Nicholas Lambrou and Dr Abdumalik Djumanov

Iiikh Alrttiv, Dr

MATHEMATICS A N D LOGIC

WORKBOOK
This book is written by an international group of authors as a
publication of Westminster International University in Tashkent
(WIUT). This is the second and extended edition of the previously
published book "Examples in Pre-University Mathematics with Logic
Pussies" and printed as a workbook for students who are going to
enter the University or other international universities. Readers of
the book can find a range of problem solving techniques for most
frequently used types of mathematics questions, interesting
excersises in mathematics and logic as well as interesting history of
some scholars and math problems they resolved.

The book is recommended for WIUT applicants and their teachers,

and can be used as a reference book for high-school students
studying mathematics in English language.

Reviewer: Prof., Dr. Shavkat Alimov

«>Wi".imln\i<4 international University in Tashkent

 Mathematics and Logic

Workbook

The only good is knowledge and the only evil is ignorance.

Socrates (469-399 ВС), Greek philosopher in Athens

The man who does not read good books has no advantage

over the man who cannot read them.

Mark Twain (1835-1910), American writer and humorist

JA R O N 1 Q T I S O D I Y O T * V A
D I P L O M A T I Y A UNTVSRSITETI
'QOSHIDAGI GHAVXONTOHUR
Л К А О Е Й С К L ITSEVI
AXDUKOT-RESURS M A R K A Z I
OSQUV 2 Ш
—r'TSJ - —'
JtLUJL

Westminster International University in Tashkent

3
Foreword
This workbook is designed for high-school graduates who intend to enter
an international higher education establishment. It provides the reader
with a number of typical mathematics and logic questions that give an
opportunity to refresh the reader's knowledge and prepares for university
entrance examinations.

The workbook is intended as a resource for teachers of various learning

centers, special courses that prepare students taking university entrance
tests and independent learners. However, it is assumed that the reader is
familiar with school level mathematics and wants to familiarize himself with
the prevailing terminology and the various ways of expressing a solution in
English.

The main content of the workbook has been developed over several years
by the enthusiastic teacher and educator Farrukh Ataev at the Westminster
International University in Tashkent. The effectiveness and reliability of the
workbook may be seen by the great number of people who have
successfully entered various universities and institutes over the last years,
after using the material herein to refresh their knowledge.

The workbook consists of eleven chapters, each of which contains several

topics. The structure of the workbook follows a logical sequence of
mathematics topics, each of which can be referred to as a self contained
seminar (practical session). The objectives of each topic are followed by the
relevant terms, notation and formulae before the most typical problems in
the area are introduced. In addition, the reader is provided with a set of
homework problems, which serve to reinforce the gained knowledge and
skills.

At the end of each topic, interesting and useful reference information from
various mathematical fields is given, such as the history of mathematics,
reference information on international standards and agreements, some
classic problems and paradoxes, and many more.

4
Content
Foreword 3

( h a p t e r I. N u m b e r s

1.1. Basic operations with numbers. HCD and L C M 9

1.2. Rational and irrational n u m b e r s 23

1.3. Natural and whole exponents 35

4 5
1.4. Rational exponents

Answers 53-54

Chapter II. Algebraic expressions..

5 5
11.1. Polynomials

11.2. Short multiplication formulae 63

7 1
Answers

Chapter III. Single and simultaneous equations

111.1. Linear equations 72

8 0
111.2. Quadratic equations

111.3. Simultaneous linear equations 88

111.4. Simultaneous nonlinear equations 96

111.5. Arithmetic and geometric m e a n s 102

1 0 5
III i.. Ratios a n d Proportions

1 1 2
III /. Percentages

Answers 121-122

< Implnr IV. Inequalities and simultaneous inequalities

5
 IV.l. Linear inequalities 123

IV.2. Simultaneous linear inequalities 129

IV.3. Nonlinear inequalities 133

IV.4. Simultaneous nonlinear inequalities 139

IV.5. Equations and inequalities involving absolute values 146

Answers 152

Chapter V. Progressions

V . l . Arithmetic progressions 153

V.2. Geometric progressions 160

Answers 165

Chapter VI. Functions

VI.1. Linear functions 166

VI.2. Quadratic functions 175

VI.3. Polynomial and exponential functions 183

VI.4. Absolute value functions 190

VI.5. Irrational functions 196

VI.6. Inverse and composite functions 201

Answers 207-218

Chapter VII. Trigonometry and logarithms

VII.1. Basic concepts and formulae 219

VII.2. Formulae of halved a n d doubled a r g u m e n t 227

6
 Vii.3. trigonometric equations and inequalities 235

VII.4. Logarithmic equations and inequalities 242

Answers 248-252

( h.ipter VIII. Differentiation and integration

VIII.1. Physical meaning. Derivatives of an elementary function 253

VIII.2. Monotonicity, extreme values and tangents of a function 260

VIII.3. Indefinite integrals 266

VIII.4. Definite integrals 273

Answers 282-284

С hapter IX. Plane geometry

IX.1. Basic concepts 285

IX.2. Properties of a triangle 294

IX.3. Properties of a quadrilateral .-. 307

IX.4. Properties of a polygon 320

IX.5. Properties of a circle and a circumference 327

Answers 339

< lupter X. Space geometry

X I Properties of a prism, a parallelepiped, a cube and a cylinder 340

x ! Properties of a pyramid, a cone and a sphere .' 350

* i Cartesian right-angle s y s t e m of coordinates. Vector 358

Answers 366

7
Chapter Xi. Logic

XI.1. Sequence of numbers, figures, etc 367

XI.2. Completion and construction of figures, tables, etc 375

XI.3. Syntax 385

XI.4. Economics and Statistics 391

XI.5. G a m e s 397

XI.6. Text problems 402

XI.7. Combination 408

XI.8. Miscellaneous logical problems 412

Answers „.453-466

Tests 467

Glossary 485

Bibliography : 499

о
 Mathematics is the queen of the sciences and
number theory the queen of mathematics.
Carl Friedrich G a u s s (1777-1855), G e r m a n mathematician

Like the crest of a peacock, so is mathematics

at the head of all knowledge.
Indian Proverb

CHAPTER I. N U M B E R S

1.1. Basic operations with numbers. HCD and LCM

Terms

I to add (subtract, multiply, divide) - qo'shmoq (ayirmoq,

ko'paytirmoq, bo'lmoq) | складывать (вычитать, умножать,
делить);

) to compute, to calculate, to work out - hisoblamoq | вычислять;

i a natural (whole, integer, rational, irrational, mixed, negative,

positive, prime, composite) number - natural (nomanfiy butun,
butun, ratsional, irratsional, aralash, manfiy, musbat, tub,
inurakkab) son | натуральное (неотрицательное целое, целое,
национальное, иррациональное, смешанное, отрицательное,
положительное, простое, составное) число;

| -in ordinary (proper, improper, decimal) fraction - oddiy (to'g'ri,

imto'g'ri, o'nli) ка5г|обыкновенная (правильная,
неправильная, десятичная) дробь;

f.utor ko'paytuvchi | множитель;

9
6. prime factorization - tub ko'paytuvchilarga
ajratmoq | разложение на простые множители;

7. the highest (greatest) common divisor (HCD) - eng katta

umumiy bo'luvchi (EKUB)| наибольший общий делитель
(НОД);

8. the lowest (least) common multiple (LCM) - eng kichik umumiy

ko'paytuvchi (EKUK)| наименьшее общее кратное (HOK);

9. numerator (denominator) - surat (mahraj)| числитель

(знаменатель);

10. numerical expression - sonli ifoda | числовое выражение;

11. remainder-qoldiq|остаток;

12. to simplify - soddalashtirmoq | упрощать;

13. product - ko'paytma | произведение.

Learning Objectives:

- to have an understanding of arithmetic operations on numbers

such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division;

- to know how to compute expressions using the concepts of HCD

and LCM.

Natural numbers

1, 2, 3, 4, 5,... (Used for counting)

10
Whole numbers

0, 1, 2, 3, 4,...

Integers

...,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2,....

Order of operations

BEDMAS - brackets, exponents, division, multiplication, addition,

subtraction.

HCD (25, 35) = 5 (5 is the largest number that divides both numbers
without remainder).

LCM (25, 35) = 175 (175 is the smallest number that can be divided
by both n u m b e r s without remainder).

Number notation

1.4 and 1,023,145 (in American and British system) are written as 1,4
and 1.023.145 (in Uzbek, German and Russian system).

Also, 1.4 is pronounced as " o n e point four".

Number Divisibility

For a n u m b e r to be divisible by

2: the n u m b e r must end with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.

11
3: the sum of digits of the number must be divisible by 3.

4: the last two digits must be divisible by 4.

5. the number must end with 0 or 5.

6: the number must be divisible by both 2 and 3.

8: the last three digits must be divisible by 8.

9: the sum of digits must be divisible by 9.

10: the number must end with 0.

11: the difference between the sums of the digits at odd and even
places of the number is divisible by 11.

12: the number must be divisible by both 3 and 4.

Prime and composite numbers

2, 3, 5, 7,11,13,17,19, 23,... are prime (divisible by 1 and itself).

4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22,... are composite (divisible by a
number other than 1 and itself).

Expressions involving fractions

1) To add (or subtract) two fractions, we first need to bring them to

a common denominator.

d, b
a ^±=ad_ be = ad +be
+ +
b d ~ bd bd~ bd

12
2) To multiply two fractions, we multiply the numerator by the
numerator and the denominator by denominator (if possible,
cancel the numerator and the denominator).

а с _a-c

3) To divide one fraction by another, we multiply the top fraction

with the inverse of the bottom fraction.

a
Ь _a .c a
d ad
£ b'd be be'
d

Examples

1. What numbers between 1 and 12 divide 3,473,892?

Solution:

The number is divisible by:

a) 2, because the number ends with 2.

b) 3, because the sum of its digits, 36, is divisible by 3.

c) 4, because the number made up of the last two digits, 92, is

divisible by 4.

d) 6, because the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.

ffl) 9, because the sum of its digits, 36, is divisible by 9.

13
 f) 12, because the number is divisible by both 3 and 4.

The number is not divisible by:

g) 5, because the number does not end with 0 or 5.

h) 8, because the number made up of the last 3 digits, 892, is

not divisible by 8.

i) 11, because the difference, 4, between the sums of digits at

odd (20) and even (16) places is not divisible by 11. •

2. Do prime factorization of the number 462,000.

Solution: Doing prime factorization means representing the given

number as a product of prime numbers. To achieve this we
divide the number continuously by prime numbers starting from
the smallest possible on.

462,000 2
231.000 2

115,500 2

57,750 2

28,875 3

9.625 5
1,925 5
385 5
77 7
11 11
1
14
 Thus, 462,000 = 2 4 • 3 • 5 3 • 7 • 11. м

3. Evaluate 338 - 34 (45:9 + 2 - 4 2 - 1 7 ) : 10 + 34 .

Solution: To calculate the value of the numerical expression above

we follow the order of operations (BEDMAS) rule, once for the
bracket and then for the whole expression:

1) Brackets. 45:9 + 2 - 4 2 - 1 7 .

a) Exponent. 42 = 16.

b) Division. 45:9 = 5.

c) Multiplication. 2-16 = 32.

tl) Addition. S >!< 32 в 37.

i) Subtraction. 37 - 1 7 • 20.

1) Division. 20:10-2,

S) Multiplication. 34-2 « 6 8 .

4) A d d i t i o n . - 6 8 + 34 = - 3 4 .

5) Subtraction. 3 3 8 - 3 4 = 304. •

4. Find HCD and LCM of the numbers 60 and 270.

Solution: To find HCD and LCM of two or more numbers one should
do prime factorization of each number. 60 = 2 2 - 3 - 5 .
270 = 2 - 3 3 - 5 .

15
 X

HCD of the numbers will be the product of common prime

factors in smallest powers.

Hence, HCD(60and270) = 2-3-5 = 30.

LCM of the numbers will be the product of common prime

factors in largest powers.

Hence, LCM (60 and 270) = 22 • 33 • 5 = 540. •

1 2 25
5. Evaluate the expression
6 5 16 J 35*15

Solution:

1 25 _ 2-25 _ 50 _ 50:10 _ 5
3
5 16 ~ 5 1 6 ~ 80 ~ 80:10 ~ 8

l + 5 15 _ 4 + 15 _ 19
6 8~ 6 8 ~ 24 24 ~ 24 ~ 24

4 2 _ Ч 153 _ 2-3 _ 6
35 15 ~ 7 3S 2 t ~ 7-1 ~~ 7

7/ 24/
19 6 133-144 11
24 7 24 168 168

I*
Exercises

1. Evaluate

a) 5 3 + 81; b) 124 + 529; c) 79 + 253 + 1395;

16
d) 2 4 5 - 1 2 3 ; e) 1,249-398; f) 45 + (-34);

g) 13 + (-28) + 55 - 1 3 ; h) add two thousand nine

hundred and five and thousand and eighteen.

Do the following multiplications

a) 8 - 6 ; b) 12-7; c) 27-13;

d) 231-92; e) 345 103.

Do the following divisions

a) 45:9; b) 124:4; c) 4239:9;

d) 345:15; e) 21,252:92.

Malika had 10,000 soums to spend at a store. She bought

toothpaste for 1,200 soums, a toothbrush for 800 soums and
two soaps for 600 soums each. How much money did she spend?
How much money did she have when she came out of the store?

Evaluate (using the order of operations)

a) 52 + 3 - 7 - 4 3 ; b) 4 3 - 8 4 : 2 1 - 2 + ( - 1 7 ) ;

c) 9 + 1 8 : 2 - 2 - ( l 3 - 3 - 5 + 7 ) + 2 4 : ( 2 + 2 - 3 ) ;

d) 12 + 3 - [ 3 7 - 4 - ( 7 - 3 ) ] + 5 6 : ( l 3 - 3 - 5 ) .

Tell if the numbers are divisible

a) 46 by 2; b) 45 by 3; c) 224 by 4;

J A H O N BQTESOOSYOTI VA '
d) 120 by 5; e) 246 by 6; 1В&А.Щ. e p fvA mnfVERSITET!
' QOSHIOAGI SHAiXOiNTOmiR
А 1 С Ю Е Ш К '.Wi'SKY*
AXBOROT-RCSURS M A R K A Z I
O ' Q U V ЖА1Л
17
 g) 130 by 10; h) 124,440 by 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10.

7. Identify prime numbers: 2,4,10,13, 25,19, 111, 39, 25,41, 37.

8. Do prime factorization for the numbers: 100 and 180.

9. Write all divisors of 28 and 36. Point out the greatest common
divisor.

10. Write all two-digit numbers that are multiples to 12 and 15.
Show the lowest common multiple.

11. Find

a) HCD (28 and 36); b) HCD (12,18 and 30);

c) HCD (15,10 and 6); d) HCD (252, 441 and 1,080).

12. Indicate the shaded part of the figure by a fraction:

18
13. Simplify a) — ;
30

14. Find

a) LCM (12 and 15); b) LCM (6 and 8);

c) LCM (252, 441 and 1,080).

15. Compare the following numbers

18
16. Calculate

b) 1 1 - 1 0 - ;

с) 4

17. Hasan's step is 63cm long whereas his twin brother Husan's step
is 56cm. If they start walking from the same place in the same
direction, at what distance will their steps first overlap?

18. Place the following numbers in ascending order

( 1 5 1 8
19. Compute 1-:—+3—2 5 - -5.
I 7 14 4 13 2J

20. Write the number 1,000,000 as the product of two positive

integers neither of which has any zeros in it.

21. If 1-2-3-- 199-200 is calculated, then how many zeros will beat
the end of the product?

22. To pin up a rectangular picture Davron needs 4 pins, one at each

corner. For two pictures he needs only 6 pins since he can
overlap pictures. What is the smallest number of pins he needs
to pin up 12 pictures?

19
 1 1 1 47
4 — i — 2- 1 — 10
5
23. if А = Ц-- 0 -Р and В = — , calculate the
„2 , 7 93 8/ о
б- +4 — + 1+ zr
з 12 loo loo 3+Z
3

product A B .

Homework

1. Find the following sums

a) 3 6 7 + 528; b) 1,402-973;

c) 37 + 27.4 + (-39); d) 13,528 + 349,711.

2. Do the multiplications

a) 34-5; b) 132-97; c) 3 7 1 1 0 .

3. Do the divisions
a) 96:4; b) 294:14; c) 15,291:3.
4. What numbers must fit into the blank places to make these
correct?

a) 342 + _ = 831; b)459-_=199;

c) 35 x _ = 385; d) 2,244 : _ = 17.

5. Qodir thinks of a number, doubles it and adds 7. The answer was

19. What is the number he thought of?

20
6, A teacher asked how much would be two plus three multiplied
by eight. Anvar answered 40, but Dildora replied 26. Figure out
who is correct.

7. In the army there are 3,450 men who are taller than 180cm. Of
these 882 are taller than 190cm. How many men are there who
are between 180cm and 190cm tall?

8. Perform a prime factorization of the numbers: 6,720 and 3,564.

9. Find HCD and LCM of 918 and 2,448.

10. Indicate the shaded part of the figure with a fraction:

1 2
11. Which of the following fractions lies between — and — ?
2 3

a) 17/24; b) 1/3; c) 7/12; d) 3/4.

12. Calculate

r 3
+ 5 ;
A) 2
6C 7
4

. 2 21
с 5 ;
3 34

3
2.5-1- 4—+2—
^ 3 5 ЗУ U 8

21
14. Alisher's class is going on a trip to the local art museum. Twenty
five students, one teacher, and three parents are going on the
trip. The museum charges 400 soums admission for each student
and 600 soums for each adult. How much will it cost for all the
students and the adults to enter the museum?

• ' • ' • ' . ' . ' • ' • ' . ' • ' I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I ' I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . ' . ' . ' . 1 . ' •1 •' •1 •1 • 'тЧ

According to A. N. Kolmogorov, the periods of development of

mathematics are

1. The period of emergence of mathematics

(from the time of primitive society to 6th-5th centuries ВС);

2. The period of elementary mathematics

(from 6th-5th centuries ВС to 16th century AD);

3. The period of mathematics of variables

(from 17th century to the first half of 19th century AD);

4. The period of contemporary mathematics

(from the second half of 19th century AD to present time).

<g>

22
 Arithmetic is being able to count up to twenty
without taking off your shoes.
M i c k e y M o u s e , f a m o u s cartoon character created in 1 9 2 8 by W a l t Disney

1.2. Rational and irrational numbers

Terms

1. periodic (repeating) decimal fraction - o'nli davriy

kasr | периодическая десятичная дробь;

2. decimal point (place)-o'nli nuqta|десятичная точка.

3. to evaluate, to estimate - baho bermoq | оценивать;

4. to convert - almashtirmoq | переводить;

5. to solve - yechmoq | решать;

6. a solution-yechim | решение;

7. to express - ifodalamoq | представлять;

8. nonzero - noldan farqli | отлично от нуля;

9. to round - yaxlitlamoq | округлять;

10. significant figure - muhim raqam) значащая цифра;

11. scientific notation - ilmiy yo?uv (standart shakl) j научная

запись (стандартная форма).

23
Learning Objectives

- to recognize a decimal (periodic decimal) fraction and an

irrational number;

- to know how to compute expressions containing these numbers;

- to be able to round numbers to certain decimal places and

significant figures;

- to express numbers in scientific notation.

Decimal numbers

7.305; -14.2009; 0.615; etc

Periodic (repeating, recurring) decimal numbers

2.343434... = 2.34; 5.233333... = 5.23; 7.103103103... = 7Л03; etc'

Rational numbers

2
— ; 5; - 4; 0; 0.25; etc (They can be expressed as a fraction a/b,
3

where a and b are integers with b * 0).

Irrational numbers

V2 = 1.414213... and ж = 3.141592... (They can not be expressed as a

fraction).

24
Number notation

1.3 and l . i 4 3 (in American and British system) are written as 1,(3)
and 1,(143) (in Uzbek and Russian system).

Also, 1.3 is pronounced as "one point three recurring".

Evaluation of the expressions involving decimals (fractions)

1) To add (subtract) two decimals, we add (subtract) these

numbers in a table aligning the decimal points.

For example,

3.72 4.524
+
1.31 2.78

2.41 7.304

Z) To divide two decimals, we multiply each number by a suitable

decimal number to get rid of the decimal points and then divide.
For example,

3.56 3.56 100 356 ол

= = = 89 or
0.4 0.4-100 4

824.61 824.61 1000 824,610

= 274,870
0.003 0.003 1000

3) To multiply two decimals, we multiply the numbers and put the

decimal point as far from the last digit as the total number of
digits after the two numbers being multiplied.

. 25
 For example,

3.7 2 4.5
x x
1.3 2.7

1116 315
+ +
372 90

4.8 3 6 12.15

Conversion of a periodic decimal fraction to an ordinary fraction

1) The number is written as a mixed number with whole and

fractional parts.

2) At the numerator of the fraction write the whole decimal part

without brackets minus the number in between the decimal
point and the brackets.

3) At the denominator of the fraction write as many digits 9 as the

number of digits in the period followed by as many digits 0 as
the number of digits between the decimal point and the
brackets.

For example,

2 7 - 2 _ a 2gX5
3.27 = 3 3 Vl8tio 3—
90 90 18

26
Rounding of a number to a particular number of decimal places

1) Round the number down if the first digit to be excluded is

between 0 and 4;

2) Round the number up if the first digit to be excluded is between

5 and 9.

For example,

1) 3.625 expressed to 2 decimal places rounds up to 3.63.

2) 3.62499 expressed to 2 decimal places rounds down to 3.62.

Rounding a number to a particular number of significant figures

1) Round the number down if the first digit to be excluded is

between 0 and 4;

2) Round the number up if the first digit to be excluded is between

5 and 9.

For example,

1) 6,248.500052 rounded to 2, 3, 7 and 9 significant figures will

be 6,200, 6,250, 6,248.5 and 6,248.50005, respectively.

2) 0.13546 rounded to 2, 3 and 4 significant figures will be 0.14,

0.135 and 0.1355, respectively.

27
Scientific notation

A number written in scientific notation has the form a -10", where

1 £ a < 10 and n is a whole number.

For example,

1) 952,345,677,626 = 9.52 Ю 1 1 .

2) 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,014 = 1.4 • Ю - 2 0 .

Notation of number sets

Wis a set of natural numbers;

Z is a set of integer numbers;

Q is a set of rational numbers;

/ i s a set of irrational numbers;

R is a set of real numbers.

NeZeQand QyjIsR.

Examples

1. Evaluate the expression (57.6:0.24+ 2.3)-2.8-3.6.

• a) 57.6:0.24 = (57.6-100): (0.24-100) = 5760:24 = 240;

28
 b) 240 + 2.3 = 242.3;

c) 242.3-2.8 = 678.44;

d) 678.44 - 3.6 = 674.84. ш

2. Convert the following periodic decimal fraction 5.243 to an

ordinary fraction.

^ r 243-24 219 r 73
• 5.243 = 5 =5 =5 .•
900 900 300

3. Show two rational numbers and two irrational numbers between

4 and 5.

• 4.5 and 4.9 are the rational numbers, because they can be
expressed as m/n (e.g. 9/2 and 49/10), where m and n are whole
numbers and n is nonzero.

4.21251... and л/20 are the irrational numbers, because they are
the non-periodic decimal numbers, ш

4. In 2005 the world population was 6,446,131,400 people and

Uzbekistan's population 26,851,195 people. Express these
numbers in scientific notation.

• 6,446,131,400 = 6.45-109 and 26,851,195 = 2.69 • 10 7 . •

5. Round the following number 398,764 to the nearest 100, 1,000

and 100,000.

• 100s digit is 7, therefore the digits after 7 should be eliminated.

However, we can not drop the two digits 6 and 4 out, but we
have to make them 0s. Thus,

29
 398,764 = 398,800. Similarly,

398,764 = 399,000 and 398,764 = 400,000. •

6. Write the number 67.469 to 2 and 3 significant figures.

• The 2nd and 3rd significant numbers are 7 and 4, respectively.

Thus, 67.469 = 67 and 67.469 = 67.5. •

Exercises

1. Compute

a) 2.3+ 0.4+ 14.98; b) 2.081 0.03;

c) 13.28:32; d) 13.8:0.25;

e) 2.3902 • 1000; f) (1.4 - 0.29) - 7.3.

2. A ball was dropped from a 6m height. After each bounce it goes

up two thirds of the previous height. How high will the ball rise
after the third bounce?

1
3. If a and b are two numbers with - 3 < a < 4, — < b <3, find the
2

largest and the least values of ^ .

4. Write the following as a periodic decimal fraction:

2 5 . 2
—, — and —.
3 7 15

30
5. Write the following numbers as ordinary fractions

0.3; 3.03; 4.H; 2.83; 13.81645.

6. Show that 4.2626... is a rational number.

„ 0.4 + 0.41+0.42 + 0.43

7. Compute — г
0.5 + 0.51 + 0.52 + 0.53

0.83-0.46
8. Find the value of the expression
0.3

1
1-
1 2
1+ i
9. Evaluate 1
1+ i

10. Which numbers are rational (irrational)

№. №. (sh
11. Point out five rational and five irrational numbers among

S S . ysf, ^L, (tf. 40-2_1-4-2,

Js-2.1, 0.4, блг, V49, л/б+б.

12. Identify the rational (irrational) numbers

31
 т = ^256; п = л; > = ^|^[7Ш+13; 9=
Л'

13. Are these expressions rational or irrational

a) (l + Vs)(l + V5); b)

53 1
14. The fraction — can be expressed as 3 + — . If x and v are
7
17 1
x~i—
У
integers, what is the value of x + y?

15. Round the number 13.2436735 to

a) 2; b) 3; c) 4; d) 5 decimal places.

16. Write the numbers 125.381 and 16,527 to

a) 2; b) 3 significant figures.

17. Express the following numbers in scientific notation:

a) the mass of the Earth is

5,980,000,000,000,000,000,000,000%.

b) the diameter of water molecule is

0.000,000,03cm.

Homework

1. Compute a) 8.05-111.11; b) 4.29:0.066.

32
 13
2. Write as a periodic decimal fraction.

^ • , . 4 0.06+0.03 ,, + 3.61
3. Calculate a) ; b)
0 1
' 1.916-1—'
6

4. Show one rational and one irrational number between -Jl and

7Г.

5. Round the number 45.1949645 to

a) 2; b) 3; c) 4; d) 5 decimal places.

6. Write the numbers 25.543 and 8,327 to

a) 2; b) 3 significant figures.

7. Express the following numbers in scientific notation:

a) the diameter of the Sun is 1,390,600,000от;

b) the light speed is 29,979,300,000,000w*/s.

8. If Л = 1000 - 999 + 998 - 997 + ... + 4 - 3 + 2 - 1 and

B= 1--|( 1-—1—( 1 — I, calculate the value of

ЗА
4 J I 1000 '
the p r o d u c t ^ .

33
 Historic N u m b e r systems (Scales of notation)

1. Non-positional The " m a i n n u m b e r s " are c h o s e n a n d d e n o t e d by special symbols. For instance, in R o m a n n u m b e r

system, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 5 0 0 a n d 1,000 are c h o s e n as main n u m b e r s a n d d e n o t e d as I, V, X, L, C, D a n d M ,
respectively. Then, III is 3, VII is 7, IX is 9 a n d XL is 40.

2. Alphabetic The n u m b e r s are d e n o t e d by alphabet letters that follow that alphabet's sequence. For instance, in
ancient Greece (Ionic scale of notation), the n u m b e r s are labeled as follows: a=l, 6=2, y=3,...

3. Positional In Babylon the sexagesimal (base-60) scale of notation w a s used. The M a y a used a base-20 n u m b e r
s y s t e m (it probably d e s c e n d e d f r o m the early times w h e n people c o u n t e d o n both fingers a n d toes). In R o m a n
notation the n u m b e r s I and V have indicated 1 a n d 5 regardless of their positions in the number, w h e r e a s in
Babylon a n d M a y a scales of notation the significance of the digits also d e p e n d e d o n their positions in the writing.
Such numerical notations, in particular the decimal notation created in the 9 t h century in India, are called
positional scales of notation.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 50 100 500 1000 i

S Roman 1 II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X L с D м a

5 Arabic r r £ о i V Л ^ • о » ^ *» о* « ь
• • s

I Hindi ? 4 3 V 4 * Is ?o ?oo <300 ?ooo 0

% Egyptian 1 II III III! Mill

Mil
II
INI
III
Mil
UN
Mill
MM
ш
m ? 99
 When I was a boy offourteen my father was so ignorant
I could hardly stand to have the old man around.
But when I got to be twenty-one,
I was astonished at how much he had learned in seven years.
M a r k Twain (1835-1910), American writer and humorist

1.3. Natural and whole exponents

Terms
1. a natural and a whole exponent (power, degree) of number -
sonning natural va butun darajasi| натуральная и целая степень
числа;

2. an even (odd) number - j u f t (toq) son | четное (нечетное)

число;

3. positive (negative) number - musbat (manfiy)

son | положительное (отрицательное) число;

4. digit-raqam | цифра;

5. sum--yig'indil сумма;

6. product - ko'paytma | произведение;

7. square-kvadrat | квадрат;

8. to expand brackets - qavslarni ochmoq | раскрывать скобки;

9. unit-birlik | единица;

10. addend (subtrahend) - qo'shiluvchi (ayiruvchi) | слагаемое

(вычитаемое).

35
Learning Objectives

- to recognize the natural and whole exponents of numbers;

- to evaluate and work out the expressions containing the natural

and whole exponents of numbers.

1 )a-a-a=an 2)a°=l 3)a1=a

4 )aH=^r 5 )am-an=am+n 6) am : a" =

a

7 )(аЬУ=а»Ь" 8 ) [ f Y = £ 9 ) H ' = a '

b"

Examples

\2 -3 / \0
1. Compute 4
H
• We use the rules of exponents.

2
' 1
a) 4 — - 3
^
•6~2 = f-3 (T2 9 3 1V /n\2 81
. 2 y
,6 Ч2 1
б2У 16

3
АзЛ3 27
Ь>||| -

36
 Now we put these values back to the original expression.

81 2/
d) 27 ц/ 81-54-16 ^11
16 8 16 16 '

2. What is the unit digit of 21991?

• To find the unit digit, we consider its small exponents and notice
that after every four exponents the unit digit repeats itself.

2г = 2; 22 = 4; 2 3 = 8; 2 4 =16; 25 = 32;

2 6 = 64; 2 7 = 128; 2 8 = 256; 29 = 512; 210 = 1024;...

Consequently, 1991:4 = 497 and 3 remainder, which means the

third digit after 497 periods of 4 is 8. •

3. Compare the following two numbers: 1250 and 48 25 .

• We should prime factorize the bases as follows:

( 2 2 . 3J0 = 2L00 350 AND ^ ^S = 2L00 З25

Obviously, the first number is greater as 350 > 325. •

Exercises

1. Compute

37
а) б 3 ; Ь) ( - 2 ) 5 ; с) З2 • З 3 : 3 4 ;

d) 2 8 • 4 2 :16 2 ; е) 5 _3 • (О.б) -2 ; f) (ОЛ)3 - (2.5)5;

Find a half of the sum 412 +4 1 2 +4 1 2 + 4 1 2 .

Simplify

а)(з-25/; b)((-2).32.52^;

c) ( ( - 0 . 1 2 5 ) - 4 3 - 9 2 - l l 4 f .

What is the sum of the digits of 253 -26 - 2 when expressed as a

single number?

If the side of a square is extended two (three) times, how many

times will its area increase?

Which number is greater

a) 2450 or 12100; b) 10020 or 8Ю0 1 0 ;

с) 3 - 4 or (-4)3; d) 230 or 320 ?

Which one of the following has the largest value?

5-5 s ; 5s5; (fj; 5 55 ; (5-5 ) 5 .

The mass of the Earth is 6-1024fcg, the mass of the Sun is

2-10 30 kg. How many times is the mass of the Sun greater than
the mass of the Earth?
38
9. What digit does the number end with:

1 ) 2 2ооз ; 2) 32000. 3) 19 19 ?

10. Calculate

. 2-5 22 - 9 - 5 2 1 .. (4-322 +7-3 2 1 )-57

25 (19-27 4 /

11. The table shows the population and area, in square kilometers,
of five Central Asian countries.

Country Population Area

Kazakhstan 1.5xl07 2.7xl06

Kyrgyzstan 5-lxlO 6 0.2xl0 6

Tajikistan 7.2xl0 6 O.lxlO 6

Turkmenistan 5.0x10® 0.5xl0 6

Uzbekistan 2.7xl0 7 0.4xl0 6

Find the combined population of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,

Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan and give your answer in the
standard form (or scientific notation), i.e. a-10k, where
l < a < 1 0 and k e Z .

12. If a = 1, b = 2, с = 3 and d = 4, find the value of

ab+bc+cd
+ 3 (a°+b
ba +cb +dc + (a + b)(b+c) a b с
39
 Homework

1. Compute

. 2 6 -3 5 2 3 •8 3 •3 6
c) d) *
12 s '

5(5-7ls-19-714) 219 -273 + 15-4 9 -9 4

6) 16 1S f)
7 + 3•7 б9 • 210 +12 10

2. Find the last digit of the number

a) 6-16 10 ; b) 3115.

3. Let x = 5.2 • 103 and у = 2.9 • 1СГ5. Find

a) y2/x; b) Зл - 2у.

Give your answers in scientific notation.

40
Milestones of Mathematics

Time Event

3 0 0 0 0 ВС Paleolithic people in central Europe record n u m b e r s o n bones.

2 5 0 0 0 ВС Early geometric designs used.

4 0 0 0 ВС Babylonian and Egyptian calendars in use.

3 0 0 0 ВС First n u m b e r systems are in use in Egypt and Babylon.

1950 ВС Babylonians solve quadratic equations.

5 7 5 ВС Thales brings Babylonian mathematical knowledge to Greece.

Pythagoras studies the relationship between the sides of right-

5 3 0 ВС
angle triangle.

The Babylonian base-60 number system is used to record the

5 0 0 ВС
positions of the Sun, etc.

Greeks begin to use written numerals. Zeno of Elea presents his

4 5 0 ВС
paradoxes.

Euclid studies geometry as an axiomatic system in his

3 0 0 ВС
"Elements".

A r c h i m e d e s gave the formulae for calculating the v o l u m e of a

2 5 0 ВС
sphere a n d a cylinder.

Apoilonius studies the ellipse, parabola and hyperbola in his

2 2 5 ВС
"Conic sections".

N i c h o m a c h u s ' book treats arithmetic as a separate topic f r o m

90
geometry.

Use of base-20 n u m b e r system in the M a y a civilization of Central

250
America. Diophantus uses symbols for u n k n o w n numbers.

534 Chinese mathematics is introduced to Japan.

594 Decimal n u m b e r system is used in India.

Brahmagupta uses zero a n d negative numbers, gives m e t h o d s to

628 solve quadratic equations, s u m series, and c o m p u t e square
roots.

700 In the M a y a n civilization a symbol for zero is invented.

The Greek and Indian mathematical a n d a s t r o n o m y works are

810
translated into Arabic. Khwarizmi writes important w o r k s o n

41
Time Event
arithmetic, algebra, geography and astronomy.

1000 Alhazen writes works o n optics, a s t r o n o m y and mathematics.

1144 Gherard de Cremona begins translating Arabic works into Latin.

1150 Arabic numerals are introduced into Europe.

1200 Chinese start to use a symbol for zero.

Gersonide's " B o o k of n u m b e r s " deals with permutations a n d

1321
combinations.

Ulugbek publishes his star catalogue indicating accurate

1437
positions of 1 0 1 8 stars.

Viete creates symbolic algebra using letters as symbols for

1591
quantities.

1614-17 Napier and Burgi independently discover logarithms.

Fermat and Descartes f o u n d analytic geometry by applying

1635-37
algebra to geometry.

1654 Pascal and Fermat create the theory of probability.

1684-87 Leibniz and N e w t o n create the differential and integral calculus.

1691 Jacob Bernoulli invents polar coordinates.

1712 Brook Taylor develops Taylor series.

Euler's "Analysis of the Infinite" systematically studies

1748
mathematical analysis.

1780 Lagrange develops variational calculus.

42
Time Event
1799 G a u s s proves the fundamental t h e o r e m of algebra.

1806 Legendre develops the m e t h o d of least squares.

Fourier discovers his m e t h o d of representing functions by a

1812
trigonometric series.

1828 Gauss introduced differential geometry.

1829 Lobachevski develops non-Euclidean geometry.

Boole formalizes symbolic logic and defines Boolean algebras.

1854
Bernhard Riemann introduces Riemannian geometry.

1887 Levl-Clvita publishes a paper developing the calculus of tensors.

Pearson Introduced the study of statistics and Poincare

3,893-34
Introduced topology.

,1.900 HHbert poses 23 problems as a challenge for the 20th century.

Plank proposes quantum theory. Lebesgue formulates the

1901
theory of measure.

1905 Einstein publishes the spectral theory of relativity.

Zermelo axiomizes set theory, thus avoiding Cantor's

1908
contradictions.

Ramanujan sends a long list of t h e o r e m s without proofs to G. H.

1913
Hardy.

John v o n N e u m a n n begins devising the principles of g a m e

1928
theory.

43
Time Event

Andrei K o l m o g o r o v publishes his book o n axiomatization of

1933
probability.

The Clay M a t h e m a t i c s Institute establishes the s e v e n M i l l e n n i u m

2000
Prize problems.

44
 Learning starts with wondering.
Aristotle (384-322 ВС), Greek philosopher a n d scientist

The beginning of learning is silence, then listening, then studying, then

following, then spreading it.
I m a m Gazzoli (1058-1111), Persian philosopher

1.4. Rational exponents

Terms

1. rational exponent (power) of a number - sonning ratsional

darajasi | рациональная степень числа;

2. to raise to the fractional (negative) power - kasr (manfiy)

darajaga oshirmoq| возведение в дробную (отрицательную)
степень;

3. to extract a (square) root - (kvadrat) ildiz chiqarmoq | извлекать

(квадратный) корень;

4. index (degree) of a root - ildiz ko'rsatkichi | показатель корня;

5. to bring to the same base - bir asosga keltirmoq | приводить к

общему основанию;

6. formula-formula |формула;

7. value-qiymat|3Ha4eHne;

8. step by step - qadam ba qadam | шаг за шагом;

9. to compare - taqqoslamoq | сравнивать;

10. to use, to apply - foydalanmoq, qo'llamoq | использовать,

применять.
45
Learning Objectives

- to recognize numbers expressed as a rational exponent;

- to be able to estimate and manipulate the expressions containing

rational exponents.

m
1) a" = 2) lla-Ь ='4a-4b

'4a
4)
'4b

5) "<la"m = an 6)

7) ф/а = m4a 8)

Examples

1. Find the value of the expression

32

• We will calculate the value of the expression step by step,

starting from the first,!then the second and finally the whole
expression itself:

46
 Г
( Л7
2~х • З3 Л с
3
М
а) 2-1-33 2 -З3 2 3
- З3 =
v Vi у
v 23 у

^ \5 f_i\i/ 5 15
2 3 (з3М 33И = 2 3 - 3 4 .
V У

/ 1Л
|22 -л/з 2 -З 2
2 6 ^
Ь) 2
2 -З 2
З
v. У
v у

2 ^ —2 V 2- f - - ) - i _i
2 -3 3 = 2 6 -3^ 2 ^ = 2 3 -3 4 .
v у V У

Г _5 15Л С 1 J-A 5 1 15 ( X
2 3 -З4 2 3 .3 4 = 2
3 3
- З4 ^ = 2~2 -З 4 =
V J

З4 81
= — = 2 0 - = 20.25.1
2 4

2. Evaluate the expression 73-73:496 -(з43-7~2)\

• We convert all values to the same bases, here 7, and use the
relevant formulas.

± 3+1 ™
a) 7 3 - 7 3 =7 3 = 7 3 ;

47
 3 г
c) (343 • 7~2 J =(? • 1~ f = (73-2 ^ = (71 J2 = 72 = 4 9 ;

d) 2,401 - 49 = 2,352. •

л6
зЛ>Г з/„2 I 1
3-К/3
3. Evaluate the expression
3
3 -27

• То evaluate the expression above we will convert all radicals to

rational powers. Then, we will bring them to the same base and
use relevant formulas.

l V 1. 4
3
a) VB = 3 = 33 = 3 3 .
V У

b)

e g ) =(3-1f=3(-1>6=3-6.

4 4 4 4
1+-
d) 3 - 3 3 - 3 3 - 3 ~ ь = 3 3 3
=3

f iV
e, 33 = 3 Ч-1)
^ = 3 3-.
V J

f) 27 З = ( з 3 ) г ! = 3 3 ( J = 3- 2 .

_1 _1_2 _7 _7 _7
g)33-3~2=33 =3 3
. h) 3 3 : 3 3
=1. i

48
 Exercises

1. Compute

a) V16-25; b) \ — ;
V 27

d)V50; e)^32;

g) лД/64 •

2. Evaluate

a) (0,28)°-f|2; b) (2.25)^-814
6

l
25 5
c) + 810000° -(7^j + (0.63)°.

3. Estimate the expression

4. Compare the numbers

V1001 + V999 and VlOOO + VlOOO .

49
 5. Express V560 in terms of w a n d n, if m = V ? and « = V s .

