee reaching, beam reaching fr broad reaching, tbe board is raised to positions between these two extremes with mare board down when sailing ox a close reach than when broader off, Those, ab has been pointed out, are geueral sules; variations ‘on the basic theme are many among, experienced sailor ‘A lowered board aids steering, helps in keeping’ a craft from rolling in seanay, seduces angle of heel, makes sailing 1 straight conrse of the wind easier, and reduces leeway; but it adversely affects epeed through the water under certain conditions. “The board should he down when heating or close reache ing, for here the reduction of leeway is of more importance than speed through waies. With the centerboard all the way up, « boot may sail faster, but it will ese distance to wind werd beoatns of leeway (slide sip) when beating or close reaching. On these yoinis of sailing, with the board up, he angle of heel is increseed and the craft will often sail an irregular couree, thus requiring {roquent elm cortec- tions and inducing rudder dra The board is kepe all the way up when sailing before moderate winds in emooth water. A slight lowering of the hosed will help sting and 2edace weaving or relling in ough going. Assuming the eraft is kept “on its feet” lee- way and engle of heel are not factors im this point of sail. ing because all forces are working to drive the bost in ‘one direction, forward. Conterhoard contrcl is alo dictated by helm reactions, Raising end lowering the board can correct lee and weather helm; adjustments have to be made for the particalar tation, Abwaye try to vail with a5 litle adverse helm as possible, to minimize radder dreg. The bousd, of course, should he raised or lowered no more than is necessary for stability and to prevent leeway. Skillful racing skippers adjuct the centerbourd almost ‘ss much as their exiles they strive for balance among sail position, crew portion, holm and canterboard, to get the ‘best performance from the boat. 1 2 2 ‘ Four common shepes of centerboaris (there fare muawy eters): 1 ts a type generally used ‘on email aaing dinghies end in some onevde- sian classes. The hook of the top it a hand (rip, used 0 Tower or vase the beard. Friction lolde the board im postion. 2 end 8 are pivot. Ing types, ased om Comet ond ether one-design class saifbouis where uppand-down control is ‘ehiceed with @ pennant and Block. 4 Is a aggerboard, such a8 used in the Snipe clase This one ts raised and lowered by hand. ee ‘Tmtune enaes <=— W__cenrensoano oon iD POSITION ‘CENTERBOARD UP POSITION OF CENTERBOARD The drawings show the relative. positions of com. ventional centerboard when the board is lowered all the seay, hal} lowered, and fully rained (Board up): The centerboard pennant should be spotmarked by ‘painted ring or woven colored thread to indicate the Crmouni of bocrd expoted in the seater. This ean Best tbe done when the craft és out of the water before the salting season stars. sailing results, centerboards should have lly shaped edges.’ Many metal boards come bthe foundry with rough, more or less square ‘and are installed that way, despite the foot reduces sailing eficieney by building wp frie. pd the plate Araling edge of a centerhnard sheild come to thly tapered knife edge, so that the water flows very litle disturbance. It should be so shasp, [glovre must be worn when handling. leading edge must be rounded or sharpened to foraation of eddies ix that ares. Whether itis for sharp makes litle difference in the averall because skin friction along the length of tho is the controlling lator, To seduce the skin fice sarfaces should he polished smooth. One factor yr of the more rounded leading edge is that it is 4s easily damaged or nicked as u sharp edge. rawing above indientes ernee sections of typle SHAPE OF LEADING AND TRAILING EDGES OF A CENTERBOARD cal centerboords. A is ¢ shaped wooden board By a rnetal board wlth square eilges as It comes from the fourdey. © and D indicate how B should best be hoped. The dotted lines indicate water few. Notice the turbulence raused by the bluat ends of B, expe- sally in contrmst with the easy flow over © ana D. ‘Tho trailing edge of «streamlined wooden hoard (A) naturally cannot be worked down a fiue as « cial hoard (if iis to endure). Sti itis a much more cfllent board than D, Rounded edges, in themeelvos flo not make for smooth flow of water tf the board fs pilted or rough. Canterboard shonld be