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07 Laboratory Exercise 1
Part A

a. Which process has the greatest number of read I/O operations since it started?
- The greatest number that read by I/O operations is the Opera GX
b. Which process has the least number of read I/O operations since it started?
- The least number that read by I/O operations is the Microsoft Word
c. Is the total number of I/O bytes read by a process always equal to the number of
I/O bytes written by the same process?
- Yes it is the same and equal to each other.
d. Would you agree that suspended processes will always hold a zero (0) value for both
read and write I/O operations?
- Yes, it remains 0 because it is not running like the other process application in the
background.
e. Is the number of threads directly proportional to the number of bytes written by the
process in I/O operations?
- No, because it has many application open and it is not the same as the other and it
change to other threads and bytes of I/O operations.
Part B
a. Describe the overall structure of the Windows I/O manager.
- The Windows kernel-mode I/O manager deals with the correspondence among
applications and the points of interaction given by gadget drivers. Since gadgets work
at speeds that may not match the working framework, the correspondence between
the
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working framework and gadget drivers is essentially done through I/O request packets
(IRPs). These parcels are like organization bundles or Windows message bundles.
They are passed from working framework to explicit drivers and starting with one
driver then onto the next.
- The Windows I/O system gives a layered driver model called stacks. Commonly IRPs
move between various drivers in a similar stack to work with correspondence. For
instance, a joystick driver would have to impart to a USB center point, which thus
would have to convey to a USB have regulator, which would then have to convey
through a PCI transport to the remainder of the PC equipment. The stack comprises of
joystick driver, USB center point, USB has a regulator, and PCI transport. This
correspondence is composed by having every driver in the stack send and get IRPs.
b. Illustrate the structure of the Windows I/O manager based on your understanding.
- The I/O manager is the center of the I/O framework since it characterizes the precise
system, or model, inside which I/O demands are conveyed to gadget drivers. The I/O
framework is bundle-driven. Most I/O demands are addressed by an I/O demand
bundle (IRP), which goes from one I/O framework part to another. The plan permits a
singular application string to deal with different I/O demands simultaneously. An IRP
is an information structure that contains data depicting an I/O demand.
- The I/O manager makes an IRP in memory to address an I/O activity, passing a
pointer to the IRP to the right driver and discarding the parcel when the I/O activity is
finished. Conversely, a driver gets an IRP, plays out the activity the IRP indicates,
and passes the IRP back to the I/O director, either because the mentioned I/O activity
has been finished, or because it should be given to one more driver for additional
handling. As well as making and discarding IRPs, the I/O manager supplies code that
is normal to various drivers and that the drivers can call to do their I/O handling. By
solidifying normal assignments in the I/O supervisor, individual drivers become more
straightforward and more reduced.
c. Differentiate the asynchronous and synchronous mode of operation Windows I/O.
- Synchronous I/O implies that some progression of execution is trusting that the
activity will finish. Asynchronous I/O implies that nothing is trusting that the activity
will finish and the fruition of the actual activity makes something occur.
- Synchronous I/O some execution vehicle that starts the I/O likewise hangs tight for
the I/O to finish (and maybe finishes it). At the point when the I/O finishes, that
equivalent execution vehicle proceeds to accomplish something different, maybe
utilizing the consequences of the I/O.
d. Does the Windows I/O manager support any RAID configurations?
Rationalize your answer.
- RAID is an innovation that is utilized to expand the exhibition or potentially
dependability of information stockpiling. The contraction represents either Redundant
Array of Independent Drives or Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, which is
more established and less utilized. A RAID system comprises of at least two drives
working in equal. These can be hard plates, however there is a pattern to likewise
involve the
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innovation for SSD (Solid State Drives). There are diverse RAID levels, each
enhanced for a particular circumstance. The product to play out the RAID usefulness
and control the drives can either be situated on a different regulator card (an
equipment RAID regulator) or it can basically be a driver. A few forms of Windows,
for example, Windows Server 2012 just as Mac OS X, incorporate programming
RAID usefulness.
e. In your opinion, what other kernel components work closely with the Windows I/O
manager? Elaborate on your answer.
- For me I think it’s the linux kernel, because it has no difference at all but linux is
more easy to use than Windows I/O manager. Presumably, the main pieces of the bit
(nothing else works without them) are a memory of the board and interaction with the
executives. Memory the board deals with allotting memory regions and trade space
regions to processes, portions of the part, and the cradle reserve. Process the board
makes cycles and carries outperforming multiple tasks by turning the dynamic
interaction on the processor. At the most reduced level, the bit contains an equipment
gadget driver for every sort of equipment it upholds. Since the world is brimming with
various types of equipment, the quantity of equipment gadget drivers is enormous.
There are regularly numerous generally comparative bits of equipment that contrast
by the way they are constrained by programming. The likenesses make it conceivable
to have general classes of drivers that help comparable tasks; every individual from
the class has a similar connection point to the remainder of the part yet varies in how
it needs to execute them.
f. In your perspective, what is the most significant part of the Windows I/O model and
why?
- A computer comprises different gadgets that give input and output (I/O) to and from
the rest of the world. Run-of-the-mill gadgets are consoles, mice, sound regulators,
video regulators, circle drives, organizing ports, etc. Gadget drivers give the product
association between the gadgets and the operating system. Hence, I/O is vital to the
device driver writer. It cannot be focused on enough that your driver should send and
get IRPs on an opportunity reason for the entire stack to work productively. On the
off chance that your driver is important for a stack and doesn't as expected get,
handle, and pass on the data, your driver might cause system crashes.
References:
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/kernel/windows-kernel-mode-i-o-
manager
https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2201309
https://www.prepressure.com/library/technology/raid
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/kernel/overview-of-the-windows-i-
o-model