6. Calculate

2 5-4* л/0.196 V L 9 6

7. Evaluate

а) -2л/з [ ЗУ2+2Л 3°-2 2-i

b)
3V2+2V3 ъ4г-г41'

Homework

1- Compute

a) -(0.008)-? + (15.1)°;

b) ( i - s H ^ s ) " 1 - 5 . ^ ) - 1 .

Find the value of

I V ^64

а) b)

3
4 -163

К
Evaluate * = when i> = 1.44X10"6 and £ = 4 .8xl0- 6 .

50
1С
I Developments of mathematics before the 15th century AD
I
Ер Ancient Egypt
Kl
ф
фе The Egyptians have been using symbols for numbers, simple straight lines and
i;!:t
ф the abacus since 3000 ВС. By about 2000 ВС they knew how to add and multiply
ta
natural numbers. The main sources of Egyptian mathematics are two Papyruses

£ (Rhind and Moscow) dating to about 1800 ВС. The Rhind Papyrus (volume

5,25x0,33m) contains 84 problems and the Moscow Papyrus (volume

5,44x0,08m) 25 problems dealing with amounts of bread and foodstuffs, animal

breeding, grain storage, determining the number of bricks needed for particular

constructions, operations with decimals and other practical problems. Some

problems deal with geometrical principles. For instance, the area of a triangle is

found as a half of the product of its height and base and a circle's area with the

help of the formula [d-d/9)2, where d is the circle's diameter (which results

roughly in л = 256/81 = 3,1605). The most beautiful result of Egyptian

mathematics is the invention of the formula V=h(a2+ab+b2)/3 for the pyramid

with square bases, where a and b are the sides of the squares and h is the

pyramid's height. In 1000 ВС common (vulgar) fractions were used by

Egyptians. Anaxagoras (500-428 ВС) was the first to introduce the notions of

infinitely numerous and infinitesimally small. In about 200 ВС Eratosphenes,

the head of the library of Alexandria, Egypt, calculated the Earth's

circumference only about 15 percent too large. In about 60 AD, Heron of

Alexandria wrote "Metrica" (Measurements), in which he gave formulas for

calculation of areas and volumes, and contributed to geometry and geodesy (a

branch of mathematics that studies the shape and size of the Earth, and the'

location of objects or areas on the Earth). In about 900 Abu Kamil (850-930 AD)

stated and proved basic laws and rules of algebra and solved complicated

equations such as x-ry+z= 10, x2+y2=z2 and xy=z2. His book was the main

reference for the Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci in the 12th century.
 Developments of mathematics before the 15th century AD

Babylon

According to over 400 clay tablets found in the land between the Rivers Tiger '

and Euphrates, arithmetic, simple algebra and geometry and calendars have '

been developed from about 3000 ВС. The Babylonians knew how to express '

commercial problems mathematically such as exchanging money and !

merchandise, computing simple and compound interest, taxes, second and third .

degree equations with t w o unknowns, finding the area and volume of ordinary .

geometrical figures, a n d others. They used the sexagesimal number system to .

record and predict the positions of the Sun, M o o n and planets. The division of .

the circle into 360 parts and the division of the degree and the minute each into •

60 parts originated in Babylonian astronomy. The Babylonians also divided the •

day into 24 hours, the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 seconds. •

Their number system was based on the number 60. Multiplication tables existed •

since 1800 ВС. The Babylonians knew how to solve second degree equations.

ЧННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННН

52
Chapter I Answers. Numbers

1.1. 1. a) 134; b) 653; c) 1,727; d) 122; e) 851; f) 11; g) 27; h) 3,923. 2. a)

48; b) 84; c) 351; d) 21,252; e) 35,535. 3. a) 5; b) 31; c) 471; d) 23; e)
231.4. 3,200 and 6,800. 5. a) 30; b) 18; c) 11; d) 47. 6. a) Yes; b) Yes;
c) Yes; d) Yes; e) Yes; f) Yes; g) Yes; h) All but 9.7. 2,13,19,41, 37. 8.
2 2 -5 2 ; 2 2 -3 2 - 5 . 9. 28:1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28; 36:1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9,12,18,
36; 4.10.12:12, 24, 36,48, 60, 72, 84, 96; 15:15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90;
60. 11. a) 4; b) 6; с) 1; d) 9.12. a) 2/4,1/4; b) 2/5; c) 1/4.13. a) 3/5;

b) 3/4.14. a) 60; b) 24; c) 52,920.15. a) - < — ; b) - < - < - . 16. a)

8 12 8 4 6

1 2 — ; b) - ; c) 12; d) 2 — . 17. 504. 18. 4/169<l/39<l/13. 19. 1.

12 7 16
20. 64 15,625 . 21.49. 22. 26. 23.4/5.

Homework: 1. a) 895; b) 429; c) 8 9 - ; d) 363,239. 2. a) 170; b) 12,804; c)

5
4,070. 3. a) 24; b) 21; c) 5,097.4. a) 489; b) 260; c) 11; d) 132. 5. 6. 6.
Dildora, because 2 + 3-8 = 26. 7. 2,568. 8. 2® -3-5-7 and
2 4
2 -3 11. 9. 306 and 7,344. 10. a) 3/8, 4/8; b) 4/6.11. 7/12.12. a)

8 — ; b) - ; c) 7/2; d) 3/4.13.1.14.12,400 soums.

1.2. 1. a) 17.68; b) 0.06243; c) 0.415; d) 55.2; e) 2,390.2; f) - 6.19. 2.16/9m.

3. Largest = 4/0.5 = 8; Smallest = ( - 3)/0.5 = - 6. 4. 0.6; 0.714285
and 0.13. 5. 1/3; 91/30; 37/9; 17/6; 115,022/8,325. 6. Denote
4.2626...=A. 7. 170/211. 8. 1.1. 9. 5/6. 10. 1st, 3rd are irrational; 2nd,
4th are rational. 11. Rational: 1st, 2nd, 6th, 8th, 9th; Irrational: the rest.
12. Rational: m, p; Irrational: n, q. 13. 1st is rational; 2nd is irrational.
14. 8+2=10. 15. a) 13.24; b) 13.244; c) 13.2437; d) 13.24367. 16. a)
130; 17,000; b) 125; 16,500.17. a) 5.98-1024&g; b) 3 1078 cm.

53
Homework: 1. a) 894.4355; b) 65. 2. 0.057. 3. a) 1; b) 46. 4. Rational: 2;
Irrational: -Jl. 5. a) 45.19; b) 45.195; c) 45.195; d) 45.19496. 6. a)
26; 8,300; b) 25.5; 8,330.7. a) 1.3910 s m; b) 310™m/s. 8.0.5.

1.3.1. a) 216; b) - 32; c) 3; d) 16; e) 1/45; f) 25/4; g) 9. 2. 225. 3. a) 9,216; b)

202,500; c) (-512)-33 20 . 4. 53. 5. 4; 9 times. 6. a) 12100; b) lOO20; c)
3~4; d) 320. 7. 5 S S . 8.1,000,000/3 times. 9. a) 8; b) 1; c) 9.10. a) 5; b)
1/9.11. 5.21xl07.12.177.

Homework: 1. a) 1/8; b) 256; c) 12; d) 12; e) 8/7; f) 1/2. 2. a) 6; b) 1. 3. a)

1.62xl0"13; b) 1.56x10".

1.4. 1. a) 20; b) 2/3; c) 48; d) 5^2.; e) 2^4 ; f) 3>/3 ; g) 2. 2. а) у[б ; b) 18; c)

37.5. 3. a) -1.5; b) 1/289. 4. lst<2nd. 5. 4mn. 6. a) 32; b) 100. 7. a) 10;
b) 5.

Homework: 1. a) - 3; b) 4. 2. a) 1/4; b) 0.6. 3. 250.

54
 Millions saw the apple fall, but Newton asked why.
Bernard Baruch (1870-1965), American financier and economist

CHAPTER II. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

II.l. Polynomials

Terms

1. polynomial (monomial, binomial, trinomial) - ko'phad (birhad,

ikkihad, uchhad) | полином, многочлен (одночлен, двучлен,
трехчлен);

2. to collect like terms - o'xshash hadlarni ixchamlamoq | собирать

подобные члены;

3. the brackets (parentheses)-qavslar | скобки;

4. algebraic expression - algebraik ifoda | алгебраическое

выражение;

5. common factor - umumiy ko'paytuvchi | общий множитель;

6. identity - ayniyat |тождество;

7. coefficient - koeffitsient | коэффициент;

8. arithmetic operation - arifmetik amal | арифметическое

действие;

9. radical sign - radikal belgi, ildiz | радикальный знак, корень;

10. u n k n o w n - n o m a ' l u m | неизвестное.

55
 с) 17(2* + Зу) - 3(9* + 13у).

3. Simplify

a)(ab 3 ) 4 ; Ь) (~2<Л>3)2;

с) ( - 0.5aVc4)3; d) 3xy 2 z • (~4yz* );

e) 10a*b2c5:Sab2c6.

4. Simplify by collecting like terms

(4a2 + 2 b - 2хУ) - (12a2 - c) + (7b - 2x 2 y 2 ).

5. Multiply out the brackets, then simplify

a) (3*2 + 2y)(x - Ay); b) (2* - 1 ) ( 2 * - 1 ) .

6. Find the square of the binomials

a) (2x-l); b) (3JC + 2).

7. Divide the polynomials

. 4a" 2 Зл:2 + 15JC

a) 1 b) ;
Щ* • s
t 12л;5 -6jc 3 +4л:2
d) (Sxl-9ax-2a2):{x-2a).
2x2

8. Simplify the expressions

j4n+3 3ЗЯ-2
3 4 " +3 -3 B "- 2 h x i l t i .
a
> ,2^1
2 1 ; bb)
)
3 "- ' 2 15 -b 6

9. Which of the following four expressions is an identity

58
 Р -Я _ Р -Я • Р -ч р -ч
2 2 2 2 '
р ±чг г
"р +чг
г

Рг-дг рг-чг
Рг-чг 12-Р2 чг- Р
г
\г+р г

10. Find the unknown coefficient a if

(or- 2y){x + 3>>) = ax2 + Sxy^- 6y2.

3,1. Evaluate the areas of tha large and the small rectangles given
below (Figures not to scale)

4x 5x

a) x b) 2x c) 4x

1 3 2

12. Factorize

a) 8X3 + 16x2 - Ax; b) 8xyz + 16x2yz;

c) 20xzyV +16xyz2; d) Sb3 +16y2 +32/+ 8;

e) 2ab2 - 6a1 b2 + 18abc; f)3x + 3y + ax + ay.

13. Simplify

a ) ( * - l ) ( * + l); b ) ( * - l ) 2 ( * + l);

с) 2(2* + l ) ( x - 0 . 5 ) ; d )(x~y)(x2 + xy + f ) ;

, a-5 ax—bx
e) - 2 — ; f) -•(a-b);
a -5a

59
 p—12p—2
g) h) ( V ^ - V y ) :
Jx+Jy,

14. Evaluate

W V
+4 +1
3" - 6-3" fa
a) «+3 b)
7-3' la14b

г р П
\4
2
aVa *
V У

W T (V^*)'
/

15. Find the value of x - y + 3 \х-у + ху

v* у)

when x = 2/3; у = - 1 / 3 .

Homework

1. Evaluate 3x2 -2xy+y2 for x = -3 and j = 2.

2. Simplify

a)4x-7j/-8x-15j;; b) 1 6 x - 3 ( 2 x - 5 ) ;

c) (4x3 - 7y2 +5x-15) - (x4 + 2 x 3 - Ay2 - l l x + 5).

60
3. Multiply out the brackets and simplify where possible

\
f6 ,
3 1 2
—m + 3 -lffM-3|;
i 1/7

b) 14[2ги - n) + 2{Ъп - с) 4x: X + 2+— |;

x,

d.) 4pq{2 + r) + 5qr{2p + 7).

4. Simplify the following as much as possible

27 x4y2z
a) ( 3 / ) W ) ; b)
9 x3yz2

4 PV 10z 3 4x 3
c) d)
(2 pr)з ' xy 5z

q,4«+3 ^
16xyz 4x
e) f) rylrt-1

E) •ж h) (8x2 -2x- 15):(4x + 5).

215-be

3. A rectangular pool has a length of (3x - 2) meters and a width of

(5 - x) meters. Write down simplified expressions for the
perimeter and the area of this pool.

а ЬГ '
6, Evaluate
a b

6i
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 1
1 • 111111111 • 11 1, 1 1 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ' 11111' I' I' 111' I'
th
Developments of mathematics before the 15 century AD

China

In 2000-1000 ВС in China each letter (hieroglyph) represented a

certain number, which has been used up to days. Chinese people
have used a computing board with sticks made out of bamboo or
elephant bones to perform arithmetic calculations. Decimal
numbers have emerged simultaneously with natural numbers and
operations on decimal numbers were applied to such problems as
finding areas and distributing inheritance.

The first mathematics book "Nine volume mathematics" by Chjan

Tsan (who lived in about 150 ВС) contained 246 practical problems
and was meant for land measurers, engineers, officials and traders.
In the 5th century the algorithm for the approximate calculation of
roots of cubic equation x3+ax2=b was used in China. In the 8th
century the algorithm for solving general cubic equations was
produced. In about 534 Chinese mathematics was introduced to
Japan. China started to use a symbol for zero in about 1200.

62
 A problem well stated is half-solved.
John D e w e y (1859-1952), American philosopher, psychologist and educator

He who cannot describe the problem

will never find the solution to that problem.
Confucius (551-479 ВС), Chinese philosopher

II.2. Short multiplication formulae

Terms

1. short multiplication formula (SMF) - qisqa ko'paytirish

formulasi (QKF) | формула сокращенного умножения (ФСУ);

2. incomplete square of a difference (sum) - chala kvadrat ayirma

(yig'indi) | неполный квадрат разности (суммы);

3. double (triple) product - ikkilangan (uchlangan)

ko'paytma | удвоенное (утроенное) произведение;

4. lowest c o m m o n denominator - eng kichik umumiy

mahraj | наименьший общий знаменатель;

5. intermsof-orqali|4epe3;

6. t o be equal to - teng bo'lmoq | быть равным;

7. as much as possible - imkon qadar( настолько, насколько

возможно;

8. term - had | член;

9. difference - ayirma, farq | разность, разница;

63
10. to find - topmoq | находить.

Learning Objectives

- to get acquainted with the short multiplication formulae;

- to be able to apply the short multiplication formulae efficiently.

Short multiplication formulae

1) (a+b)2=a2+2ab + b2

2) ( a - b ) 2 =a2-lab + b2

3) (a + bf = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 +b3

4) (a-bf =a3 -3a2b + 3ab2 -b3

5) a2 -b2 = (a-b){a + b)

6) a3 +b3 ={a+b)(a2-ab+b2)

7) a3-b3=(a-b)(a2+ab + b2)

Examples

1. Calculate

64
 2 5 7 4 333 78 - 2 • 78 • 18 + 1 8
(35.5
V
-27.5Q:[ - 57-33
' 90 332 — 272

• a) 35.52 - 27.52 = (35.5 - 27.5)(35.5 + 27.5) = 8 • 63 = 2 3 • 32 • 7

573 + 333 5 7 + 33
b, - 57-33 ^ )(572 - 5 7 - 3 3 + 332
)-57-33^
90 90

572 - 2 • 57 • 33 + 332 = (57 - 33)2 = 242 = (г3 • з)2 = 2 6 • 3 2 ;

. 782 — 2-78-18 + 182 (78-18) 2 602 „„ „

с 5 5 = -.—i ^ r= = 10 = 2-
33 —27 (33-27)(33 + 27) 6-60

23-3z-7-2-5
d) (2 3 -3 2 -7):(2 6 -3 2 )-(2-5) =
26 -32

2 4 • 32 • 5 • 7 35
г — 5 — = — = 8.75. •
2 -3 4

2. Simplify the expression

4
JC + _y " ' x+y x2-y2

(ж+>>)(ж2-xy + y2) 1 2y _ xy
2 2
x+y X -y x+y x -y2
2

x2-xy + y2 +
{x y)
~ '2y xy
(X+JXX-,) x+y (x + yXx-y)

x2-xy + y2 +2xy-2y2-xy _ x2-y2

1
X2 -y 2 ~ •
—

x 2 -y 2

65
Exercises

Use S M F to find

a) (10 + 5)2; b) (10 - 6 ) 2 ; с) 192;

d) ( 1 0 - 2)(10 + 2); e) 101-99; f ) 1 3 2 - •72;

g) (10 + 2)3; h) l l 3 ; 2
0 ( 1 0 - 3) ;

j) 193; к) З 3 - 2 3 ; 1) l l 3 - 9 3 ;

m) 6 3 + 4 3 ; n) l l 3 + 93.

Find

a) (2ab 2 + 0.5cd 2 ) 2 -, b) (3x--2y) 3 ;

f l i\
2x2 -y 4
2x2 +y

3. If a 2 + Z>2 = 4 and (a - bf = 2, what is the value of ab?

4. What is the value of x2 + 12x + 45, when x = 64?

5. If JC2 +y2 = A and xy = B , express [x +yf in terms of A and B .

6. First simplify, then compute

66
 / • л
г
а -1 1 а—аи^Ун* +и
п1 + an 1 —
\ п J

when а = 5, п = 1.5.

7. What is the following equal to

\2 /.,
-+a - --a I ?
a

8. Calculate

4(o.82 - 0 . 8 1 . 7 + 1.7 2 )
a)
1.63 +3.4 3

b) ( { ^ - V e f + s ^ + V e f -5 .

9. Simplify as much as possible

,2 Л
л/x2 + 6 x + 9 (x-3)
a) i + 1 •2x;
x3+27 3x

f \ / \
a
1-F 2 >2
~b a -b
b)
b.— „ 2b b2
•1
л
1
u J v a a J

x2 -2x (x + l)-y2
—x~2 (xy*}

10. Calculate

67
 (Уг-Уз)2 +2Ve.
а
(V6+i)(V6-i) '

b)
^л/б+1 + л / б - 2 з-7б)

11. Find Л = l l 3 + 123 + 133 + 143 + 153 + 163 + 173 + 183 + 193 + 203

з 3 з 3 nHn + lY
given that l 3 + 23 + З 3 + ... + n 3 = — ^ '—.
4

Homework

1. Use short multiplication formulae to evaluate

a) (15 + l l ) 2 ; b) (25 - 9 ) 2 ; с) 1 7 2 - 72;

d) 37 -43; e) (30 + 6)3; f)(40-4)3;

g) 13 3 + 173; h) 25 3 -15 3 .

2. Calculate

a) V2
V6-V2 V6+V2'

b) V l - V 3 - > / 4 + 2л/з .

3. Simplify

68
 а Ъ
Ъ а_. т- 2 т+2\ 8т
а) Ь)
1 1' т+2 т—2) т —4
- + -
а Ъ

\ а а
с) ( « + £ _ * z z
V а х х +ау 8jc

у[х+1 X у{х-у)2 .
е) 2 d) 2 2
x-Jx +x+yfx х -*Jx ' ' х +у х*-у*

-Jy-4x ^ X ^ х4Х+У4У
У ~ л[ху + х x*Jx + у л/у У

4. Simplify as much as possible the expression

4 V з Л
2b 4b

У\ a-b a+b a +b2

2
a*+b4

69
Developments of mathematics before the 15 century AD

India
i
The first concepts of mathematics emerged in 2 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 ВС. For. example,
in the w o r k "Shulbasutra" methods of mathematical calculation of various
buildings were given. In the 6 t h century special s y m b o l s referred to as
brahma digits 1 t h r o u g h 9 were the basis for creating decimal notation.
The Indians referred to zero as " s h u n y a " (empty), A r a b scientists called
zero "sifr". The science of arithmetic w a s firstly f o u n d e d and developed
systematically in India, that is, the rules of arithmetic operations based o n
decimal notation w e r e created by Indian mathematicians who also
introduced negative numbers. The work "Aryabhatiya" of Aryabhata (476-
5 5 0 AD), w h o is k n o w n as the "Eastern Copernicus", w a s a turning point for
the development of natural sciences in India. He p r o p o s e d that Earth
orbited the S u n and properly explained ecclipses of the S u n and the M o o n .
Aryabhata k n e w h o w to extract square and cube roots a n d solved the
equation ax+by=c for whole numbers, w h e r e a s Brahmagupta (598-660 A D )
investigated the solvability of equations cx 2 +b=y 2 . Brahmagupta used zero
and negative numbers and computed square roots. He considered

ЯГ = - Л о . For instance, Brahmagupta's writing of the equation 3 x 2 + 1 0 x -

8 = x 2 + l w o u l d be

ya va 3 ya 10 ru 8
уa va 1 уa 0 ru 1

w h e r e ya f r o m yavat (tavat), is u n k n o w n , va, f r o m varga, is a square

number, ru, f r o m rupa, is a free term and the point above the n u m b e r
m e a n s the n u m b e r being subtracted.

In about 8 5 0 Mahavira wrote a nine-chapter book that included all

mathematical knowledge up to that time. In about 9 0 0 Sridhara solved
quadratic equations, s u m m e d series a n d p r o p o s e d the methods for
calculating the areas of polygons. Bhaskara (12 t h A D ) k n e w the formula for
the v o l u m e of a sphere and used the trigonometric relations s i n 2 x + c o s 2 x = l
and sinx=cos(90°-x) for solving astronomical problems. Bhaskara wrote six
books on mathematics, including "Lilavati" ("The Beautiful"), which
summarized mathematical knowledge in India up to his time.

70
Chapter II Answers. Algebraic expressions

ll.l. 1. 22. 2. a) 35a; b) 7 а + Ш ; с) 7x+\2y. 3. a) abu; b) 4a b6; c) -

12 5 1 2
0.125aVc ; d) -12x/z ; e) 2 a V . 4. - 8a +9b-4x y +c. 2 2
5. а) 3x 3 -
12x2y+2xy-8y2; b) 4x 2 -4x+l. 6. a) 4x 2 -^x+l; b) 9x2+12x+4. 7. a) 32a;
b) x+5; c) 6x 3 -3x+2; d) 5x+a. 8. а) 35и+2; b) 8b2. 9.3rd. 10. a=7/3.11. a)
x2+5x+4; x 2 ; 6x; x; 6; b) 8x2+22x+15; 8x2; lOx; 12x; 15; c) 12x; 20x2; 6;
Юх. 12. a) 4x(2x2+4x-l); b) 8xyz(l+2x); c) 4xyzz(Sxy+4); d)
8(b3+2y2+4t+l); e) 2ab[b-3ab+9c); f) (x+y)(3+a). 13. a) x 2 -l; b) x 3 -x 2 -
x+1; c) 4x2-l; d) x3-y3; e) 1/a; f) x/2; g) 1/2; h) x-y. 14. a) 1/3;

Ъ)а-гЬ12;с)а->'%-1/л.15.0.

Homework: 1. 43. 2. a) -4x-22y; b) 10x+15; c) -x 4 +2x 3 -3j 2 +16x-20. 3. a)

m+12; b) Vam-ln-, c) 4x3+8x2+4x; d) 8pq+14pqr+3Sqr. 4. а) Зб/°; b)
Ъху/z) c) q3/(2r3); d) 8x 2 z 2 /y, e) 12yz/x; f) 35n+2; g) 8b6; h) 2x-3. 5.
P=4x+6; S= -3x 2 +17x-10.6.1.

11.2. 1. a) 225; b) 16; c) 361; d) 96; e) 9,999; f) 120; g) 1,728; h) 1,331; i)

49; j) 6,859; k) 19; I) 602; m) 280; n) 2,060. 2. a) 4a2b* + 2ab 2 c£ +
0.25cV; b) 27x3 - 54x >'+36xy 2 -8/; c) 4x-jf °'5. 3. ab=l. 4. 4,909. 5.
(A+2B) 2 . 6.19/6. 7.4. 8. a) 1/5; b) 17. 9. a) 2/3; b) -l/(ab); с) 1/{xy).
10. a) 1; b)-115.11.41075.

Homework: 1. a) 676; b) 256; c) 240; d) 1,591; e) 46,656; f) 46,656; g)

7,110; h) 12,250. 2. a) 1; b) (-2)1/3. 3. a) a-b) b) - 1 ; c) 8; d) 1/(x+y); e)
x-1; f) 1/y1.4.8b/(a-b4).

71
 God wrote the universe in the language of mathematics.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Italian physicist a n d astronomer

Go down deep enough into anything and you will find mathematics.
D e a n Schlicter

CHAPTER III. EQUATIONS AND SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

III.l. Linear equations

Terms
1. equality-tenglik | равенство;
2. e q u a t i o n - t e n g l a m a |уравнение;
3. an equivalent e q u a t i o n - t e n g kuchll tenglama | равносильное
уравнение;
4. root (degree) of an equation - tenglamaning ildizi
(darajasi) | корень (степень) уравнения;
5. linear equation - chiziqli tenglama | линейное уравнение;
6. t o determine - aniqlamoq | определять;
7. constant-o'zgarmas, konstanta| постоянное, константа;
8. t o transfer - o'tkazmoq | переносить;
9. t o d e n o t e - belgilamoq | обозначать;
10. t o satisfy - qanoatlantirmoq | удовлетворять.

Learning Objectives
- to determine the degree of an equation;
- to be able to reduce a problem into a linear equation and solve it.

Determining t h e degree of an equation

All terms of an equation must be transferred to one side and
simplified as much as possible. If the equation contains one
unknown, then the highest degree of the unknown in the equation
will be the degree of the equation. If the equation contains several

72
unknowns, then the highest sum of exponents of the unknowns for
all terms is considered as the degree of the equation.
3 x - 6 = 9; 4x = 2j;-18 are the 1st degree equations
2
7x + 3x = l; xy + x + y = 4 are the 2nd degree equations
3 2
2x + 4 = x ; xyz + 2x = xy are the 3rd degree equations.

Linear equation
ax + b = 0,

where a and b are constant real numbers.

Solution of linear equation (ax + b = 0)

Method of solution of a linear equation

Transfer all unknowns to one side and all constants to other side of
equal sign, simplify and then divide both sides of the equation by the
coefficient of the unknown.

Examples

1. Determine the degree of the equations

a) (x + 2) 3 +x 2 = 12x +13;
b) (x + y)2 + 2x2y - 9 = x2.

• a) We expand the brackets, transfer all terms to the left side and
simplify to end up with x 3 + 7 x z - 5 = 0. The highest degree of
the unknown x is 3, therefore the expression is of the 3rd degree
equation.

b) We expand the brackets, transfer all terms to the left side and
simplify to end up with 2 x y + y 2 +2x2y-9 = 0. The highest sum
of exponents of the unknowns for all the terms is 3, so it is a 3rd
degree equation. •

73
 3x-5 12-11* ,
2. Solve the linear equation + = 3.

First we multiply both sides of the equation by the least common

denominator 12. Then, the unknowns and constant numbers are
sorted out to opposite sides of the equation and simplified.
Finally, both sides of the equation are divided by the coefficient
of the unknown to find the root of the equation.

„„.'За:-5 1 2 - l l x ' , „ „„
121 + =3-12
4 6

3 (Зх - 5) + 2 (l2 - l l x ) = 36

9 x - 1 5 + 2 4 - 2 2 x = 36 = > - 1 3 x = 27 = >

-13x 27 . „1
= x=-2—. •
-13 -13 13

3. A number of people boarded a bus at the terminal. At the first

stop, half of the passengers got off and one man got on. At the
second stop, one third of the passengers on the bus got off and
one man got on. If the. bus finally had 15 passengers, what was
the initial number of passengers?

• There are two methods to solve this problem.

1 st method. Let us denote the original number of passengers as

x. Then we can register the number of passengers at each stop
as follows

After the first stop we have x - — + 1 passengers

After the second stop we have + |+1

passengers. This figure we know is 15. So,

- ( x - - + l 1 + 1 = 15 = >

74
 х - - + 1 = 21 = > - = 20 = > x = 40.
2 2

2nd method. We can start from the last stop and work backward.
At the last stop one person boarded. Before he boarded we must
thus have had 14 passengers on board. But these 14 are a result
of one third of the passengers leaving the bus. Hence we had 21
passengers before stop 2, since

If we do the same for the first stop we have that before the one
passenger got on, we had 20 passengers. These were there after
half the passengers got out, so the bus must have started with
40 passengers.

Question: Which method is better? Which method would be

better if we had data for 5 or 10 stops? •

Exercises
1. Determine the degree of the following equations
a ) 2 x - 4 = 3; b)x2+x = l;
2
3
c) x = x + 3; d) 3x4 +2x3 - x = Зх4 - 1 ;
e) 5x5 + 4 x V = 3xy4; f)2xyz+l = x2y2.
2. Solve the equations
a) 5x = 10; b) - 4x = 2;
c) 4x + 5 = 2x + 11; d) 2(x + 3) - 3(4 - 5x) = 7x - 2;

f)

3. Find x in

75
4. A triangle has lengths as shown below. Find the length of each
side, if the length of AC exceeds that of AB by half a centimeter.
В
[Ъх-А)ст / (3x+l)cw

(5x)cm

5. If the average of 35, 38,41, 43 and x is 37, what is the value of x?

6. If the sum of 5 consecutive numbers is 115, find the numbers.
7. If a and b are real numbers with ab(a - 2b) * 0, solve the equation

ifx+l] = I(i+2x).
о V. a) a
8. Shirin's father was 24 years old when Shirin was born. Now he is
four times as old as Shirin. How old is Shirin now?
9. Solve the equations

7
0.3 + 1.16 3/64
, x-1 x-2 x-3 1 '
c) + + + - . . + - = 4;
X X X X
,i X X X X X X
d — + - + — + — + — + — = -6;
2 6 12 20 30 42
N

41, x) 81, 4, 3 64
10. A basket of melons is emptied by one person taking half of them
plus one more, a second person taking half of the remainder and
one more, and a third person taking half the remainder and six
more. How many melons did the basket contain to start with?
11. A slow train traveling from Toshkent to Angren arrives 9 minutes
late when traveling at 36km/h. If it travels at 27km/h it arrives 39

76
 minutes late. What is the distance between Toshkent and
Angren?
12. A taxi service charges 300 soums for the first kilometer and 50
soums for each additional kilometer. If Botir paid a 3,200 soums
fare, how far did he go?
13. An egg dealer bought a number of eggs at 60 pennies for 6, and
five times that number for 900 pennies for 100. He sold them all
at 72 pennies per 6 eggs and made a profit of 1020 pennies. How
many eggs did he buy?

Homework
1. What are the degrees of the following equations

a) (x + l) 3 = 4 ( x - l ) 2 + x 3 ; b) x ( y - z 2 ) = x1y{y2 -z1);

v x — Зх ч ~ 3 x — - \
c) = 0; d) 2 ( x - l ) = x - l .
x +2x + l
2. Solve the equations
a) 1.2(0.5 - 5x) + 4.2 = 3(4 - 1.2x);
b) 2 ( x - 3 ) = 1.2-x;
_ 4—Зх _ x-3
2x 7x
c) 2 -
5 5
1+x „ 10-7x
x 2x
d )i 3_ = £ 3_.
3 2 2
3. Sevara found she had 5,200 soums in her purse, but she forgot
how much money she had taken with her in the morning.
However, she knew that she had spent 200 soums for the metro,
300 soums for two somsas and a cup of tea, 1,800 soums for two
blank DVD disks and 1,200 soums for a notebook. How much
money did Sevara have in the morning?
4. Dilfuza is sawing embroidered scarves at an art fair. Each scarf
costs 35,312.5 soums. If she sells the scarves for 40,000 each.

77
 how many will she have to sell to make a profit of exactly
70,000?
5. Jamshid receives a fixed weekly payment of $200, plus a
commission on sales over $2,000 at a rate of $50 for every
$1,000. How much sales should he achieve to earn $550 in a
week?
6. Bobur has constructed a number game. He asks his friends to
choose a number, add 3 to it, multiply by 2, add 8, divide by 2,
and then tell the answer. IMozima picked a number, followed
Bobur's instructions and ended up with the number 32. What
number did Nozima think of?

Developments of mathematics before the 15 l century A D

Ancient Greece
The Greeks adopted elements of mathematics from the Babylonians and
the Egyptians. In ancient Greece mathematics, developed in various
philosophical schools: The Ionic school (7 th -6 th centuries ВС), the school of
Pythagoras (6 th -5 th centuries ВС) and Plato's academy (6 th -5 ,h centuries
ВС). The Greeks developed a new branch of mathematics - logistics,
which included such problems as operations with whole and decimal
numbers, calculation of square roots, solution of first and s o m e second
degree equations, architectural computations and land measurements. In
addition, the ancient Greeks proved the existence of irrational numbers.
In 575 ВС, Thales uses geometry to solve such problems as calculating the
height of pyramids, finding the distance of ships from the shore and
stipulates the famous theorem about parallel lines that cut equal parts o n
one side of an angle also cut equal parts on another.
In ancient Greece, the solution of the following three classic problems w a s
attempted using only a ruler and a compass (6 th -5 th centuries ВС):
1. Doubling the cube. To make a cube that is twice the size of a given
cube. The difficulty of the problem is that it is impossible to make a line

of length Я with only a ruler and a compass, as was proved later in

the 19 th century AD.
2. Trisecting the angle (Greek: tria = three; Latin: sectus = cut, divide). To
divide an angle into three equal angles. The problem can only be
solved in s o m e particular cases.
3. Squaring the circle. To make a square of the same size as any given
circle with the help of ruler and compass. The insolvability of the
problem w a s proved in the 19 t h century AD.

78
Developments of mathematics before the 15th century A D

The Greeks' insistence on deductive proof was an extraordinary

step. No other civilization had conceived the idea of establishing
conclusions exclusively by deductive reasoning based on explicitly
stated axioms. The Greek mathematician Pythagoras of Samos (582-
500 ВС) used pebbles or dots to represent whole numbers. (The
English word "calculation" derives from the Greek word for stone or
pebble). He established the rule for any right-angle triangle, known
today as the Pythagoras theorem, which states that the square of
the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two
sides. Hippocrates of Chios (460-377 ВС) wrote his book "Elements",
in which he first compiles the elements of geometry. Democritus
(460-370 ВС) showed that a pyramid and a cone are equal to a third
of a prism and a cylinder with the same bases and heights
respectively. Eudoxus of Cnidus (408-355 ВС) was one the founders
of axiomatic method in mathematics. He founded the study of
spherical geometry. It is believed that Eudoxus discovered much of
the geometry later included in "Elements", the comprehensive
treatise on mathematics written by the Greek mathematician Euclid.
In about 340 ВС, Aristaeus wrote his "Five books" about conic
sections. Aristarchus of Samos (310-250 ВС) applied geometry to
the calculation of the distance of the Sun and the Moon from the
Earth. He also proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun. In about 300
ВС Euclid systematized the work of many Greek mathematicians in
his popular work "Elements" which forms the basis of Geometry to
this day. Archimedes (287-212 ВС) gave the formulae for calculating
the volume of a sphere and a cylinder in his book "On the sphere
and the cylinder". In about 225 ВС, Apollonius of Perga introduced
the terms "parabola", "ellipse" and "hyperbola" in his book
"Conies". Hipparchus (190-120 ВС) estimated the duration of a year
to within 6.5 minutes of the correct value.

79
 The discoveries of Newton have done more for England and for the
race, than has been done by whole dynasties of British monarchs.
Thomas Hill (1836-1882), British philosopher and educator

III.2. Quadratic equations

Terms

1. unknown quantity - noma'lum qiymat| неизвестная величина;

2. quadratic equation - kvadrat tenglama | квадратное уравнение;
3. variable-o'zgaruvchi| переменная величина;
4. method of trial and error - taxmin qilish usuli | метод пробок и
ошибок;
5. incomplete quadratic equation - chala kvadrat
tenglama | неполное квадратное уравнение;
6. discriminant-diskriminant|дискриминант;
7. method - usul, metod | способ, метод;
8. biquadratic - bikvadrat | биквадратный;
9. to substitute - o'rniga qo'ymoq | подставлять;
10. Viete's theorem - Viyet teoremasi |теорема Виета.

Learning Objectives
- to identify quadratic and biquadrate equations;
- to solve quadratic equations by factorization, the standard
formula and completing the square.

Quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + с = 0,
where a, b and с are constant numbers

Incomplete quadratic equations

ax2 + Ъх = 0; ax2 + с = 0; ax1 = 0.

80
Solution of av2 + Ьх + с = 0
Quadratic formula
Discriminant D = b2 - Aac
I. l f D > 0 , thenx!*x2;
II. l f D = 0, thenxi = x2;
III. If D < 0, then there is no solution among real numbers.

_—b±4b2 — 4qc
X u i
' 2«
If b is an even number, then

- I -ac
2
х
цг

Viete's theorem
If JCX and x2 are the solutions of ax2 + bx + с = 0, then
b
a
_с
1 2
a

Factorization of quadratic expression

ax2 + bx + с = a{x - xi)(x - x2),
where Xi, x2 are the roots of the equation.

Examples

1. Solve 2 X 2 - 1 5 X - 8 = 0 using the quadratic formula.

• Coefficients are a = 2; b = - 1 5 and с = - 8.

2
£> = б = ( - 1 5 ) 2 - 4 - 2 • ( - 8 ) = 289 = 17 2 .

81
 -b + yfD -(-lSW-y/lT7 „
xt= = —i = 8 and
2a 2-2

_-6-V^_-(-15)-Vl7r_ 1
Xy —— . ш
2a 2-2 2

2. Find the roots of the quadratic equation х 2 - 3 9 х + 74 = 0 by

Viete's theorem.

• According to Viete's theorem, the roots of the quadratic

equation must satisfy the conditions

b -39
хг + х2= —
a 1

x1 x 2 - C _—
Xf ' X-j
74

a l

%+x2=39 jx1=2
X1-X2=74 |x 2 =37'

which we can find by trying factors of 74 until we find two that

add up to 39. •

3. Factorize the quadratic 3 x 2 - 5 7 x + 210.

• We will find the roots of the corresponding quadratic equation

3x2 - 5 7 x + 210 = 0 and factorize using the formula

ax2 +6x+c = a(x-jc1)(x:-x2).

Our equation has coefficients a = 3, b = - 57 and с = 210. So,

D = b2 — 4ac = (—57)2 — 4-3-210 = 729 = 27 2 .

T i 7 = i 4 and

2a 2-3

82
 - b - J 5 -(-57)-Л/27Г _
x —5 = 5 .

2
2a 2-3

Thus, 3 х 2 - 5 7 х + 2 1 0 = 3 ( х - 5 ) ( х - 1 4 ) . щ
4. Solve (2x2 - Sxf - 2в(2х2 - 5x)+ 75 = 0 .

• Let 2x 2 - 5x = .y.

Then y 2 - 2 8 ^ + 75 = 0, which is a quadratic equation for у with

a = 1, b = - 28 and с = 75. So,

D = b2-4ac = ( - 28)2 - 4 • 1 • 75 = 484 = 222, yielding

-6 + V D = - ( - 2 8 ) + ^ = 2 5 and

2a 21

У = —i £ =з.
л
2a 2-1

Now, we substitute these values of >> back into the expression

we had above:

1) 2x2 - 5 x = 3=>2x 2 - 5 x - 3 = 0

D = b 2 - 4 a c = ( — 5 ) 2 - 4 - 2 - ( - 3 ) = 49 = 7 2

5 + л/49 „ . 5-V49 1
x, = = 3 and x7 = = —.
1 2
4 4 2

2) 2x2 - 5 x = 25=>2x 2 - 5 x - 2 5 = 0

D = b2 - 4«c = ( - 5)2 - 4 • 2 • 25 = 225 = 152

5 + л/225 e . 5—л/225 5
x,3 = = 5 and x, = =— • •
4 4 2

83
 Exercises

1. Classify and solve the quadratic equations

a) 16x2 = 0; b) x 2 - 4 = 0;

с) 3x2 + 3 = 0; d) x 2 - 3 x = 0;
2
e) 3x2 +4x = 0; f) 16x + 25x = 34x.

2. Solve the equations using the quadratic formula .

a) x2 - 8x + 15 = 0; b) З х 2 - 7 x + 2 = 0;

c) x 2 - 3x + 1 2 = 0; d) x2 - Ю х + 25 = 0.

3. Solve the following by completing the square

a ) x 2 - 1 2 x - 2 8 = 0; b ) x 2 - 3 x + 2 = 0;

c) x2 + 5x + 6 = 0.

4. Classify and solve by factorizing

a)p2-3p = 0; b) X 2 - 4 X + 4 = 0;
c ) x 2 - x - 2 0 = 0; d ) x 2 - 5 x + 6 = 0;

e) 3x2 - 7x + 4 = 0.

5. One root of x 2 + 5x + а = 0 is 2. Find the value of a using Viete's

theorem.

6. Factorize the quadratics

a ) x 2 - 8 x +15; b)3x2-7x+2;

c) 7x2 + 1 7 x - 1 2 .

7. If (t - 8) is a factor of t2 - kt - 48, what is the value of к?

X X
8. Find the values of ( l + a ) ( l + & ) and - + - , where a and b are the
a b
roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 3x - 4 = 0, without solving
the quadratic equation.

84
9. Find the product of all the real (rational or irrational) roots of the
equation:

(ax2 -7x-sfbx2 + 13x + з\зх- x2 - в)=0.

10. Solve the biquadrate equations

a) x4 -3x2 +2 = 0; b) 2x4-19x2 +9 = 0.

11. If 7 is a solution to x 3 - 6 x 2 + p x + 14 = 0, find p and the other

two roots of the equation.

12. If ax2 + bx - 6 = 0 has roots ( - 2) and 3, solve the equation

bx2 + 2x + 3a = 0.