smooth, 45 the bottom of m good hull. Shaped edecs, thous diieult 6 minis besause ey ute easly afcked, tid & smooth finish payoff in epeed. Some designers ‘fatal, very feet planing boate believe that the fhape of both word centerbeard and rudder should bye the reverse of that of A allose, eunteading that a sHiap: lealng edge i tore eliceat than the oval. Much fas Been done to el wunce the technique of center board handling by shippers fof suift planing craft The International. H-foot tineky here (5 saling at maximum speedos she planes on a broad reach, The fester a crajt sols, the Less center- board ie aaeded until the point is reached where the rat sls Hself, almost with four tiller conerol. The possi Uility of capsize then grows apie guert sobrinus ches eniatog rag mes ear cant aio Neco ar pete ie we ccartenrd Bed oe Peppa craven cy ponent We ves of eee ad he mck pended foi shat 1g Seord are nly pee way dove f Csi Sk 1g nmr sok spy cua coer pete >> boat to slip sideways. A slow, wide tuen is the renult and the shipper may Sader iy fe eal ee ne feta! the il Try eee inl Sirs totes aigttiy onl nap ato tee ore TR wilde a See Sop A emiatoe Tait Towed on cpprotlig tle-mars tase tdinded all he oc hd ie do ‘wa wank Seitt ew cnnron wilh crow tn proper pasion and oll ase trimmed. The slid line in the diagram indicates the course af a bout around @ turning rar with | ‘he centerboord doen, The dotted line indicates haw «cra sips off to leeward when the beard is up. When racing, another boat acling properly can rip Getaven the sliding craft and the buoy, thereby guining © posiion and the weather berth, In noncompeti tive sling, «side wo Leeward could put the bout doun on another, or orto an obaiaction He [a centerhoard which ordinarily works easily becones tuck aad cannot be raised or lowered, try seiling off the wind, oF rocking the hoat while hauling on the centerboerd pennant Strong side pressure on the board when beating or reaching may make the board unresponsive. Suiling downwind re. leases the pressure while rocking moves the pressure from one side to the otber. Should an object be caught between the board aud the tuunk, it may be freed by raising the pennant slowly and releasing it quickly several times in succession, If this does fat work, get rid of the obstruction: a wire with a hock oa ow end can be used for probing, UL_HINT: A centerboard is often jerked up sharply and violeatly so that the fine formed edges bang ‘against the inside top of the centorboard trunk. Edges are apt to chip or break, To avoid any chipping and to euce the banging take © small plese of sponge rubber to which, on one side, soine Fast drying waterproof gluo is epplied. With tha aid of a atick or Jong thia ruler, shove the soonge high up against the top of the inside of ‘the centerboard trunk. Hold fp position until the luz hat a chance to set and hold. Now when the ‘Loged has been violently zaiesd the blow will ba softened by the sponge. THE CENTERBOARD TRUNK tema eat cTeeouaD TRO Fig. 1: when the conterboard slot is of proper witb the cemerboard will stay on true center, In “Fig. 2, the dotted line indicates whet happens when the centerbuard slot i tow wie, Besides Shaking end twisting, she board falls away from trac center and nocoustetss corrective helm. RROARD irunk must be strong. in construction ‘design not only Lo hold the oenterbosr, il racking side presvares, While the slot ‘ander the trunk should permit free ralsing. of tho board it should nat he so wide that d wubble ia the aperture and tists and allows bitld up inside the trunk. Turbulence distuab- mocth llow of water under the holl slower the boat's prostess, A wobbly board may become eluck in the trunk and it doesn't help speed all. The eure for imujor centarbosrd trouble is a ew trunk installed by competeat bustbuilder. Some one-dasign classos allow a rubber packet to be placed on either side of te eenter: Joard slot to stop any water from workiag 1p into the ‘unk It is casatial thet the gasket he smeothly fitted. When the gasket wears out it must be replaced, D VS THE CENTERBOARD go oes a centerboards work, ‘and manner of operation are dif. ides stability, redoors leeway ‘The acumpanying drawing Jative chap and comparative poste ks bar the daggerboard. In others A deggerdoar fully lowered. Arvense ‘dicate the dir onal movement. A section ft ‘often cus eu (white squere), to reduen tha weight of Foard PERNART A conoraione.centorboerd