13. Reduce to a quadratic equation and solve

a) x 6 + 7x 3 - 8 = 0 ; b) ( x 2 - 5 x ) - 8 ( x 2 - 5 x ) - 8 4 = 0 ;

1 1
c)x2+—+x+ 4 = 0; d) х-Зл/х + 2 = 0.
x x
14. Solve the equation

(3x2 + 13x + 12)(x + 1) = (x + 4)(3x2 - 2x - 8).

15. Solve (x2 + 4x - 4)2 - (x2 - 4x - 4)2 = 0.

Homework

1. Solve by factorizing

a) 9 x 2 - 4 9 = 0; b)x 2 + x - 2 0 = 0;

c) x + 3 = 2x2; d) 1 - 5x + 6x2 = 0.

2. Solve by completing the square

a) x2 - 6x + 5 = 0; b) 4 x 2 - 2 4 x + 1 1 = 0.

3. Solve using the quadratic formula

a) 4 x 2 - 15x + 9 = 0; b) 5 - 3 x - 2 x 2 = 0;

c) 3 x 2 - l l x - 20 = 0.

85
4. Find the sides of the rectangle below if its area is 9cm 2 .

(x + 3)cm

( 2 x - l )cm

5. On what value of m the equation x2 + (m+2)x + m + 5 = 0 has two

equal roots?

6. If one root of x 2 - a x - 32 = 0 is 4, determine a.

7. Solve (X2+|-10)2-(X2-|-8)2=0.

8. Find the difference between the largest and smallest roots of

a ) x 4 - 1 3 x 2 + 36 = 0;

b) (x2 - 5x)2 - 30(x2 - 5x) - 216 = 0.

9. Find the sum of all roots of

(x2 - 7x +2 f-13(x2 - 7x) - 2 6 = 0.

86
Developments of mathematics before the 15th century AD
Middle East and Central Asia
In the 9 th "! 0th centuries A D due to the Arab conquest and subsequent union of
large areas under the rule of Arab caliphs, scholars from the Middle East,
Central Asia and North Africa translated Indian and Greek mathematical works'
into Arabic (Arabic was considered the language of science at that time) and led
research work at the "Bayt al-khikma" (House of Wisdom) founded by caliph al-
Mamun in Baghdad (813-833 AD), which played an important role in the development of
sciences. Bayt al-Khikma supported a large library and had an observatory near it,
attracting many leading scholars who led research in many areas.

The most accomplished scientist among the Turk-Uzbek scientists w a s A b u

Abdulla Muhammad Ibn M u s o Al-Khwarizmi (783-850 AD), who w a s born in
Khwarazm (Khwarazm province, Uzbekistan). He worked at the House of
W i s d o m and wrote over 20 works on arithmetic, algebra, geography and
astronomy: "Kitob al-jabr val muqobala" (Book of Restoring and Balancing),
"Short Book on Indian Calculus", "Astronomic Tables", "Kitobul-suratul arz" and
others. The work "Short Book on Indian Calculus" has played a significant role in
introducing the Indian positional numerical system to Europe. In "Kitob al-jabr
val muqobala" algebra w a s studied a s an independent science (a branch of
mathematics) for the first time. The book consists of two parts. The first part
consists of the study of the rules of performing operations on algebraic
quantities and the first and second degree equations. The rules and solutions
are described with words. The unknown is called a 'root' or an 'item' and the
square of the unknown is called a 'square'. Quadratic equations are solved
geometrically. In the second part geometrical problems are discussed, including
a calculation of the value of к. The work was translated into Latin in the 12
century and for many years it w a s used as a main reference book in European
countries. Al-Khwarizmi's name first became known in the world of mathematics
as an author of arithmetic based on the Indian number system, then a s a
general name (algorithm) of any numerical system that obeys strict rules. Al-
Khwarazmi's name is given to a crater on the reverse side of the Moon. A l -
Fergani (787-861 AD), a great astronomer, mathematician and geographer, is
known a s Alfraganus in Europe and as Hasib in the East, which means
"mathematical". His invention of "jjsturlob" (water measuring device) was used
to measure the Nile's water. His book "Principles of Astronomy" w a s used as a
textbook in Europe up to the time of Copernicus. Al-Javkhari (9th century), born
in Central Asia and a student of Al-Kwharizmi, w a s the first to attempt to prove
Euclid's parallel postulate. He proved the following statement as a theorem
"From an arbitrary point inside any given angle it is possible to draw a straight
line that will intersect both sides of the angle".

Arab astronomers contributed the tangent and cotangent to trigonometry. A n

outstanding Arab mathematician, Alhazen (late 900s and early 1000s),
produced algebraic solutions of quadratic and cubic equations. Al-Karaji (10
and early 11111 centuries) completed the algebra of polynomials (mathematical
expressions that are the s u m of a number of terms) of Al-Khwarizmi. He
included polynomials with an infinite number of terms. Al-Kukhi (10th-11tt'
centuries) wrote the books "On the perfect compass" and "On finding the side of
the regular heptagon inscribed into a circle". He found the rule to calculate the
volume of parabolic dome. He translated the works of Euclid and Archimedes
into Arab.
 The real danger is not that computers will begin to think like men,
but that men will begin to think like computers.
Harris, Sydney i. (1917-1986), American journalist

III.3. Simultaneous linear equations

Terms
1. simultaneous linear equations - chiziqli tenglamalar
sistemasi | система линейных уравнений;
2. to substitute - o'rniga qo'ymoq | подставлять;
3. infinite solutions - cheksiz ko'p yechim | бесконечно много
решений;
4. method of elimination - noma'lumlarni yo'qotish usuli | метод
исключения неизвестных;
5. method of successive substitutions - noma'lumlarni o'rniga
qo'yish usuli | метод последовательных подстановок;
6. double equation - ikkitalik (qo'sh) tenglama | двойное
уравнение;
7. total-yig'indi | сумма;
8. two (three) times as much (many) as - ikki (uch) barobar
ko'p |два (три) раза больше;
9. half (twice) as much as - ikki barobar kam (ko'p) | два раза
меньше (больше);
10. t w o thirds (three fourth) - uchdan ikki (to'rtdan uch) | две трети
(три четвертых).

Learning Objectives
- to formulate problems as simultaneous equations;
- to solve simultaneous equations using the methods of elimination
and of successive substitutions.

88
Two linear simultaneous equations

a^x + b^y = c1
a2x + b2y = c2'

where а1,Ь1,с1, аг,Ъ2, сг are constant numbers.

Examples
1. Solve by the method of substitution

12x + y = 4
23 x-y = 66

• Use one equation to express one unknown in terms of the other

and substitute the result into the other equation.

12x+v = 4 Г v = 4 - 12x
23x-y = 66 [23;t-y = 66

fy - 4-12x Jy = 4 —12x
=>
[23x-(4-12x) = 6 6 [x = 2 ^

>' = 4 —12-2 = —20 fx = 2

x=2 jy = -20

2. Use the method of elimination to solve

14л:+ >' = 30
15x — 2y = 26

• Eliminate у by multiplying the first equation by 2 and then

adding the two equations.

14x + y = 30 1-2 |28х + 2у = 60. .

15x-2y = 26 Il5jc-2y = 26 v '

89
 (43x = 86 fx = 2 jx = 2
= >
|l5x—2>> = 26 ' |l5-2 —2y = 2 6 ~ [ > ' = 2 "

3. Solve the following three simultaneous equations

2x + + 3z = 14
Зх - у - z = 2
x+y+z-6

• We will use both substitution and elimination. First express у in

terms of x and z in the first equation and substitute into the 2nd
and 3rd equations. Then, solve the system of two equations on x
and z by elimination.

у = 14-2x-3z у = 14-2x-3z
3x — (l4 — 2x — 3z)—z = 2: 5x + 2z = 16
x + (l4—2x —3z) + z = 6 — x —2z = —8

_y = 14—2x —3z у-14-2x-3z y=1

4x = 8 : x=2 -- x = 2. i
— x —2z = —8 -2-2z — —8 z=3

4. A meal made with four eggs and 60g cheese contains 560
calories. Another meal made with six eggs and 20g cheese also
contains 560 calories. How many calories does one egg contain?

• Let the calories of 1 egg and 1g of cheese be x and y,

respectively. Then,

J4x + 60y = 560 l4x + 6 0 ^ = 560

[6x + 20y = 560| • ( - 3) ^ [ - 18x - 60у = -1680
(+) =

J— 14x = —1120 fx = 80
(4x + 60y — 5 6 0 ^ [y = 4

Thus, one egg contains 80 calories, i

90
Exercises
2x + y = 13
1. Which of the following will be the solution of
4x-3y = ll
a) (4, 5); b) (1,11); c) (5, 3); d) (8, 7)1
3x —4y + 10z = 14
2. Which of the following will be the solution of 10x-y-2z = 36
x+y+z=7
1) (12, 8,1); 2) (4/3, 0,1); 3) (0,-1,1); 4) (4, 2,1)?

3. Solve by substitution
jx + y = 4
a)
[x-y = 2'
^x + y-7
|x-y = l ' ' |4y-10x = 3

4. Solve by eliminating either the x term or the у term

|4x-j/ = 13 x + 3y = 10
a) b)
(2x-y = 5 ' 2x-3y = 2 '
J3x + 2y = 12 7y-3x = 2
c) d)
[2x + у = 7 Sy -2x-2
5. Find x,у and z
x + >• + z = 9 x-y + 3z-7
a) • x-2y-z -1 ; b) 2x + y-2z-7.
2x + y + z = 14 3x + y - z = 13

x—y—z=5 3x-4y + 2z --1

CMx + 2y-3z = 4 ; d) 4x + 2 y - 7 z = 52.
2x + 5y + 2z = 25 5 x - 3 y + 3z = 7

6. Six apples and four oranges cost £1.90, whereas eight apples and
two oranges cost £1.80. Find the cost of an apple and an orange.

91
 \
7. Solve the double equation ^ — -x-3y = x-6 .

fx + 2y-2
8. If < . then for what value of k will x + 7у = 2 be true?
|2 x + y = k
9. If a + b = 5 and ab = 2, then what is a 4 + 6 4 equal to?
10. The combined total of the annual salaries of Otabek and
Barchinoy was 2,400 thousand soums in 2005. In 2006 Otabek
and Barchinoy earned 25% and 12.5% more than in the previous
year, respectively, which totaled 2,880 thousand soums. Find
the monthly salary of each in 2006.
11. The ninth graders at a high school are raising money by selling T-
shirts and baseball caps. The number of T-shirts sold was three
times the number of caps. The profit they received for each T-
shirt sold was 1,000 soums, and the profit on each cap was 500
soums. If the students made a total profit of 42,000 soums, how
many T-shirts and how many caps were sold?
12. The Taxi Luxe service in Tashkent charges x soums for the first 6
kilometers and у soums for every next kilometer. Anvar used the
taxi service to travel 10 kilometers and paid 2,300 soums. Shoira
used the taxi service to travel 15 kilometers and paid 3,300
soums. Find out how much the taxi services charges for the first
6 kilometers and for every additional kilometer afterwards.
13. A box contained 31 sweets. On Monday Malika ate three fourths
of the number Sarvar ate on Monday. On Tuesday Malika ate
two thirds of the number Sarvar ate on Tuesday. Then all the
sweets had been eaten. Find the number of sweets Malika ate.
14. A store sold 213 bicycles during a year. For the first few months
they sold 20 bicycles per month, then for some months they sold
16 bicycles per month and in the remaining month(s) they sold
25 bicycles per month. For how many months did they sell 25
bicycles per month?
15. Altogether Olim, Alan and Farrukh earned $104. Alan earned
twice as much as Olim and Farrukh earned $4 more than Alan.
How much did each person earn?

92
16. A group of 35 friends went on an excursion and each spent on
average 1,434 soums for his or her expenses and souvenirs. If
each girl spent on average 1,470 soums and each boy on average
1,400 soums, how many girls and how many boys took part in
the excursion?

Homework
1. Solve for x and у
\x + y = 5
a)
|x- у = 1'

jx — 12y = 16
^ [5x + 12y 8 x + 5y = -4
2. Solve the simultaneous equationsy + 2x = 7 and у = x - 2 .
3. The ages of a boy and a girl add up to 20. In 4 years time the age
of the girl will be three times as much as the age of the boy. How
old will each be in 2 years time?
4. Find the value of x and у for each of the following rectangles, by
first writing down a pair of simultaneous equations and then
solving them

a) 3y + 2x b) 37

у + 3x 12 2 x - 3у

18 lOx + 8у
5. Solve
|4r + 2s = 56 f6p + 2? = 38
a)
[r + 5s = 50 ' [6q-5p = 22'
ГЗх + 8 = 2y
[5y = l - 2 x '

93
6. Shirin is three times as old as Malika will be next year. Nargiza is
now eight times as old as Malika, and in twelve years she will be
three times as old as Shirin is now. How old is Nargiza now?
7. I f x + y = 4,y + z = 7 andx + z = 5, what is the value of
(x + y + z)2?
8. At Oloy market 2 kilograms of nuts and 3 kilograms of raisins cost
23,000 soums, while 4 kilograms of nuts and 2 kilograms of
raisins cost 26,000 soums. Find the prices of one kilogram of
nuts and one kilogram of raisins.
9. A sum of money was divided between А, В and С. С got twice as
much as A, and A and В together got £50. When A and С gave a
fifth of their money to charity and В gave a tenth, £10 were
collected. What was the original sum of money equal too?

94
Developments of mathematics before the 15th century AD

Middle East and Central Asia.

Ibn Sina (in Europe known as Avicenna, 9 th -10 th centuries) contributed to

philosophy, medicine, psychology, geology, mathematics, astronomy and logic.
His book "Kitab al-Shifa" (The Book of Healing) divides mathematics into four
major groups: geometry, astronomy, arithmetic and music. Ai-Battani (late 9 th -
early 10 th centuries AD) introduced trigonometrical functions of sine, cosine and
tangent in his book "Kitab al-Zij" consisting of 57 chapters. Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni
(973-1048 AD), a well-known scholar from Khwarazm, an author of over 150
works (of which only 30 survive) on various topics such as arithmetic, summation
of series, combinatorial analysis, irrational numbers, ratio theory, algebraic
definitions, methods of solving algebraic equations, geometry, trisection of the
angle and other problems which can not be solved with ruler and compass alone,
conic sections, stereometry, stereographic projection, trigonometry, the sine
theorem in the plane and solving spherical triangles. Biruni expressed the
problem of finding the side of a regular nonagon as a cubic equation x3+l=3x and
obtained an approximate solution in sexagesimal fraction. Also, the problem of
finding the side of regular septangle (heptagon) was reduced to the equation
x3+l=2x+x2. Abu al-Wafa (940-998 AD) translated the works of Diophantus into
Arabic, explained all six trigonometrical functions and produced the sine table.
The Persian mathematician Omar Khayyam (ll t h -12 t h centuries AD)
systematically analyzed the third degree equations, presented their classification
and determined the conditions of their solvability (in the sense of existence of
positive roots). He finds the duration of the year very precisely to be
365.24219858. He wrote "Discussions of the difficulties in Euclid" (a book of
flaws in Euclid's "Elements"). He explained the method of extracting the root of
any natural degree in his work, but the work has not reached us; later,
Nasireddiri Tusi (1201-1274 AD) also described them, and formulated orally the
binomial theorem of Newton and the rule of finding binomial coefficients:
(C„m=C„.i'""1+C„.i'".) He was the first to treat trigonometry separately from
astronomy. The beautiful end of the epoch was the work of Mirzo Ulugbek
(1394-1449 AD), who gathered over hundred scholars at the observatory at
court in Samarqand and organized the precise astronomical observations,
calculations of mathematical tables, etc for which he is famous (Ashraf A 1994).
In 1444 he finished his work "Ziji Jadidi Kuragoni" consisting of four books, which
talks about different calendars, mathematics, spherical astronomy,
mathematical geography, astrology and trigonometry. Al-Kashi worked in
Ulugbek's observatory and wrote the book "The Key of Arithmetics", in which for
the first time he explained the theory of decimal numbers, gave the rule of
extracting roots of any index from whole numbers and the table of binomial
numbers. Al-Kushchi, a student of Ulugbek, wrote commentaries to the tables
of Ulugbek (which did not survive) and chaired the observatory after his death.

95
 When people thought the Earth was flat, they were wrong. When
people thought the Earth was spherical they were wrong. But if you
think that thinking the Earth is spherical is just as wrong as thinking the
Earth is flat, then your view is wronger than both of them put together.
Isaac Asimov (1920-1992), Russian-born American writer

III.4. Simultaneous nonlinear equations

Terms
1. nonlinear equation - nochiziqli (chiziqli bo'lmagan)
tenglama | нелинейное уравнение;
2. naught {0.5 reads 'naught point five' or 'zero point five') - yo'q,
nol (0.5 nol butun o'ndan besh deb o'qiladi) | ничто, ноль (0.5
читается как ноль целых пять десятых);
3. arithmetic operation -arifmetik amal(арифметическое
действие (операция);
4. sign - ishora, belgi|3HaK; обозначение, символ;
5. negative sign - manfiy ishora | отрицательный знак числа, знак
минус;
6. t o make up an equation - tenglama tuzmoq | составлять
уравнение;
7. condition-shart | условие;
8. to replace - o'rniga qo'ymoq | подставлять;
9. technique - usul, texnika | приём, способ, техника;
10. unique solution - yagona yechim | единственное решение.

Learning Objectives
- to make up simultaneous nonlinear equations based on given
conditions of a problem;
- to learn the miscellaneous techniques to solve simultaneous
nonlinear equations.

96
Methods of solving simultaneous nonlinear equations
Method of substitution.

Method of elimination.

Examples

jx+y = 10
1. Solve for x and у
1 xy = 24

• It is appropriate to use the method of substitution.

x + y = 10 fx = 1 0 - у fx = 10-у
xy = 24 \(l0-j/)j> = 24 J / - 1 0 > > + 24 = 0

x = 10-y fx1 = 6, x2 = 4
6
/1= Ь1=4,.у2=б'

Solve the following simultaneous nonlinear equations

12 5
+- = 5
•Jx — 1
y+-

8 10
+ • = 6
•Jx-1

• The radical sign should be denoted for simplicity as follows:

1 1
• a, = 6. Then,
Vx-1

[l2a + 56 = 5 Jl2a + 5b = 5
=>
[8<з + ю б = б | : 2 [ 4 а + 5й = 3

97
 1
а=- а=—
(8а = 2 4
[4<з + 56 = 3 ^ 1
4 — I - 56 = 3 ьЛ'
4 5

Now we replace these values of a and b back into our designations

to find x andy.

-J^l 4 л/jt-l = 4
1 _ 2 =>
=
T~S 2,|у + - = 5
У+ Т

j c - 1 = 16
x = 17
4|y + - - | = 25 y =6 '

Exercises
1. Solve
fx + 4 = 0 fx + v = 4
a) b) ' ;
[ x / = -12 [xv = - 5

fx + >> = 3
c) d)
[x — у = 6 I у - 3x = 8
2. Find all solutions of

ly-x =0 jx 3 + y 3 = 7
a) b)
] y - 1 6 x = o' [x3/ =-8 '

| x 2 - y = 23
c)
lx2_y = 50

98
S. Solve for x and у

| x * W = 13.
+
J x 2 - x y + y2 =7
b)
[x + y = 4 lx-y = l

fx + y + xy = 7
c
) 1 2 2
[x +лу + у =13

fx + y = a
4. On what value of <з does < have a unique solution?
Ixy = 9

5. Ifx + y = A * 0 and x 3 + y 3 = В express

2 2
a) x y + xy and Ъ)ху
in terms of A and B.
6. Solve

\x2y+xy2 =6 f(x + l)(y + l ) = 10

a)
[xy + x + у = 5 [(х + у)(лу + 1) = 25'

fx2+/=25 [x2+X>> = 15
' j ( * - 3 ) ( y - 5 ) = 0' I v2 + xy = 10

7. Find the product xyz, if

xy 2
x2/=8 x+y 3
xy = 6
yz _ 4
a) x3/=4; b) yz = 12;
y+z 5
zx = 6 zx = 8
xz _ 4
x+z 7

Homework
3.. Solve
fx + 2 = 1 x+y =7
a) b)
2
x / =8' xy = 12

99
 Г3x + y = z
С) f d)
\x2 -xy + 6y = -4
[ху = 5

2. Solve for х and у

1 1
— + — = 13
\x2+y2 =10 x у
a) b)
[x + y = 4 1 ;
1 ,
- +—= 1
x у
f(x + y)(x-y) =0
c)
[2x-y =l
3. Solve the simultaneous equations

7 4 5
•Jx — 7 Jy + 6 3
13
=•+
•Jx—7 y/y + 6 6
4. Find a two digit number if the difference between its digits is
equal to 2 and the sum of squares of its digits is equal to 52.

100
D e v e l o p m e n t s of mathematics before the 15 century A D

Europe

For E u r o p e t h e 12 t h -15 t h centuries w e r e t h e period of a d o p t i o n o f t h e

heritage o f ancient t i m e a n d the East. T h e translation of G r e e k a n d
Arabic w o r k s into Latin led to a rise in m a t h e m a t i c a l s t u d y in E u r o p e .
The English philosopher Adelard translated Al-Khwarizmi's
a s t r o n o m i c a l tables a n d an Arabic v e r s i o n o f Euclid's " E l e m e n t s " into
Latin in the 12 t h century. Italian m a t h e m a t i c i a n s s u c h as L e o n a r d o
F i b o n a c c i a n d Luca Pacioli d e p e n d e d heavily o n A r a b i c s o u r c e s in
improving business mathematics u s e d for a c c o u n t i n g a n d trade.
Fibonacci's "Liber A b a c i " ( B o o k of the A b a c u s , 1 2 0 2 ) introduced
Arabic n u m b e r s , the H i n d u - A r a b i c place-value decimal s y s t e m , a n d
A r a b i c algebra to Europe. It also i n t r o d u c e s the f a m o u s s e q u e n c e o f
n u m b e r s n o w called the " F i b o n a c c i s e q u e n c e " . Fibonacci also w r o t e
"Liber Q u a d r a t o r u m " (The B o o k of the Square), his m o s t i m p r e s s i v e
w o r k . It is t h e first m a j o r E u r o p e a n a d v a n c e in n u m b e r t h e o r y since
the w o r k o f D i o p h a n t u s a t h o u s a n d y e a r s earlier. In a b o u t 1336
m a t h e m a t i c s b e c a m e a c o m p u l s o r y subject for a d e g r e e at the
University of Paris. In the m i d 15 t h c e n t u r y N i c h o l a s o f C u s a s t u d i e d
the c o n c e p t s infinitely large (and small). H e explained a circle as a
limit of regular p o l y g o n s . W i d m a n w r o t e a n arithmetic b o o k in
G e r m a n a n d i n t r o d u c e d t h e s y m b o l s " + " a n d " - " . D e l Ferro a n d
Tartaglia i n d e p e n d e n t l y f o u n d t h e f o r m u l a to solve cubic e q u a t i o n s .
In 1 5 3 6 H u d a l r i c h u s R e g i u s f o u n d the fifth perfect n u m b e r ( 2 1 2 ( 2 1 3 -
1 ) = 3 3 , 5 S 0 , 3 3 6 ) , w h i c h is the first perfect n u m b e r to be d i s c o v e r e d
since ancient times. In 1 5 4 3 C o p e r n i c u s p u b l i s h e d his b o o k " O n the
R e v o l u t i o n s of H e a v e n l y S p h e r e s " , in w h i c h h e explains C o p e r n i c a n
theory, in particular p r o p o s e s that t h e S u n (not the Earth) is at rest in
the center of the Universe. In 1 5 5 5 S c h e y b l gave the sixth perfect
number (216(217-1)=8,589,869,0S6), which remains u n k n o w n until
1977.

101
 As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain;
and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955), German-born American physicist

III.5. Arithmetic and geometric means

Terms
1. arithmetic mean -arifmetik o'rta qiymat| арифметическое
среднее значение;
2. geometric mean - geometrik o'rta qiymat | геометрическое
среднее значение;
3. a v e r a g e - o ' r t a qiymat|среднее значение;
4. concept-tushuncha | понятие, концепция;
5. less than - kichik | меньше;
6. greater than - katta | больше;
7. t o figure out - hisoblamoq, topmoq | вычислять, находить;
8. fifth root - beshinchi darajali ildiz | корень пятой степени;
9. to extract a root - ildiz chiqarish | извлекать корень;
10. quantity - son, miqdor| число, количество, величина.

Learning Objectives
- to introduce the concepts of arithmetic and geometric mean;
- to be able to find the arithmetic and geometric means of
numbers.

Arithmetic mean of the numbers alt a2,aB

a 1 + a2 + - + a n
n
Geometric mean of the numbers gu gъ —. gn
^gi-gi—g* •

102
 н
г

Examples
1. Find the average (arithmetic mean) of the numbers:

13, 25, 28, 37, 81, and 92.

• The arithmetic mean of six numbers is the sum of the six

numbers divided by the quantity of the numbers. So,

. , 13+25+28 + 37 + 81+92 276 ^

Arithmetic mean = = — — = 46. •

6 6
2. Find the geometric mean of the numbers:

24, 28, 49, 147, and 27.

• The geometric mean of five numbers is the product of the five
numbers extracted from the fifth root. So,

Geometric mean = V24-28-49-27 147 =

V(23 - 3)- (22 - 7)- (72 )• (З3)• (3 • 7 2 ) = ^/(2 • 3 • 7)5 = 42 . i

Exercises
1. Find the arithmetic mean of the following numbers
1, 2, - 2 , 0, 1, 8, 3, - 3 , 2, 4, - 2 and 2.
2. One number is less than the other by 8, their arithmetic mean is
21. Find these numbers.
3. Malika gained on average for three tests 83 points. Her average
grade for the first two tests is 76 points. Figure out her grade for
the last test.
4. Find the geometric mean of 40, 50 and 32.
5. How many times is the arithmetic mean of numbers 4 and 64
greater than their geometric mean?
6. The arithmetic mean of 5 numbers is 13. What number should be
added to them so that their arithmetic mean becomes 19?

103
7. The average height of six children is 120cm. The height of the
shortest child is 105cm. What is the average height of the other
children?
8. If 2" •2b-2c =256, what is the average of a, b and cl
9. The cost of item A isy/2 each and the cost of item В is tf3 each.
.What is the average (arithmetic mean) cost per unit of a
collection consisting of x units of A and A: units of 5 ?
10. The average weight of 6 travel bags is 6kg. If two of them weigh
18kg altogether, then what is the average weight of the
remaining 4 travel bags?
11. A class of 20 students in a school has average grade 64% in
Mathematics. Another class of 30 students has average grade
69% in Mathematics.
a) What is the average grade of all 50 students together?
b) When one student left the school, the average Mathematics
grade of the remaining students became 67.5%. What was the
grade of the student who left the school?
Homework
1. Find the arithmetic mean of 83, 87, 81 and 90.
2. Find the geometric mean of numbers 2, 4, 8,16 and 32.
3. A tourist walked 10km at the speed of 5 k m / h and rode a bike
60km at the speed of 20km/h. Find the average speed of the
tourist.
4. John works a variety of different jobs. On Monday he earned $50.
Tuesday he earned $40. On Wednesday and Thursday he earned
$30 each day, and on Friday he earned $100. What was John's
average daily pay for the 5 days?

E Development of mathematics in the 16№ century AD 1

g In the 16th century mathematicians used mixed writing - some words and x
5 mathematical symbols. For example, x 3 +5x=18 would be written by G. Cardano J
Я (1545) as: cubus p*5 positionibus aequantur 18 (cubus - "cube", positio - x
g "unknown", aequantur - "equal"); by R. Bombelli (1572) as: 3 p*5 1 equale a 18 ( 3 x
5 - "unknown's cube", 1 - "unknown", equale a - "equal"); by F. Viete (1591) as: *
g C . + + 5 N aequantur 18 (C - subus - "cube", N - numerus "number"); and by Th. i
S Harriot as: aaa+5*a = 12. ±

104
 Science and art belong to the whole world, and
before them vanish the barriers of nationality.
Goethe (1749-1832), German poet, dramatist, novelist and scientist

Mathematics knows no races or geographic boundaries.

David Hilbert (1862-1943), German mathematician and
mathematical philosopher

IIL6. Ratios and proportions

Terms

1. ratio-nisbat|отношение;
2. constant-konstanta | константа;
3. direct and inverse proportion - to'g'ri va noto'g'ri nisbat | прямая
и обратная пропорциональность;
4. a value of JC-X ning qiymati|значение*;
5. t o cross-multiply - diagonal bo'yicha ko'paytirmoq | умножать no
диагонали;
6. variable-o'zgaruvchi | переменная;
7. to represent - ifodalamoq, ko'rsatmoq | представлять;
8. approximate-taqribiy| приблизительный;
9. t o complete a table -jadvalni to'ldirmoql заполнять таблицу;
10. to imply - anglatmoq, kelib chiqmoq | означать, следовать;
11. scaling factor - masshtab ko'paytuvchisi | масштабный
множитель.

Learning Objectives
- to understand ratio and proportion;
- to be able to use ratio and proportion to solve problems.

Ratio
L a
a:b or — .
b

105
 Proportion
I. f CI С
a:b = c:a or — = — .
b d

Direct proportion

— = k(y°< x).
x

Inverse proportion

yx = k \ yx — .
V xj

Division of an amount in a certain ratio

Multiply the amount by corresponding scaling factor.
•

I For example,
60 divided in the ratio 2:3 is

I 60 — — = 24 and 6 0 — ^ — = 36.
I 2+3 2+3
i
Distance of a vehicle
I S = vt,
where S is a distance, v is a velocity (speed) and t is a time.

i Examples
1. A fish is cut into three pieces, which are in ratio 3:4:2 by weight. If
I the second piece weighs 400 grams, find the weight of the whole
!i fish.

|| • 1 st method: Let's denote the total weight of the fish by x.

i
I

i'

106
 Then, we can make up the equation for the second piece's
weight as

= 400,
3+4+2

which solved results in x = 1,000.

2nd method: Let's denote the weights of the three pieces by А, В

and C. Then, we can consider A:B:C = 3x'Ax\2x. In other words,
A = Зх, В = 4x and С = 2x. We are given that the weight of the
second piece is 400 grams, that is В = 4x = 400. This implies that
x = 100 is a scaling factor.

Hence, A = 3x = 300 and С = 2x = 200.

Finally, the weight of the whole fish is A + В + С = 900 grams. •

2. A trip takes 5 hours in a car moving 40 miles per hour. How long
would the trip take in a train moving at 100 miles per hour?

• There are two variables: the speed of the car (v) and the time (t).
These variables are inversely related, because the higher the
speed of the car, the less time will be needed to travel a
distance. This means, their product remains constant

Ш Yil
v • f = const = 4 0 — 5 h = 100—1=>
h h
in
40—-5/i
h 200h „ ,
t =—- = = 2 hours . i
100
100^
h

Exercises
1. If 24 of the 40 students in a class are girls, what is the ratio of
boys to girls in the class?
2. Two books cost $90. The ratio of the first book's price to the
price of the second book is as 1:2. Find the prices of these books.

107
3. An alloy consists of silver and OASkg of gold. Find the weight of
the alloy, if the ratio of silver's weight to the weight of gold is
equal to 3:5.
4. Represent the number 459 as a sum of three numbers, which are
in ratio 1:2:6. Find the difference between the largest and
smallest of these numbers.
5. £640 is shared between Anne, Bill and Carl in the ratio 4:5:7.
Calculate how much each person receives.
6. The ratio of sheep to chickens to goats on a farm can be
expressed as the triple ratio 6:15:4. If there are 120 chickens on
the farm, find the number of goats.
7. The scale (ratio) of a topological map is 1:1,000,000. Find the
distance of a geographical place if it has the following length on
the map:
a) 1.5mm; b) 2.8cm.
8. Find x from the proportion 12 : x - 6 : 5.
9. In one minute a tortoise crawls 50cm. How many hours will it
take for it to crawl 0.1 km?
10. If three apples cost 50C, how many apples can you buy for $20?

11. On Earth there are about 1016 ants and 6 1 0 9 humans. What is
the approximate ratio of humans to ants?
12. In a mahalla (local governing community) election, Dilshod and
Olim were running for chairman. There were 30,500 people
eligible to vote, and three fourths of them actually voted. Olim
received one third of the votes cast. How many people voted for
Olim?
13. Numbers a - 2b, 4, a + ЪЪ, 24 are consecutive terms of a
a1-b1
proportion. Calculate the value of the expression .
2 ab

14. Establish a direct or an inverse proportional relationship

between variables:

a) the time spent for study for a test and a mark for the test;

108
 b) the number of workers at a factory and the production;

c) the difficulty of a math problem and the chance to solve the

problem;

d) the price of a TV-set and the demand for the TV-set.

15. у is directly proportional to x. If у = 5 when x is 25, find у when x

is 100.

16. If y°c x and у = 132 when x = 10, find the value of у when x =
14.

17. Numbers a and 62 - 3 are directly related, a = 88, when 6 = 5.

Find a, when 6 = 3.

18. Complete the following tables, where y < * x

a) X 3 6 9 b) X 27 с) X 2 4 6

У 9 У 5 10 15 У 10

19. If у = 3 when x = 8 and у and x vary inversely, find the value of у

when JC= 12.

20. A hospital has enough pills on hand to treat 10 patients for 14

days. How long will the pills last if there are 35 patients?

21. Complete the following table, where у —

x
X 1 2 3 4 5 6

У 9.6

22. If 15 workers can paint a certain number of houses in 24 days,

how many days will 40 workers take, working at the same rate,
to do the same job?

23. One-fifth of the light switches produced by a certain factory are

defective. Four-fifths of the defective switches are rejected and
1/20 of the non-defective switches are rejected by mistake. If all
the switches not rejected are sold, what part of the switches
sold by the factory is defective?

109
Homework
1. If the ratio of boys to girls in a class is 5:3 and the total number of
students in the class is 32, figure out the number of boys and
girls.
2. If a apples cost с cents, how many apples can be bought for d
dollars?
3. The price of solution A is 1,000 soums for 1kg. The price of
solution В is 2,000 soums for 1 kg. Find the price of 1 kg of the
solution made of В and A in ratio 3:1.
4. Find the smallest part of the number 25.5, when it is broken into
three parts proportional to numbers 1, 8, 2.
1
5. If у ос— and х - 4 when y - 5 , find the value of x when у =10.
x
6. Find unknowns from
a) 2x:7 = 18:5; b) 12.5:2.5 = 16.6: у .
7. If a person earns $5.15 per hour, how much does he earn in 7
hours?
8. The current ratio of men to women in a committee is 2 to 5. If 4
men were added to the committee, the ratio of men to women
would be 2 to 3. How many men are currently in the committee?
9. An expenditure budget in a company is split between three
departments (Marketing, Production and Quality) in the ratio.
12:3:5. If the total budget is $40,000, find how much money
each department receives.

110
Development of mathematics in the 17th century AD

The 16 th century was the first century in which W e s t Europe excelled over the
ancient world and the East with the inventions of Copernicus in astronomy and the
discoveries of Galileo in mechanics, the usage of symbols, such as +, - , x, =, >, <
that make the algebraic thinking and writing simpler, the systematic use of letters
for variables in equations introduced by the French mathematician Francois
Viete's, and the solutions of third and fourth degree equations. In 1603 the
Accademia dei Lincei was founded in Rome. The biggest invention of the century
w a s calculus (differential and integral), which was made by Isaac Newton in
England and Wilhelm Leibniz in Germany (there has been a dispute between them
o n w h o first invented calculus, but it was later proved they did it independently). In
1612 Bachet published a work on mathematical puzzles and tricks, which became
the main reference for later works. He finds the method of constructing magic
squares. The Scottish mathematician John Napier and the Swiss mathematician
Justus Byrgius independently introduced the concept of logarithms. In 1 6 2 1
Bachet translated Diophantus's Greek text "Arithmetica" into Latin. In 1623
Schickard built a "mechanical clock", a w o o d e n calculating machine that adds and
subtracts and aids with multiplication and division. French mathematicians Rene
Decartes and Pierre de Fermat discovered the analytic geometry (analytic
geometry enables the study of geometric figures using algebraic equations). Rene
Descartes introduced x and у coordinates (Cartesian system of coordinates).
Fermat greatly contributed to mathematics in differential calculus (working o n
maxima and minima) and number theory. He made his famous conjecture k n o w n
as Fermat's Great theorem. In 1639 Desargues began the study of the projective
geometry (a branch of mathematics, which considers what happens to shapes
w h e n they are projected o n to a non-parallel plane). In 1649 De Beaune gave the
equations of hyperbolas, parabolas and ellipses. Blaise Pascal and Fermat set the
groundwork for the investigations of probability theory and the corresponding
rules of combinatorics in their discussions over a game of gambling. In 1656-1657
Huygens invented the pendulum clock and introduced the term of "mathematical
expectation" in probability theory. In 1660 Viviani measured the velocity of sound.
In 1662 the Royal Society of London was founded, which promotes natural sciences
including mathematics. In 1663 Barrow became the first Professor of Mathematics
at the University of Cambridge in England. In 1666 the Academie des Sciences in
Paris w a s founded. In 1669 Wallis published his " M e c h a n i c a " (Mechanics), in which
he analyzes the study of mechanics in detail. In 1675-1677 Leibniz introduced the
modern notation for integral (later the term "coordinate"), discovered differentials
of elementary functions independently of Newton and found the rules of
differentiating products, quotients and the function of a function. Later he found
the method of integrating rational functions by expanding to simple fractions.
Moreover, Leibniz formulated the principle of using the binary number system,
which is used by computers nowadays. In 1 6 9 1 Jacob Bernoulli discovered the
polar coordinates (a method for identifying a point in space using angles and
distances). In 1693 Johann Bernoulli found "L'Hopital rule".

Ill
 It isn't enough just to learn - one must learn how to learn, how
to learn without classrooms, without teachers, without textbooks.
Learn, in short, how to think and analyze and
decide and discover and create.
Michael Bassis

Try to learn something about everything and

everything about something.
T h o m a s Henry Huxley (1825-1895), British biologist

III.7. Percentages

Terms
1. original amount (value) - boshlang'ich miqdor
(qiymat) | первоначальная величина (значение);
2. percent - foiz | процент;
3. percentage increase (decrease) - foiz o'sishi
(kamayishi) | процентное увеличение (понижение);
4. to label - belgilamoq | обозначать; /
5. to cross multiply - diagonal bo'ylab ко'paytirmoq | умножать no
диагонали;
6. diagram - rasm, diagramma | рисунок, диаграмма;
7. graph - rasm, grafik| рисунок, график;
8. to result in - kelib chiqmoq | означать, вытекать;
9. figure - qiymat, figura | значение, фигура;
10. respectively - mos ravishda| соответственно.

Learning Objectives
- to know how to convert a percent to a number and vice versa;
- to learn to work with percentages, in particular, to find a certain
percent of a given amount.

1 percent (1%) = 100th part of a number.

112
 350
For example, 1% of 350 = = 3.5.
100

To convert a percentage to a fraction

Divide by 100%.
For example, 145% = 145%:100% = 1.45.

To convert a fraction to a percentage

Multiply by 100%.
For example, 0.45 = 0.45-100% = 45%.

To find a percent of a number

a% of b= b .
100%
1 П%
For exa m pie, 10% of 420 = 420 = 420 • 0.1 = 42.
100%

To find a number as a percent of another

a as a percent of b = ^••100%..

For example, 5 as a percent of 50 is — -100% = 10%.

50

To increase a quantity by a percent

Change the percent to a number, add 1 and multiply by the quantity.
For example, to increase 20 by 5%, we change 5% to the number
0.05, add 1 to it and multiply the result by 20 to get 21.

To decrease a quantity by a percent

Change the percent to a number, subtract from 1 and multiply by
the quantity.
For example, to decrease 50 by 10%, we change 10% to the number
0.1, subtract it from 1 and multiply the result by 50 to obtain 45.

113
Examples
1. Karim said that 12% of the boxes of apples were not sold. Kamola
said that is the same as 360 boxes of apples. How many boxes of
apples were sold?

• Let x be the total number of boxes of apples, which is the

original amount. Then we have the following:

x is 100%
360 is 12%

To find the unknown term of the proportion, one needs to cross

multiply the known terms and divide be the third known term.

360 100%
x= = 3,000 . •
12%

2. In selling stock an investor made a profit of $140 plus 20% of the

amount originally paid for the stock. If the cost of the stock was
originally $800 what percent of the cost was the total profit?

• 20% of the original price is

$ 8 0 0 - - ^ - = $160.
100%
Total profit = $160 + $140 =$300. Total cost = $800.
We therefore have the following:

$800 is 100%
$300 is X %

The unknown term X will be found by cross multiplying $300

and 100% and dividing by $800, which will result in 37.5%. •

3. An antiques dealer tries to sell a vase at 45% above the 180,000

soums which the dealer paid at auction. What is the new sale
price?

• The problem is to increase the price of 180,000 soums by 45%.

So, we change 45% to the number 0.45. Add 1 to it to get 1.45.

114
 Finally, we multiply the price 180,000 by this number to find the
new price of 261,000 soums. •

Exercises
1. Calculate
a) 10% of 1,000; b) 40% of 200;
c) 150% of 50; d) 50% of 500.
2. What number is 15% of 420?
3 1
3. What is - of — of 1 percent of 100,000?
4 10
4. Find the number value of the percent:

13.5%, 2.3%, 145%,

5. Express the percents as ordinary (decimal) fractions:

50%, 12%, 40%, 25%.
6. Express the following numbers as percents
1 12
0.23, — , 0.34.
8 40
7. Dildora paid 75% of her $150 contract. How much money did she
pay?
8. 90 out of 120 students have personal computers. What percent
does it make?
9. A teacher's wage was 20,000 soums. The government decided to
increase it by 25%. How much did it become?
10. The salary of a worker is 20,000 soums. His salary was first raised
by 20%, then after a certain period, was lowered by 20%. How
much does he receive now?
11. The price of a tennis racket was reduced by 15% to $68. How
much did it cost before the discount?
12. If 45% of the students at a college are male, what is the ratio of
male students to female students?

115
13. The price of a notebook was first decreased by 15%, then by I S
soums. Now it costs 190 soums. Determine the notebook's prie
before the two decreases. 1
14. After a double increase, each time by 10%, the price of an ite|
became 484 soums. How much did the item cost after the firs
increase and how much did it cost originally? |
15. Three friends visited a restaurant, where there was a servioa
charge of 5% added to the bill. If they paid 10,500 sourrf
altogether, how much was the service charge? |
16. In 2004, the total exports of Uzbekistan were 4,853 million Ui
dollars and the total imports were 3,816 million US dollars. Thj
diagrams below show the Uzbekistan export and import 6,
goods (in %) for 2004.

Uzbekistan Exports for 2004

не
 Uzbekistan Imports for 2004
. ' services
others
i' V ^ ч<к
Chemical goods
13%

Energy

Ferrous and
nonferrous
metals
10%

Machinery
Otiulpment
46%

Source: The State Committee of Statistics of Rib

Corrected version of the diagram

on page
" U z b e k i s t a n Exports for 2004" 116

Uzbekistan Exports for 2004

Others
Machinery and
33%
Equipment

Ferrous and
nonferrous
Services
metals
9% 12%
Chemical'
goods
5% -vi
Cotton
18%

117
1 Ш , then by 150i
notebook's price}

ICQ of an item
»l! after the first

wos a service
10/500 soums

,,403 million US
i US dollars. The
flllti import of
 Uzbekistan imports for 2004

lemical goods
13%

Energy

Ferrous and
nonferrous
metals
10%
Machinery ar
Equipment
46%

Source: The State Committee of Statistics of RUz.

a) In 2004, what percentage of total exports was due to Energy?

Similarly, what percentage of total imports was due to
Energy?
b) Find the difference between the Uzbek export and import of
Energy in 2004.
17. The chart below shows the percent of the people in a certain
survey who belonged to each of four occupational categories. Of
those surveyed, if 160 were in blue-collar occupations, how
many were in occupations classified as "Other"?

117
18. A person purchased 200 shares of stock X priced at $25.4 per
share and 100 shares of stock Y priced at $51.7 per share. The
next day the prices per share were $24.7 and $49.8, respectively.
What is the one day percentage decrease in the total price of the
300 shares?
19. Statistics show that 10% of smokers get lung cancer, and 90% of
lung cancer patients are smokers. If 20% of the population
smokes, what percent of the population have lung cancer?
20. A shop has 50 computer games to sell. If they sell them at £31.50
(thirty one and a half pounds) each they make a profit of 26%.
How much will their total profit from the games be if they sell
half the games at £31.50, 24 of the games at £26.50 and one
game is never sold?
21. A travelling salesman spends 125,000 soums to buy two kinds of
cloth at 2,500 soums and 2,000 soums per meter. He manages to
sell it all at 2,150 soums per meter and make a profit of 3.2%.
How many meters of each cloth did he buy?

118
Homework
1. Compute
a) 15% of 1,500; b) 115% of 500;
c) 5% of 10% of 200.
2. Find the original price of a good, if its price was 1100 after a 12%
decrease.
3. If L = M N , by what percent will L increase if M increases by 15%
and N increases by 20%?
4. By what percentage is the number comprising 50% of 720
greater than the number comprising 500% of 24?
5. If x is 80 percent of y, then what percent is у of x? .

6. In a small town there were 3,400 registered voters, 40 percent of

whom voted in an election. If Alisher received 408 votes, what
percent of the vote did he receive?

7. The Burguts and the Alps are high school basketball teams. The
table below shows the final scores of their playoff games.

Teams/Games 1 2 3 4 5

Burguts 50 28 63 48 39

Alps 49 35 64 40 45

Refer to the table above to find the percent of all games that the
Alps won.

8. Of those surveyed in a poll, 60 percent were members of the

"Kamolot" youth organization. If 75 percent of the Kamolot
members polled were males and 55 percent of the non-Kamolot
people polled were males, what percent of those polled were
males?

9. The price of a model M camera is $209 and the price of a special

lens is $69. When the camera and lens are purchased together,
the price is $239. The amount saved by purchasing the camera

119
 and lens together is approximately what percent of the total
price of the camera and lens when purchased separately?

10. At a shareholders' meeting it was decided to divide the

company's profit in 2006 as follows: 15% for the company's
reserve fund, 35% for the company's technical equipment, and
the rest for dividends paid to shareholders. If the company's
profit was 1,245,350 soums, find the amount of money allocated
to the company's technical equipment and as dividend payments
altogether.
11. A dealer bought a horse, expecting to sell it a f a 10% profit, but
he was forced to sell it for 5,000 soums less than he expected.
When he calculated what had happened, he found he had lost
15% on what the horse cost him. What did he pay for the horse?

Development of mathematics in the 18th century AD

In 1715 Taylor published his book, in which he explains the rule of expanding
a function to a polynomial. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences was founded in
St. Petersburg. Leonard Euler studied limits and introduced the constant
number e (e = 2.72). He named the square root of minus one with the symbol
i. He obtained the most remarkable identity in all of mathematics: e " + 1 = 0,
which links five fundamental mathematical constants: number 0, number 1,
number к, number e, number i, and contains three basic arithmetic
functions: addition, multiplication and exponentiation. It is said Gauss has
commented that if a student did not recognize the equation, he would not
be considered a first-class mathematician. Euler's "Introductio in analysin
infinitorum" (Introduction to the Analysis of Infinites) published in 1748
interpreted calculus in terms of functions and introduced the notation J[x)
for the first time. Cramer investigated curves and proved the famous
"Cramer's rule". Lambert proved that n was irrational. Lagrange proved
Wilson's theorem that n is prime if and only if (w-l)l is divisible by n. Bufon
mathamtically calculated the age of the Earth to be 75,000 years. Bezout
published his book on the theory of equations, in which he proves the
theorem that bears his name. William Herschel discovered the planet
Uranus. Lagrange published " M e c a n i q u e Analytique" (Analytical Mechanics),
which summarises all the findings in the field of mechanics since N e w t o n ' s
time. Lagrange also published "Theory of Analytical Functions" on the theory
of functions of a real variable and used the notation dy/dx for derivatives.
Karl Gauss proved the fundamental theorem of algebra in 1799, which states
that the number of roots of an equation is equal to the degree of the
equation.

120
Chapter III Answers. Equations and simultaneous equations

111.1. 1. a) 1st; b) 2nd; c) 3rd; d) 3rd; e) 6th; f) 4th. 2. a) 2; b) - 0.5; c) 3; d) 0.4 e)

3.2; f) 4. 3. a) -2/3; b) 3; c) 4.5. 4. AB=17; AC= 17.5; BC= 11.5. 5. 28.
6. 21; 22; 23; 24; 25. 7. (b-l)/(a-2b). 8. 8 years old. 9. a) -10/3; b) 4;
c) 9; d) 7. e) 8.10. 54.11. 5Abn. 12. 59km. 13. 360.
Homework: 1. a) 2nd; b) 5th; c) 3rd; d) 1st. 2. a) - 3. b) 2.4; c) 93/91; d) 5/13.
3. Sevara had 8,700 soums. 4.16.5. $9,000.6.18.

111.2. 1. a) incomplete quadratic equation; x=0; b) incomplete quadratic

equation; хг=2; x2=2; с) 0; d) incomplete quadratic equation; xi=0;
x2=3; e) incomplete quadratic equation; хг=0; x2= -4/3; f) incomplete
quadratic equation; xi=0; x2=3/4. 2. a) хг=5; x2=3; b) x:=2; x2=l/3; c)
0; d) x1>2=5. 3. a) *i=14; x2= -2; b) xx=2; x2=l; с) хг= -2; x2= -3. 4. a)
Incomplete; pi=0; p2=3; b) complete; x1-2=2; c) complete; xx=5; x2= -
4; d) complete; ха=3; xa=2; e) complete; Xj=4/3; x2=l. 5. a= -14.6. a)
(x-5)(x-3); b) (x- 2)(x - 1/3); c) 7(x +3)(x - 4/7). 7. k=2. 8. -2.5 and
0.75. 9. -0.75.10. xu = ±Л; x 3 4 = ±1.11.p= -9; x2= -2; x3=l. 12.
Xi= -1; x2=3. 13. a) x^= -2; x2=l; b) x1,2,3/4=7; -2; 3; 2; c)
x12 = (-3 ± Vs)/2 ; x3 4 = 1; d) х^2; x2=l. 14. - 11/4; - 2/3.15. - 2;
0; 2.
Homework: 1. a) Xi,2=±7/3; b) x:= -5; x2=4; c) Xi=1.5; x2= -1; d) Xi=0.5;
x2=l/3.2. a) X!=5; X2=1; b) X!=5.5; x2=0.5.3. a) XJ=3; x2=3/4; b) XJ=2.5;
x2=l; c) Xi=5; x2= -4/3.4. 6cm and 5cm. 5. т1Л=±4. 6. a= -4. 7. 2; -3;
3.8. a) 6; b) 13.9.14.

1113.1. (x,y) = (5, 3). 2. (x,y, z) = (4, 2,1) 3. a) lx,y)=(3,1); b) (x,_y)=(2, 3); c)
(x,^)=(3, 4); d) (x, ^)=(0.5, 2). 4. a) (x, v)=(4, 3); b) (x, >)=(4/ 2); c) (x,
v)=(2, 3); d) (x, y)=(2, 4). 5. (x, y, z) = (5, 0, 4); b) (x, y, z) = (4, 3, 2); c).
(x, y, z) = (8,1, 2); d) (x, y, z) = (5, 2, -4). 6. An apple costs £0.17 and
an orange costs £0.22. 7. (x, >>)=(-5/14, -15/14). 8. k=4. 9. 433. 10.
150,000 and 90,000 soums. 11. 36 T-shirts and 12 caps. 12. 1,500
soums and 200 soums. 13. 13. 14. 1. 15. Olim - $20, Alan - $40,
Farrukh - $44.16.18 boys and 17 girls.
Homework: 1. a) (x,y)=(3, 2); b) (х,д>)=(1, 0); с) (x,j>)=(4, -1); d) (x,>>)=(6, -
2). 2. (3,1). 3. Boy = 5, Girl = 19. 4. a) (x,y)=(0, 6); b) (x, >>)=(4.5, -1).
5. a) (r, s)=(10, 8); b) [p, <?)=(4, 7); c) (x, y)={-2, 1). 6. 24. 7. 64. 8.
4,000 soums and 5,000 soums. 9.10+40+20=70.

121
111.4.1. а) ( х ^ И - 4 , л/3 ); (х2,у2)={-4, -л/з ); Ь) (х1<У1)=(5, -1); (х2, у2)=(-
1, 5); с) (х, у)=(2.5, 0.5); d) ( Xl , ^)=(5, 23); (х2, >'2)=(-2, 2). 2. a) (х1(
Уг)=(0, 0); (х2, у2)=(4, -64); (х3, ><з)=М, -64); Ь) (хи Л )=(2, -1); (х2,
j;2)=(-l, 2); с)(х1( Л )=(5, 2); (х2, >2)=(-5, 2). 3. a) fo, У1)=(3, 1); (х2,
_у2)=(1, 3); Ь) (хг, Л )=(3, 2); (х2, у2)= (-2, -3); с) (х1( Л )=( 1, 3); (х2,
j>2)=(3, 1). 4. ai=6; а2= -6. 5. а) (А3-В)/3; Ь) (А3-В)/(ЗА). 6. а) (х1(
>i)=(2, 1); (х2,^2)=(1, 2); Ь) (х1(Л)=(4,1); (х2,^2)=(1, 4); с) (х ьЛ )=(3,
4); (х2,^2)=(3, -4); (х3, у3)=(0, 5); d) (х1<Л)=(3, 2); (х2,у2)=(-3, -2). 7.
а) 12; Ь) 24; с) 8/3.
Homework: 1. а) (х,у)=(-1, 2); Ь) (хь v'i)=(3, 4); (х2,у2)=[4, 3); с) (xi,^i)=(5,
1); (*2, Уг) = (-1, -5); d) (xlt У1)={4, -10); (х2, у2)=(1, -1). 2. а) (х1(
Ух)={ 1, 3); (х2, j'2)=(3,1); b) (х1/Л)=(1/3, -1/2); (x2/y2)=(-1/2,1/3); с)
(xi,yi)={l/3, -1/3); (х2,^2)=(1,1). 3. (х, >) = (16, -2). 4.46; 64.

111.5. 1. 4/3. 2. 17; 25. 3. 97. 4. 40. 5. 17/8. 6. 49. 7. 123. 8. 8/3. 9.

* ^+ 3 = 3 ^ + 2 * f 1 0 4 5 k g п а) б7. b) 4 2 5
х+£ 6 (х + к)
Homework: 1.85.25.2.8. Ъ.14кт/И. 4. $50.

111.6. 1. 2/3. 2. 30; 60. 3. 0.27. 4. 51+102+306; 255. 5. Anne - £160, Bill -
£200, Carl - £280.6. 32.7. а) 1.5Ьг; b) 28km. 8.10.9.10/3 hours. 10.
120. 11. 1 to 1,666,667. 12. 30,500 - - = 7,625. 13. 4/3. 14. a)
4 3
direct; b) direct; c) inverse; d) inverse. 15. 20.16.148.8.17. 24.18. a)
4.5; 13.5; b) 54; 81; c) 5; 15.19. 2.20.4 days. 21.48; 24; 16; 12; 8.22.
9. 23.1/20.
Homework: 1. 20; 12. 2. 100ad/c. 3.1750. 4. 3. 5. 2. 6. a) 12.6; b) 10/3. 7.
36.05.8. 6. 9. 24,000; 6,000; 10,000.

111.7.1. a) 100; b) 80; c) 75; d) 250. 2. 63. 3. 75.4. 0.135; 0.023; 1.45; 0.004.
5.1/2; 3/25; 2/5; 1/4. 6.12.5%; 23%; 30%; 34%. 7. $112.5.8. 75%. 9.
25,000,10.19,200.11. 80.12. 9/11.13.400.14.440 soums and 400
soums. 15.500 soums. 16. a) 12%; 2%; b) 506.04 million. 17. 60.18.
3.22%. 19. 20/9%. 20.173.5.21.10 and 50 meters.
Homework: 1. a) 225; b) 575; с) 1. 2. 1250. 3. 38%. 4. 200% 5. 125%. 6.
30%. 7. 60%. 8. 67%. 9. 14.03%. 10. 1,058,547.5 soums. 11. 20,000
soums.

122
 Mathematics is well and good but
nature keeps dragging us around by the nose.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955), G e r m a n - b o m American physicist

CHAPTER IV. INEQUALITIES AND SIMULTANEOUS INEQUALITIES

IV.l. Linear inequalities

Terms
1. linear inequality-chiziqlitengsizlik| линейное неравенство;
2. greater than or equal to-kattayokiteng | больше или равно;
3. less than or equal t o - kichik yoki teng | меньше или равно;
4. variable range - o'zgaruvchining qiymatlar sohasi | область
значений переменной;
5. union of intervals - intervallar birlashmasi | объеденение
интервалов;
6. property - xossa | свойство;
7. relationship - munosabat|соотношение;
8. t o prove - isbotlamoq | доказывать;
9. ascending (descending) order - o'sib (kamayib) borish
tartibi | возрастающий (убывающий) порядок;
10. both (opposite) sides of an equation -tenglamaning har ikki
(qarama-qarshi) tomoni|o6e (противоположные) стороны
уравнения.

Learning Objectives
- to be able to identify a linear inequality;
- to know how to find solutions of a linear inequality and to write
down the solution properly.

Properties of inequalities:
1) If a > b and b > c, then a>c.

123
2) If a > b and с > d, then a + c>b + d.

3) lfa>6>0andc>a?>0,then a-c>b-d .

1 1
4) If a > b > 0, then — < — .
a b
5) Iftf >6, c>0(a>b, c<0),then a-c>b-c[a-c<b-c).

6) If a > 6 > 0, и е iV, then a" >b".

Linear inequality:
ax>b,
where a and 6 are known constant numbers.

Solution of a linear inequality a x > b \

x>—,ifa> 0
a
b -r n'

x<—,if a<0 -

Examples
1. Solve the inequality and show the answer as an interval
2(JC - 1 4 ) + 4(3 - 7x) < 13(JC + 4) - 5(8 + 3x).
• Eliminate the brackets, sort out the unknown and constant
numbers to opposite sides of the inequality, tidy up and then
divide
1) 2 X - both
2 8 + 1sides
2 — 2 8by
x <the
1 3 coefficient of the unknown.
x + 42—40—15x.
2) 2 x - 2 8 x - 1 3 x - H 5 x < 4 2 - 4 0 + 2 8 - 1 2 .

3) - 2 4 x < 1 8 . 4 )Z2££>.18
-24 -24

124
2. A team of four coworkers work for a tailor. Their productivity is as
follows: Madina makes five more items of clothing than Dilfuza,
Feruza makes half as many as Madina makes, and Nodira makes
one third of the number Feruza makes. If the price of an item is
10,000 soums, what is the least number of items that Dilfuza has
to saw in order for the four of them to make at least 240,000
soums between them?

• We divide 240,000 by 10,000 to find 24, which is the number of

clothes the four workers need to produce.

If we denote the number of clothes made by Dilfuza by x, then

the numbers of clothes of her coworkers are as follows:

Madina: x + 5;

Feruza: 0.5(x + 5);

Nodira: (x + 5)/6.

The sum of these numbers must be at least 24, so we make up

the following inequality:

x+5 x+5
x + (x + 5)+ •—+
2 — >24
6

To solve the inequality, we multiply both sides by the least

common denominator, separate unknowns and constant
numbers, tidy up and finally divide both sides by the coefficient
of the unknown.

x+5 + x+5
1) 6- x + ( x + 5 ) + >24 6;
2 6

2) 12x + 30 + 3(x + 5) + x + 5 > 144;

3) 16x > 96; 4) x > 6 .

Thus, Dilfuza has to produce at least 6 items. •

125
Exercises
1. Consider the real numbers А, В, C, and D, and the following
relationship: A < В, В < С, D > С. Which of the following is true?
a) D - С > D - B; b)D-C<B-A;
c) D - В > D - A ; d) D - B < D - A .
2. Given q = 3yfb, r = 1+2^3, s = 3 + V 3 , which of the following is
true?
a) q > r > s; b) q > s > r;
с )r>q>s; d )s>q>r,
3. Solve for x
a) 4 x > 8 ; b)3x<15-3;
c) -3x < 6 .
4. Solve for x and express your solution as an interval
a)-x>2; b)3-5x>18;
c) 5x-4>6x-6.
5. Find the range of x such that
a) 12x < 5(2x + 4); b) 2(x + 3) > 5(x - 3);

. „ 17-Зх ^r
с) 1 >1.5;
2
6. If p > q and r < 0, which of the following is (are) true?
\.pr <qr \\.p + r>q + r
I I I . p - r < q-r ?
7. \fp>0, q <0, which is greaterp + q orp - ql
8. The formula for converting a temperature from degrees
Fahrenheit (°F) to degrees Celsius (°C) is

C = |(F-32),

where F is theffltemperature in degrees Fahrenheit and С is

thedltemperature in degrees Celsius. Aziz needs to store some

126
 food in a refrigerator at a temperature between 0°C and 4°C.
What range of temperature in degrees Fahrenheit would be
suitable?
9. Prove the following inequalities for any real numbers
a) a2+b2>lab; b) я4 +bA >ab(a2 +b2).
10. Solve for x
a) (х + 7 ) 2 - 4 > ( х + б ) 2 - 3 ;
2
b) (4 - x)2 - (x + б)2 > (x + 4)2 - (2 - x) .

Homework
1. Place w, x, у and z in ascending order if
w >x, y<z and у > w.
2. Solve for x
a) 3x + 2 > 2x + 7; b) 5 x - 5 > - 9 + 3x;
c) 6y + 2 < 8 y + 14.
3. Find the solution
. x x л ,. x+4 x+7 ^
a <1; b) >-3.
6 7 7 4
4. An electricity supplier uses two different formulae for calculating
monthly charges for electricity. For a consumer using an amount
E of electricity, the cost С is given by either
C = 60 + 0.2£ or C = 0.3(£-50).
For what amount of electricity will the first formula result in a
cheaper cost?
5. There are 461 students and 20 teachers taking buses on a trip to
a museum. Each bus can seat a maximum of 52. What is the
least number of buses needed for the trip?

127
Development of mathematics in the 19th century AD.

In this century a great effort w a s made to produce strong theoretical foundations!

in all areas of mathematics. Attention w a s paid to the critical revision of orignial i
conditions (axioms), to the establishment of systems of definitions and proofs a n d !
to the reevaluation of logical methods used in these proofs. Nikolai Lobachevsky \
investigated non-Euclidean geometry. Niels Abel (Norwegian) and Evariste Galois j
(French) proved that there is no general algebraic method for solving polynomial}
equations of degree greater than four, and other 19 t h century mathematicians?
utilized this in their proofs that straightedge and compass alone are not sufficient {
to trisect an arbitrary angle, to construct the side of a cube twice the volume of a '
given cube, nor to construct a square equal in area to a given circle, i
Mathematicians had vainly attempted to solve all of these problems since the i
time of the ancient Greeks (Ashraf A 1994). Legendre found the method of least i
squares to find the best approximations to a set of observed data. Fourier J
(French) discovered his method of representing continuous functions by the s u m 5
of a series of trigonometric functions and his book "Analytic Theory of Heat" J
widely explained the techniques of Fourier analysis. Bessel discovered a class of J
integral functions, which are n o w k n o w n as Bessel functions. Bolzano published a j
book, in which he tries to avoid using the concept of infinitesimals in defining 1
continuous functions. Ampere published his book/ in which he derives 1
mathematically the law of electromagnetic force and lays the foundation f o r i
electromagnetic theory. Gauss introduced differential geometry. Green published i
his book, in which he studied the properties of electric and magnetic fields,!
introduced the term potential and gave the formula connecting surface a n d i
volume integrals, n o w known as Green's Theorem, liouville developed t h e i
"Sturm-Liouville theory" and found the first transcendental numbers (numbers 5
that can not be expressed as the roots of an algebraic equation with rational j
coefficients). De M o r g a n introduced the term "mathematical induction" a n d '
formulated the method. Lame proved Fermat's Last Theorem for n=7. Boole J
published "The Mathematical Analysis of Logic", in which he s h o w s that the rules j
of logic can be treated mathematically rather than metaphysically. Boole's work»
laid the foundation of computer logic (Prokhorov Yu (ed) 1988). Also, Boole i
developed the algebra of logic known as Boolean algebra. Chebyshev proved i
Bertrand's conjecture that there is always at least o n e prime number between n i
and 2n for «>1. The term matrix w a s first introduced in Sylvester's book. The i
London and later the M o s c o w , the France a n d the St. Petersburg Mathematical j
Societies were founded. Maxwell published his book "Electricity and M a g n e t i s m " , {
in which the four partial differential equations k n o w n as " M a x w e l l ' s equations" j
are introduced. Venn introduced his " V e n n diagrams" in set theory. Volterraj
studied integral equations. Levi-Civita developed the calculus of tensors. Galton |
introduced the concept of correlation. Poincare developed algebraic topology. J
Hensel found the p-adic numbers. Hilbert suggested the 23 problems at t h e 1
Congress of Mathematicians in Paris, which paved the way for great work and i
progress in 20 t h century mathematics.

128
 A man is like a fraction whose numerator is what he is and whose
denominator is what he thinks of himself.
The larger the denominator, the smaller the fraction.
Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910), Russian writer and moral philosopher

IV.2. Simultaneous linear inequalities

Verms
1. simultaneous linear inequalities - chiziqli tengsizliklar
sistemasi | система линейных неравенств;
2. double inequality - ikkitalik tengsizlik| двойное неравенство;
3. t o identify-aniqlamoq | определять;
4. particular solution - xususiy yechim |частное решение;
5. general solution - umumiy yechim | общее решение;
6. the number axis-sonlar o'qi|числовая ось;
7. a common intersecting interval - umumiy kesishuvchi
oraliql общий пересекающийся интервал;
8. an overlapping region - kesishuvchi soha | пересекающаяся
область;

9. inequality sign -tengsizlik ishorasi|3HaK неравенства.

Learning Objectives
- to be able to identify simultaneous linear equations;
- to know how to find solutions of simultaneous linear inequalities
and to write the solution properly.

Simultaneous linear inequalities

where a,х , и г , и х ,,b-,

и г are real numbers.

129
Examples
1. Solve the following simultaneous linear inequalities

j7(x + 3 ) - l l > 2 x + 5
[2(x - 3) + 1 8 > 5;t + 6

• First, we solve each inequality to find particular solutions. Then

we show the solutions on the same number axis to determine
the common intersecting interval(s) and find the general
solution for the simultaneous nonlinear inequalities.

7(X+3)-11>2jc + 5 J 7x-2x>5-10
=>
2(x-3)+18>5x + 6 [2x-5x>6-12=>

x>-1 -a particular solution

x<2 -a particular solution

- 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4

From the diagram above, it is clear that the two intervals have a
common part at ( - 1, 2), which is the general solution to the
simultaneous linear inequalities. •

2. Solve the simultaneous linear inequalities

б ( х - 3 ) + 4 > 2 x + 18
5(x - 7 ) + 1 8 > 3(2* - 1 ) - 1 6 '

6 x - 1 8 + 4 > 2 x + 18 Г б х - 2 х > 1 8 + 14
5 X - 3 5 + 18 > 6 x - 3 - 1 6 [ 6 j c - 5 X < - 1 7 + 19 ^

x > 8 - a particular solution

x <2 —a particular solution

130
 IHfllll j . . I I
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

From the diagram above it is obvious that the two intervals do

not have a common overlapping part, so there is no solution. •

Exercises
1. Solve the following simultaneous linear inequalities and express
the solution as an interval

2. Which of the following simultaneous linear inequalities do not

have a solution?

jt+2
3. How many prime roots does the double inequality 1 < <4

4. Find the arithmetic mean of all whole roots of

{
2x-l>3x-4
8x + 7 > 5 x + 4

131
Homework
f x + 8 < 12
1. Find t h e least w h o l e root o f <
\-3x<15

\-x-5<-2x-2
2. Find t h e s u m of all w h o l e roots of ^
-2jc+2>3-3JC

Development of mathematics in the 20th century AD

Mathematics grows exponential!y. Fredholm developed the theory of integral

equations. Plank suggested the quantum theory. Lebesgue introduced the
theory of measure and defined "Lebesgue integral". Einstein published the
special theory of relativity. New areas of mathematics such as mathematical
logic, the mathematics of computers, statistics and game theory emerged.
Zermelo suggested the seven axioms in set theory in his book. Turing
published " O n Computable Numbers", which describes theoretical machines,
now known as the "Turing machine". Kolmogorov published "Analytic
M e t h o d s in Probability Theory", which puts the foundations of the theory of
random Markov processes. George Dantzig found the simplex method of
optimization. Norbert Wiener published a book on the theory of information
control and introduced the term "cybernetics". Schwartz published a book on
the theory of distributions. Mauchly and John Eckert constructed the Binary
Automated Computer (BINAC), which enables data storage on magnetic tape
rather than on punched cards. Hormander developed the theory of partial
differential equations. Kolmogorov published a book o n the theory of
dynamical systems. Edward Lorenz showed a simple mathematical system with
chaotic behavior and a new theory of chaos emerged. Jacobson published his
book "Lie algebras". Sobolev published his book "Applications of functional
analysis and mathematical physics". Wiles proved Fermat's last theorem. At a
meeting of the American Mathematical Society in Los Angeles "Mathematical
Challenges of the 21 st century" were proposed. Unlike "Hilbert's problems"
from 100 years earlier, these were given by a team of 30 leading
mathematicians of w h o m eight were Fields Medal winners (Prokhorov Yu (ed)
1988). A prize of seven million dollars is put up for the solution of seven
famous mathematical problems. Called the Millennium Prize Problems they
are: P versus NP; The "Hodge Conjecture"; The Poincare Conjecture; The
Riemann Hypothesis; "Yang-Mills Existence and M a s s Gap"; "Navier-Stokes
Existence and Smoothness"; and The "Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture"
(Prokhorov Yu (ed) 1988).

132
 / think, therefore I am.

Rene Descartes (1596-1650), French philosopher, scientist and mathematician

IV.3. Nonlinear inequalities

Terms
1. nonlinear inequality - nochiqizli tengsizlik | нелинейное
неравенство;
2. s e g m e n t - s e g m e n t | сегмент;
3. the infinity-cheksizlik| бесконечность;
4. the method of intervals - oraliqlar usuli | метод интервалов;
5. semi open interval - yarim ochiq interval | полуоткрытый
интервал;
6. critical value - kritik qiymat | критическое значение;
7. to indicate - ko'rsatmoq, belgilamoq | показывать, указывать,
означать;
8. leftmost (middle, rightmost) interval - eng chapki (o'rta, eng
o'nggi) oraliq | крайний интервал слева (по середине, справа);
9. left hand (right hand) side - chap (o'ng) taraf |левая (правая)
сторона;
10. to belong t o - tegishli bo'lmoq | принадлежать;
11. t o yield - kelib chiqish, hosil bo'lish | давать, приносить,
производить, получить(ся).

Learning Objectives
- to be able to identify simultaneous nonlinear inequalities;
- to know how to solve simultaneous nonlinear inequalities by the
method of intervals.

Examples
1. Solve for x:

2x2 + 4x - 1 4 > (x + 9)(x -1).

133
• Eliminate the brackets, transfer all terms to the left side and
factorize the polynomial:
2
2 x + 4x - 1 4 > jt2 + 9x - x - 9 =>

jc2-4X-5>0=>

(x + l ) ( x - 5 ) > 0 .

Now, the critical values of x for each of the two factors in the last
inequality are 5 and -1, which, when placed on the number axis,
divide it into three intervals. We can then identify the sign of the
left hand side of our inequality by trying different values from
these intervals.

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

For example, consider the number - 2 from the leftmost interval,

which yields a positive value for (x + l)[x - 5); or the number 0
from the middle interval, which yields a negative value; and the
number 6 from the rightmost interval, which yields positive
again. The main inequality requires a sign that is greater than or
equal to 0, which implies the solution* is contained in the
intervals that yield positive values.

Thus, xe (-°o,-l]u[5,+°°). •

2. Solve the inequality

xl-Sx +b
• We factorize both the numerator and denominator of the left-
hand side fraction and then investigate the result:

(s-l)(jc + l)(jr-2)
<0.
(*-2)(x-3)

134
 On the number axis we indicate ail the critical points (roots) of
the numerator and denominator taking into account that x can
not receive the values 2 and 3, at which the fraction is
meaningless.

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Thus, from the main inequality sign <, the solution is the union of
all negative intervals.

Thus, xe (-oo,-l]u[l,2)u(2,3). •

Exercises
1. Solve for x
2
a) x - x < 0 ; b) x < l ;

c) 3 - 2 x 2 > 2 x + 3.

2. Use factorization to solve for x

a) ( ? x - 3 ) 2 < 4 x + 2 ; b) x 2 + 5 x - 6 > 0 ;

C) X 2 - 5 X - 5 0 < 0 .

3. Solve the following nonlinear inequalities

c) (x + 3 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x - 4 ) 2 ( 5 - x ) > 0 .

135
 1 1
4. Find the range of values of x for which < expressing
x-2 х+б
your answer as an interval.

Homework
1. Solve

a) 19-x 2 >1; b) x2 -2x-l<0;

x x+2 „ x2 Sx-14
с 7 o>0; d <0.
(x-1)2 x+4

2. Find the difference between the largest and the smallest roots
of the inequality

x2 -13JC + 36 sq
x* +25

136
 Branches of mathematics
Arithmetic deals with counting and the most basic mathematical
operations.
Algebra in which symbols (usually letters) represent unknown
numbers in mathematical expressions.
Applied mathematics the application of mathematics to various areas
such as physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, engineering, economics
and others.
Calculus (Mathematical Analysis) the study of functions with the help
of limits.
Chaos theory the theory describing the complex and unpredictable
motion or dynamics of systems that are sensitive to their initial
conditions.
Combinatorics the study of solving problems of selection and
positioning of elements of some, usually finite, set according to given
rules.
Complex analysis a branch that investigates the functions of complex
numbers.
Differential equations the study of mathematical equations for an
unknown function of one or several variables which relates the values
of the function itself and of its derivatives of various orders.
Functional analysis a branch of analysis which studies the properties
of mappings of classes of functions from one topological vector space
to another.
Game theory the mathematical analysis of any situation involving a
conflict of interest, with the intent of indicating the optimal choices
that, under given conditions, will lead to a desired outcome.
Geometry a branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of
and relationships between points, lines, planes, and figures and with
generalizations of these concepts.
Graph theory the mathematical study of the structure of graphs and
networks.
Group theory a branch of mathematics concerned with groups and the
description of their properties.
Harmonic analysis the study of functions given by a Fourier series or
analogous representations, such as periodic functions and functions
on topological groups.
Integral equations studies equations in which an unknown function
appears under an integral sign.
l!

137
Branches of mathematics
Linear (Nonlinear) optimization and Control the study of maximizing or
minimizing a linear (nonlinear) function subject to given constraints
which are linear (nonlinear) inequalities involving the variables.
Logic the formalized system of deductive logic, employing abstract
symbols for the various aspects of natural language.
Linear algebra concerned with systems of linear equations, linear
transformations, vectors and vector spaces, and related topics.
Mathematical economics a branch of mathematics that studies
problems arising in the analysis of mathematical models of production,
distribution, exchange and other economical processes.
Mathematics education the study of practices and methods of both
teaching and learning of mathematics.
Mathematical Logic deals with the mathematical proof and questions
of foundations of mathematics.
Mathematical Statistics the study of mathematical methods of
systematization, processing and use of statistical data for the scientific
and practical conclusions.
Number theory a branch of mathematics that deals with the properties
and relationships of numbers.
Numerical analysis the study of approximation techniques for solving
mathematical problems, taking into account the extent of possible
errors.
Optimization deals with identifying optimal solutions among all
possible outcomes.
Probability a branch of mathematics that deals with measuring or
determining quantitatively the likelihood that an event or experiment
will have a particular outcome.
Real Analysis deals with the set of real numbers and functions of real
numbers.
Topology a branch of mathematics that studies the idea of continuity in
mathematics.
Trigonometry a branch of mathematics that deals with the
relationships between the sides and angles of triangles and with the
properties and applications of the trigonometric functions of angles.

138
 Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955), German-born American physicist

IV.4. Simultaneous nonlinear inequalities

Terms
1. the simultaneous nonlinear inequalities - nochiqizli tengsizliklar
sistemasi | система нелинейных неравенств;
2. radical sign - ildiz belgisi| радикальный знак, корень;
3. to denote-belgilamoq (обозначать;
4. to satisfy an equation - tenglamani
qanoatlantirmoq |удовлетворять уравнению;
5. the empty set - bo'sh to'plam | пустое множество;
6. я-th root-и-ildiz|и-й корень;
7. to be equivalent - teng kuchli bo'lmoq | быть равносильным;
8. t o correspond t o - mos bo'lmoq | соответствовать;
9. t o unite intervals - oraliqlarni birlashtirmoq (объединить
интервалы;

10. thus-shunday qilib|TaKHM образом.

Learning Objectives
- to be able to identify simultaneous nonlinear inequalities;
- to know how to solve simultaneous nonlinear inequalities.

Irrational equation and its solution

P(x)> 0
Q(x) > 0
P{x) = Q2{X)

where P (x) and Q [x) are the algebraic expressions.

139
Irrational inequalities and their solutions
P[x) > 0 P(x)> 0
0Г
Q(x)> 0 y[PM<Q(x) SM>o '
2
P(x)<Q {X) P(x)<Q2(x)

where P (x) and g (л:) are the algebraic expressions.

P{X)>
~° fP(x)>0 or
2) JPW>Q(x)=>- U
СИ" U<0
№>Q*M

1РШ0
a**02 u
{ew<o'
P(x)S0 (x)

where P (x) and Q (x) are the algebraic expressions.

Examples
1. Solve the simultaneous nonlinear inequalities

x+ 4
• x-3
(x-l)(x-5)>0

• We will solve each inequality in turn to find particular solutions.

• x-3 =>
(x-l)(x-5)>0

x€ [-4,3)-a particular solution

xe (-oo(i)u(5,+°°)-a particular solution

Now, the particular solutions can be indicated on the same

number axis to find the intersecting region (if any).

140
 ЩЩ11Ш1М
-5 - 4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Thus, the common part x e [ - 4 ; l ) is the general solution. •

2. Solve the irrational inequality

•Jlx2 -x-6 <x+4 .

• The given irrational inequality corresponds to the following

three simultaneous inequalities:

2x 2 - x - 6 > 0
x+ 4>0 =>
2
2X - X - 6 < ( X + 4)2

2(x + 1 . 5 ) ( x - 2 ) > 0
x>-4 =>
(x + 2 ) ( x - l l ) < 0

x e ( - ° o - i . 5 ] u [ 2 . + °o)
x e (—4,+°°)
xe (-2Д1)

Now, we display all these three particular solutions on the same

number axis.

1
-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

141
 The region ( - 2 ; 1.5]u[2; l l ) , where all three particular solutions
intersect, is the general solution. •

3. Solve the irrational inequality

-Jx+8 > x+2.

• The irrational inequality corresponds to the two simultaneous

inequalities. We will solve each of the two simultaneous
inequalities and unite their solutions together at the end. •

jc+8>0 xe [-8, + °°)

a) x + 2>0 => xe [-2, + °o)=>xe [-2, l ) .

x + 8 > ( x + 2)2 xe (-4, l)

fx + 8 > 0 [xe [-8, +oo) , v

bH / [=>xe [-8, - 2 ) .
[x+2 <0 [xe ( - o o , - 2 )

Thus, x e [ - 8 , - 2 ) u [ - 2 , l ) or x e [-8, l ) is the final solution.

Exercises
1. Solve forx

fx 2 < 9 fx 2 + 5 x - 6 < 0
a) ; b)
[x>0 [x +4x<0

2. Solve the following irrational inequalities

a)Vx+l<2; b) х > л / 2 х - 1 ;

с) л / 2 х - 1 > х ; d) V x + T > v 3 - x ;

e) л/х2 + x - 1 2 < x .

142
3. Solve

2x x I 5-x
а) — > b) >-i;
x - 1 x—1 x+1 Vx-10

c) *Jx + 2 >x; d) 4x 2 + x - 2 > x - 2 .

4. Find the solution л/х2 - 5 5 x + 2 5 0 < x - 1 4 .

5. Solve

a) V x - 4 = 12; b) л/х-3 = 4 ;

c) -Jx + 2 = - 3 ; d) V x + 2 = x ;

e) Vx + 1=4; f) V x - 2 = 3 .

6. Find the solutions

а) л / 2 х - 1 - л / х + 2 = 0 ; b) V x - V x + 3 = 1 -

7. Find the roots

a) V x + ^ / x - 2 = 0 ; b) Vx + V * - 6 = 0 ;

c) x 2 + x + V x 2 + x = 2 .

8. If x0 is a root of х - т / х + 2 - 1 0 = 0 , what is the value of

л/*о+2?

9. Solve the equations

a) V l 6 - V * + 2 = 4 ; b) + 3 =2.

10. Find x in +tf7-sJ7=7.

143
Homework

1. Solve

(x + 2 ) ( 2 - x ) < ( x + 3 ) ( 4 - x )
a) 3+x l-2x.
->1

b) (x-l)4x2 —x—2 >0 .

2. How many whole roots does the inequality л/в + 2x-x2 >6-
have?

3. Solve

a) V x Z 3 = 2; b) -s/jc = 2-x;

c) X-1 = 4X+5; d) 2^x+5=x+2.

4. Find the roots

a) V X - 3 W J C - 1 8 = 1 ; b) / £ ± i = V 2 x - l ;
V x-1

c) -v/l6--v/x+l = 3 .

5. Find the product of roots of л/ 2 x 2 + 1 7 = X 2 + 1 .

6. Solve the equations

a) x 2 + l l W x 2 + 1 1 = 4 2 , ; b) Л/JC-S + 6 = 5%[x-5 ;

c) Vx + 7 = V 3 x - 2 - 1 .

144
145
 Doubt is the key to knowledge.
Persian Proverb

IV.5. Equations and inequalities involving absolute values

Terms

1. a b s o l u t e value - absolyut qiymat | абсолютное значение;

2. critical point - kritik nuqta | критическая точка;
3. modular e q u a t i o n - modulli tenglama | модульное уравнение;
4. symbol - belgi, simvol | символ;
5. to b e identical to - aynan o'xshash bo'lmoq | быть
тождественным;
6. to verify - tekshirib ko'rmoq | проверить;
7. e x a m p l e - m i s o l | пример;
8. at the same time - bir vaqtda | в то же время;
9. r u l e - q o i d a | правило;
10. in front of - oldi | перед, впереди.