Ee ecm ? epeinee oe a Be act ee a fully raised and fully lowered equipment, THE CENTERBOARD | ohn locerad and aje when raised. Ir pivots ‘through ita forward lower corner. Position ie Tauding or releasing a yennent atiached 10 the commer, at faruar upper cerner. It is c1sy © ( welts, Pisot corner end oe ono pennent ore show THE DAGGERBOARD "Moves straight up and down, not on a pivot By hand alonc. It can-be awlasard to handle, parscalarly when the boat és heetad and ttrang sida preasre in exer‘ Long end narroas shape and lighter in welght than ooncer- Sal earl 2 a rde. Sometimes sone oj the board ut aay i grnerlly are rertangulr tn shape, longer | The daggerboard munk ts placed el foraed, sereby al Fare wide, but scmetines on large craft they take. | lowing more rem Jor movenant in the cook, Is aaser 5 apie wei. to brace shen Ue ted in with the jnedeck : Board crunk extends into the cockpin, diiding it | Allows for a smaller opcning in the Heol thereby reducing x The trunk reeds swoag construction os feet | the wadermaier frctoe os campared to cents bourde E again i and hiking sraps ond boom sores | 1f aq anderuater object is Hit the craft may come to a : oe larring hal andthe board may be dannged severely. 5 a larger opening in the lee! then dows 9 doaae™- | pan dounred tis exposed below water a» much atin e steetng greater underater friction. regular centerboerd lat when raised te exzends upward to i underioater object be Bil, mermally the board will juat below the boom and gots in the way of the shoots and © out of Barn way toon anne. ® sed or purty housed ints tank except when all | The center of Intra resitance moves in a nero conge, = down. bbecanse the Board goes onky one way—siralghs down. Tatinstd, there ts greaer spread inthe fore and abt ba of ihe center of lxeral rexsince, thus neces dinning and chenges in crew potion. 25 LEEWAY CHAPTER 9 oe allied with centerboard contro] as discussed in the chepter provioue it the matter of leeway, the side flip of # craft resulting from the action of wind and see. It ean best bo explained by examining the diagram below which shows the relation herween a course sicered and o course aailed. The angular diference between the two is leeway. Lecway can ooear on any point of zailing except before the asind, bat it most evident where side presure is greatest. ‘To see hoy effective und impostant the eenterboard fy in reducing leeway, try to sail 6 predetermined course when there is asteady, moderate breeze, ‘The course should not be long, es both starting marker land finish point must he kept under continual observation, ‘Set a course to windward or om @ close seach, When the ‘turt iy mede, eee thot the canterboard ie all the way down. Observe whether or not the eraft is holding her course bby constantly checking the alixnment of tho etart and finish, markers with the centerline of yoar boat. Note whether she holds up veell or slides off some, information which cua be ‘useful when racing, The difference hetweea the course you seer and the course you are making good is leoway, in this cease with the conterboard dowa, Generally there is very [ile or none perceptible over a short course. ‘When halfway to the finish marker raise the centerbourd, all the way. The amount of leeway and increased angle of Teel nay susptise you. Complete the course and netice how for below the finish marker the boat comes. This should IAKE imuke you ancie of bow important centerboard control canbe. When sailing in strong wind and sea, leoway ie much more pronounced, even with the eenterboard fully lowered. ‘These conditions, however, aileet any oraft, whether cextor: board or keel When aniling long courses leeway may not be seadily noticed. There are several ways to check. Beeause most small boats sil within sight of fand, a marker om land such ts a tower or chizney, oF a buoy on the water, can be picked os a point to ater hy. H, without « windshift, sheets Tiust be constantly hauled for the eraft to hold that point, thon lseway eviats or there iso set from current Two fixed objects in line ahead can be used as » range to detect leeway. I, while helding course, they stay inline, there is no leeway. If the range opcas end one object Beare fo the rich or loft of the other (assuming no current ot ‘windsbift), the oat is making leew. | “Another nay of checking whether or not you are making leeway is to watch your wake while strering = coustaat Hf & leaves