Learning Objectives
- to be able to identify absolute value equations and inequalities
and to find their critical points;
- to know how to solve equations and inequalities involving
absolute values.

Absolute value

For example,

|3| = 3, 1-31 = 3, |-15| = 15, |0| = 0, |2-5| = 3, |(l-3) 2 | = 4 .

146
Modular equations and their solutions
ew>o Шх)>о

1) И*)| = QM => P(x) > 0 u • P(x) < 0

[P[x) = Q(x) \-P(x) = Q(x)
where P (x) and Q (x) are the algebraic expressions.

2) \P(x}=.Q{x)=^P{x) = ±Q{x),
where P (x) and Q (x) are the algebraic expressions. After solving
the above equations, verify the found numbers against the
original modular equation.

Modular inequalities and their solutions

where P (x) and Q {x) are the algebraic expressions.

2) |P(x)| > Q(x) ^ P(x) > Q(x) u - P{x) > Q(x),

where P (x) and Q (x) are the algebraic expressions.

Examples
1. Solve the modular equation |x + 3| = 2 x .

• 1 st method: W e can expand the modular symbols, put negative

and positive signs in front of the right-hand side expression,
solve the two equations and then check the results.

x + 3 = ±2x=>

1) x + 3 = 2x and 2) x + 3 = - 2 x

l)x = 3 and 2)x = - l

But, only the first number satisfies the original equation,

therefore x = 3 is the final solution.

147
 2 nd method: The critical value of the module is -3, which divides
the number axis into two intervals. The absolute symbols of the
original equation can be expanded at each interval and solved.

2x20 2x>0
1) •x + 3 > 0 and 2) • x + 3 < 0
x + 3 = 2x - ( x + 3) = 2x

x>0 x>0
D - x>-3 and 2) • x < - 3
x=3 x= -l

l)x = 3 and 2) No solution. •

2. Solve the modular inequality |7x + 13|<5x + 21.

• The inequality can be expressed as two simultaneous linear

inequalities:

x<4
[7x+13 < 5x + 21
17 =>
|-(7X + 13)<5jc+21=> x > —

3. Solve the modular inequality |2x-3|>x.

• According to the relevant formula, the inequality will be identical

to the following union of two inequalities:

2x - 3 > x u - (2x - 3) > x =>

x > 3 и х<1=>

xe(-e»,l]u[3,+oo). •

148
Exercises

1. Solve for x

a) |*| = 3; b)3|x| = 12;

c)|x| = - 2 ; d)|x-5| = 3;

e)|x+4| = 2x; f) |x+l) = - 3 x ;

g)|2x-3| = x; h) |2x-3| = 3 - x .

2. Solve the absolute value equations

a) |x| = |2x-6|; b) |x + 3| + |2x-lj = 8;

c) x|x|+2x+l = 0.

3. Find the sum of all roots of

a) 2-3|x-5| = - 4 ; b) |3x-l| = |5-x|.

4. Solve the equations

a) |x 2 -l| + x = 5; b) |х-б| = |х 2 -5х + э|

5. Find the product of roots

а) |з-|2 + х|| = 1; b) |l-|l-x|| = 0.5.

6. Figure out the product of roots of x 2 -3|x|-40 = 0

7. Find the roots of

|x 2 +7x + 10| = |x2 +2x + 5|+|x+9|.

149
8. Solve

a) |*|<3; b)|x-3|<:2;

с) \2x-3\<x-l; d)|x|>3;

e) |лг—3|>2; f) \x-3\>2x.

9. Find the range of values of x for which |лг) < 4 and, at the same

time x 2 - 9 > 0 . Your answer should be given as the union of

two intervals.

10. Find the range of values of x for which 3|x-2|>4+|x-2| and, at

the same time 5 | x - l | - 1 0 < 2 0 - | x - l | . Your answer should be
given as the union of two intervals.

11. Find the solutions

a) |x2 + 5x| < б ; b) x 2 - | 5 x + 6 | < 0 .

Homework
1. Solve the equations

a) 2|x|-4 = 0 ; b) |x +1| = 2x + 1 ;

c) |3x-l|-2 = 0 .

2. What are the roots of

a) |x|+|x-l| = l ; b) x 2 ~ j x l = 0.

3. Solve for x

a) |3x-2|<7; b) jx2 — sj < 1 ;

c) |x + l | > 2 ; d) |5-2x|>l.

150
4. Find the range of values of x for which 12|x-l|>5+4|x-lj
expressing your answer as a union of intervals.

5. Solve the equation x + 5x—4 = 3 x - l .

Prefixes
Atto- 10" 18 = 0.000,000,000,000,000,001
Femto- 10 " 15 = 0.000,000,000,000,001
Pico- 10" 12 = 0.000,000,000,001
Nano- 10 ~ э = 0.000,000,001
Micro- 10 " 6 = 0.000,001
Milli- 10" s = 0.001
Centi- 10 _ i = 0.01
Deci- 10 _1 = 0.1
Hect-, hecto- 10 2 =100
Kilo- 10 3 = 1,000
Myria- 10 4 = 10,000
Mega- 10 6 =1,000,000
Giga- 10 s = 1,000,000,000
Tera- 10 u = 1,000,000,000,000
Penta- 10 " = 1,000,000,000,000,000
Eksa- 1018 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
Googol 10™

151
Chapter IV Answers, inequalities and simultaneous inequalities

IV.l. 1. d) 2. b). 3. a) x>2; b) x<4; с) x>-2.4. a) xe -2); b) xe -3]; c)

xe ( - » , 2). 5. a) x<10; b) x<7; c) x>6; d) x<-142/19. 6.1 and II. 7.p-q.
8. Between 32°F and 39.2°F. 9. a) {a-bf >0; b)
{a-bf {a2+b2)> 0 .10. a) xe [-6, +<*»]; b) xe (-«>, -1].
Homework: 1. x<w<y<z. 2. a) x>5; b) x>-2; c) y>-6. 3. a) x<42; b) x<-20/3.
4.450<£<750.5.10

IV.2.1. a) xe (3,7); b) xe (2/3, 2); c) xe 2/3); d) xe [3,6). 2. a); b) and c).

3. 6.4.3/2.
Homework: 1. -4.2.3.

IV.3.1. a) xe (0,1); b) xe [-1,1]; c) xe (-1, 0). 2. a) xe (0.5, 3.5); b) xe -

6)U(1, +<*>); c) xe [-5,10]. 3. a) xe ( - » , -2)U(1, b) xe(-3,0]U{1};
c) xe ( - « , -3)U(-2,4)U(4,5). 4. xe (-6,2).
Homework: 1. a)xe[—v/l8 , V l 8 ] ; b ) x e ( l - > / 5 , l + -y/5 ); c)xe(-2,1)U(1,
+«»); d) xe -4)U[-2, 7]. 2.5.

IV.4. 1. a) xe(0, 3]; b) xe(-4, 0). 2. a) xe[-l, 3); b) xe[0.5, 1)U(1, +«>); c)
xe 0; d) xe (1, 3]; e) xe (3,12). 3. a) xe (-1,1); b) xe [5,10); c) xe [-2,
2]; d) xe ( - « , -2)U[1, 4. xe (50, +<*.); 5. a) 256; b) 19; c) 0; d) 2;
e) 63; f) 83.6. a) 3; b) 0. 7. a) -8; 1; b) 4; c) (-l±V5")/2 .8.4. 9. a) -
2; b) 67.10.-1.75.
Homework: 1. a) xe ( - 8, -1]; b) xe [2, 2. xe (1,4]. 3. a) 19; b) 1; c) 4; d)
4.4. a) 0; b) 2; c) 48.5. --4.6. a) ±5; b) 0; c) 9.

IV.5.1. a) ±3; b) ±4; c) 0; d) 8; 2; e) 4; f) -1/4; g) 1; 3; h) 0; 2. 2. a) 2; 6; b) -

10/3; 2; c) l - S • 3. a) 10; b) -2; 1.5.4. a) -3; 2; b) 1; 3. 5. a) 0; b) -
0.9375.6. -64.7.1.8. a) (-3,3); b) [1, 5]; c) (2, 3); d) (-«>, -3)U(3,
+oo); e ) (-oo, 1)U(5, +~); f) (-°o, 1). 9. [-4, -3)U(3,4]. 10. (-4, Q)U(4,
6). 11. a) (-6, -3)U(-2,1); b) (-6, -1).
Homework: 1. a) ±2; b) 0; c) -1/3; 1. 2. a) [0,1] b) ±0.5; 0.3. a) ( - 5/3, 3); b)
(-3, - V7 )U( V7, 3); c) (-oo, —3)U(1, +«>); d) (-~>, 2)U(3, +<~). 4. ( —
3/8)11(13/8,+°°). 5. л/21-4 ; 1.

152
 It is possible to make a mistake by keeping silence.
English proverb

CHAPTER V. PROGRESSIONS

V.l. Arithmetic progressions

Terms
1. a sequence of numbers - sonlar ketma-
ketligi | последовательность чисел;
2. arithmetic progression - arifmetik
progressiya | арифметическая прогрессия;
3. common difference (of arithmetic progression) - (arifmetik
progressiya) ayirmasi | разность (арифметической прогрессии);
4. increasing (decreasing) - o'suvchi (kamayuvchi) | возрастающая
(убывающая);
5. л-th term (common t e r m ) - « - h a d (umumiy had)|«-fi член
(общий член);
6. bisector - bissektrisa | биссектриса;
7. angle-burchak | угол;
8. altitude-balandlik| высота;
9. a two-digit n u m b e r - i k k i xonali son| двузначное число;
10. degree -daraja, gradus | степень, градус.

Learning Objectives
- to be able to recognize and construct an arithmetic progression
[АРУ,
- to know how to use proper formulae to find the nth term, the
common difference and the sum of an arithmetic progression.

153
Arithmetic progression
ai, <7i + d,ai + 2d, ...

/ith term of an arithmetic progression

an =a1+d[n-1).

Sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression

Sm=b±°*..n or
2 2

Arithmetic mean of two terms of an arithmetic progression

_ "да+й '

(Note: The formula above is useful only when (m + n)/2 is a natural

number).

Examples
1. Find the first term and the sum of the first fifteen terms of the
arithmetic progression, whose fifth and seventeenth terms are
18 and 54, respectively.

• We will express the given terms through the «th term formula of
an arithmetic progression and then solve the simultaneous
equations
(a5 = 18 J a 1 + J - ( 5 - l ) = 18
| a17 = 54 ^ Ц +d • (l7 - 1 ) = 54 ^

+ 16d = 54 '

j12 d = 36 Гd = 3
( ^ + 16^ = 54 {«1=6'

154
 а1 + а1 +14 d
•15 =
2

6 + 6 + 14-3
•15 = 27 15 = 405. ш
2
2. What is the value of the fraction

10 + 20 + 30 +... + 200
30 + 60 + 90 + ... + 6 0 0 '

• The sequences of numbers 10, 20, 30, ..., 200 and 30, 60, 90, ...,
600 at the numerator and denominator form arithmetic
progressions. Therefore, we first find how many terms there are
at the numerator and denominator and use the sum formula to
find the two sums.

d = a2-a1 = 2 0 - 1 0 = 1 0 =>

a„ = + d(n - 1 ) = 200 =>

10+10(n—i)=2Q0=>n—2Q.

Similarly,

d* = b2-b1 = 6 0 - 3 0 = 30 =>

b„ =&! +d'(n-1)= 600

30 + 30(n - 1 ) = 600 n = 20.

.. S20 2Д00 1
Finally, -тг- = = -.•
S20 6,300 3

155
Exercises
1. Identify arithmetic progressions

a) 0, 4, 8,12,... b) 3,15, 27, 40

c) 53,42, 31, 20,... d) 2, 4, 8,16,....

2. In the arithmetic progression 12,15,... find

a) 5 th term; b) 30th term.

3. Write down the 6th term of the arithmetic progression 19,15,....
4. For the arithmetic progression ^ = 8 and d= 4. Calculate a10.
5. «Ю = 192 and d = 2 belong to an arithmetic progression. What is
the value of a 2 ?
6. йю = 13 and as = 18 are given for an arithmetic progression. Find
its common difference.
7. If an arithmetic progression has ax = 1 and d = 4, is the number
10091 a term of this progression?
8. Given that <3! = 8 and d = 4 in an arithmetic progression, find 5i 6 .
9. What is the arithmetic mean of the first 1,000 natural numbers?
10. The first row of a cinema contains 21 seats. In every other row
there are two more seats than in the previous row. How many
seats are there in the 40th row?
11. 7, alf <я3, a 4 , as, 22 are the first 6 terms of an arithmetic
progression. Find the sum a2 + a3 + a 4 + a5.
12. In an arithmetic progression a6 = 10 and S16 = 200. Find an-
13. Let ABC be a triangle whose angles, measured in degrees, are in
arithmetic progression. Let Л be the least of these angles and С
the largest. If the internal bisectors of A and С meet at I,
calculate the angle ZAIC. (Hint: The sum of internal angles of a
triangle is always equal to 180°).
14. In an arithmetic progression a-i = 5, d = 10 and the sum of the
first n terms is 32,000. Find n.
15. For the arithmetic progression the following holds true:
oi+a2+...+ai6+ai7=136. Find a6 + a12.

156
16. The 6 term of an arithmetic progression is four times less than
th
the 9 term and their sum is 20. Find the sum of the first nine
terms.
17. The numbers 3/2, 9/2, 15/2, 21/2 etc. are in arithmetic
progression. Find five consecutive terms of this progression
whose sum is 187.5.
18. An arithmetic progression consists of 21 terms; the sum of the
three terms in the middle is 129, and the sum of the last three
terms is 237. Find the arithmetic progression.
19. A grandfather gave a total of 1,000,000 soums (one million
Uzbek soums) to his five grandchildren. Starting with the
youngest, each got 20,000 soums more than the next younger
one. In other words, the youngest got one sum, the next got
20,000 soums more, and so on. How much did the youngest
grandchild get?
20. Evaluate the following sum

1 fl 2} (1 2 3^1 ( 1 2 99
— + + 3) - + ...+
- + U- + -4 + 4у + + ... + •
v3
2 1100 100 "" 100

21. Find the value of

1 2 - 4 + 2 - 4 8 + 3-6-12 + ...+ 20-40-80
1 - 3 - 9 + 2 - 6 - 1 8 + 3-9-27 + ...20-60-180 '

22. In much the same way as ( l + x) 2 = l + 2x + x2, it is known that if

we expand the expression (l+JC)100 as a polynomial in ascending
powers of x, we obtain an identity of the form

(l + x)m =a0 + axx + a2x2 +... + ag9x" + a100x100

where a g , ^ , ^ , . . . ^ , ^ ^ are suitable numbers (which you are

not required to find). Determine the value of the sum
a0 + + a2 +... + agg + alQQ.
23. Farrukh put 5 soums in a box on 1st January 2000, then 10
soums on 1st February 2000, 15 soums on 1st March 2000, 20
soums on 1st April 2000 and so on (increasing the amount by 5

157
 soums every month) until 1st of August 2008. How much money
was in the box immediately after 1st August 2008?

Homework
1. In the arithmetic progression 5, 12, 19 ... find the 10th and 50th
terms.
2. Find the sum of all two-digit natural numbers.
3. If the eleventh term of an arithmetic progression is 24, find S2i-
4. Let ABC be a triangle whose angles, measured in degrees, are in
arithmetic progression whose common difference is 20. Let A be
the least of these angles and С the largest. If the altitude from A
meets the internal bisector of С at the point D, calculate the
angle ZADC . (Hint: The sum of internal angles of a triangle is
always equal to 180°).
5. Find S5 - 35*4 +3S3 - S2, if Sn is the sum of the first n terms of an
arithmetic progression.
6. How many terms of the arithmetic progression 4,10, 16 ... must
be added to get 198?
7. Find A^if 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...+ JV= 1275.

158
Number systems

Binary Octal Decimal Hexadecimal

(base 2) (base 8) (base 10) (base 16)
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
10 2 2 2
11 3 3 3
100 4 4 4
101 5 5 5
110 6 6 6
111 7 7 7
1000 10 8 8
1001 11 9 9
1010 12 10 A
1011 13 11 В
1100 14 12 С
1101 15 13 D
1110 16 14 R
1111 17 15 F
10000 20 16 10
10001 21 17 11
10010 22 18 12
1100100 144 100 64
11111010111 3727 2007 7D7
Word play: There are 10 kinds of people in the world. Those who
understand binary and those who don't.

159
 Every truth passes through three stages before it is recognized. In the
first, it is ridiculed, in the second it is opposed,
in the third it is regarded as self-evident.
Arthur S c h o p e n h a u e r (1788-1860), G e r m a n philosopher

V.2. Geometric progressions

Terms
1. geometric progression - geometrik
progressiya | геометрическая прогрессия;
2. ratio (quotient) of a geometric progression - gbometrik
progressiyaning mahraji | знаменатель геометрической
прогрессии;
3. an infinitely descending geometric progression - cheksiz
kamayuvchi geometrik progressiya | бесконечно убывающая
геометрическая прогрессия;
4. consecutive - ketma-ket | последовательный;
5. t o form - tashkil etmoq | образовать;
6. t o plug into a formula - formulaga qo'ymoq | подставлять в
формулу;
7. t o check-tekshirmoq | проверять;
8. t o practice - mashq qilmoq | практиковать;
9. t o round a number - sonni yaxlitlamoq | округлять число;
10. t o analyze - tahlil qilmoq (анализировать.

Learning Objectives
- to be able to recognize and construct a geometric progression;
- to know how to use formulae to find the 77th term, the ratio and
the sum of a geometric progression.

160
Geometric progression
blt btf, btf2,...
/Ith term of a geometric progression bn = .

Geometric mean of two terms of geometric progression

(Note: The formula above is useful only when {m + n)/2 is a natural

number).

Sum of all terms of an infinitely descending geometric progression:

1 -q

Examples
1. Find the first term and the sum of the first 11 terms of the
geometric progression; whose fifth and tenth terms are 48 and
1,536, respectively.

• W e will express the given terms through the nth term formula of
a geometric progression.

161
2. Find the ratio of the infinitely descending geometric progression,
whose sum is 3 times the sum of its first three terms.

• The following equation represents the given condition:

5 = 3-5 3 = >К- ^ =
= 33-
q-1 q-1

q
3 . ( i - q f

Exercises
1. Identify geometric progressions

a) 2,4, 8,16,... b) 64, 32,16,...

c) 1,5,10,... d) 2, - 2, 2, - 2
2. In the geometric progression 5,10, 20,... find b10 and S10.
3. In the geometric progression b2 = 6 and b5 = 162 compute b-i and

4. What is the sum 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 128 + 256 + 512 equal to?

5. The first term of a geometric progression is 150 and the fourth is
1.2. Find the fifth term.
6. In a geometric progression q--2 and S5 = 5.5. Find bs.
7. Insert three numbers between the numbers 1 and 256 so that all
five numbers form a geometric progression.
8. The difference between the first and sixth terms of a geometric
progression is 1,210 and q = 3. Find Ss.
9. In a geometric progression bx = 2 and q- 2. How many terms of
the progression are needed to make their sum equal to 1,022? .
10. = and q = 0.5 in an infinitely descending geometric
progression. Find S.
11. bx = 2 and q = - 0.5 of an infinitely descending geometric
progression. Find b4 and S.
12. Find the sum 512 + 256 + ... + 2. Compare your solution with the
one in question 4 above.
162
13. If Ьг = 2 and S = 5, find q.
14. 6 3 = 2 and b6 = 0.25 in an infinitely descending geometric
progression. Find S.

15. Solve the equation д/xyjxyfxZ = 2009 .

16. The sum of an infinitely descending geometric progression is 32
and the sum of the first five terms is 31. Find the common ratio
of the progression.
17. Find the common ratio of an infinitely descending geometric
progression, whose first term is five times greater than the sum
of all consecutive terms.
35 35 35
18. Calculate the sum 2 + + + + •••.
100 10000 1000000

19. I f q = 0.5 a n d S 6 = ~ , find bs.

20. Can three numbers form both arithmetic and geometric

progression at the same time?

Homework
1. Write down the 6 th and 20th terms of the geometric progression
2, 6,18 ....
2. 63 = 0.1 and b7 = 8.1 in a geometric progression. Find bx and 5 4 .
3. It is known that А, В, С are the a t h , bth, cth terms of a geometric
progression, respectively. Show that Ab~c-Bc~a •Ca~b = 1 .
4. Is the number 72.9 a term of the geometric progression 0.1, 0.3,
0.9...? If yes, what term is it?
5. bi = 8 and q = 0.5 of an infinitely descending geometric
progression. Find S.
6. What is the sum 4 3 2 + 7 2 + 1 2 + 2 + ...? .
7. The sum of the first four terms of an infinitely descending
• -80 1
geometric progression is — and q = — . Find the first term.

8. What is the sum of the first 10 terms of the geometric

progression 1, - 2, 4...?

163
Mathematical symbols
Symbol. Date Meaning Author
+ plus or positive
1489 Y. W i d m a n
- minus or negative
1525 square root K. Rudolf
= equal to
1557 P. Record
t not equal to
X multiplied by W . Oughtred
> 1631 greater than
Th. Harriot
< less than
log 1632 logarithm B. Cavalieri
± 1634 perpendicular to P. Herigone
со 1655 infititv J. Wallis
8 1675
differential
G. Leibniz
! integral
1677 parallel to W . Oughtred
is to (ratio)
1684
divided by G. Leibniz
*
1698 multiplied by

n 1706 ratio of circumference to its diameter W.Jones

fix) 1734 function

e 1736 base of natural logarithm
sin 1748
sine
cos cosine . L. Euler

tan 1753 tangent

A 1755
difference
I s u m of
fix), v' 1770 derivative J. Lagrange
! 1808 factorial Ch. Kramp
П 1812 product of G. Gauss

w 1841 absolute value K. Weierstras

lim 1853 limit W . Hamilton
= 1857 identically equal to B. Rieman
= 1882 approximately equal to A. Gunter
U union of
1888
n intersection of J. Peano

G 1895 belonging

164
Chapter V Answers. Progressions

V.l. 1. a) and c). 2. a) 24; b) 99. 3. -1. 4. 44. 5. 174. 6. -1. 7. No. 8. 604. 9.
500.5. 10. 99. 11. 58. 12. 15. 13. 120°. 14. 80. 15. 16. 16. 0. 17. 11;
12; 13; 14; 15. 18. ^=3; d=4. 19. 160,000. 20. 2,475. 21. 8/27. 22.
2100. 1st method: use geometric progression referring to the Pascal
triangle; 2nd method: plug the number 1 for x in (1+jc)100. 23. 27,300.
Homework: 1. 68; 348. 2.4,905.3. 504. 4.130°. 5.0. 6. 25. 7.50.

V.2.1. a); b) and d). 2. 2,560; 5,115. 3. 2; 3.4.1,022. 5. 0.6. 6. 8. 7.4,16, 64

or - 4, 16, - 64. 8. 605. 9. 9. 10. 2^2 . 11. - 0.25; 4/3. 12. 1022. 13.
0.6. 14.16. 15. 2,009. 16. 0.5.17.1/6.18. 2.35 .19. 1. 20. Yes, if the
numbers are all equal.
Homework: 1. 486; 2 • 320. 2. 3; 4/9 and - 3; - 2/9. 3. Denote A = bx-q"'1;
B = b1qb~1; С = b^q0'1.4. Yes, 7th. 5.16. 6. 518.4. 7. 2. 8.1,023.

165
 Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seen and
thinking what nobody has thought.
Albert Gyorgyi (1893-1986), Hungarian-born American biochemist

CHAPTER VI. Functions

VI.l. Linear functions

Terms
1. straight line - to'g'ri chiziq | прямая линия;
2. the Cartesian system of coordinates - Dekart koordinatalar
sistemasi|fleKapToro система координат;
3. gradient, a slope - burchak koeffitsiyenti | градиент, угловой
коэффициент;
4. an increasing (decreasing) function - o'suvchi (kamayuvchi)
funktsiya | возрастающая (убывающая) функция;
5. the graph of a function - funktsiya grafigi | график функции;
6. a quadrant (a quarter) - kvadrant (koordinata
choragi) | квадрант (координатная четверть);
7. function domain (function range) - funktsiyaning aniqlanish
(qiymatlar) sohasi | область определения (область значения)
функции;
8. to draw (sketch, plot) a graph - grafik chizmoq | начертить
график;
9. to create a table of values - qiymatlar jadvalini tuzmoq | создать
таблицу значений;
10. to plot points - nuqtalarni joylashtirmoq (belgilamoq) | отмечать
точки.

Learning Objectives
- to know how to draw the graph of a linear function;
- to be able to determine if two lines are parallel or perpendicular
to each other and to identify an increasing or decreasing
function.

166
Linear function
y = ax+b,
where a is the slope and b is an intercept.

Gradient of a line
tbx\(p = a,
where (p is the angle between the line and the x-axis and a is the
gradient.

Equation of the straight line passing through the points A(x1,y1)

and B(x2,y2)
У-Уг _
Уг ~ У\ х2 ~~ xi

For - kLx + bx and у2 = кгх+b2, if

1) кх-к2, then ^ И ^ (These lines are parallel).

Z) кгкг =-1, then yx l y 2 (These lines are perpendicular).

For у-кх+b, if
1) k>0, then у t (This function is an increasing function);

2) k< 0, then >'4 (This function is a decreasing function);

3) k = 0) у = const (This function is a constant function).

Examples

1. Draw the graph of the linear functions and show the point of
intersection clearly:
x + 2y = b and 2x-y-2
• We create tables of values of x and у to identify some points of
the straight lines. (Two points for each are enough).

167
 л: y = - 0.5x + 3 Points
-4 (-0.5)(-4) + 3 = 5 A(- 4,5)
-3 (-0.5H-3) + 3 = 4.5 В ( - 3, 4.5)
-2 4 С (-2, 4)
-1 3.5 Z)(-1,3.5)
0 3 £(0,3)
1 2.5 F ( - 1,2.5)
2 2 G ( - 2 , 2)
3 1.5 1,1.5)
4 1 /(-2,1)

X j = 2x-2 Points
-4 2(-4)-2 = -10 J(-4,-10)
-3 2(- 3) - 2 = - 8 K(-3,-8)
-2 -6 I (-2,-6)
-1 -4 M(-l,-4)
x
0 -2 JV(0,-2)
1 0 С (1,0)
2 2 P(2, 2)
3 4 Q(3, 4)
4 6 Л (4, 6)

Now, we plot the points on the plane.

1 - R\
A й
D .
В С .
t У
^ 4 LI
F ГG
О .
Z I
л1 .
N
U
Л .
I -1 -> I i ? ) } I
N
Г
„ С .
У ' 11 - 0
R
-И
[ 7 .
-8 - -*-y=-0.Sx +3
К Q -
-У
- |U —•—.У = 2х-2
J Л1 .
 The graph above shows that the point of intersection is G (2, 2)
o r P (2, 2). •

2. Find the equation of the straight line, which passes through the
points A(-2,3) and B(l,-l).

• 1 st method: Use the formula to determine the equation.

y- 3 _ x - ( - 2 ) y-Z _x + 2
— 1 — 3 ~ 2 —(—2) -4 ~ 4

у - 3 = - x - 2 => у = -x +1

2 nd method: The equation of a straight line is y = ax + b. If a

point belongs to a line, then the coordinates of the point satisfy
the equation of that line. So, if we plug the coordinates of the
given two points into the general equation we end with the
following simultaneous linear equations:

[3 = a - ( - 2 ) + A |3 = - 2 a + b
\-l = a-2 + b 4 - 1 = 2a + b
(+) =

[ - 1 = 2a + b [ - l = 2a + l [6 = 1

Thus, у = - x + l . •

Exercises
1. Indicate the following points on the Cartesian plane
A (2,3); В (1,-4); С (-3,1); D[- 2,-3).
2. Identify linear function
a)-;; = 2x + 5; b ) ^ = x2 + 3 x - 4 ;
3
c)4x + 2y = 5; d )x + y = x .
3. Draw the graph of the following linear functions
a)j; = 3 x - 2 ; b)j = -x+l;
c)y = -2; d)x = - 3 .

169
4. Drawthelirie у = дг+1, if the function domain is [ - 2 , 2 ] .

5. From the graph below point out the range of values of JC for
which the function obtains
a) negative values b) values no less than - 2.

e. -
лI .

и
1 3 . h I «I )
4 \ tI 5 fi

.-5
•o

KA
t •

к .
—•—у = OSx - 2

6. In which quadrants is the graph of у = ax + b located if

a)a>0and6<0; b)a<0and6>0;
с) a > 0 and b = 0; d) a = 0 and b < 0?
7. For what value of к does the graph of у = kx- 5 pass through the
point
aM(4,3); b) В ( - 2, 6)?
8. Write down the equation of the line which passes through the
points
a) (2, 2) and (5, 5); b) (1, 3) and (4,12);
c) ( - 2 , - 3 ) and (5,11).
9. Solve the simultaneous linear equations graphically
f y = 2x + l
•\y = -2-x'
10. On what values of t do the points A (3, 8), В (9, t) and С ( - 5, 0)
lie on the same straight line?
11. Investigate whether the two lines are parallel or perpendicular
а) ух = 2x + 3; y2 = 2x - 2;

170
 b) yi = 4x +1; y2 = - 0.25л; - 2.
12. For what values of Лаге the lines y = 2x/3-2 and y = kx+2

a) parallel;
b) perpendicular?
13. Find the values of & for which

/ ( X ) = (fc-l);T + & 2 - 3 , +OO):

a) increases; b) decreases;
c) is constant.
14. Find the equation of the straight line which passes through
a) (3, 7) and has a gradient of 1;
b) (2, 8) and has a gradient of 3.
15. A firm that manufactures calculators experienced a decline in
calculator sales for a 5-month period, as shown in the table
below.
Sales
Month
(in 1,000,000 soums)
July 18.6
August 17.4
September 16.2
October 15.0
November 13.8
a) Express the relationship between time [t) and sales (s) as a
linear function.
b) If sales continue to decline at the same rate, what would be
the company's sales, in million soums, for December?
16. The cost of sending a package is 30 cents per ounce in addition
to a basic fee of 5 dollars. If integer x represents the .weight in
ounces of a certain package, which of the following represents
the cost, in dollars, of sending the package?
a) 5 * + 0.30; b) (5 + x)-0.30;

c) 5 - 0 . 3 0 x ; d)0-30x + 5;
e) 0.7Ox + 5.
171
17. The graph below shows Saida's distance from home [A) to work
(F) at various times during her drive.

Saida's distance from home (A) to work (F)

о
E
о
I?

£ E
У
И
Ф —1
о
с I1 i>
ш

N
(Я
О

10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (min)

a) Saida left her briefcase at home and had to return to get it.
State which point represents when she turned back around to
go home and explain how you arrived at that conclusion.
b) Saida also had to wait at the railroad tracks for a train to pass.
How long did she wait?
18. The graph below shows the increase in height of a tree over a
number of years. Express the relationship between time and
height of the tree in terms of a linear function.

900

800
700-
II (6, 720)
600
500

га 4 0 0
'а»
1
300 A (1, 300)
200
100
0
3 4
Years

172
19. In an experiment, t ie following measurements were made:
X 5 10 15 30 40 60 90
У 30 50 70 130 200 250 370
Theoretical predictions indicate that x and у are related linearly.
It is also thought that one measurement is incorrect. Draw a
suitable graph to
a) find the wrong point;
b) predict the value of у for x = 75.

Homework
1. Draw the graph of the linear functions
a) y = 2x-l) b)y = -x/3 + l; c)y = 0.
2. Complete this table for the line >> = 4 x - 5
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
У
3. What is the gradient of the line joining the points
a) (3, 5) and (5, 9); b) ( - 6,4) and ( - 3,1).
4. In what quadrant do the lines >> = 2x + l and y = -2-х meet?

5. Find the equation of the straight line which passes through

a) ( 4 , - 4 ) and has a gradient o f - 1 ;
b) points^ ( - 1 , 3 ) and В (3,1).
6. For what values of a and b is there no solution to
fax - 5 у = -1 ?
[6x + 15y = b + 3'
7. Check if
X
a) the lines y = 2x-l and y = -—+3 are parallel or

perpendicular;
b) the lines y = 15x + 23 and y = - 2 8 x + 1 4 are increasing or
decreasing.

173
8. Nigora's monthly salary is determined by the formula
s = 8 5 , 0 0 0 + 0 . l x , where x is the total a m o u n t of her monthly sales,
both expressed in s o u m s . If the total of Nigora's sales for July
w a s 400,000 soums, w h a t w a s her salary that m o n t h ?

9. Rahimjon has 60,000 s o u m s at present and earns 1,000 s o u m s

per hour. Write d o w n an equation of the linear function of his
budget in terms of hours worked.

10. In an experiment the following values have been found

X 0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 .

У 5 6.5 10.5 11 12.5

It is t h o u g h t that these values fit a linear formula у = Ax + B, but

one of the values in the table is wrong. Plot the values of the
table to find the w r o n g value and thus find the value of the
constants A and B.

• I .. 1 , r I 1 I I I 1 I I1 I1 I1 11 I1 .1 I1 I1 I1 •1 • ' I1 • ' J1 •1 •1 • ' .1 L1 •1 . ' . ' . ' • ' • ' • ' • ' . ' • ' .

SI.
The International System of Units (or Systeme International d'Unites
- SI) is the current form of the metric system that has been in use
since 1960.

The seven base SI units:

Unit Symbol Quantity

meter in length/distance
kilogram kg mass
ampere a electric current
Kelvin К thermodynamic temperature
candela cd luminosity
second s (or sec) time
mole mol amount of substance

174
 In questions of science, the authority of a thousand is not worth that
humble reasoning of a single individual.
Galileo Galilee (1564-1642), Italian physicist and astronomer

VI.2. Quadratic functions

Terms

1. quadratic function - kvadrat funktsiya | квадратичная функция;

2. parabola-parabola| парабола;
3. coordinates - koordinatalar | координаты;
4. vertex of parabola - parabola uchi | вершина параболы;
5. the лг-axis (y-axis) - abtsissa (ordinata) o'qi | ось абсциссы
(ординаты);
6. symmetrical axis of parabola - parabolaning simmetriya
chizig'i | ось симметрии параболы;
7. to be located (situated) at-joylashmoq|paa^oraTbCfl,
находиться;
8. a charactersitic point - xarakteristik nuqta | характеристическая
точка;
9. jc-intercept (y-intercept) o'qini (y o'qini) kesish nuqtasi |точка
пересечения с осью х (с осью у);
10. distance - masofa | расстояние, дистанция.

Learning Objectives
- to identify a quadratic function;
- to know how to find the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola
and to draw the graph of a quadratic function.

Quadratic function

y = ax2 л-Ьхл-с,
where a, b and с are constant numbers.

175
The branches of a parabola y = ax2 +bx+c look
1) up u , if the coefficient a > 0
2) down n , if the coefficient a < 0.

Vertex of a parabola y = ax2 +bx + c

Examples

1. Draw the curve of the parabola y = x2-2x-3.

• 1 st method. Create a table of values of x and y, indicate the

points on the plane and draw the curve (parabola) through these
points.
X у = xz-2x-3 Points
2
-3 ( - 3) - 2(- 3) - 3 = 12 A(- 3,12)
-2 ( - 2)2 - 2(- 2) - 3 = 5 В (-2, 5)
-1 ( - 1 ) 2 - 2(-1) - 3 = 0 C ( - l , 0)
0 02 - (2)(0) - 3 = - 3 D( 0 , - 3 )
1 l 2 - (2)(1) - 3 = - 4 E{ 1 , - 4 )
2 22 — (2)(2) — 3 = - 3 F( 2 , - 3 )
3 32 - (2)(3) - 3 = 0 G(3,0)
4 42 - (2)(4) - 3 = 5 Я (4, 5)
5 52 - (2)(5) - 3 = 12 /(5, 12)

176
 1о •
о л 19
IZ . I о
1I 1I .*
1Л
Iи .
о
у -.
я
о •
7г ".
в R .
О Н
О
А .-
Ч
о ".
О ' /

о х
1
С 1 - С.
I п
\ л .
г ) $
г
.3% D
тк F \у * т

— J = JCV -2X-S

2nd method. Find all characteristic points of the parabola, which

enable us to spot the parabola more efficiently. We focus on the
three characteristic points:

a)jc-interceptj> = 0:

x2 - 2 x - 3 = 0 = > x 1 = - 1 ; x2 = 3 = >

A(-1, 0); В (3,0).

b)^-interceptx = 0:

j; = 0 2 - 2 - 0 - 3 = - 3 = >

С (0, -3).
c) Vertex of the parabola:

b 62Л
V —с / -V
У 2a 4a j

178
2. The graph of a quadratic function Is given below. Find the
equation of the function that represents this graph.

Э •
__ О .

к
С
\
J О•
\\
ОИ
О .
А
\
. \
A в
{
\\
W
1 i D 1 I 1) 1 3

//
О .
Л -

• The general form of the quadratic equation is y = ax2 +bx+c .

The four characteristic points are A ( - 3, 0), В (1, 0) С (0, 6) and
V (-1, 8). These points belong to the parabola, which means
their coordinates satisfy the equation of the parabola. So,

178
 а-(-3)2+6-(-3)+с = 0 9a-3b + c-0

a-(l)2+6-(l)+c = 0 a+b+c=0

a-(of+b-(o)+c = 6 c-6

9а-ЗЬ + б = 0 a = -2
a+b + 6 = 0 => Л = - 4 .
c= 6 c =6

So, y = - 2 x -4x+6.

Exercises

1. Identify quadratic functions

а)у = 4x2 + + 5; b) 7x-5x2-11 + y = 0;

c)Sx + 2y = 3y+2x + ll; d )y = x-x2.

2. If f ( x ) = x2 -2х + Ъ, find

a)7(3); b)/(-l); c)/(л/2+l).

3. For what value of к will the following be true if

2
f ( x ) = 4x +2kx + k—2 ?

a) / ( - l ) = - 2 ; b) / ( 2 ) = - 4 .

4. Draw the graph of

а) j = * 2 ; b) y = Sx2;

с) y = x2-l; d) y = ~x2 + 1 ;

e) 7 = x 2 + 2* + 2; f) у = x2 + Ъх-Ъ-,'

g)>' = (3X-9)(JC + 1); h ) ^ = {2дг-1)2 +1.

179
5. For what value of к does the graph of / ( x ) = fac2+3 pass
through the point

a) A (1,4); b) 5 ( 2 , 5 ) ?

6. Find the smallest value of the function y = x2- 6x + 7.

7. The point M ( 2 , 5) belongs to the parabola y = - x 2 +ax: + 5. Find

the у coordinate of its vertex.

8. For what value of b does the parabola y = x2 + f o + 4 touch the

x-axis?

9. The graph of у = 4(JC - 2)(x + 3) cuts the x-axis at two points P

and Q. What is the length of the line segment PQ?

10. Determine the range of the function y = -x2 +6*-12.

11. Find the distance between the origin and the axis of symmetry of
the parabola y = x2-5x+19 .

12. If the point Л (2, 3) is the vertex of the parabola y = x2 +bx+c,

find b and c.

13. Show the interval for which the functions below increase

a)y = x2+l) b)y = -x2+4;

с) y = x 2 + 2 x + Z.

14. For what value of t does the parabola у = Ъх2 -Ax + St have two
common points with the Jt-axis?

15. For what values of m does the graph of

y = (m + 4)x2 - 2 ( m + 2)x +1

lie above the x-axis?

180
16. Find the intersection points of the graphs y = -x2+2x and
y=x-2.

17. An architect is designing a museum entranceway in the shape of

a parabolic arch represented by the equation у = - x 2 + 20x,
where 0 <x < 20 and all dimensions are expressed in feet. Sketch
a graph of the arch and determine its maximum height, in feet.
(1 foot = 12 inches = 30.48cw).

Homework

1. If / ( j t ) = j t 2 + j c + l , find/(3.5).

2. Find the coordinates of the vertex of the following parabolas

а) у = x2 - 6x + 7; b) у = x2 + 4x + 4 .

3. Find the greatest value of y = l + 2x-x2.

4. Draw the graphs of

a) y = 2(x-2f -1; - b) j = -(x+l) 2 .

5. For what values of x will the values of the function y = x2 be

greater than 9?

6. In what quadrants is the graph of the function y = -2x2 +4x-8

located at?

7. Show the interval where the graph of the function decrease:

a) y = x2 + 4 x + 5 ; b ) ^ = jc2+2x.

8. Find the equation of the function from the graphs below

181
 \
3

\\
у

V i

а)

9. Farkhod is in a car at the top of a roller-coaster ride. The

distance, d, of the car from the ground as the car descends is
determined by the equation d = 144 - 16f2, where t is the
number of seconds it takes the car to travel down the ride. How
many seconds will it take Farkhod to reach the ground?

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I r 1' I' I' I' I ' 1' I' I ' 111 ' I 1 I ' I ' I 1I II I I I I I I I I
Conversion formulas
Conversion from imperial to metric:

Length: 1 inch (in) = 2.54cm

1 foot (ft) = 30.48cm
1 yard (yd) = 91.4cm
1 mile (mi) = 1.61km

Weight: 1 ounce (oz) = 28.35 grams

1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilograms

Temperature: Fahrenheit (°F), Celsius (°C), Kelvin (°K).

°F=[°Cx 1.8)+ 32,
°C = °K- 273.16

182
 I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but
World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955), German-born American physicist

VI.3. Polynomial and exponential functions

Terms
1. polynomial (power) function - darajali funktsiya | степенная
функция;
2. curve - egri chiziq | кривая;
3. asymptote - assimptota | ассимптота;
4. hyperbola - giperbola | гипербола;
5. exponential function - ko'rsatkichli funktsiya | показательная
функция;
6. symmetrical - simmetriyaviy | симметричный;
7. p r o p e r t y - x o s s a | свойство;
8. graphical (analytical) method of solution - grafik (analitik)
yechish usuli | графический (аналитический) метод решения;
9. table of values o f x a n d j - x vay ning qiymatlar jadvali|Ta6flH4a
значений x и у;

10. plane-tekislik | плоскость.

Learning Objectives
- to recognize the degree of a function and exponential functions;
- to know how to draw the graph of a polynomial function and an
exponential function;
- to be able to solve equations and inequalities containing
exponential functions.

Polynomial function

у = ax",
where a and n are constant numbers.

183
Exponential function

y = ax,

where a > 0 and а Ф 1 ,

Properties of exponential functions у - a x

1) If a> 1 , t h e n it is an increasing function;

2) If 0 < a < 1, t h e n it is a decreasing function.

Exponential inequalities and their solutions

\P{x)<Q{x\if a>l
1) ap{x)<a
P{x)>Q{x),ifO<a<l'
where P (x) and Q (x) are the algebraic expressions.

[Р(лг)>^(4//0<й<1

where P (x) and Q jx) are the algebraic expressions.

Examples

з
1. Draw the graph of the third degree polynomial function у = 2x
for xe [ - 2 ; З].

• W e create a table of values of x and y, where the range of x is

b e t w e e n - 2 and 3.

X У = 2х3 Points
-2 2(— 2)3 = —16 A ( - 2,-16)
-1 2(-1)3 = - 2 B(-l,-2)
0 2(0)3 = 0 C(0, 0)
1 2(1)3 = 2 D (1, 2)
2 2(2)3 = 16 E{ 2, 16)
3 2(3) 3 = 54 F(3, 54)

184
We then plot the points on the plane and sketch the graph
through these points.

- ьи -
cc
30 . i _
*
OZ
40
AA .
44
AC\
4U .
OO
OZ
ZO
OA .
on
zu .
•Ifi E
10 .
IZ
0 .
0
A . гС D /
Ц
В _A -
3 2 1
-0
1) i \ Jf
- Л0
IZ *.
A~j
—-16- —*—y = 2xA3
—

The graph of the function y = a-2x +b is given below. Find the

values of a and b.

1о
1
I Z9 •i
/
г
11 Л
1 j.
1 Л
1 и --
a
у -
о
о
7 „
/ Э

ffi
0
А
ц *-
о .
О
о
Z "
I
п
л,
э -A - * -1i - ^ 1) - 3

185
• The points j(o, 7) and B(l, l l ) lie on the graph, therefore the
coordinates of the points must satisfy the equation:

|7 = a - 2 ° + 6 - 4 = -a Ja = 4
1 H - l l = 2a + 6 | 6 = 3"
\ll = a-2 +b

y = 4-2x+3=>y = 2x+2+3.

3. Solve the inequality >1.

• Express both sides in the same base and use the formula.

1
>1=> - 1 =>jc3 - 9 x < 0 = >
v3 чЗ,

х ( х - 3 ) ( х + 3 ) < 0 = > х б ( - ° ° ; - з ) и ( 0 ; з).

Exercises
1. Fory = 3x3, find
a)/(l); b)/(-3); . c)/(V5).

2. Draw the graph of the following functions

a)y=2; b)j = 3x; c) y = 2x2;

d) y=-; e) y = x3; f)j/ = x4.

3. The domain of f ( x ) = x3+ 2 is - 1 < x < 3. Find its range.

4. For what value of к does the graph of the function y = kx3+ 2

pass through the point В (-2,10)?
5. Draw the graph of the exponential functions

a) y = 2 ;
x
b) y = c)y = 3x.

186
6. Solve

'lY f 1л3
а) 2х >2 b) С) 3X>9X-,

d) 29X~X > 1 ; e) (0.3)* 2 - 3 <(0.09)\

7. Solve the equations

a) 5"r = 125 ; b)
\8J 64

с) З х ( з х - и ) = - 2 7 ; d) 2 2 j r - 5 - 2 * = 24.

8. Solve the equation r = 42X~1.

9. Find the range of values of x for which 24лг x

> 1 , expressing
your answer as the union of 2 intervals.
10. Solve the equations

a) 7 2 д г - 9 2 ' = 6 - 7 2 * - 6 - 9 2 * ; b) 2' 2 " 3 -S* 2 " 3 = 0 . 0 1 - ( l 0 ^ -

Homework

1. Draw the graph of

a) y = x 3 - l ; b) j; = x 4 + l .

1 2
2. Draw the graphs of the functions y = -x and y = ~ on the
2 x
same axes. From the graph indicate the coordinates of
intersection points.
3. Draw the graph of

a) ^ = 4*; b) y = 2
x
+1.
4. Solve the equations

a) 2 * + 3-2 =6.5; b) 2 +2 +2 = 448.

5. Solve the equation 53X + 9-10 3 * = 103* + 9 - 5 3 * .

187
6. Find the range of values of x that satisfy
5 4 М-2. 5 -зН-З< 5 11-И_

7. Find the sum of roots = 1.8.

3
v y

Famous problems
1. Gauss's problem about 8 chess queens. Is it possible to locate
eight queens on a chessboard so that none of them stands under
attack from another? Gauss found 76 solutions; in fact there are 92.
2. Division of circle (circumference) into n equal parts. An ancient
problem of dividing a circle (circumference) with only ruler and
compass.
3. Commisvoyageur's problem (the problem of the traveling
trader). Simplest case: There are n cities and the distance between
every two cities is known. A trader must depart from one city, visit
the other n-1 cities and return to the original city. In what sequence
should the trader visit the cities (once each) so that the total
distance is the least? There are many types of such problems:
products delivery to stores, stretching electroenergic lines to
customers, etc. In general, the method of solving such problem is to
check all options.
4. Narayana's problem (India, 14th century). A cow bears a calf
every year. The calf grows and at three years old it starts to bear a
calf itself. How many cattle will descend from a cow in 20 years?
5. Ananiya's problem (Armenia, 7 th century). There is a pool in
Athens, which has three trenches supplying water. The first trench
fills the pool in one hour, the second in two hours and the third in
three hours. How much of the pool will be filled in one hour if all
three trenches are opened?
Answers: 4. 2,475. 5. 6/ll t h part of the pool.

188
 Famous problems
6. P y t h a g o r a s ' students. W h e n Pythagoras w a s asked to state the n u m b e r of
his students, he replied: "Half of m y students study mathematics, o n e fourth
study the natural science, one seventh spend their time in quiet a n d the rest
are three girls". H o w m a n y students were there?

7. T o w e r of Hanoi. According to legend, the priests have to transfer f r o m one

place to another a t o w e r of 64 different sized g o l d e n disks, o n e disk at a time
ending with the largest and the smallest disks at the bottom and top
respectively. The disks are fragile therefore a larger disk can never be placed
o n a smaller disk. There is an additional location where the disks can be
temporarily placed. It is said w h e n the priests complete their task the temple
will collapse and the world will vanish. The simplified version of the problem
can be solved with 5 disks as s h o w n below. Find the least n u m b e r of m o v e s
required t o transfer all 5 disks t o the pole o n the right.

8.
L
Officer p r o b l e m . H o w can a delegation of six regiments, each of which
s e n d s a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel, and major, a captain, a lieutenant, and a
sub-lieutenant be arranged in a regular 6x6 array such that no row or c o l u m n
duplicates a rank or a regiment?

9. A p o l l o n i u s Pursuit Problem. Given a ship with a known constant direction

a n d speed v, w h a t course should be taken by a chase ship in pursuit (traveling
at s p e e d V) in order to intercept the other ship in as short a time as possible?

10. A r c h i m e d e s ' Cattle Problem. The sun g o d had a herd of cattle consisting
of bulls a n d cows, o n e part of which w a s white, a s e c o n d black, a third spotted,
a n d a fourth brown. A m o n g the bulls, the n u m b e r of white o n e s w a s one half
plus o n e third the n u m b e r of the black greater than the brown; the n u m b e r of
the black, o n e quarter plus one fifth the n u m b e r of the spotted greater than
the brown; the n u m b e r of the spotted, o n e sixth a n d one seventh the n u m b e r
of the white greater than the brown. A m o n g the cows, the n u m b e r of white
o n e s w a s o n e third plus one quarter of the total black cattle; the n u m b e r of the
9Г*г
р black, o n e quarter plus one fifth the total of the spotted cattle; the n u m b e r of
spotted, one fifth plus one sixth the total of the b r o w n cattle; the n u m b e r of
the brown, o n e sixth plus one seventh the total of the white cattle. W h a t w a s

I the c o m p o s i t i o n of the herd? (Weisstein E 2002, p. 114).

A n s w e r s : 6. 28. 7. 3 1 (in general, 2 " - l , where n is a n u m b e r of disks). 8. N o

I
Rib such a r r a n g e m e n t is possible. 9. Find all points which can be simultaneously
ЯС reached by both ships. 10. White=10,366,482; Black=7,460,514;
ffi
ill.*
Й
il'i-
Spotted=7,358,060; Вrown=4,149,387.

UCT
189
 Only the educated are free.
Epictetus (55-135), Greek philosopher

VI.4. Absolute value functions

Terms
1. absolute value (modular) function - modulli
funktsiya | модульная функция;
2. plane-tekislik | плоскость;
3. the maximum (minimum) value - maksimum (minimum)
qiymat | максимальное (минимальное) значение;
4. largest (smallest) value - eng katta (eng kichik)
qiymat | наибольшее (наименьшее) значение;
5. crossing point (point of intersection) - kesishish nuqtasi |точка
пересечения;
6. гау-пиг|луч;
7. to turn to zero - nolga aylanmoq Обращаться в нуль;
8. to solve graphically (to solve by graphical method) - grafik
usulda yechmoq | решать графическим способом;
9. to reduce - qisqartirmoq | сокращать;
10. to cancel - qisqartirmoq, yo'qotmoq | сокращать.

Learning Objectives
- to know how to draw the graph of an absolute value function;
- to know how to solve absolute value (modular) equations and
inequalities using graphs.

Examples

1. In what quadrant is the graph of the function y = |2;t-6|-3

located?
P* The expression under the absolute value turns to zero when x =
3, so this is the critical value of the function. Define a table of
190
values of д: and у around this critical value and use the table to
draw the graph of the function.

X У= 1 2 x - 6 1 -3 Points
-2 |2(-2) — 61 — 3 = 7 A (-2, 7)
-1 |2(_ 1) — 6 j — 3 = S B ( - 1 , 5)
0 |2(0)-6| - 3 = 3 С (0,3)
1 |2(1)-6|-3 = 1 D( 1,1)
2 |2(2)-6| - 3 = - 1 £(2,-1)
3 |2(3)-6|-3 = - 3 F{3,~ 3)
4 |2(4)-6|-3 = - l G (4, - 1 )
5 |2(5)-6| - 3 = 1 Я(5,1)
6 12(6) — 61 - 3 = 3 /(6, 3)
7 12(7) 61 - 3 = 5 J (7, 5)
8 |2(8)-6| - 3 = 7 К (8, 7)

гв-|
= |2* - б] - J
Л i— К

О
j .

1 \ С
О
I.
*>

Л D H
\

s — 2 -1 M ) pj i. : J—j
/ •y—i) — - t j 5 ! )
zо .
о
F
/1

It is obvious from the graph above that the graph is situated at

the 1st, 2 nd and 4 th quadrants. •

191
2. Draw the graph of the function J> = |JC+1|+|X-2|.

• There are two critical values x = - 1 and x = 2, at which the

modules turn to zero. W e will expand the absolute values of the
given function at each of the three intervals defined by the two
critical values on the number axis.

J—l<x<2
|j» = jc + 1 - ( X - 2 ) = 3 '

\x>2
3) \
[y = x + l + x-2 = 2x-l

Now, we draw the graph of the linear functions at each interval,

- which together will make up the general graph of the original
modular function.

rtr—
Q . 1
A У J
Я
О -
7t . 1
В' I
С .
о •
с .
с? О Н
ц •

1
1
о^
и' F G
к
о .
л1
п
и
I А
3 -% -э -2 - ±Л
п (л 1 1 л1 5 <+ ;э 6
о . = I* + 1\ + \х - 2\
* У

192
Exercises
1. Draw the graphs
a)y=|jc|; b)y=\x-l\; с)>>= |x| +1;

d)>'= +1; ё)у=\х2-6х\.

5jc
2. For what value o f * does the function v = - ; — — equal 2?
2 | x + l | - 5

3. Find the intersection point of the graphs of the functions

j = |jc-2| + 1 a n d y = 5.

bc-ll
4. Find the function domain of v = J --2.
x-1
x
5. What quadrants is the graph of у = -p-r located in?
N
6. Find the largest and the smallest values of the functions in the
segment [-2, 3]
a) / ( x ) = |3x-6|; b ) / ( x ) = |3x-6|-|x-4| + |2x + 4|.

7. Solve graphically
a) | x - 4 | =x; b) | J C - 1 | + 2 J C - 5 = 0;
c) |jc-4| > |x + 4 | .

Homework
1. Draw the graphs
a)y=\x2-l\+l; b)j;=|x| + |*-l|.
2. Find the largest value of the functions
a)y = \x-3\-\x-l\; b)j>= |3x-6|.

193
Famous problems
1. Fermat's Last Theorem (1630). No solution exists to the equation
xn+yn=z" for positive integers x, у and z when n is greater than 2.
Fermat formulated the problem in the margin of Diophantus's book
"Arithmetic" as follows: "I have discovered a truly remarkable proof
which this margin is too small to contain". In his papers a proof for
n= 4 has been found. A proof for п=Ъ has been attributed to L. Euler
(1770). In 1839, G. Lame proved the theorem for ml. The general
solution was shown in 1994 by Wiles incompletely, but in 2004
completely.
2. Fermat's Minor theorem (1640). If p is a prime number and a is a
whole number indivisible byp, then cf_1-1 is divisible byp
(that is cf (mod p)).
3. Four Color Problem. Is it possible to paint any map with four
colors so that no two fields with a common border are painted with
the same color? In 1976 the statement was confirmed by means of a
large-scale computer. Some mathematicians don't accept the
solution, because it was not checked by hand. However, to verify the
result by hand requires too much human effort.
4. Euler's problem (on Konigsberg bridges, 1736). Is it possible to
cross the seven bridges over the Pregel River, connecting two islands
and the mainland, without crossing over any bridge twice? (See
Figure below). Euler proved that it was not possible, giving rise to a
new branch of mathematics, graph theory.

5. Fibbonacci's problem. Seven old women are going to Rome.- Each

of them has seven donkeys, each donkey carries seven sacks, each
sack contains seven loaves, and with each loaf were seven knives, and
each knife was placed in seven cases. How many cases are there?"
Answer: 5. 7 6 = 117,649.

194
Famous problems
6. Goldbach's problem (1792). Can any whole number greater than or
equal to 6 be expressed as a sum of three prime numbers? Goldbach
posed this problem in his letter to Euler, who noticed that it would be
enough to prove that any even number can be expressed as a sum of
two prime numbers. However, both of these problems have not been
solved yet. In 1975 it was proved for sufficiently large numbers. The
problem of expressing an even number as a sum of two primes is not
solved yet.
7. Packing problems, a) Fit as many circles as possible of n cm
diameter into a strip of dimensions a c m x b cm. b) How many spheres
(often oranges) of given diameter d can be packed into a box of size
axbxc?
8. Honeycomb conjecture. Any partition of the plane into regions of
equal area has perimeter at least that of the regular hexagonal grid (i.e.
the honeycomb illustrated below). The conjecture was finally proven
by Hales (1999, 2001).

9. Brahmagupta's problem. Solve the Pell equation x2-92y2=l for

integer values.
10. Archimedes' Problem. Cut a sphere by a plane in such a way that
the volumes of the spherical segments have a given ratio.
Answer: 9. The smallest solution is х = 1151; у = 120.

195
 Science is one thing, wisdom is another. Science is an edged tool, with
which men play like children, and cut their own fingers.
Sir Arthur Eddington (1882-1944), British astronomer and physicist

VI. 5. Irrational functions

Terms
1. irrational function - irratsional funktsiya | иррациональная
функция;
2. scale - o ' l c h o v birligi | единица измерения;
3. the horizontal (vertical) axis - gorizontal (vertical)
o'q | горизонтальная и вертикальная ось;
4. the coordinate system - koordinatalar sistemasi | система
координат;
5. to solve analytically (to solve by analytical method) - analitik
usulda yechish | решать аналитическим методом.

Learning Objectives
- to learn how to draw the graph of an irrational function;
- to be able to solve equations and inequalities containing
irrational functions.

Domain of an irrational function у = ^ P ( x )

The range of x for which Р ( х ) > 0 .

Examples

1. Find the function domain of y = 4~5x2 +3x + 2 . .

• A function's domain is the range of x for which the function is

meaningful. The radical sign is meaningful unless a negative
number appears under it. So, we have to eliminate the values of
x for which the expression under the root receives a negative
value.

196
 \
Г 2 1
• 5х2 + Зх + 2 > 0 => - 5 ( J C - I I л; + > 0 = > JC€ — Д
У 5

2. Draw the graphs of the functions y = 4 x + 2 andj> = |x|.Show

the intersection point(s) of these graphs. •

• The domain of the irrational function is ;te [ - 2 ; T h e

domain of the modular function is all real numbers. If we create
a table of values of x and у for each function and draw the
graphs through the found points, we will also hopefully spot the
points of intersection.

X y=Jx+2 Points л: H * l Points

-2 V-2 + 2 =0 (-2,0) -3 1-31=3 ( - 3 , 3)
-1 л/-1+2 = 1 (-1,1) -2 1-21=2 ( " 2 , 2)
0 л/0 + 2 «1.4 (0,1.4) -1 |-1|=1 (-1Д)
1 -s/l+2 = 1.7 (1,1.7) 0 |0|=0 (0,0)
2 л/2 + 2 = 2 (2, 2) 1 |1|=1 (1, 1)
3 л/3+2 =2.2 (3, 2.2) 2 |2| = 2 (2, 2)
3 |3| = з (3, 3)

Intersection points are A ( - 1 , 1 ) and В (2, 2). •

197
Exercises
1. Draw the graphs

а) у = J x ; b) у = 4 x - l ;

c) y = -4x-l; d)y = l f x .
2. Find the function domain of

a) y = ^x2-lx-lS; b) у = V - 1 2 x 2 - 4 x + 5.

3. Find the value of k for which the graph of y = 4x2-к +3 passes

through the point A (3, 5).
4. Determine the function domain of

a)y-^5-x-—; b) у = <Jx + 7 +Jll-x;

c) y = ^x2-\x\ + , 1
.
V9-x2
5. Identify the interval of increase of the functions

a) y = V x - 4 ; b) y = Jx2+ 4JC+3 .

6. Find the largest and the smallest value of the function

>• = V l O O - x 2 f o r * in the segment xe [ - 6 , 8].

Homework

1. Draw the graph of y = 4 x 2 - 1 .

2. Find the function domain of

a) }' = j x 2 ~ 3 x ~ ? ° ; b) y =
V x -9x

VR-3 л/х + 4 x

3. Find the function range of у = л/х2 - 6 x + l l .

198
4. Solve graphically the inequality J~x>x-6.

Famous problems

l. Optimal way Find the least costly way to deliver a certain raw
material to the three plants from the two warehouses. Warehouse 1
and warehouse 2 have 20 tons and 25 tons and plant 1, plant 2 and
plant 3 have a need for 10 tons, 15 tons and 20 tons of the raw
material, respectively (i.e. find the least general ton-kilometer
indicator): Diagram not to scale.

2. Magic tree A gardener grew 25 bananas and 30 oranges on a

miraculous tree in the garden. He gathers two fruits every day; and
a new fruit appears in their place everyday. If the gardener gathers
two identical fruits, then an orange appears. If the gardener gathers
two different fruits, then a banana appears. What will be the last
fruit on the tree?

3. Sun-Moon A father and son were observing a solar eclipse and

talking about the Sun and the Moon. "Father" asked the son, "How
many times is the Sun further from us than the Moon?". "If I am not
mistaken" answered the father, "387 times". "Oh, now, I can find
how many times the Sun's volume is greater than that of the
Moon". "Sure you can", replied the father after a while. Well, what
is the answer?

Answers: 1. Warehouse 1 sends all its material to Plant 3. 2.

Banana. 3. 3873=57,960,603 times.

199
Famous problems
4. Cards Anvar used cards numbered 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; 6, 7, 8, 9 and
placed them in pairs on a table in the ratio 1:2:3:4:5. In the evening
he wanted to show this interesting result to his dad, but could not
find the card numbered 0. Nevertheless, he thought a while and he
made another set of five numbers in the ratio 1:2:3:4:5. How did
Anvar arrange the cards the first and the second time?

5. Domino chips The traditional domino game has 28 chips. If the

points on the chips were not from 0 to 6, but were from 0 to 4,
then there would be 15 chips. (Check it). How many chips would
there be if the points were from 0 to 12?

6. Alhazen's Billiard problem In a given circle, find an isosceles

triangle whose legs pass through two given points inside the circle.
The problem was first formulated by Ptolemy in 150 AD, and was
named after the Arab scholar Alhazen, who discussed it in his work
on optics. (Weisstein E 2002, p. 54).

7. Castillo's problem Inscribe a triangle in a circle such that the

sides of the triangle pass through three given points А, В and C.

8. Brachistochrone problem Find the shape of the curve down

which a bead sliding from rest and accelerated by gravity will slip
(without friction) from one point to another in the least time.

9. Dido's problem Find the figure bounded by a line which has the
maximum area for a given perimeter.

Answers: 4.1st set: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90; 2nd set: 9,18, 27, 36,45. 5.
91. 8. A segment of cycloid. Found by Leibniz, L'Hospital, Newton
and the two Bernoullis. 9. A semicircle.
 Study as if you were going to live forever;
live as if you were going to die tomorrow.
Maria Mitchell (1818-1889), American astronomer

If I feel unhappy, I do mathematics to become happy.

If I am happy, I do mathematics to keep happy.
Alfred Renyi

VI.6. Inverse and composite functions

Terms

1. inverse function - teskari funktsiya (обратная функция;

2. composite function - murakkab funktsiya | сложная функция;
3. function argument - funktsiya argumenti | аргумент функция;
4. even (odd) f u n c t i o n - j u f t (toq) funktsiya |четная (нечетная)
функция;
5. monotonous function - monoton funktsiya | монотонная
функция;
6. billion-milliard | миллиард;
7. to obtain an inverse function - teskari funktsiyani
topmoq | находить обратную функцию;
8. to rearrange - almashtirmoq | преобразовать;
9. elementary function - elementar funktsiya | элементарная
функция;
10. interval of monotonic increase - monoton o'sish
oralig'i | интервал монотонного возрастания.

Learning Objectives
-- to know how to obtain an inverse and a composite function of an
elementary function;
- to be able to identify an odd and an even function.

201
Inverse function of the given function
у = f{x) with domain Z)(/(x)) and range E(f{x))
with domain D(f~x{x))= E{f{x)) and

range E i f - ' i x p D i f i x ) ) .

Composite function is a superposition of several functions

* = / Ш ) or f(g(h(x))),etc

Examples
^
1. Find the inverse function of у = , хе[0;3].
x+2
• The domain and range of the given function will be

D ( y ) = [0;3] and E{y) =

To find the equation of the inverse function, it is necessary to

switch x and у in the equation of the given function and solve it
fory.

2x-l 2y-l / „ „
y = —— =>x = ^—-=> x(y + 2) = 2y-l=>
x+2 y+2

2x + l
xy-2y = -2x-l=> y-
2-х
This is the inverse function, whose domain will be the range of
the original function. Thus, the final answer is

2x + l
y=- , xe
2-х -b
2. E v a l u a t e / ( ^ ( 5 ) ) , given that the elementary functions

f(x) = x2+x and g(x) = x + l .

202
• First make up the composite function.

f ( g ( x ) ) = f ( * + ! ) = (*+1)2 + ( x + l ) = * 2 + 3 x + 2 .

Now insert the number five into the composite function.

f ( g ( 5 ) ) = S2 + 3 - 5 + 2 = 4 2 . .

Exercises

1. Find the inverse function of the following functions

a)f(x)=x + 5; b) y =

3 -
с) У = ^ Г ' d)/(X) = X2-2;
2-х
6x + 2
e) y = .
x
2. Rearrange the following formulae to make у the new subject

+ 1
a)*(y-l)=y; b) x = * .
2у -1

3. Find the inverse function of J/ = 2JC + 1, х е [ 0 ; 3 ] .

4. Show the interval where the functions below monotonically

increase
a)/(jc) = 5x + 6 b )y = x2;
c)у-=з? + 1; d) _v = 3.5*.
5. Identify the odd (even) functions
a)y=x; b) у = x2; c)y = 3x-x3;
1
d)y = 2x+2x; e) y = x + -; f)y = x.+ l
x •
6. I f / W = x2 and g [x) = x - 1, define the following composite
functions

a)/(gW); b) g (f(x));
с )f{f(x))-, d )g(g(x)).

203
7. If f(x) = — j - and g(x) = — , calculate f(g(2)).
X X
8. If / ( x ) = 2x 2 and g ( x ) = x + l , find the values of x for which

/(*(*))=*№))•
9. F i n d / ( x ) , if

a) / ( x + l ) = x 2 - 3 x + 2 ; b) / ( 3 x - l ) = x 2 + 3 x - 2 .

2
10. What is the value of f(o), if / [ • | = x -x-l?

Homework
1. Find the inverse function of
. x-1 .. 2x + 3
а)> = т — — ; b)j/ = - —
2 - 3x 5x - 2
2. If f(x) = x1-8, xe [O; + find the function domain of its
inverse function.
3. Find the intervals of monotonic increase and decrease of the
functions

a) / ( x ) = |x-4|; b) f { x ) = 4 ^ 1 ;

0 /(*) = r-.
4. Which function is odd (even)

\ -4 2 4 it X +X
а) у = Зх + x ; b) у =
x3 - x
x4+l
с) y = — f ~ ; d)y=|x|?
2x

5. If / ( x ) = л / х 3 - 1 , what is the value of / ( \ / x 2 + 1 ) ?

6. If / ( x ) = 2 x 2 + l , find the coordinates of the vertex of the

parabola y = / ( x - l ) .

7. Compute / ( V з ) , i f / ( x + 2 ) = x 3 + 6 x 2 + 12x + 8.

204
Famous problems
1. Problem taken from the Chinese "Nine book mathematics" {2nd
century ВС) There is a city in the shape of a squire. The sides are
unknown. In the middle of each side there is a gate. There is a pole
IQbus (lbu=1.6km) far from the northern gate (outside of the city).
If one walks out of the southern gate for lAbus and 1775bus to the
west, then he can see the pole. What is the size of the city?"

2. Boat problem A boat sails from Gorkiy to Astrakhan in 5 days

and from Astrakhan to Gorkiy in 7 days. How many days will a raft
drift for from Gorkiy to Astrakhan by the stream?

3. River transfer A farmer needs to transfer a wolf, a goat and a

cabbage to the other side of a river. The boat is so small that it can
only fit the man and one of the three objects (either wolf or goat or
cabbage). However, it is no good to leave the wolf with the goat
(the wolf will eat the goat) or the goat with the cabbage (the goat
will eat the cabbage). What should the man do?

4. Napoleon's problem (The French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte

was fond of mathematics a.nd would find time to enjoy
mathematics): On the sides of a triangle external equilateral
triangles are built with the sides as bases. It is required to prove that
the triangle with vertices on the centers of the equilateral triangles
will also be an equilateral triangle.

5. Pulling a rope One day four friends, Alexander, Genghiskhan,

Napoleon and Temurlane decided to play (the game of pulling a
rope for fun). Temurlane and Genghiskhan could easily defeat
Alexander and Napoleon. But Alexander and Gengizkhan could
hardly beat Temurlane and Napoleon. When Gengizkhan and
Napoleon fought against Alexander and Temurlane, a draw resulted.
Rank the four friends, according to their strength.
Answer: 1. 250bus. 2. 35 days. 3. Goat; cabbage; goat; wolf; goat. 5.
Gengizkhan, Temurlane, Alexander, Napoleon.

205
гтплшшлпппллпппшплппп^

Famous problems
6. Birthday One man told his friend "The day before yesterday I
was 10 years old and next year I will turn to 13". Can this be true?

7. Diophantus's riddle On the ancient mathematician Diophantus'

tombstone the following is written: "Hey, passenger! Under the
tombstone lie the ashes of old Diophantus. Diophantus's youth
lasts 1/6 of his life. He grew a beard after 1/12 more of his life.
After 1/7 more of his life, Diophantus married. Five years later, he
had a son. The son lived exactly half as long as his father and
Diophantus died just four years after his son's death. All of this
totals the years Diophantus lived." How long did Diophantus live?

8. Chinese remainder problem We have a number of things, but

do not know exactly how many. If we count them by threes, we
have two left over. If we count them by fives, we have three left
1
over. If we count them by sevens, we have two left over. How
many things are there?
9. Josephus problem Given a group of n men arranged in a circle
under the edict that every m-fh man will be executed going around .
the circle until only one remains, find the position P (n; m) in which
you should stand in order to be the last survivor. [The original
Josephus problem consisted of a circle of 41 men with every third
. man killed (n=41, m=3) and required positions that should be taken
by two men in order to survive?]

10. Fermat's problem In a given acute triangle ABC, locate a point

whose distances from А, В and С have the smallest possible sum.

| Answers: 6. Yes, the man's birthday is 31st December and they

spoke on the 1st January. 7. 84. 8. 23. 9. 31 (last) and 16 (last but
one). 10, The point from which each side subtends an angle of
• 120°.

H K H H H H H H H H H H > I H H 1 4 K H H K H H K > I H H l f H H H H H H K H H

206
Chapter VI Answers. Functions
Vl.l.

о 1A
zn .
1"

H-
4 -Й -i -и , ) •
-i • ?
Оj
il> -o

с .
1. 2. a) and c).
- t o -
г-4-
-"—J i = _
/ —i -

3 -I - I 3

з 2 -1 1 I
-0
-10 J — - j > = 3x-2
3. a) b)
— -a-

3 -2 -' 1 < •
4 -? - 2 -1 1 1
t

i r= -?
c) d)
4- -

г.

3 1 л (
f
0 »

4. 5. а) К 4); b) [0,
207
6. а) I, II and III; b) I, II and IV; с) I and III; d) III and IV. 7. a) 2; b) -5.5. 8.
a)y=x; b) y=3x; c)>-2x+l.
о•
-у = 2х + 1
i. ' -у = — х — 2
л1. "

3 - 1 » :
ИГ
1
-е.
о .
9. 10.14.11. a) parallel; b)
perpendicular. 12. a) 2/3; b) -3/2.13. a) (1, +«>); b) (-<*>, 1); c) 0.14. a)
y=x+4; b) y=3x+2.15. а) S=18.6-1.2t; b) 12.6.16. d). 17. a) B; the
distance gets shorter; b) For 5 minutes between the points D and E.
18. h (height) = 84f (time) + 216.19.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
a) the wrong point is (40, 200); b) у (75) = 4*75 + 10 = 310.

208
Homework:

2.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

У -17 -13 -9 -5 -1 3 7

3. a) 2; b) -1. 4. 111. 5. a) y- -xy b) y= -0.5* + 2.5. 6. a= -3; b * 0. 7. a)

perpendicular; b) increasing; decreasing. 8. 125,000. 9.
Budget=60,000+1,ООО/г. lQ.y = 3x + 5. The wrong point is (1.5,10.5).
JО

11

и-J
210
 т Рт1
— [ —
-
—

-j—
И
щ
Ц - i —

э—
>—
о— tVF—1 \ — «И м t—
— —в
T
—j_
1
а»»S f —ь-

-у = (3х -9. )(x

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

5. а) 1; b) 0.5. 6. 3. 7. 6. 8. ±4. 9. 5.10. Н*>, -3]. 11. 2.5.12. -4; 7.13.

а) (0, Ь) (-«>, 0); с) (-1, 14. (-<*>, 4/15). 15. (-3, 0). 16. (2, 0);
(-1, -3). 17.100 feet.
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50 eig
40
30
20
10
0
-10 i !
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19" 20 21

211
 Г™1
— y
-
; —

//
1
3 -2 1 1 3
/ /1

/ —=5-

I - 3 r
—«4- — i
е) f)

3. (1, 29). 4. -1.

— > = 2АД- p —^n n

1- 0.5'x

3 -2 : 3 2 !
5. a) b)

9"

U Ч-И-1
с)

6. a) (3, b) (-oo, -3); c) (-«., 0); d) К -3)U(0, 3); e) H*>, -1)U(3,

7. a) 3; b) 3; с) 1; 2; d) 3. 8. 3; 2. 9. ( - » , -2)U(2, +«>). 10. a) 0; b) 2;
1.

213
Homework:
1 V- +/ 1
IU •

3 2 JT -2 i 1 1 3

I a
-l' - ЛM - / 3 2 i — — ! 3
l.a)

2. ( - 2 , - 1 ) ; ( 2 , 1 ) .
— « -

3 -2 -1 ,
|—J.
3 2 1 -1 1 4 *
3. a) b)

4. a) - 1 ; b) 9. 5.0.6. [-8, 8]. 7. 0.5; 2.

214
VI.4.

215
г

[-ТО—|

3 -1- э 5
- , р-? li 1
- J
с) (0,

Homework: 1.

\ /
\ /
\\ \ I
к
» -1 -? - 1 4 .т - 7 -к - н I
к
1- = |х'2- Ц + 1 а — У" I-1-1+1х-Ц
а) Ь)
2. а) 2; Ь) +<«.

216
 ч
J

1 )
1 i i 1 9 1С
—V
1 a)
(-4-1 t
-3 |—»—Vr-
-0-
2— I ( ( 1

•2-
•Э-
1 ! t .. J 6 • ! 9 0
•2- V =Vfic-l >l •5-
b)
5 i
— — V = хл(1/3)
—3
—2--

Ж •I I
—2--
—Э--
3 | i
—4--
d)

2. а) К —3]U[5, +00); b) [-1/2, 5/6]. 3.5. 4. а) К 0)U[2, 3]; b) [-7,11];

c) (-3, -1]U{0}U[1, 3). 5. a) [4, +~); b) [-2, -1]. 6. jw=10;>V„in=6.

217
Homework:
•в-
0•
4•
J•
/ 1

1"

=; A 1Пt ' Ii > ) 1 1 Й

-+-y = Ч(хл2 - 1)
2. а) (-«о, -3)U[-2, 0)U(0, 3)U[5, +->); b) 0]; c) -3)U{0}U(3,
+oo); d) —4)U(0, +«>). 3.
[ V I , +<*>). 4. [6, 9], because here the
graph of the irrational function lies above the graph of the linear
function.

§6.6.1. a)y=x-5; b) v=5-2x; c) j=(2x+4)/(x+3); d) v - V x + 2 ; e)>-2/(x-6). 2.

a) y=x/(x-l)-, b) y= V(x + l ) / ( 2 x - l ) . 3. y=0.5x-0.5; xe [1, 7]. 4. a)
b) [0, c) d) 5. a) odd; b) even; c) odd; d)
even; e) odd; f) not even, not odd. 6. a) y={x-l)2; b) y=x 2 -l; c) v=x4; d)
y=x-2. 7. -15. 8. x = -0.25.-9. a) y=x2-5x+6; b) v=x2/9+llx/9-8/9. 10. -
11/9.

Homework: 1. a) j>=(2x+l)/(3x+l); b)j=(2x+3)/(5x-2). 2. [-8, 3. a) [4,

+00) - increases; b) [1, - increases; c) (- 00 , +<*>) - decreases. 4, a)
even; b) even; c) odd; d) even. 5.y=x. 6. (1, 0). 7. 3>/3 .

218
 A scholar who loves comfort is not fit to be called a scholar.
Confucius (551-479 ВС), Chinese philosopher

CHAPTER VII. TRIGONOMETRY AND LOGARITHMS

VII.l. Basic concepts and formulae

Terms
1. degree - daraja | градус;
2. r a d i a n - r a d i a n | радиан;
3. trigonometric function - trigonometrik
funktsiya (тригонометрическая функция;
4. sine (cosine, tangent, cotangent) - sinus (kosinus, tangens,
kotangens) | синус (косинус, тангенс, котангенс);
5. angle-burchak|угол;
6. identity - ayniyat | тождество;
7. formula of reduction - keltirish formulasi | формула
приведения;
8. formula of addition - qo'shish formulasi | формула сложения;
9. a x i o m - a k s i o m a | аксиома;
10. to state - ta'kidlamoq |утверждать.

Learning Objectives
- to know how to change an angle from a degree to a radian
measure and vice-versa;
- to learn how to identify and calculate the value of a trigonometric
function.

219
Conversion formulas
180°
1 ) 1 radian = «57°.
к
л
2) P a ° (from a degree to a radian).
180°
180°
3) a ° ~ p (from a radian to a degree).
к

Some values of trigonometric functions

Angles Sin a Cos a Tan a Cot a
0 0 1 0 meaningless
1 1
30°=* s
6 2 2 S

45° = —
4
£ £2 l 1
2
1 1
60° = ^ Л s
3 2 2 я
90° = — 1 0 meaningless 0
2
180° = я 0 -1 0 meaningless
Ъп
270° = — - -1 0 meaningless 0
2
360° = 2Л- 0 1 0 meaningless

Signs of trigonometric functions

Sin a Cos a Tan a Cot a

220
M a i n trigonometric identities

1) sin2 or + c o s 2 a = l ; 2) tanar=- S m 0 f
cos or

3) cotor= C O s a ; 4) t a n a c o t a = l ;
sin or
1 1
5) 1+tan 2 a = — j — ; 6)l+cot2a = — r —
cos a sin a

Formulae of addition
1) sin(a±/?) = sinacos/?±cosasin/?;

2) cos(a±/?) = cosacos/?+sino;sin/?;
tana ± tan/?
3) t a n ( a ± p ) =
1+tanartan/?'

4) =

tanorltan/?

Formulae of reduction
Express the argument of the trigonometric function as a sum
(difference) of two angles so that one of them lies on either the x-
axis or the jMxis (0°; 90°; 180°; 270°; ...). If the angle lies on the x-
axis, then the function remains, the other angle is appointed to it
and the sign of thfc trigonometric function is determined for the
original function. If the angle lies on the y-axis, then the function
changes to an opposite trigonometric function, the other angle is
appointed and the sign of the trigonometric function is determined
for
For the original function.
example,

sin330° = sin(270° + 60°)=-cos 60° =

sin 330° = sin(360° - 30°) = - s i n 30° = • - j .

221
Examples

1. Convert the following angles from degrees (radians) to radians

(degrees)
7Г 1 3 7Г
a) 15°; b) 22.5°; c) — ; d) — .
20 5

• The given angles must be multiplied by the corresponding

scaling factor.

a) 15° = 15°- — =— ; b) 22.5°=22.5° — = - ;

180° 12 180° 8

. п л 180° ло .. 12ж 180°

с — = = 9°; d 432°. ш
20 20 л 5 л

2. Evaluate

sin2 45° + cos240° + tan 15° - tan23° • tan 67°.

• We need to express the angles in terms of those present in the

table of values of trigonometric functions.

л со .
a) sin2 45
VT 2 l

v 2
у 2

b) cos240° = cos(l80° + 60°) = - c o s 6 0 ° = ~ .

2
tan45°-tan30°
c) tan(45°-30°) =
l + tan45°-tan30 c

1
1-
V3 _ л/з — 1 Уз
1 + 1 .JL Уз Уз+i
Уз

222
 d) tan23° tan67° = tan(90°-67°)- tan67° =

cot67° tan67° = 1.

Thus, | + + Уз-1 = 1-л/з.и

Exercises

1. Express in radians the angles

a) 45°; b) 36°; c) 180°;
d) 240°; e) 216°.
2. Change from radians to degrees
a) — ; b) — ; с) я ;
3 5
2Я Бя Я
d ) T ; e ) T ; f)- ? .

3. What is the value of

a) sin0° + c o s — + s i n 2 — + 6sin 2cos0° + tan —?

. 2 2 6 3
7Z Я
b) 3 s i n — + 2 cos я + cos 2 cos 0° + sin 270° ?
6 6

4. If c o s a = - , ( o ° < a : < 9 0 ° ) , find the values of the rest of the

trigonometric functions. (Hint: Use the main trigonometric

identities).
5. Find the values of the following (using the formulae of addition)
a) sin(30° + 30°); b) sin75°;
c) cos 15°; d) tanl05° .
6. Calculate s i n l 0 5 0 - c o s ( - 9 0 ) ° + cot660 0 + cos405 0 + sin315 0 .
0

7. Simplify as much as possible the expression

1 — c ? . s x — s i n ^ + (5siny + 4cos^) 2 + (4 sin у - 5 cosy) 2 .

1 + sinx

223
8. Compute
cos 68° • cos 8° - cos 82° • cos 22°
a) cos 53° • cos 23° - cos 67° • cos 37°

b)
К ^ К т Ь К т
9. Find the sum of the numbers
cos 1°, cos 2°, cos3°,..., cos 177°, cos 178°, cos 179° .