dead astern (with only eight dis: trbancer caused by wind and wave) there is no leoway. If It leaves at an angle to the keel, es shown in the aketchy that is the angle of leeway. The angle should be small, 0 it is difficult w observe, A crew member forward, sighting aft at ¢ ight line triling astern, can best obeerve it. Not being dependent upon fixed objects, this method svi work in the presence of current, which may offset of increase leeway as observell celative to the bottom. J the examples above we assume that the problem is ‘complicated hy drift, caused hy current, whicls might off tox inecease leeway, noe c = > <--coie sate java Sar1ANG canoes and tome dinghics use Ieeboards, a device similar in ‘on one of both sides of the haat. These ure bolted to a her that runs Sthwartship. The bolts are tighiened enough to bold the boards against water pressure, but loose enough so that the boards be raised or lowered by a strong hand, pusking ox pulling ‘hand grip. Just ax canterbosrd profile shape varies, docs that row; others of leeboards. Some, witk hand grips, are long and n: are wide and elliptical with all underwater edges streamlined, principle to a centarhoard. They reduce leeway, and siflen a crat to prevent excessive heel. As the photograph shows, « board is placed can “a moving boat with correctly trimmed surwight course in a fair wind (not « strong the tiller held eary on dead center, and the ‘heeds up into the wind nor Kallp aay feom is own accord, it i eald to be th Balance. Any of this bolance ie noticed in the movement bow of the host have a tendancy to head up dso that the tiller has to be beld toward the |or weather side for straight couzee stering, itis craft hae a wenther helm, the opposite happen —ic., the bow falls away ‘wind, to leeward, and the tiller has tn be held to center for straight couse steeting It fs said us eo heli With a lee or weather helm (when the eraft rafle =» have three dluetmsions show howe fclm oan be cured chen sailing. ss onby one change fs necessary, ie 4 combination of all thron i before any insprovement is noticed sting sails, both 0 and malnzet, 39g or lowsring the conterboard, oF guing the crew forward or eft, are ‘nay measures that cun be applied 107 either weather o7 low helm. LEE HELM and WEATHER HELM CHAPTER 10 off course with the tiller ot center) Js an indication that the eraft isin Fmbatance. Boats ith either an extreme weather of lee heli sail ‘an erratic course or lose speed. They exe slowed because the rudder, when moved from im straight, ateamlinad position abaft the hull, begins to act as a rewrdiag fucwor. It produces rudder drug. Extreme helm aleo produose a drag on the skipper. Constant moving of the tiller hack and forth, fighting to keep © boat on a sttaight course, is tiring, However, fatigue can ba ovesrome by exchanging positions with < crew member as often ‘A leaporury westher Keka esi exiel in strong winds or when the hoat is heeled way aver. The helm corrects when ‘Me wind lets up, TEMPORARY CORRECTIONS WHEN UNDER WAY TO CORRECT WEATHER HELM Shift the erow aft—Often only few inches are nowled; other times a decided silt is ealled for. This rales the bow and fuses the stern to gYip the water more therovghly. Sall the boat with less hee!—By moving the cxew as far to Windward at possible or by Keeping « fattor in the sail, thereby suing the boat us clove lo its designed vaterline a« ows Shift the movable heavy waights elt—Like anchors, anchor clan or few chest This causes the bow to raise. On cruisin tratt the imbalance of stowage ean be quite aa adverse factor Raise the eonterboord—Until an fee is noice on the helm, ave the mein shect—Thcrchy svducing vide pressure on the mins Hou! on the jit shest—This inexeases side pressure on the ‘OR do bath of the ahora PERMANENT CORRECTIVE MEASURES (Of she listings below any one oF several in combination can be effective TO CORRECT WEATHER HELM Decrease the rake I» the ment—Tip the mast forwerd to « more upright povcin, Keeping the hel in the same position. Stays and shrouds must also be reuljusted. ‘Step the mast forward—Entire must moves forward. The stare tnd shrouds mist alsa be resdjusted. Rolse the canterbeard pivet pin—This vedares the amount of ‘ancerboard below the all More the centerboard pln oft—This moves a pressure factor ate ‘Move the fibstay forwore—Allows for larger fore wslangle. Iacrdose the sie ofthe ib—Thls also allows for w lenges fore