+
10. Prove the identity sinf ~ J = c o s \ ^ - a 1.

Homework
1. Convert to the radians (degrees): .
a) 22.5°; b) 18°; c) 75°; d) 300°
.71 _ Я . Л u. 4ЯГ
e ) ; fl ; :
Ii I5 J T '
2. What is the value of
a) sin 120°; b) cos 135°;
c) sin315°; d) tanl5°?
3. Find the value of
a) cos45°cos 15° - sin45°sin 15° ;
b) sin 180° + sin 270° - cot 90° + tan 180° - cos 90° ;

c) t a n — + c o t — .
12 12
4. Simplify

a) (sinor + cos<t)2 -sin2or

cos2ar+2sin 2 ar
b) cos a + cos(l20° + a ) + c o s ( l 2 0 ° - a ) .

5. Calculate tanl°-tan2 0 tan3 0 - tan88 0 tan89°.

224
Axioms/Postulates/Principles

1. Law of Third Excluded Only one of the two statements "A" and
"not A" is valid!

2. Trichotomy Law Every real number is negative, 0, or positive.

The law is sometimes stated as "For arbitrary real numbers a and
b, exactly one of the relations a<b, a-b or a>b holds."

3. Law of Contradiction Logical law stating that no statement can

be valid simultaneously with its rejection.

4. Axiom of Eudoxus-Euclid Some multiple of the smaller of two

homogeneous quantities a and b will be greater than the larger (if
a<b, then there exists a natural n such that na>b).

5. Axiom of Empty Set There is a set such that no set is a

member of it.

6. Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one
another.

7. If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equal.

8. If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.

9. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one

another.

10. The whole is greater than the part.

11. It is possible to produce a finite straight line continuously in a

straight line.

12. It is possible to describe a circle with any center and distance.

13. Dirichlet principle If m>n, then distribution of each o f m

items to any of n classes results in at least one class with no less
than two items.

225
. UtHHHJtHHHHHKHiiKH^^
Axioms/Postulates/Principles
". 14. Euclid's postulates 1. A straight line segment can be drawn joining .
-' any two points. 2. Any straight line segment can he extended '
indefinitely in a straight line. 3. Given any straight line segment, a circle .
can be drawn having the segment as radius and one endpoint as center. '
]• 4. All right angles are congruent. 5. If two lines are drawn which .
- ] intersect a third in such as way that the sum of the inner angles on one '
side is less than two right angles, then two lines inevitably must •
-; intersect each other on that side if extended far enough. (Also known as ;
the parallel postulate).
15. Hilbert's axioms The 21 assumptions which underlie the geometry .
- ] published in Hilbert's classic text "Grundlagen der Geometrie" consist '
of: The eight 'incidence axioms' about collinearity and intersection and •
include the first of Euclid's postulates; The four 'ordering axioms' about ;
1- the arrangement of points; the five 'congruence axioms' about •
geometric equivalence, and the three 'continuity axioms' about '
continuity. There is also a single parallel axiom equivalent to Euclid's •
• I 'parallel postulate'.
16. Playfair's axiom Through any point in space, there is exactly one '
" • straight line parallel to a given straight line.
17. Cantor-Dedekind axiom The points on a line can be cut into a one- .
-; to-one correspondence with the real numbers.
-' 18. Dedekind's axiom For every partition of all the points on a line into '
• • two nonempty sets such that no point of either lies between two points .
•; of the other, there is a point of one set which lies between every other ;
point of that set and every point of the other set.
' - 19. Fano's axiom The three diagonal points of a complete quadrilateral .
-' are never collinear.
20. Field axioms The field axioms are generally written in additive and
multiplicative pairs.
Name Addition Multiplication
Commutativity a+b=b+a ab=ba
Associativity (a+b)+c=a+(b+c) (iab)c=a(bc)
Distributivity a[b+c) =ab+ac (a+b)c=ac + be
Identity a+Q=a=0+a a*l=a~l*a
Inverses a+(-a)=0={-a)+a a*a_1=l=a_1*a, if <я*0
^ ш n n ш ш ш ш u ш n ш m п ш ш ш 1 ш u ш ш w
226
 Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life.
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), German philosopher

VII.2. Formulae of halved and doubled argument

Terms

1. radius - radius | радиус;

2. circle - doira | круг;
3. circumference - aylana | окружность;
4. p e r i o d - d a v r | период;
5. periodic function - davriy funktsiya | периодическая функция;
6. particular period - xususiy davr| частный период.
7. sine curve (sinusoid) - sinuosoida | синусоида;
8. tangent curve - tangensoida |тангенсоида;
9. doubled argument formula - ikkilangan burchak
formulasi | формула двойного аргумента;
10. halved argument formula - yarim burchak formulasi | формула
половинного аргумента;

Learning Objectives
- to know how to draw the graph of a trigonometric function;
- to be able to use the formulae of doubled and halved argument
(angle).

Formulae of doubled argument

1) sin2jt = 2sin;ccos;t;

2) c o s 2 * = c o s 2 j t - s i n 2 x ;
„ 2tanx
3) tan2x = — .
1-tan'x

227
Formulae of halved argument

2 1-COS2JC
1) sin2jc = -
2
2 1l ++ c o s 2 x
2) cos x =
2
sin2;c
3) tanjc =
1+COS2JC

Periods of trigonometric functions

Period of the sine and cosine functions is lit and period of the
tangent and cotangent functions is к.

Formula for calculating the period of

2/r
1) y = As\T\{(ox + <p) or y = Acos{oix + <p): T = —,
CO
where А, со and <p are constant numbers.

Tt
2) у = АХгп(сах + <р) or y = Асо\(ш+<р): T =—,
eo
where А, со and <p are constant numbers.

If y = f ( x ) has a period of Tt and y = has a period of T2, then

the period of y = / ( x ) + g ( x ) is the smallest possible number, which
if divided by and T2 results in a whole number.

Examples

(2x\2
1. Sketch the graphs of the functions у = sinx and y = \ — and
)
indicate the intersection point(s).

• Domain of both functions is all real numbers. W e will create a

table of values of x and y.

228
X
ч Л-J
-л 0 4
л
-1 1
2
л 4
3 2 3
л VI 1
4 2 4
Л 1 1
6 2 9
0 0 0
л 1 1
б 2 9
л л/2 1
4 2 4
л л/3 4
3 2 3
л
1 1
2
Л 0 4

229
 The graphs intersect at the points (о, o) and — , 11. i

V2

2. Find the period of the function

у = COS(2JC + 45°)+cot(0.5jc -15°).

• Let's find the particular periods:

2я 2я я я
7i = — = — = я and Т2= — = — = 2Я.
со 2 о) 0.5

The smallest number that can be divided by the particular

periods above without remainder is 2ж. •

3. Calculate 8cos22.5°-sin2 22.5°.

• We can use the formulae of doubled and halved arguments.

8cos22.5°sin22.5°-sin22.5° =

/ l-cos(2-22.5°)
4 • 2 • sin 22.5° • cos 22.5°

4sin(2 • 22.5°)-^^—

230
 1-
VI
4 sin 45е
t
Exercises
1. Find the domain, the range and sketch the graph of
a) y = sinx; b) j> = 2 + sinx;

c) y = l + 2sinx; d) y = c o s x - l ;

e) y = tanjc; f)j/ = cotx.

2. Check whether the function is even or odd

a) y = x 2 c o s x ; 3 2
b) у • : jc sinx :
,. Sinjc
c) y = xcosx;

3. Evaluate
a) sin 120°; b) cos120°;
c) tanl20°; d) sinl5°;
e) cos22.5°; f) tan67.5°.

4. Simplify as much as possible

(sin a + c o s a ) 2 - s i n 2 a sin 3 a cos 3 a

a) b)
cos2or + 2sin or sinor cos or
2 4 4
b) 2cos x - cos x + sin jc.
5. Find the period of the functions
a )y = sin(5x - 3); b) у = cos(2x) + cot(2x - 3);
c) у = 2sinx + tan(rcx - 4).

Homework
1. Determine the function domain and range of
a) y = 3 s i n x - l ; b) = 2cosx + l ;
с) у - - t a n x .

231
2. Find the period of the functions
/
3 Л .. . x .. x
a) y = cos - x - 1 8 ° J ; b) j> = s i n y + tan—;

с) у = sin (2x) + cos(rac).

3. If cos 2or = — , find sin2 a .

4
4. Express in terms of cos# the expression c o s 4 0 + 4 c o s 2 0 + 3 .

5. ,.,
Simplify a). sin6a + —c o s ( 6 a - ^ )
sin2df cos2or
s i n a - 2 s i n 2 a + sin3« ^ _
b) tan2or.
cos a - 2 cos 2a+cos 3a

1-tan2^
6. Calculate 22...
я
tan—
12

232
lnfor(mathe)matics

1. Fields Medal The mathematical equivalent of the Nobel Prize

(there is no Nobel Prize in mathematics), this international prize
for achievement in the field of mathematics is awarded every four
years by the International Mathematical Union at the International
Congress of Mathematicians. The award recognizes both existing
work as well as the promise of future achievement and is
presented to mathematicians under the age of 40. It was founded
by J. Ch. Fields, a Canadian mathematician, in 1932. The prize
constitutes 15,000 Canadian dollars (approximately 1,500 US
dollars). In 1966 it was agreed that, in light of the great expansion
of mathematical research, up to four medals could be awarded at
each Congress. The Fields Medal is made of gold, and shows the
head of Archimedes together with a quotation attributed to him:
"Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri" ("Rise above oneself and
grasp the world"). The reverse side bears the inscription:
"Congregati ex toto orbe mathematici ob scripta insignia tribuere"
("the mathematicians assembled here from all over the world pay
tribute for outstanding work").

2. One Hundred Eminent Mathematicians Walter Crosby Eells

endeavored to determine the one hundred most eminent
mathematicians living prior to 1905, and to list these men in order
of eminence (Crosby W 1962). In this list Newton appears in first
place, Leibniz in second place, Lagrange in third place, and Euler in
fourth place.

i i it t 1)111! l l l l l ll

233
IHHHHHHHHHHHHH^

lnfor(mathe)matics

3. The Hundred Greatest Theorems At a mathematics conference in

July 1999, Paul and Jack Abad presented their list of "The Hundred
Greatest Theorems". Their ranking is based on the following criteria:
"the place the theorem holds in the literature, the quality of the
proof, and the unexpectedness of the result". Some of the theorems
are "Irrationality of - J l " at 1st place, 'The fundamental theorem of
algebra" at 2nd, "Pythagorean Theorem" at 4th, "Sum of the Angles of
a Triangle" at 27th, "Sum of a Geometric Series" at 66th, "Sum of an
arithmetic series" at 68th, "The Law of Cosines" at 94th, "Descartes
Rule of Signs" at 100th.

4. Mathematics Contests There are several regular mathematics

competitions available to students. The International Mathematical
Olympiad (IMO) is the yearly world championship of mathematics for
high school students and is held in a different country each year. The
first IMO was held in 1959 in Romania. The William Lowell Putnam
Competition is a North American math contest for college students.
Each year over 2000 students spend six hours in two sittings trying to
solve 12 problems. The majority of the problems are very difficult, in
the sense that their solution may require a nonstandard and creative
approach. The International Mathematical Contest in Modeling
(MCM) is a competition that challenges teams of undergraduate
students to clarify, analyze, and propose solutions to open-ended
problems.

IKttJiJtilJIJ^JIJIJIJtW

234
 Give me six hours to chop down a tree and
I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.
Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), 16th president of the United States

VII.3. Trigonometric equation and inequalities

Terms
1. inverse trigonometric function - teskari trigonometrik
funktsiya | обратная тригонометрическая функция;
2. the main value of an inverse trigonometric function - teskari
trigonometrik funktsiyaning asosiy qiymati | главное значение
обратной тригонометрической функции;
3. arctangent - arktangens | арктангенс;
4. formula of transformation of sums (differences) into product -
yig'indini (ayirmani) ko'paytmaga almashtirish
formulasi j формула преобразования суммы (разности) в
произведения;
5. simple (complex) trigonometric equation - oddiy (murakkab)
trigonometrik tenglama | простое (сложное)
тригонометрическое уравнение.

Learning Objectives
- to know how to calculate the values of an inverse trigonometric
function;
- to be able to solve trigonometric equations and inequalities.

235
Formulae of transformation of sums and differences into product
Х
х+У ~У
1) sin;r + siny = 2sin ^ cos ;

„. •
2) s i n x - s i n y = 2cos
i
x + —sm
y .
2
x-y ;
2
x+y x-y
3) cosJC + c o s y = 2cos • -cos ^ -;

• x+y . x-y
4) cos x-cos у = - 2 sin -sin -.
2 2

Simple trigonometric equations and their solutions

1) smx = a{-l<a<l}, x = ( - l ) " arcsina + ли, н е Z ;

2) tanx-a; x = arctana+m, ne Z;
3) cosjc = a ( - l < a < l ) ; x = ±arccosa + 2m, ne Z;

4) cotx = a; arccota + m, ne Z .

Examples

1. Evaluate

arcsin—+arccos
< & + a rctanl + arccotГ-
2 V 2y V s.v j ;
• We will find the value of each arc function.

arcsin—+arccos
f
Srr\ + a rctanl +arccot ' 1 л

2 V 2
У \ 41
voy

30° +150° + 45° + 60° = 285°. •

236
2. Solve the equation sin3x = sin2x + sinx for 9 0 ° < x < 1 8 0 ° .

• We will transfer all terms to the left side and use the formula of
transformation.

(sin x3x - sin x) - sin 2x = 0 => 2 cos 2x sin x - 2 sin x cos x = 0 =i>

s i n x ( c o s 2 x - c o s x ) = 0.

The above product is equal to zero when at least one of the two
factors is equal to zero. Thus, each factor must be equated to
zero.

1) sinx = 0 = > x = m , n e Z .

Taking into account the condition 90° < x < 180°, we find

x-t = к or xx = 180°.

2) 2 c o s 2 x - c o s x - l = 0.

Denoting cosx = t, we obtain the quadratic equation.

1
2tz -t-1 = 0 => t, = 1 and L2 = —2 .

Now we substitute back to our notation cosx - t .

л
a) cosx = l = ^ x = ± — + 2ЯИ, ne Z .

2
However, there is no solution satisfying 90° < x < 180° .

,b)i cosx = — 1 = > x = ±, —

In+ 2 „m , neZ .
2 3

There are two solutions from the segment 90° < x < 180°.

2n
x, = — or x,2 = 120°. •
3
237
3. Solve the inequality sinx + c o s x > l .

&
• Multiply both sides of the inequality by — before using the

transformation formula.

1
2

V2 . л/2
— s i n j c + — c o s x > — =>
&
2 2 2

Л . .Л A/2
c o s — s i n x + s m — c o s x > — =>
4 4 2

.( л\ Л
sin\x + — > — =>
I 4j 2

— + 2m<x + — < — + 2m=>2m<x< — + 2m or

4 4 4 2

' Л
X€ 2m, ne Z; — + 2m, ne Z i

Exercises
1. Calculate

1 л/3 ( 1,
a r c s i n l + a r c c o s - + a r c t a n — + a r c c o s — 1.
2 3 I 2

2. Solve the trigonometric equation

a) sin x = 0.5; . b) cos x - sin 2x cos x = 0;
c) sinx-cos2x = 0.
3. Find all angles JC between 0° and 360° for which
22sin*-i _ g. 2sinjt

238
4. Find the solution of
a) cos 2x - cos 6JC = 0; b) sin x + sin Зх = 0
2sin20 + sin40
5. Express in terms of cosd, giving you
2(cos 0 + cos Ъв)\гп2в
answer in the simplest possible form.
6. Solve the inequalities
a) s i n * > 0 . 5 ; b) c o s x < 0 . 5 ;

c) s i n x - c o s x > -
VI e) t a n x < 1.

Homework
1. Calculate
/

a) cos a rctan-v/з + arccos

vr

b) cos 2arcsin—
I 5,
2. Solve the equations

a) c o s 4 x - s i n 4 x = l - c o s 2 x ;
b) 2sin x + 3sin 2x = 0;
C) tan 3 x - t a n JC = 0;

COS2A
d) 2 COS2J = 0 ;
2-2

e) 2 c o s 2 x + 2sin 2 x = 5 + 2 s i n x .
3. Solve the inequalities
a)sin2x>0; b)sinx<-l;

c) tan 2x > 0; d) |cos x\ < 0.5;

e)I cos 2x < V I hsin

. 2 x;
2
f) (cosx + 2 ) - | x - 5 | - ( x - 2 ) < 0 .

239
4. Find all angles x with 0 < x < 90° such that

1 + cos 2x + 4(2 - 3 sin2 x)cos x = 0.

5. Find all angles x between 0° and 180° that satisfy the equation
tan2x tan3x = l . (Remember to reject all angles for which
either tan2x or tan3x is meaningless). _ _

Interesting numbers
1. Friendly numbers Two natural numbers, each of which is equal to
the sum of the divisors of the other excluding the number itself. For
example, 284 and 220 (284=1+2+4+5+10+11+20+22+44+55+110 and
220=1+2+4+71+142). Euler found about 60 such pairs. The use of
computers has found a few hundred more pairs.
2. Golden mean (or harmonic division). A division of the line segment
AB so that the bigger part AC is half proportional to all AB and smaller
part ВС. Algebraic solution of finding AB: let's denote AB = a, AC = x,
then a'jc=x:{a-x).
E

The ratio of x to a can also be expressed approximately by the fractions

2/3, 3/5, 5/8, 8/13, 13/21,..., where 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ... are Fibonacci
numbers.
3. For given numbers x 1 ,x 2 ,x 3 ,...,x /I ,
x1+x2+... + xn
Arithmetic mean: x = -
n
Geometric mean g — yfx^X2"'Xn >

Harmonic mean: h
1 1 1 '
— + — + . . .+—
X X
1 2
/ x + x 2 + . .. + x2
2
Quadratic mean: s =
V n

240
Interesting numbers

4. Perfect proportion Since

2a lab
a+b (a + bjb '
it follows
lab
a _ (a + b)
a + b~ b

So — = — . where A and H are the arithmetic mean and harmonic

A b
mean of a and b. This relationship was purportedly discovered by
Pythagoras.

5. Chain fraction One of the main methods of expressing numbers

and functions. A chain fraction has the form
1

where a0, alt..., an are whole numbers.

For example:
2 1 1
1=2-- =2 — =2 V :... = 2 —
2 2-1 1
2-1 2-...

V 2 = l + (K V 2 - l ) = l + — ^ т = = 1 + —y-
' 1+л/2 l + (V2-lJ

1 +- = 1+-
1+ 1 +-
1 + л/2 1 + ...

241
 Books are the compass and telescopes and sextants and charts which
other men have prepared to help us
navigate the dangerous seas of human life.
Jesse Lee Bennett (1907-2000)

VII.4. Logarithmic equations and inequalities

Terms
1. common (denary, decimal) logarithm - o'nli
logarifm | десятичный логарифм;
2. natural (hyperbolic) logarithm - natural logarifm | натуральный
логарифм;
3. logarithmic base - logarifm asosi | основание логарифма;
4. logarithm of a to base b - a ning b asosga ko'ra
logarifmi | логарифм числа а по основанию b;
5. to take the logarithm of a number - sonning logarifmini
topmoq | находить логарифм числа.

Learning Objectives
- to evaluate expressions containing logarithms;
- to know how to draw graphs of logarithmic functions;
- to solve logarithmic equations and inequalities.

Logarithm of b to the base a

a" =b (b>0)=>logab =n.

Common logarithm
\ogwa = \ga

Natural logarithm
loge<2 = lna.
Note: e ~ 2.718 .

242
Rules of logarithms
1) l o g a a = l 2) log. 1 = 0

( b^
3) log a (6c) = log a 6 + log a c 4) log1J
a - = loga b — loga с
\cj
1
5) \ogab" =n\ogab 6) log f l .6 = — l o g e 6
m

7)106 . 4 - i S b * 8) a l o g « f i = 6 .
log c a

Logarithmic function
y=i°sP{x)q(x),
w h e r e p (x) and q (x) are the algebraic expressions for which
q(x)> 0
• p(x)>0.
p(x)*l
Note: The above conditions constitute the logarithmic function
domain.

Logarithmic equation and its solution

'/(*)> 0
logfl / ( * ) = l0g a g(x) => &g(x)
\ / > 0
л

f(x) = g(x)

| ncrarithmir inamialitv anrl itc cnlutinn

243
Examples
42log,(log916)
1. Calculate
log 3 5 l o g 5 8 - l o g 3 2

• We will try to express the logarithms through a common base.

^2|°69('Og9l6)

1
logs8-log32
log 5 3

glOg9(lOg,16) ^ iQg^g

!2fi8_|og 2 log38-log32
3
log 5 3

log 3 ,2 4 _ f ' o g 3 2 _ 2[og32

2. Solve the equation xlog4jr_2 = 2 3 ( | ° 6 ^ - 1 ) .

• It is possible to simplify the equation if we set / = log-4x

л; = 4 ' , so that

L i Y"2 _ 23('-i) 22(('-2) _ г3!'-1) =>

2 / ( / - 2 ) = 3 ( f - l ) = > 2 f 2 - 7 f + 3 = 0 = > h=~ and

t2=3.

Hence, log 4 x = — =>x1=2 and log 4 x = 3 => x2 = 64. •

3. Solve the inequality Iog06log27x>-1.

• log 0 . 6 log 2 7 x>log 0 . 6 0.6" 1 =>

1 '3
log27 x <0.6 => log33 x <
v5;

244
 1. 5
— l o g 3 дг < — 3 = > l 0 g 3 X < 5 :

log 3 x < log 3 3s => x < 3s =>x< 243. •

4. W h a t is the function domain of у = -2x)?

• According to the formula the function domain of the given

logarithmic function is the solution of the following
simultaneous inequalities

x -2x>0 x(x-2)>0
4-х > 0 : x<4
4-хФ1 хФЗ

xe (-co; o)u(2; + «>)

X€(-oo;4) =>
x e (-oo; 3 ) u ( 3 ; + o o )

x e (-co; o)u(2; 3 ) u ( 3 ; 4). •

5. Compare the numbers 2 30 and 3 20 .

• W e take logarithm to the base 2 (base 3 is also fine) of each

number as follows.

log 2 2 30 and log 2 3 20 :=>

30 and 2 0 l o g 2 3 = >

30 and 20-1.58 = > 3 0 < 3 1 . 6 .

Thus, the second number is greater, ш

Exercises
1. Calculate

a) log 2 16 + log 3 — + log 1 7 1 + log r 9 + l o g ^ 1;

81 ~

245
 b) 2 I O B < 9 + l o g 2 l o g 5 V 5 + l o g 5 l n e 5 ;

c) l o g 3 5 l o g 4 9 - l o g 5 2 .

2. Find the function domain of

a) y = log2{x2 -2x); b) y = logx(6-x).

3. Draw the graph of the logarithmic functions
г) у = log2Jc; b)y = In x.
4. Solve the equations

a) l o g 2 ( x - 2 ) = 4 ; b) l o g ^ x 2 - * - * ) = 2;

c) log 2 log 3 x = 0 ; d) log16 x + log 4 x + log 2 x

e) 3*"5 = 7 ; f) log, ^/б25 - log, V l 2 5

5. For what value of jc is 2 l o g 3 ( x - 2 ) - 2 l o g 3 ( 4 - j c ) = 0 ?

6. Solve the trigonometric inequalities

a) log 2 (2x - 1 ) < 3 ; b) log16(3jc + l ) > 0 . 5 ;

c) log 02 (2x 2 + 5x + l ) < 0 ; d) \ogx(x + 2)>2.

Homework
1. Calculate
3lg2 + 3lg5
a)
Igl300-lgl3

. . 1 1 1 1 1
b) + + + +
log 2 4 log 4 4 log 8 4 log16 4 log32 4 '

c) log128f(o.25)l°g"(ivl+--));

d) \ogff4Vb .
2. Solve the equation

a) lg(3 + 2lg(l + jc)) = 0; b) 32,OE3* = 16;

246
 с) l o g 3 ( 3 * - 8 ) = 2 - x ; d) x 1 + l g x = 0.001 3
.

3. Solve the inequality

a) l o g 5 ( 2 x - 4 ) < l o g 5 ( x + 3); b) l o g 0 5 J C > - 2 .

Interesting numbers
1. Googol A large number equal to 1010C (i.e. a 1 with 100 zeros following it).
IO100
2. Googolplex A large number equal to 10 (i.e. 1 with a Googol number
of zeros written after it.)
3. Myriad The Greek word for 10,000.
4. Twins Two prime numbers, whose difference is equal to two. It is still
unclear if the set of twins is limited or not.
5. Perfect number A positive integer that is equal to the sum of all its
positive, proper divisors. For example, 6=1+2+3; 28=1+2+4+7+14. Euclid (3rd
century ВС) has indicated the formula 2 P_1 (2 P -1) (where 2''-l must be prime
numbers) for even perfect numbers. The formula works for about 27 even
perfect numbers. It is still unclear if there is any odd perfect number. It is clear
that no odd perfect number exists in the interval from 1 to IO50.
6. Palindrome A number that reads the same forwards and backwards. For
example, 32423.
7. Egyptian (aliquot) number A number n is called an Egyptian number if it is
the sum of the denominators in some unit fraction representation of a
positive whole number not consisting entirely of Is. For example,
1 1 1
1 = — + — + — , s o 2+3+6=11 is an Egyptian number. The numbers which are
2 3 6
not Egyptian are 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8,12,13,14,15,19, 21, and 23.
8. Transcendental number A number that is not a root of a polynomial
equation with whole coefficients. For example, к (3,14159...), e (2,71828...),
In2.

9. Mersenne prime number A prime number of the form 2" - 1, where n is a

prime number. For example, 3, 31, 1023. Note that if 2 " - l is prime; then (2"-
1)*2(""1> is a perfect number. For example, if n=3, 2 3 -l=7 is prime and 7*4=28;
if n=5, 2 5 - l = 3 1 and 31*16=496.
10. Narcissistic number An n-digit number which is the sum of the nth
powers of its digits. The smallest example other than the trivial 1-digit
number is 153=13+53+33. The series of smallest narcissistic numbers are 0,
153,1634, 54748, 548834,...

247
Chapter VII Answers. Trigonometry and logarithms

Vll.l. 1. л/4; лг/5; тс, 4тг/3; блг/5. 2. 60°; 36°; 180°; 120°; 225°; -20°. 3. а) 5; Ь)
О 1*) п [о
-7/4.4. sinor= ; tanor=2>/2; c o t a = — . 5. а) — ; b)
4

; c) ; d ) _ 2 _ V ? . 6. -I-£. 7.41. 8. a) l; b) 2.9.

4 4 2 3
0.10. Use the formula of addition.

Homework: 1. a) - ; b) — ; c) — ; d) — ; e) 10°; f) 18°; g) 36°; h)

8 10 12 3
Я Я Я
240°. 2. a) — ;b) - — ; с) - — ; d) 2 - f i . 3. a) 1/2; b) -1; c) 4.4.
2 2 2

a) 1; b) 0. 5.1.

VII.2.1. a) ( - « , +«); [-4, 2];

b) ( — , +~); [1,3];
4- -
—*—y = 2 + sutx

ft

b-H

4—

n
r12- Я— --T 11- b_ T —-Jj /2-
-1 .;

248
С) +<-); [-1,3];
н—

— У—

2-

1-)

у — 3= —я О - — г —^^ я /2/ 1-2

2я- - 3 (1/2- V 7 г/^ ?

=1
—
->

d) (—», +~>); [-2,0];

1
= COS х-1
т
1
-3; !L_ JJ Ai
V - —
/ \
А\

е) xtTz/2+кп, ne Z; f- 00 ^ 00 );
"ZT-
f

1
/
/ J
/
|
/
/
// -Чя/2J// 1
/
/
7ЛP t- 11-il
/
/
(
1 1
1z - • • J=
'Я/П A
C
249
 f) х*кп, neZ;

2. a) even; b) odd; c) odd; d) odd. 3. a) — ; b) — ; c) - V J ; d)

2 2

. 4. a) 1; b) 2; с) 1. 5. a) 2x/5; b) к] с)
4 i
No period.

Homework: 1. a) (-<*>, +<*>); [-4, 2]; b) +«>); [-1, 3].

с) хФ^ + лп,пе2; ye (-«=, + «>). 2. a) ^ ; b) 70л-. с) No period. 3.

4
3/8.4. 8cos в. 5. a) 2; b) 0.6. 2<Jb .

Vll.3.1. — .2. a) {-l)"- + nk,keZ-,

3 6
7Z ft
b) ± — + nk,keZ, — + nk,keZ;c) nk,keZ,~+—,keZ . 3.
2 4 4 2
— + 2nk, keZ Л. a) — ,ke Z, —, ke Z; b) — Д е Z . 5. cos в. 6. a)
2 3 2 2
# 5л" (
—+2nk.keZ) — + 2j±,keZ ;
6 6 )

b) ^ j + 2 ^ , f c e Z ; y - + 2 ^ , A ; 6 z j ;

c) j ^ + 2 ^ , £ e Z ; ^ + 27zfc,A;ezj;

250
d) як, ke як, ke Zj.
17 я
Homework: 1. a) 0; b) . 2. a) ± — + як, ke Z; b)
8 6

як, keZ; + arccos — +2 nk.keZ;

. 3J
c) як, keZ ;<h) ±- + xk,keZ;e) 0.3. a) \—,keZ-,~+—,keZ
3 v 2 2 2

b) ~— + 2як, keZ ;c) {—,keZ-,-+—,kez\,

2 V 2 4 2 J
d) ^ + +

. (я як , „ Зя . ^ „ я я ^ я Ъя 1я Эя
е — + — , ke Z ; — + — , k e Z .4. — ; — .5. — ; — ; — ; —
8 2 8 2 ) 3 2 10 10 10 10

VII.4.1. а) - 2 ; b) 1. 2. а) (-«>, о ) и ( 2 , Ь) (0,1)U(1, 6).

З.а)
О •

1•

1 н 1) 1 S if
Т
-е. •
о .

у- - XOg2 -т

251
 b)

Л .

n
1 I > J s b

о .

•3 .

- " — J = //1 -V

4. a) 18; b) 2; c) 3; d) 16; e) log37 + 5; f) 5. 5. 3. 6. a) (0.5, 4.5); b) (1,

+oo); c) ( - oo, - 2.5) и (О, + oo) ; d) (1, 2).

Homework: 1. a) 1.5; b) 7.5; c) 1/14; d) 27. 2. a) - 0.9; b) 4; c) 2; d) 0.01; 10.

3. a) (-3, 7); b) (0, 4).

252
 God does not care about our mathematical difficulties.
He integrates empirically.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955), German-born American physicist

CHAPTER VIII. DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION

VIII.l. Physical meaning. Derivative of an elementary

function

Terms
1. derivative of order n - и-tartibli hosila | производная я-ого
порядка;
2. differential -differentsial|дифференциал;
3. to take a derivative (to differentiate) - hosila olmoq | брать
производное, дифференцировать;
4. velocity-tezlik | скорость;
5. acceleration - tezlanish | ускорение.

Learning Objectives
- to understand the physical meaning of the derivative;
- to know how to evaluate a derivative of an elementary function.

Table of derivatives of elementary functions

1) с =0; 2) (x") = их" - 1 ;

3) (ax) =ax\na;
/ ^
5) (log e x) = ; 6) ( i n x ) ' = - ;
xlna X
/ /

7) (sinx) = c o s x ; 8) (cosx) = - s i n x ;
/ ^ / ^

9) (tanx) = 2 ' 10) (cot x) r

COS X sin .

253
11) (arcsinx) = 12) (arccosx) = —
л/Г^' V T 7 '
/ 1 /
13) (arctanx) = 14) (arc cot x) =- 2'
1+x2' 1+ x

Rules of differentiation

1) (C/j =Cff; 2) (f + g) = f' + g' >

3 ) ( / - g ) V - g ; 4) ( f - g ) = f g + f g ;

/1 _fg-fg .
6) (>/7^) г д а '
5)
U g

7) / ( g ( * ) )
where f(g(x)) is a composite function.

Examples

1. Evaluate the derivative of the function

i
y = x3-3x3 + + x4sinx.
x-2

• We use the rules of differentiation where appropriate.

(
3 3 4
У = x - 3 x + x - 2 + x sinx

( 4Л / 2
X
+ + (x 4 sinx)
И- V
3x 3
/
x-2
=

1 2
4 3R (X2)(X-2)'
3x ; -3 — X - M( ^— ^) V—- 2J )1- — ^ + / 4 \') sinx
. Ч'
+ x (sinx)
3 (x-2;
254
э 2 i (2л:2-1 Yx — 2 ) —v(х2 ) • 1 я . 4
Зх -4х3 + ^ > + 4х ^ i n x + x cosx =
(х-2 У

Зх2 - 4 х 3 — ^ - + 4 x 3 s i n x + x 4 cosx = . •

2. Find the value of / ( 9 ) if у = V V x + -Jwx-ll when x = 9

• We use the rule of differentiation for a composite function

/ = f V v ^ v ^ i r j = =

^ ' 2VVx+-v/20x-ll

(x) [ (20x-ll) V20x-ll+20*Jx

_ 2-jx 2л/20х-11 _ 24x-j2Qx-ll
2^-Jx + VIOx - 1 1 2VVx+V20x~ll

-v/20x-ll +20yfx
x • (20x -11) • (Jx+ л/20х - l l )

<- V 2 0 - 9 - l l + 20V9
So, >'(9) = — . , ,=
4A/9-(20-9-ll)-(V9+V20-9-llj

13 + 20-3 _ 73
4 7 9 -169 -(3 + 13) ~ 624 '

Exercises
1. Differentiate

а) у = Зх2 ; b) у = x 3 + 4 x ;

с) j/ = e* +lnx + l ; d) y = x 2 (Vx + l ) .

2. If f(x) = ———, find / ' ( 2 )

1-х

255
3. If ,S,(f) = 2 r 3 - 3 f + 4 / find the velocity and acceleration at the
moment when / = 2.
4. What is the derivative of
x
a) y = sinjc-cosx; b) y = x-2 .

5. For what value of a is the derivative of ax2 + 2x - 3 at x = 4 a - 1

equal to 30?

6. If у = xm • ex, where m is a constant, find in terms of m and x the

x2 d2v
value of the expression f . (Your answer should contain
у dx
only m's and J^S, but n o / s ) .
7. Evaluate the derivative of the composite functions

с)y = sin (cosx);

8. Differentiate yjx2+x\nx at x = e.

9. Find the derivative of V13 + Js + sinx at x = 0.

as
and A and В are constants. When t = 2, we have — T = 1 and
dt
d2s
= 3. What is — when t = 2?
dt2 dt

256
12. Let у = A + — , where A and В are constants not equal to zero. If
x

+— is zero when x = 4, find the value of B.

dx dx

Homework
1. Evaluate the derivative of

a )y = x2-3x; b )y = e*-x2.

2. If f ( x ) = x 3 + ¥ + In x , find / ' ( l ) .

3. What is the derivative of

a) y = -J2x2 + 1 b) y = (x+i)tm(x+l).
x+ 1

4. Find the derivative of x2ex + (inx)2 at x = 2.

5. If the derivative of ax2 +2ax + 3 at x = b + 1 equals 3, find the

value of ab.

6. What is the value of /'(o), if / ( x ) = sinx (x2 - 2 х + з)?

, 6x + 3cosx • Jt
7. Find the derivative of at x = — .
sinx 6
9x 2 dv
8. If y = x3 + 14x +1000, find the values of x for which —
2 dx
equals ( - 2 ) .

9. Draw the graph of > = x z -Ax + 50000 given that dy/dx = 0

when x = 300. Clearly show the points where the curve meets
the two axes and the point where the curve turns.

257
Interesting numbers
1. Economical number A number n is called an economical number if the
number of digits in the prime factorization of n (including powers) uses fewer
digits than the number of digits in n. The first few economical numbers are
125,128, 243, 256, 343, 512, 625, 729,...
2. Emirp A prime whose reversal is also prime, but which is not a
palindromic prime. The first few are 13, 17, 31, 37, 71, 73, 79, 97, 107, 113,
149,157,...
3. Pythagorean numbers Three numbers such that a triangle whose sides
are proportional (or equal) to them is a right-angle triangle. Mutually prime
2 2 2
Pythagorean numbers are found by the formulas: x=m -n, y=2mn, z=m +n ,
where m, n are whole numbers, m>n>0.
4. Factorial The factorial of a number и is a product of all natural numbers
from 1 to the number n and denoted as я! For instance, 4 ! = l - 2 - 3 - 4 = 2 4 ,
7!=5040.
5. Factorion An integer which is equal to the sum of factorials of its digits.
There are exactly four such numbers: 1=1!; 2=2!; 145=l!+4!+5!; 40,585=
4I+0I+5I+8I+5!.
6. Harshad number A positive integer which is divisible by the sum of its
digits or a multidigital number. The first few are 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,12,
18, 20, 21, 24,...
7. Taxicab number The «th taxicab number Та(n) is the smallest number
representable in n different ways as a sum of positive cubes:
Ta(2)=1729=l3+123=93+103.
Та(3)=87539319=167э+4363=2283+4233=2553+4143.Та(4)=6963472309248.
8. Kaprekar number Consider an и-digit number k. Square it and add the
right n digits to the left n or n-1 digits. If the resultant sum is k, then к is
called a Kaprekar number. E.g. 92=81, 8+1=9 or 2972=88,209, 88+209=297.
The first few are 1,9,45, 55, 99, 297,...
9. Lucky number Write out all the odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15,...
The first odd number greater than 1 is 3, so strike out every third number
from the list: 1, 3, 7, 9, 13, 15,... The first odd number greater than 3 in the
list is 7, so strike out every seventh number: 1, 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 21, 25, 31, ...
Numbers remaining after this procedure has been carried out completely are
called lucky numbers. The first few are 1, 3, 7, 9,13,15, 21, 25, 31, 33,...
10. Pandigital fraction A fraction containing the digits 1 through 9. For
example, 1/2=6729/13458 or 6792/13584. 1/3=5823/17469 or 5832/17496.
The numbers of pandigital fractions for 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, ... are 0, 12, 2 (given
above), 4,12, 3, 7, 46, 3,...

258
 Interesting numbers
11. Pandigital number A decimal integer which contains each of the
digits from 0 to 9. The first few are 1023456789, 1023456798,
1023456879,10234546897,...
12. Pi wordplay A short mnemonic for remembering the first eight
decimal digits of яг: "May I have a large container of coffee?" giving
3.1415926.
13.Powerful number An integer m such that if p\m, then p2\m, is
called a powerful number. The first few are 1, 4, 8, 9, 16, 25, ...
Powerful numbers are always of the form abb for a, b> 1.
14. Practical number A number n is practical if for all k<n, к is the sum
of distinct proper divisors of n. The first few are 1, 2,4, 6, 8,12,16,18,
20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 36,40, 42, 48,...
15. Semi-prime A composite number which is the product of two
primes (possibly equal). The first few are 4,6,9,10,14,15, 21, 22,...
16. Smith number A composite number the sum of whose digits is the
sum of the digits of its prime factors (excluding 1). One example is the
beast number 666.
17. Sophie Germaine prime A prime p if both p and 2p+l are prime.
E.g. 2, 3, 5,11,...
18. Sum-product number A number n such that the sum of n's digits
times the product of n's digits is n itself. E.g. 135 = (l+3+5)(l*3*5).
Only 3 such numbers exist: 1,135,144.
19. Trimorphic number A number n such that the last digits of n3 are
the same as n. E.g. 493=117649. The first few are 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 24, 25,
49, 51,75, 76,99,125, 249, 251,...
20. Untouchable number An integer which is not the sum of the proper
divisors of any other number. The first few are 2, 5, 52, 88, 96, 120,
124,146,...
21. Happy number A number such that the sum of the squares of digits
eventually equals one. E.g. 23: 22 + 32 = 13, l 2 + 32 = 10, l 2 + 02 = 1; 103:
l 2 + 02 + 32 = 10, l 2 + 02 = 1.

I ' • ' L* I * I '.'•'•'• 1 I ' • ' I 1 •'.'•'•'•'•'• ' • ' • ' I '•'•'•'•', ' • ' • ' •'.'•'•'•'•'•'•'•'•'•'.'•' 1 1 •'•'•'. 1 . ' •
8&х

259
 It is not what we eat but what we digest that makes us strong, It is not
what we read but what we remember that makes us wise, It is not what
we earn but what we save that makes us rich, It is not what beliefs we
hold but what we do with those beliefs that make us what we are.
Old Chinese quotation

VIII.2. Monotonicity, extreme values and a tangent of a

function

Terms
1. extreme value - extremum |экстремум;
2. monotonous function - monoton funktsiya | монотонная
функция;
3. point of contact - urinish nuqtasi |точка касания;
4. tangent line equation (equation of a tangent) - urinma
tenglamasi | уравнение касательной;
5. to equate-tenglashtirmoq | приравнивать.

Learning Objectives
- to know how to find the extreme values of a function;
- to be able to determine the intervals of increase and decrease
through function's derivative;
- to learn how to find the tangent of a function and draw it.

Extreme points of a function у =f(x)

Step 1. Solve the equation у = 0 .

Step 2. If JC = JC0 is a solution to the equation above, then

If theny (x0) isa maximum value.

If У ( х 0 ) > 0 , then j (x0) \s a minimum value.

Interval of increase (decrease) of a function

/>0 (у < O ) .