triangle, particularly on those erall thal cannot move the foreaay. Decrease the sian of tha maleseilthic mutt he caraully done aad done only after other methods have proved inflee tive. A aailmaker should be consulted before any eutting 1s one. Use a omer mainsallThis dsereases pressure Soften as ight ech Any Ioooh tha isnot seratght hot hae a teaideacy to curl to windward cen eause quite an imbalance ‘Tha can be easily cured by stzetching the leech, These three diograms show (4) tp. ping the mast forward or af (5) ‘moving the entire mast forward or sit, and (6) moving the jidstay f ward or ejt—ore the easler ofthe per~ Imanent corsectne methods for cure of adeerse helm. Sometinee a change of ‘nly a ration of on fack is al tha is required plas sllphe adjustments in the stays and shrouds, Recatting of sails ts goncrelly not necessary. TO CORRECT LEE HELM Shift the crew forward —As far us is needed; thls lowers the Dew, ewig ito quip deeper in the water, and raises the Sell the bect with more heel—Tis incresses its waterline Jenath, causing more of the hull o grip the water, Shift rhe movable heevy weights ferword—This causes the how tip. ewer the contorbecrd Until prossune is off th tlle. Haulin on the mela shout Tie ineens ie ide presaare Slock the jib shea! ‘This relieves cde preseure on tho sul ‘OL do bath of the above. TO CORRECT LEE HELM Increate the rake of the mast—Keep heel of mest ia position—tip the mast aft—moane roudjusing of stays shuouds, ‘Stop the mast att—Shive mast moves afo—stays and shroue aust olan be roaljustad Lower the eonterbourd piver pin Increases the eanoant hoard below the hull Move the comerboard pin forward—Miosns a pressure fu Jarman. Move the jbstay eftKRedunee the promures forward. Reduce tho slze of the ib—Thie also reduces the pres forend hat means recating the sil Ineracue the alte of the moiaseil—Means getting « new si Use a fuller meinsall One with mace daft or belly rally moans revewing by @ sailwaker. HELM ‘in considered had because 1) ‘unattended the craft will sal way 1s trios of jiber or knockelowne 2) When beuting, the craft will ‘tp sail away from ite eet point [the helmsnian 10 constantly “fight 1s skipper, sailing single-handed, fall 19 chance ot getting back on hoard Seal anuy. ) Where constant Ini ry strong puffs of wind, a lee helm aed because the boat bas u tendency 4 to be avoiced and shonl be im: ‘Such condition invites trouble. 1 2p pif or equall the heat eauld Fell t9 dan its own, despite corrective clloxts WEATHER HELM ‘consider « emall degree of weather balm raft wil then have # vendeney to hes up ‘point when beating. Where there ir con: Tiel, the craft will have a tendency to wind and stall or low down, ‘esting om hulls hes provell thot any rud- Stas 2° Irom canter produoss madder drag. Mppers prefer the tiller and rudder to he and se avoid this slowing action, ‘There ie also uw vofety Sector involved with a alight ‘weather helen When leaving the helm to lowar esil during a squall. or fox any reason where the tillor must be left Lunsttended, the ent en ite oem accord will come wp into the wind and stop, Should cre full overboard there is « ‘wood chance of swimming to and catching the craft. HOW TO CORRECT LEE AND WEATHER HELM Tn all instances the correction for lee helm and weather helm are opposite lo une another, The sice of the boat is tan important factor at to the degree of corrective setion vreeded. On a small, light, sensitive craft, subtle, casy lugs muy he all that is necessary. The slightest change may be effective, On large, heavy keel hosts, decidedly preater chunges may be aovesury belore & correction is noticed, CE-CENTER OF EFFORT CLR-CENTER OF LATERAL RESISTANCE Camas ot Etort the aie hare wind fren om seme HG Contr af Lael Raton i the pat onthe bl wher te forean Sruaee to the se ofthe nul ate stored “hee ests of ped or Honey Kut fons wang. Thr ants eta te pic fl, sgh oh i Wie ts CE trl CL are a Phere Vem, wendy fe: Ferman again n bela ‘Who the G21 Sonerd of the: CLL « ert vl re: ol hol Dh everett gree te rine the EE ce io v ees CLR LIGHT WEATHER HELM ce cLR ce BALANCED 2 ~ a CLR = \ STRONG LEE HELM pars above aire abe principle tele when she CE (enna of eet) sits reas 9 the positon i CLR (centr of leural retence)- Netra, tere could ere such tule terpenes brbeen Ss ers in proce, For purpens of Wsreden, tc dihecher hee esi bromly eemrraok Ax CR freer al, the srongr he tet ol. de CR moves forward, aheod ofthe CLR, weet lee Helm ale ates shes o hotly beleared conden. BENDING and RAISING the MAINSAIL To bewd « sail is to make it jost to its proper spar, or stay, ready fer setting ‘CHAPTER 11 ‘Step by step procedre Treas an rene of hing tat mt be dene elo fa eail can be rated, Fist, the rader and tiller, if they fue ofthe removable type, must be rigged. IF they ara Tranently installed, Uller lashings shoul! be removed 0 thot the ruddey con swing fkoely. Second, the mainsheet Should be uncleated and made clver for remaing. (Do not Temove the boom crotch until the ail is twodblacked lof.) ‘Third, release the main Ralyand ond ite suckle from the outhaal, whore it wus vecured after the previous sil, and fap i temporarily somowhece aves the mast ‘Alter the above hus been steed to, and not before tho sail tt taken out of iy bag- Attaching a sail to the spats i called “bending on sai” Take hold of the foot of the sail ab its clew corner and straighten any kinks of twists by running the band along the foot rope. Thi Vines tp the sliges an makes them eavier to handle. Slip the frst slide at the clew end onto Uhe boom track at the me, Pull the clew oat, Inserting the ether sides inorder, until th ele is olmot to the end ofthe boom. [Release the ghoul ing, push the onthan) to the clew and fasten together, Go wo the mast end of the boom and farten the tack of the sail the oosenack. Now back to the dew fend to hil the othe hand taut. ‘Now take the halyard, bold it out end away from the most Look aloft to mee if it is clear. If it han twisted round any of the stays shrouds or epreaders, he sure 10 Clear it. Then ebeckle it to the hea of the mines. ‘With the sail hanging Toosely bythe halyard end st foot fastened to the boot, insert the battens. Be aurc they fit ther respective hatten pockets and ere tied in seourly with fateh square knot With ne hard Mowly vaising the halyard, slip the slides sewn on the laf repe onto the mast smack. Should f erew mumber be handy, he can haul on tho belyard Wile the akippes slips the sail sides onto the mast track, ‘Raise the eal as high a8 it can go without binding in the snaathesd sheave, For proper setting of «sil, all slak THould be out of the halyard, Slack in the halyoxd can be sliminated by what is called “sweating up the hulyer.” For cary hond- Ling—clew at top, head atthe bette ‘proper wey peek emainsail int is sail. wanwsant Tek Mast und boom fittings must be so placed that there is ttraightiine, direct pull 10 all three corners of the mala: ja, orkeruine, the sail works out of shape and wrinkles farm. The jt should hae a eraightdine pall at the tock tind et the heed, 30 tine the laf) #8 straight ond hard: ‘This will remove all eeallops from the sal ‘The main helyard can ke stretched in three diffe wave, all depending ou tha type of boom gooseneck on mast Goveenecks come three ways: (1) fixed on the cannot be raised or loperod; (2) can slide up oF ‘4° to 6%, on g aastel rod; (3) eam slide up or dows. ‘mast tack, at much as two or three feet. ‘When the gooseneck is at a fixed postion, the sal bo “sweated up” to stretch the Inf. The other ty omenceks permit the scl to be raised to the top of fast, oF as high of the gooseneck allows, The luff then stretched by a “boom dowabaul.” This ts a line ‘ened at the most, near the deck; it runs to a block underside of the gooseneck, then down to 8 cleat, fon deck or on the mast. By hexving on the do boom is lowered, and this cutomatically takes up any fn the hoist Many racing classes have black bands painted 1d alofi. They indicate (because of ‘ces rules) that the boom cannot be lowered bey fark (nor the kead of the sail above the upper 30 Typical arrangement showing gostencck, beam and Boom dounbaul. Here the tack is free from harmful winkles Ihecouse holt ropes in bork foot wo laf rope fead directly to.and eround pinin gooseacch. When gooseneck iso) im- proper ties or poorly placed a situation occurs, ax shown in nelghhortag drowing (suv), where wrinkles form, For certain racing erat, © bleak heriental Kine on the mast (here shawn ona lise mith the top of the boars) tndicates *he ser leit that « boone ca be tt wninsait sank sung Bo0w Tauck coop our nist uae Mi tient Outhoul end of boom showing iypical arrangements. Norice sraighe line of font rope anid sal te onhoul. The elow hore is tren frome sniakles. Compars with neighboring drauing (sao): dhere oushual ts net of groper sise or tx proper esiion. 4 bere in ihe sail und bolt repe ovvars, causing wrinkles ot the cle, Normally, the main halyard Ieads down the starboord «vide of the mast and the jib halyard om the port side to cleats at the foot of the mast, cn deck, or below deck. ‘tension should never be put on a halyard; the sail can stretch out of chape. the slides jam or sick, the balyard should be ed and loveered, moved up and down, to volten ‘down the burr or dirt sant is hindering easy ‘The first sail to bo ruisod om any boat, under ordinary — ‘conditions, & the one furthest aft. On a alcop, the mainsail ‘an foot and [uff of the wail must slip onto their ig raised firs; on @ yaw! ox kotoh, itis the raizzen; and ye trucks in proper order, These slides are everly on a twonmasted achacmer, it is the mainsail. Raising the ed furnieh an oven grip on the tracks, aftmost sail helus to keep the craft headed into the wind ——— Should a jib or foresail be reived frst the boat is apt to pl the greatest strains occare at the outhaul. Tt must sail arcund at its mooring, making it difficult to raise the gly rigged and aovured, other sails, band). Leaving the Mooring ‘CHAPTER 12 tke beet wl always be fing into the id when ats rooting. On acrving x the boat, frst remove the coc over aud Tewer the centrbourd, which wor rid jas efor eving he les tine Lift the floorboards to see if any water has seeped inte the bilge Ltrs sponge ov pen i oat Always ty tokeep the Bilge dry. Aer the rater and tise have bees sac, anbag then bend on the salsa, Raiw i Adjnt the outaal rom leje co right are & set of six sequence sketches showing steps taken when lecuing & inooring. In New 1, ltt, the cockpit cover is Temoved and the centerbourd lowered all the taay. Lowering the centerbocrd aloes stably fe the craft, preventing from tipping (oo far 1 to one side or the viher a you mows about. No. 2 right, sponge or purnp out Ihe Uilge te remove any rain wae or seepage that has as. ‘enmulated. Attack the rudder and tiller. Swab the deck if neentscry. and dewahaul. Keep the boom in the boom crotch Uahag the jib and fasten it to the jilstay. aAwach the jib halyarcl and the jib shoots. Raioo the jib, lat it By. Remove the boom crotch and let the muiasheet rum. Decide which tack you ace going to take, and then cust off the ajooring. Lat the boat drift backward a bit $0 a8 to De free of the mooring. Hold jib aback. When bow has turned, haul in on ruin anil {Nb sheets so that the sails dll with wind, You are under way, Nas 8, left bend on the mains, Insert the ustons aeing them in carefully, then ratte the sai (0 fis proper height. Adjust oathesl No. 4 taht, fasten the jib 00 the Jib ata, attach fb sheote and ram them eit on their respective sides, Tut fe nt elon thom for the 30) smace Ay frealy after it in rave Nov 5 left ranlese the boom crotch, slack the mainsheet, den cast aff the mooring. fe sira to beep oll the Hines clear o} one 6 ‘another 40 that they No. 6, right hold the jib ebock {see ‘ilastridons on following pee) then when he bow has farmed, haul in on main and jib sheets. To get goud movement on ‘he Beat sail meay on 0 reach, JIB ABACK Jon can bo put aback to assure that the bow of the boat will tara in desined dircstion, This is ofien necessary. when leaving the mooring in ‘crowded anchorage because of the proximity of other boats, 2 dock, shoal or an obstrucicn restricting free sailing To put a jib aback, take hold of the elew, first maing suse thet the jth cheote exe loote and not clected. Hold it out oppotite to the vide the bow is to swing or opposite to the direction the boat is to sal. The wind vvill catch the jib and tara the bow. Whea the bow has turned to a point ‘that the sails can fil and a course can be sailed, let go the clow so Usat the jth can swing freely. Now when the sheets axe hauled the boat will be on its desired courss, Reed chuptor 15—In Irons a Three sequence drawings ilestreting puiting ‘he jib cback—a simple ensy maneuver that takes only secands to do, It assures the bau's turning of in the desired direction, Above lef showe the craft, all sail hoisted, after it has ronped is moering. The sails are fltering in the wind. ‘The conterillsiation shots how the ji és held out (put aback) until she bow hos turned. The illustretion Below shows the Bout, oll ils trimmed, sailing off on a clear course the ‘iad int thet veil ving ew’s late Phas ring ih is ancd. a oll come ED ew “<

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