260
Tangent line equation at the point (х 0 ,.у 0 ):
У= Уо+/'{х0)(х-х0).

Examples

1. Find the extreme values of the function y = x4 - 2x2.

• The extreme values of a function occur at critical points of the

function. To find the critical points of a function, one needs to
equate the derivate of the function to zero and solve the
equation.

= 0 ; x2 = 1 and x3 = - 1 are the critical points.

Now, we check the second order derivatives to determine if the

value of the function is maximum or minimum at each certain
critical point.

а) У ( — l ) = 12 • ( - 1 ) 2 — 4 = 8 > 0 =>

y ( - 1 ) = ( - 1 ) 4 - 2 • ( - 1 ) 2 = - 1 is a minimum value,

b) / ( 0 ) = 12-(0)2-4 = - 4 < 0 = >

y ( o ) = (o) 4 - 2 • (о) 2 = 0 is a maximum value,

c) / ( l ) = 12-(l)2-4 = 8>0=>

^ ( l ) = (l) 4 — 2 • (l) 2 = - 1 is a minimum value. •

261
2. Find the extreme values of the function у = sin x + cos x in the
segment xe [o, я\.

• The extreme values of a function at a closed segment occur

either at the border numbers or at the critical points within the
given segment. Therefore, we will find all critical points inside
the segment and check both these critical points and the border
numbers.
r
Step 1. у = (sinx + cosx) = c o s x - s i n x

, -Д 4г V2
cos x - s i n x = 01 => — c o s x sinx = 0=>
2 2 2

Я . Я .
c o s — c o s x - s i n — s i n x = 0=> COS — + x I = 0 =>
4 4 v4

7T 7V 7t
—+x =—+7ik,k€Z=>x =—+7ik,keZ.
4 2 4

So, the critical point, which belongs to the segment [о, n\, is — .
4

Now, we check the second order derivatives to determine if the

value of the function is maximum or minimum at this critical
point or one of the border numbers.
/

Step2. y " = (cosx-sinx) = - s i n x - c o s x .

a) y"(0) = - s i n 0 - c o s 0 = - l < 0 = >

>>(o) = sin 0 + cos 0 = 1.

'я\ я
b) / — =-sin cos
vA 4 4 2 2

Я \ . Я Я г ~ . . - .
— I = s i n — + cos— = л/2 is a maximum value.
U J 4 4

262
 с) y"(;r) = - s i n ; r - c o s 7 r = l > 0 = >

y(n) = s\nn + cQsn = -l is a minimum value. •

3. Find the tangent of the function у = Зх2 + 4 at the point M ( 1 , 7).

• We substitute the coordinates of the point of contact and the

value of the derivative of the function at the given contact point
into the formula for a tangent.

/'(*) = (Зх2 +4) =6x=> /'(l) = 6.

У ~ J;o = f'(xo Xх ~ xo) ^

j - 7 = 6(x-l)=>y:=6x + l . •

4. Find the intervals of increase and decrease of the function

у = Зх 3 -2x2.
• A function increases (decreases) when its derivative is greater
(less) than 0.

a) / > 0 => (зх 3 - 2 x 2 ) > 0 =>

9x 2 - 4 x > 0 => x ( 9 x - 4 ) > 0 = >

x e (-о», + is an interval of increase.

b) y<0=> (зх3-2х2) <0=>

9 x 2 - 4 X < 0 = > X(9X — 4 ) < 0 =>

4^
xe 0, is an interval of decrease.
V 9

263
Exercises
1. Find extreme values (maximum and minimum) of the function
2 2
a )y = x ; b) у = x + x;
c)y = 2 x 3 - 3 x 2 ;
e)y = -x2 + 2x.
2. Find the smallest value of the function y = x2-6x + 11.
3. Find the smallest and the largest values of у = x2 - 3x in the
segment x e [o, 2].
4. Represent 18 as a sum of two numbers so that the sum of their
squares will be the least.
5. Identify the intervals of increase and decrease of
a)y = x2; b)y = x2-2x-3;
c)y = 3x*-4x3.
6. What is the equation of the tangent to the parabola у = x2-3x+2
at x 0 = 2?
7. Write down the equation of the tangent to the graph of у = x 3
that passes through the p o i n t s ( - 1 , - 1 ) .

Homework
з 3
1. Find the extreme values (maximum and minimum) of у = x + —
x
and the tangent to the graph of the function at the point x 0 = - 2.
2. What are the largest and smallest values of the function
;~x+cos 2 xin [о, n / 2 ] ?

3. For what values of x doesy = 2x3 + 3x2 - 2 decrease?

4. Find the point on у - x2 + 2x + 8 where the tangent to the
function is parallel to y = - 2x + 8.

264
Various algorithms

1. Euclidean algorithm The method of finding HCD of two numbers or

polynomials. If a>b, then a is divided by b with remainder bi (а=пЬ+Ьх), then b
is divided by bx with remainder b2 and we continue until the
remainder is equal to zero. The last positive remainder bk in this process will be
the HCD. For example: Let <3=144, 6=78. Then 144=78*1+66; 78=66*1+12;
66=12*5+6; 12=6*2. Last positive remainder is 6, thus the highest common
divisor of the numbers 144 and 78 is 6.

2. Mathematical induction A method of proving or verifying a conjecture or

certain mathematical propositions. Let's say a proposition must be checked for
Ab A2, ... , A„. The method of induction states: 1) check the validity of the
proposition for A i (the step is called the basis of induction); 2) assume the
proposition be valid for.4k and use this assumption to prove the validity of А м
(the inductive step).

For example, let а„=1+2+...+и be the sum of the first n natural numbers. The
proposition is that the sum a„=«(w+l)/2.

1) For n=l we have fli=l, so the proposition holds true;

2) It is assumed that ak=k(k+l)/2, then

ak*1=ak+k+l=k{k+l)/2+k+l=(k+l)(k+2)/2. It is proved.

3. 196-Algorithm Take any positive integer of two digits or more, reverse the
digits and add them to the original number. Now repeat'the procedure with the
sum obtained. This procedure quickly produces palindrome numbers for most
integers. For example, starting with the number 5280 produces (5280, 6105,
11121, 23232). The first few numbers not known to produce palindromes are
196, 887, 1675, 7436, 13783... which are simply numbers obtained by
iteratively applying the algorithm to the number 196 (Weisstein E 2002, p. 9).

4. Origami The Japanese art of paper folding. Cube duplication and trisection
of an angle can be solved using origami. There are a number of recent very
powerful results in origami mathematics. A very general result states that any
planar straight-line drawing may be cut out of one sheet of paper by a single
straight cut, after appropriate folding. Another result is that any polyhedron
may be wrapped with a sufficiently large square sheet of paper. This implies
that any connected, planar, polygonal region may be covered by a flat origami
folded from a single square of paper.
 For students to succeed, they should catch up with those ahead of them
and should not wait for those behind them.
Aristotle (384-322 ВС), Greek philosopher and scientist

VIII.3. Indefinite integrals

Terms
1. indefinite integral - noaniq integral | неопределенный
интеграл;
2. integration - integral | интегрирование;
3. integral (anti-differential) function - boshlang'ich
funktsiya | первообразная функция;
4. integration by parts - bo'laklab integrallamoq | интегрирование
по частям;
5. integration by substitution - o'miga qo'yish orqali
integrallamoq | интегрирование подстановкой;
6. to integrate - integrallamoq | интегрировать.

Learning Objectives
- to get acquainted with the table of main integrals;
- to know how to use the methods of integration by parts and by
substitution. '

Table of the main integrals

266
 1+x
9) f — = i + C;
J
l-x 2
2 1-х

[arctanx
+C;

fcH
10) U

111
J l + .x [ - a r c cot x

r 1 I arcsonx
\<*>
+ C.
arccosx

Rules of integration

1) \cf{x)dx = c\f{x)dx , where С is a constant;

2) j ( / ( x ) ± ^ ( x ) > / x = J/(x>fe± Jg(x)dx .

Two methods of integration

Integration by parts
Judv = uv- jvdu;

Integration by substitution

If X = <p(x), then jf(x)ix = \f{(p{t])-(p\t)dt.

Examples
/
1. Integrate I 10x9+12xs-3x2

• According to the rules of integration, the integral can be

expressed as a sum of three integrals.

j 10x9 + 12x5 - 3x 2
s
= J l O x V x + Jl2x -dx - jix^dx =

267
 9+1 5+1 2 + 1 I
1 0 - - — + 12- — 3-4 + c= x10 +2x5 -2x2 +C .
9+1 5+1 1 + 1

2. Integrate by substitution J * ^ dx.

• Denote the expression at the denominator by V.

x4 - 3 = t => Ax^dx = dt => x3dx = —.

4

[-4—dx = fi• ^ = ilnld11 + C = -Inl/1 -3|1 + C. •

•>x 4 -3 J/ 4 4 4

3. Integrate by parts |4xlnxdx.

1
• Let w = lnx=> du = —dx and
x

dv = Axdx => jdv - j4xdx => v = 2x2.

Then,

^Ax\nxdx-lx2\nx- J*2JC2 •— dx = 2x2\nx-x2 +C.

Exercises
1. Find the integrals of the following functions
3
a ) y = x2; b) y = -;
x

x2 +JC + 1
c)y=¥ + ex; d) y =
*J~x

268
Evaluate

a) Jf — c o s ^ x — d x ; b) Jfcot 2 xdx;
sinx-cosx

c) Jsinx sin3xafx.

Find the integral function F {x) of/(x) = x2, which passes through
A (3, 2).

If F'(x) = e* +s\n2x and F(0) = 3.5, find F{x).

F ( x ) = — x2 + c o s x + C is an integral function o f f [x). Find the

derivative of/(x).

Integrate by parts

a) Jxsmxdx; b) jxexdx;

c) Jsinxcosx<&; d) j8x(2x + 3) 5 Jx.

Integrate by substitution

a) b)

c)xe~x2dx-, d) J"(2x + l)30<5?x;

e) jx2(x3+7jdx.

Evaluate the integrals

2x + 3
a) f - ^ dx; b) \lx exdx; c) f dx;
Jx + 3x J J cos x

d) f - ^ — dx; e) f - ^ — ^ -dx .
Jx - 1 -"х + 5 x + 4

269
Homework

1. Integrate
1
г)у = -2х + Ъ-, b)y =
1+ x

c)y = 2x7; d)y = 4y[x.

2. Evaluate

a) Jr3x + 4 b , J(;2JC + 3COSJC

3. If F'(JC) = x + 2 and F ( 2 ) = 2, find FI*).

4. Carry out the integrations

a) J ( 3 * - 4 f 0 0 d x ; b) J ^ A ;

dx
dx.
5-jc2

270
Theorems/Postulates
1. Fundamental theorem of arithmetic Any integer greater than 1
can be expressed as the product of prime numbers in only one way.
2. Green-Tao theorem The sequence of prime numbers contains
arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions.

3. Hinge theorem If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two

sides of another triangle, and the included angle of the first is larger
than the included angle of the second, then the third side of the first
triangle is longer than the third side of the second triangle.

4. Lagrange's theorem Every positive integer can be expressed as

the sum of four squares of integers.

5. Ptolemy's theorem A necessary and sufficient condition for a

convex quadrilateral to be inscribed in a circle is that the sum of the
products of the two pairs of opposite sides equal the product of the
diagonals.

6. Rational root theorem If a rational number p/q, where p and q

have no common factors, is a root of a polynomial equation with
integral coefficients, then the coefficient of the term of highest order
is divisible by q and the coefficient of the term of lowest order is
divisible by p.

7. Taylor's theorem Under certain conditions a real or complex

function can be.represented in a neighborhood of a point where it is
infinitely differentiable, as a power series whose coefficients involve
the various order derivatives evaluated at that point.

8. Thales' theorem If А, В and С are points on a circle where the line

AC is a diameter of the circle, then the angle ABC is a right angle. An
angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.

9. Viviani's theorem The sum of the distances from a point to the

sides of an equilateral triangle equals the length of its altitude.

271
Theorems/Postulates "

10. Mohr-Mascheroni theorem Any geometric construction that can be !

performed by a compass and straightedge (ruler) can be performed by "
a compass alone.

11. Fundamental theorem of algebra Every polynomial of degree n -

with complex coefficients has exactly n roots, counting multiples. !

12.2enodor's theorems Among all polygons with equal perimeters and -

numbers of sides the regular polygon has the largest area. Between "
two regular polygons the one with the greater number of vertices has -
the larger area. |

13. Euclid's theorem A set of prime numbers is infinite. The first proof .
of the theorem is given in "Elements" of Euclid (3rd century ВС), book "
IX, theorem 20. '

14. Lagrange's theorem Any whole number will be the sum of squares -
of four whole numbers. For example, 7 = 2 2 +l 2 +l 2 +l 2 ; 15 = I
3 2 +2 2 +l 2 +l 2 .

15. Ptolemy's theorem (2nd century century). The product of the "
diagonals of a quadrilateral inscribed into a circle is equal to the sum of -
the products of its opposite sides. "

16. Pythagorean theorem (6th century ВС). The area of the square .
constructed on the hypotenuse of a triangle is equal to the sum of "
areas of squares constructed on the other sides of the triangle. In fact, .
the theorem had been known to earlier (maybe thousand years earlier) '
mathematicians. Pythagoras is given a credit for demonstrating its .
proof.

17. Bertrand's postulate If n>3, there is always at least one prime !

between n and 2n-2 . Equivalently," if n> 1, then there is always at least -
one prime between n and 2n. The conjecture was first made by I
Bertrand in 1845 and was proved by Chebyshev in 1850-1.

18. Warner's theorem An avh rectangle can be packed with 1хи strips [
\tfn\aorn\b.
T-n^TTHTwmfmr^^

272
 If I have seen farther than others, it is because
I was standing on the shoulders of giants.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727), English physicist, mathematician and natural
philosopher

If you drop a gold and a book, pick up the book first.

Jewish proverb

VIII.4. Definite integrals

Terms

1. definite integral - aniq integral | определенный интеграл;

2. area of a figure - figuraning yuzi | площадь фигуры;
3. to be b o u n d e d - c h e g a r a l a n g a n |быть ограниченным;
4. to carry out - bajarmoq | выполнять.

Learning Objectives
- to be able to calculate definite integrals using the Newton-Leibniz
formula;
- to know how to find areas of plain figures.

Newton-Leibniz formula
ь
\f{x)dx = F(xl=F(b)-F{ay,
a

Rules of integration
b b
1) \cf{x)dx = c\f{x)dx-l
a a
b b b
2) \(f(x)±g(x))dx = \f{x)dx± J'g(x)dx;
a a a
b a
3
) \f{x)dx = -^f{x)dx;
a b

273
4) } / ( * ) = 0;
а
b с Ь
5) J/(x)s&c = |/(х)сйс+ J/(x)c&, w h e r e a < c < b .

Integration by parts
b b
jwrfv = uvfa - jvdu .

Integration by substitution s - <p{t), a = (p{a), b = (p{0):

ь P
\f(x)dx = \f((p(t))-<p'(t)dt.
a a

Examples
5

1. Evaluate the integral JJC2(4x-9)c£t.

-2

• We expand the brackets and use the Newton-Leibniz formula.

5 '5

jx (4JC-9)dx= J(4x 3 - 9x2

2
= (x4 - 3 x 3
=
- 2 - 2

(Б4 - 3 - 5 3 ) - ( ( - 2 ) 4 - 3 ( - 2 ) 3 ) = 250 - 40 = 210.И

274
 -4
2. Find the value of j7x(jc + 6)5<5fcc.
-7

• It is possible to integrate the above by substitution as well as by

parts.

1-method (by substitution).

Let / = x + 6 => x = t-6=> dx = dt.

The border values in terms of t will be:

/ = - 7 + б = - 1 and / = - 4 + 6 = 2.
-4 2

-7 -1
2
6
J ( ? ; - 4 2 ^ = ^ - 7 ^ =
-l
(27 — 7 - 2 6 ) - ( ( — l ) 7 — 7 - ( — 1 ) 6 ) = - 3 1 2 .

2-method (by parts);

Let u = x=>du = dx and dv = 7(x + 6)sdx=> v = —(jt + б)6.

-7 -7

V
-7

1792 49 f 7? (-l):
+
6 6 6 6

1792 49 129 _ 1872

-312. •
6 6 6 ~ 6

275
3. There are 10 identical and grey-colored gates of a company's
garages, each of which measures 4 meters by 4 meters. A
manager wants a shape to be drawn on each gate in the form of
two upside down parabolas painted white inside. The painter
says that an area of 15m2 requires 1 liter of dye. If the manager
wants one of the upside down parabolas to have its vertex at the
top and branches at the bottom corners and the other one to
have its vertex at the center and branches at the bottom
corners, then calculate how much dye will be needed to paint
the shape on all 10 gates.

• We draw the parabolic shapes on the plane

For the upper parabola yi = ax2 + bx + c, the jc-intercepts are

(0, 0) and (4, 0) and the vertex is Vx (2, 4). We substitute the
coordinates into this equation

0=c

0 = 16a + 4 b + c

4 = 4a + 2b + с

We solve the equations above and find c=0, b=4, a=-1.

So, yi = - x 2 + 4x.
276
For the lower parabola y2 = ax2 + bx + c, the jc-intercepts are (0,
0) and (4, 0) and the vertex V2 (2, 2). W e substitute the
coordinates into this equation

0 =c
0 = 16a + 4b + c
2 = 4a + 2b + c
We solve the simultaneous equations above to find с = 0, b = 1/8
and a = - 1 / 2 .

So, у г = - 0.5х2 + 2x.

W e integrate the difference of the upper and lower functions

between 0 and 4 and find the area of the enclosed shape for one
gate.

4 4

J O ' I - У2 = j l ( - * 2 + 4 x ) - ( - 0.5JC2 + 2X)J/J

0

1
6 3

The total area for 10 gates will be

5—-10 =
3 3 3

So,

1 160
16i 32 5
53—: 15 = —— :15 = — = 3 — = 3.56 liters of white dye is
3 3 9 9
needed.•

277
Exercises
1. Calculate
з
a) jxdx; b) Jx 3 <&;

£
7
d) Jcosxdbf.
i
2. Evaluate
2

а) b) J|3 - x\dx .
0.5 -2
1
3. For what value of b is J(4x + b)dx equal to 1?

4. Integrate by substitution

1
a) f — - — d x ; b) f . dx.
Ux-1
l J>/2x + 3
5. Integrate by parts
2

a) Jxexdx; b) jlnxdx.

6. Find the area of the figures bounded by the following functions

a) у = JC - l,y = 0, x = 2, x = 4;
b ) y = 0.5.x:2,у = х-, с)у = 0.25x2, у = 2-y/jc;
я
d) у = sin 2x, у = 0, x = 0, x = —.

7. Evaluate
3я
e 1 2
dx
a) J - ; b) j]sinx|(&.
+ 1
о *

278
Homework
1. What is the value of

a) 2je'dx; Ыj f ; c,
X
1 1 8 V*
2. Evaluate

a) |JCInJCC/JC; b) f .
,J
1 e >2x-e
3. What is the area of the figure bounded by the lines

a) y = \fx ,y = 0,x = l,x = 8;

b )y = x2,y = 2x1

219
Theorems

1. Bolyai-Gerwien theorem If two simple polygons of equal area are

given, one can cut the 1st into finitely many polygonal pieces and
rearrange these pieces to get the 2 nd polygon.

2. Intermediate value theorem If / (x) is a continuous real-valued

function on the closed interval from a to b, then, for any у between
the least upper bound and the greatest lower bound of the values of
the function f , there is an x0 between a and b with f(x0) =y.

3. Euler's theorem For any polyhedron, V-E + F= 2, where V, E, F

represent the number of vertices, edges, and faces respectively.

4. Extreme value theorem If a function f (x) is continuous in the

closed interval [a, b] then/[x) must attain its maximum and minimum
value, each at least once.

5. Fermat's Last theorem If an integer n is greater than 2, then

d,Jrbn-c" has no solutions in positive integers a, b, and c.

6. Thales theorem Parallel lines that cut equal segments on one side
of an angle also cut equal segments on the other side of the angle.

7. Pizza theorem If a circular pizza is divided into 8,12,16,... slices by

making cuts at equal angles from an arbitrary point, then the sums of
the areas of alternate slices are equal.

8. Marriage theorem If a group of men and women may date only if

they have previously been introduced, then a complete set of dates is
possible if every subset of men has collectively been introduced to at
least as many women, and vice versa.

9. Menelaus' theorem For triangles in the plane: AD*BE*CF =

BD*CE*AF.
С

280
Theorems

10. Monge's circle theorem Draw three nonintersecting circles in the

plane, and the common tangent line for each pair of two. The points of
intersection of the three pairs of tangent lines lie on a straight line.
There is a 3-D analog of this theorem.

11.Abel's impossibility theorem In general, polynomial equations

higher than fourth degree are incapable of algebraic solution in terms
of a finite number of additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions,
and root extractions.

12. Angle bisector theorem The angle bisector of an angle in a triangle

divides the opposite side in the same ratio as the sides adjacent to the
angle.

13. Barber's theorem All curves of constant width of w have the same
perimeter яте.

14.Crossed ladders theorem In the figure below, let AB\\CD\\EF,

then 1/AB+1/CD=1/EF.
В;

281
Chapter VIII Answers. Differentiation and integration
1 -
Vlll.l. 1. a) 6x; b) 3x2+4; c) ex+~; d) 2.5x2 +2x. 2. 1. 3. 21; 24. 4. a)
x
cos2x; b) 2x+2*xln2. 5. -1.75; 2. 6. x2+2mx+m(m-l). 7. a) 4x3+4x; b)
2
x x I 1
, c) -sinxcos(cosx); d) - 2 x e ~ +2cot2x. 8. J l + — ; 9.
Vx2+3 V *
20—1

-3 2 / -1 11 ! :i

—•—j' = &e + 6
-8-
1/48.10. 11.12.12. - 2.
22x
Homework: 1. a) 2x-3; b) хУ+2хе*. 2. 4+З/иЗ. 3. a) . +- ; b)
2
л/ 2 x + l (* + l)

t a n ( x + 1 ) + — * + 1 . . 4. 8<?2+/«2. 5.1.5. 6. 3. 7. -2я"л/3 . 8 . - 4 ; 1.

cos (x *f l)

282
VIII.2. 1. a) No max; 0; b) No max; -0.25; с) 0; -1; d) No max; no min; e) 1;
no min. 2. 3. 3. -2.25; 0. 4. 9+9. 5. a) (0, +=») - y l 4 ; 0) - у ф ; b) (1,
+°°) - y t ; ( — 1 ) - у ф ; с) (l, +<~) - y t ; ( - «>, 0)U(0, l) - у ф . 6.y=x-
2. 7. y=3x+2.
45 К
Homework: 1. 4 is max; - 4 is min; y = — x + 13 . 2. — ; 1. 3. (-1, 0). 4. (-2,
4 2
12).

x3 3* 2 - 2 - - -
x s 3
V I I I . 3 . 1 . a) — + C ; b)3/«|x|+C;c) — + e + C ; d) - x +-x +2x2 +C .
3 ГпЗ 5 3
2. a) cosx-sinx+C; b) -cotx-x+C; c) 0.25sin(2x)-0.125sin(4x)+C. 3.

—x 3 + 7 .4. ^-0.5cos2x+3. 5. 2-cosx. 6. a) sinx-xcosx+C; b) e*(x-l)+C;

c) -0.25cos2x+C; d) (4x-l)(2x+3)6/7+C. 7. a) -je2~3x+C; b)

— — + C ; с) -0.5e~x2 + C ; d) (2x+l)31/62+C; e) (x3+7)6/18+C. 8. a)

3 —2x

283
 Inx + 3 x + C ; b) N 1 + C ; с) xtanx+/«|cosx|+C; d) 0.5ln 1 - х + C;
ln(2e) 1+x
x+1
e) |ln + C.
x+4

2
Homework: 1. a) - x +3x + C ; b) ln\l+x\+C; c) 0.25xs+C; d) Зх 3 +C . 2.
a) - 1.5x — 4x + C ; b) x +3sinx+C. 3. 0.5x +2x-4.
х + л/5
4. a) — ( 3 x - 4 ) 1 0 1 + C ; b) 0.25/«|4х-1|+С; с) -Ц=1п + C.
303 2 V i x-Js

VI11.4.1. a) 4.5; b) 3.75; c) 5; d) 1. 2. a) 5/8; b) -3. 3.0.5.4. а) 0.5/иЗ; b) 2. 5.

a) e2; b) 2/и2-1. 6. a) 4; b) 8/3; c) 16/3; d) 2. 7. a) 2; b) 3.
Homework: 1. a) e2-e; b) /и2.5; с) 3. 2. a) (e2+l)/4; b) 0.5/n3-l. 3. a) 12; b)
4/3.

284
 Let no one ignorant of geometry enter here.
Inscription above Plato's Academy (founded in Athens in 387 ВС)

CHAPTER IX. PLANE GEOMETRY

IX. 1. B a s i c c o n c e p t s

Terms
1. line segment - kesma | отрезок;
2. acute (obtuse, right, internal, straight) angle - o'tkir (o'tmas,
to'g'ri, ichki, yoyiq) burchak| острый (тупой, прямой,
внутренний, развёрнутый) угол;
3. supplementary (complementary, vertical) angle - qo'shni
(to'ldiruvchi, vertikal) burchak| смежный (дополнительный,
вертикальный) угол;
4. parallel (perpendicular) lines - parallel (perpendikulyar)
chiziqlar | параллельные (перпендикулярные) прямые;
5. perpiendicular- perpendikulyar| перпендикуляр;
6. bisector - bissektrisa | биссектриса;
7. the alternate angles - ichki almashinuvchi burchaklar| накрест
лежащие углы;
8. middle line - o'rta chiziq | средняя линия;
9. at an angle of sixty degrees - oltmish gradus burchak ostida |
под углом в шестьдесят градусов;
10. at the right a n g l e - t o ' g ' r i burchak ostida | под прямым углом.

Learning Objectives
- to learn the main geometrical concepts;
- to learn properties of angles.

285
 90°
П_

right

Р > 90 а+р = 180° а+р = 90

obtuse supplementary complementary

1) a = a; P = s; у = S = у/.
2) у = Л; д = е.
a and у;Р and
3 )а = ^;Р=у/.
are vertical 4) 7 + е = 180°; <5 + Л = 180°.
a = у; P = S 5)а + у/= 180°; Р + £ = 180°.

Examples

1. A beam of light shines from a point S, reflects off a mirror at

point R, and reaches a point D at an angle of 24° so that SR is
perpendicular to both AB and CD. The angles SRT and FRD are
equal and denoted byjc. Find the angles

a )DRS; b )FRD; c)CFR; d )RFD.

T S

С F D

286
• a) The property of parallel lines cut by a third line suggests that
the angles FDR and BRD are equal: ZFDR = ZBRD = 24°. The
angle SR is perpendicular to AB, consequently, it is a right angle.

So, the angle DRS is equal to the sum of the angles BRD and
BRS: ZDRS = ZBRD + ZBRS = 24° + 90° = 114°.

b) The angle FRT is a straight angle, which is the sum of the

angles FRD, DRS and SRT:

ZFRT = ZFRD + ZDRS + ZSRT =>

180° = x + 114° + JC =>

x = 33°=> ZFRD = 33°

c) The property of parallel lines cut by a third line suggests that

the internal cross angles BRF and CFR are equal:

ZCFR = ZBRF = ZFRD + ZBRD = 33°+27° = 57°

d) Vertical angles ARTand BRF are equal:

ZART = ZBRF = 57°.

The property of the parallel lines cut by a third line suggests that
the angles ART and CFR are equal:

ZCFR = ZART = 57°. •

2. In the figure below, AB is parallel to CD and EF is parallel to

GH. Find the size of the angles marked from a to j .

В
•o

287
• The corresponding property of angles formed by the intersection

of parallel lines is used as follows:

• angle a is a supplementary angle to 116°

a = 180° - 1 1 6 ° = 62°.

• the given angle 116° is equal to b + 76°

b = 116° - 7 6 ° = 40°.

• the angles a and с are equal

c = a = 62°.

• the angles a and d a r e alternate angles, which are equal

d = a = 62°.
• the angles e and given 76° are alternate angles, which are
equal

e = 76°.

• the angles b a n d / a r e alternate angles, which are equal

/= b = 40°.

• the angles d and g are equal

g = d= 62°.
• the angles g and h make a straight angle, consequently

h = 1 8 0 ° - 62°=116°.

• the angle i is equal to the given angle 116°.

• the angles с a n d / are vertical angles, which are equal

j = c = 62°. •

288
Exercises
1. Find the angle x in the diagram:

2. a and /? are two supplementary angles. If a = /? + 40°, find these

angles.
3. The angles a and /? are supplementary angles. If аф = 4:5, find
the value o f / ? - a .
4. Two parallel lines AB and CD are intersected by the line EF at
points Z a n d Yrespectively and the angle FYD = 123°. Find the
angles A W and AXE.
5. In thefigure below, find the angles EHD and EHC.

289
 perpendicular to AB at E meets the bisector of angle EFD at G.
Calculate the angle ZEGF.
8. Line AB is parallel to line CD. Find the value of у/ and со.

А В

Homework
1. In the figure below, what is the value of x?

290
2. Find the acute angle in degrees formed by the intersection of
Shakhrisabz and Movaraunnakhr streets from the figure below.

Shakhrisabz Street
Yuldosh Okhunboboev Street / [ 2 , y + 22)°

(7a"-23)0/ Movaraunnakhr Street

3. Find the length of the dotted line in meters.

40 m

6m
10 m
34m 20 m
10 m

4. Find the angles a, and у in the figure below where AB is

parallel to CD

5. AB is parallel to CD. Find the angles в, л and/-

A В

291
Uzbek mathematicians
1. Al-Khwarazmi (Khiva, Uzbekistan 787-Baghdad 850) is a mathematician
and astronomer. Author of an arithmetic treatise which was translated in the
12th century from Arabic into Latin and which introduced the Indian
positional number system. In his algebraic work "Book of Restoring and
Balancing" algebra is for the first time considered as a separate branch of
mathematics, rules of dealing with algebraic quantities are given and 1st and
2 nd degree equations are solved. For a long time this treatise served as a main
textbook on algebra in European countries. Khwarazmi chaired the House of
Wisdom (the first and largest scientific centre in the middle ages with over
400,000 manuscripts in its library, an analogue of the present Academy of
Sciences) founded by Caliph Al-Mamun in Baghdad and wrote over 20 works.
2. Al-Fergani (Alfraganus) (Fergana, Uzbekistan 787-Baghdad, Iraq 861) is a
mathematician, astronomer and geographer. Fergani worked in the House of
Wisdom in Baghdad. In 812 he predicted the Solar eclipse. He developed
many astronomical instruments and methods. His invention of "usturlob"
(water measuring device) was used to measure the Nile's water. It is kept in
Egyptian museum in Cairo to this day. His book "Principles of Astronomy" was
used as a textbook in Europe up to the time of Copernicus. Fergani's books
have been translated into Latin and stored in the libraries of Berlin, Paris,
Cairo and other cities. Fergani translated the books of Euclid, Archimedes and
Ptolemy into Arabic.
3. Al-Farabi (Alfarabius) (Farob, Kazakhstan 873-950) is a mathematician,
philosopher and poet. In the-east he is known as "Muallimi soni" (Second
teacher after Aristotle). He knew over 70 languages. In his book "Emergence
and Classification of Sciences" he defines over 30 sciences and speaks about
the importance of each. He said "The science of numbers means two
sciences: practical and theoretical. The practical science studies the
countable numbers. It is applied to trade and distribution of property. The
theoretical science about numbers studies numbers in absolute meaning by
separating them from any countable objects with the help of reasoning". He
wrote over 160 works including "On Volume and Quantity", "Introduction to
Space Geometry", "Book of Applications", "Delicate Secrets of Geometric
Figures".
4. Al-Biruni (Khwarazm, Uzbekistan 973-1048) is an encyclopedic scientist.
He is. considered to be the 2 nd Leonardo Da Vinci., but the Russian
academician Tolstov said that Leonardo Da Vinci was the 2nd Biruni. Biruni
was interested almost in all the sciences of that time. Russian academician
Krachkovski wrote: "It is easier to count the subjects which he was not
interested in than to count the subjects he knew". He wrote many books such
as the scientific book "Qanuni Masudi", the cultural book "India", etc.

292
Uzbek mathematicians

5. Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (Bukhara, Uzbekistan 980-1037) is an

encyclopedic scientist. He wrote over 280 books. In his book "Book of
Healing" Ibn Sina explains plane and space geometry by 74 definitions, 7
postulates, 5 axioms and 255 theorems.

6. Kazizade Rumi (Turkey 1360-Samarqand 1437) is a mathematician and

astronomer. Worked in the observatory of Mirzo Ulugbek in Samarqand.
One of the producers of the astronomical tables "Zij Kuragoni" and author
of "Treatise on determining of sine of one degree".

7. Mirzo Ulugbek (Samarqand, Uzbekistan 1394-Samarkand, Uzbekistan

1449) is a mathematician and astronomer. Founder (about 1430) of the
science center and observatory (which contained a giant sextant with a
radius of 40.2 meters) in Samarqand. His main book "Zij Kuragoni"
(Ulugbek's tables) outlined the fundamentals of astronomy and mapped
over 1018 stars. Created an algebraic method, with the help of which
precise trigonometrical tables were constructed.

8. Kashi (1385-1429) is a mathematician and astronomer. Worked in

Ulugbek's observatory in Samarkand along with Kazizade Rumi. He is the
author of 3' books in mathematics: "Key of arithmetics", "On a chord and a
sine" and "Treatise on circle".

9. Makhmud Chagmini (Khwarazm-about 1221) is a mathematician,

astronomer and doctor. He is an author of famous books such as
"Astronomical equations" in astronomy, "Conclusions" in trigonometry,
"Treatise on arithmetic of nine", "Descriptions of problems on arithmetic
division of heritage".

10. Ali Qushchi (1402-1474) is a mathematician and astronomer. Worked in

Ulugbek's observatory in Samarqand. His books on mathematics are
"Treatise on calculus" about Indian arithmetic, astronomical arithmetic and
geometry, "Treatise on fractions" about fractions, "Kitabut-
Mukhammadiya" about geometry, trigonometry and arithmetic, in which
he first introduces the terms "positive" and "negative". Qushchi and Kashi
are the first to use the cosine theorem.

293
 The mathematical sciences particularly exhibit order; symmetry, and
limitation; and these are the greatest forms of the beautiful.
Aristotle (384-322 ВС), Greek philosopher and scientist

IX.2. Properties of a triangle

Terms
1. s i d e - t o m o n | сторона;
2. vertex-uch | вершина;
3. equilateral (isosceles, right-angle, acute-angle, obtuse-angle,
scalene) triangle - teng tomonli (teng yonli, to'g'ri burchakli,
o'tkir burchakli, o'tmas burchakli, teng tomonli bo'lmagan)
uchburchak| равносторонний (равнобедренный,
прямоугольный, остроугольный, тупоугольный,
неравносторонний) треугольник;
4. median -mediana| медиана;
5. altitude — balandlik | высота;
6. to drop an altitude - balandlik tushirmoq (o'tkazmoq) | опускать
(проводить) высоту.
7. to inscribe (circumscribe) - ichki (tashqi) chizmoq | вписывать
(описывать);
8. perimeter-perimeter | периметр;
9. similar triangles-o'xshash uchburchaklar| подобные
треугольники;
10. area - yuza | площадь;
11. the Sine Theorem - sinuslar teorecnasi | теорема синусов;
12. the Cosine Theorem - kosinuslar teoremasi |теорема
косинусов;
13. the Pythagorean Theorem - Pifagor teoremasi | теорема
Пифагора;
14. hypotenuse - gipotenuza | гипотенуза.

294
Learning Objectives
= to know basic concepts of plane geometry;
= to be able to solve problems using the main properties of a
triangle.

Types of triangles

Equilateral Right-angle Isosceles Obtuse-angle

Area of triangle

S = -aha; S=—bcs\na; S= Jp(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)

Arbitrary triangle
Perimeter
P=a+b+c
p = P/2 (half perimeter)

S u m of internal angles
a+p+y = 180°

Radius
2S , _ abc
r=— and R=
P 4S

295
Sine theorem Cosine theorem
a b с
= 2R a2 =b2 + c2 -Ibccosa
sin a sin/5 sin/

Median

тс=\4г{а2+Ъ2Ус2

Right-angle triangle
С

Pythagorean Theorem

a2 +b2 = c1

Similarity of two triangles

I. Corresponding angles are equal.
II. Corresponding sides are proportional.

Equality of two triangles

I. All sides are equal.
II. Two sides and the angle between them are equal.
III. One side and two attached angles are equal.

296
Properties of similar triangles
f \ г
f \2
a
P_) _S_
\<h
Рг)

where a, P,S are a side, a perimeter and an area, respectively.

Examples

1. Given the figure below, find

a) ZABC; b) ZBAC; c) the area of the triangle;

d) the side ВС; e) the radius of the circumscribed circle;

f) the altitude dropped to the side A B ;

g) the median dropped to the side A B .

В
6л/з cm
• a) According to the sine theorem

sin60° sin£ 2

b) ZBAC = 180° - ZABC -ZACB = 180° - 45° - 60° = 75°.

c) We will use the second formula of the area of a triangle, for
which two sides and the angle between them must be known.

5
длас =-AB-AC • sin ZBAC =

- • бл/з • 6^2 • sin 75° = 18Тб • v

= (27 + 9л/з) cm2.
2 4 '

297
d) The side В С can be found by the sine theorem as well as the
cosine theorem. Let's refer to the latter.

ВС2 =AB2+AC2-2AB AC-cosZBAC =

(бл/з J + (бл/2 J - XeV2 )cos75° =

108 + 7 2 - 7 2 л / б • ~ ^ =
4

108 - 18(б - V l 2 ) = 1 8 0 - 1 0 8 + 36л/з = 72 + Эбл/з =>

ВС = ^12 + ЗбТз = бл/2 + л/з сиг.

е) The radius of the circumscribed circle can be found from the

sine theorem.

= 2Д=> — - — = 2R=> R = —Ц=- = бс»г.

sinor sin60° 2л/з

f) * W - \ A B - h A B 27 + 9л/з =

^e = = (з V 3 + з) cm.

g) i w ^ = y 2 ( A C 2 + B C 2 ) - A B 2 =

^ 2 - З б ( 2 + 2 + л / 3 - з ) = Зл/2 + 2л/з сш. •

In the right-angled triangle below, the s i d e ^ C = 6m, BD = 2.8m,

and AC = CD. Find

a) 5 C ; b) the altitude C £ ; c) the area of the triangle £CZ>;

298
 d) the radius of circle inscribed to the triangle ABC.

• a) The triangles AEC and ABC are similar, because the angle
CAE is common and both triangles are right-angled triangles.
Consequently, the sides of the triangles are proportional.

AE AC AE 6
AC AB 6 2.8+2 AE

5AE1 +7 AE-90 = 0=>

.„ - 7 + ^49 + 1800
AE- = 3.6 m.
10
The side AB is the sum of AE, ED and BD:

AB = AE + ED + BD = 3.6 + 3.6 + 2.8 = 10m.

We apply the Pythagorean Theorem to the triangle ABC to find
the side В С .

bc=Jab2-ас2 = V i o 2 - 6 2 = V64 = 8 т.

b) The altitude C E can be found by the Pythagorean Theorem or

by the area formula. Let7s do both.

1 st method: CE = ^AC2-AE2 =

V 6 2 - 3 . 6 2 =->/23.04 = 4.8 m.

2nd method: S^BC =-AB-CE .

299
 2 - АС-ВС - а
СЕ = —^b<L= _ 2 = — — = 4.8 т .
AB АВ 10

с) The triangle BCD is an obtuse-angled triangle. The altitude

from the vertex С is dropped outside the triangle BCD. In fact,
CE is the altitude of both triangles ABC and BCD.

2
S
ABCD =-BD-hBo = -BDCE= --2.8-4.8 = 6.72 m .

2 ACBC
2S '2 6.8 48
d) r = — = = — = — = 2 m or
P AB + BC + AC 6 + 8 + 10 24

AC + B C - A B 6+ 8-10 „
r= = = 2 m.u

Exercises
1. Match the name of a triangle with the appropriate figure below:
I. Equilateral. II. Right-angle. HI. Isosceles.

2.
AA
What is the value of x in the figure below?

300
3. Find the angles Л, В, С of the triangle ABC.

4. Find the other two angles o f the triangle, whose least angle is
20° and all three angles form an arithmetic progression.
5. In the figure below, AB = AC, BP = BQ and PA = PR. Find the
value of ZCAB to 2 decimal points.

6. In the figure below, find the sum of the angles a, b, с and d.

7. In the triangle below, the angle ВАС = 20° and AD = DE = EF =

FC = ВС. Find the aiKgle CFE.

301
8. Triangles^li^iCi and Л2В2С2 are equal. Find angles <p and OJ.

9. An altitude of the triangle with a perimeter of 24cm divides it

into two triangles with perimeters of 14cm and 18cm. Find the
length of the altitude.
10. The side of an equilateral triangle ABC is Am. Find its perimeter
and area.
11. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. The bisector of angle
Z A B C meets AC at D. If BD = ВС, find the size of the angles of
the triangle.
12. Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with AB = AC = 10 and ВС = 6. If
BD is an altitude from B, calculate
a) the length of BD;
b) sin#, where в is the angle ZJDBC .
13. Two similar triangles have areas б and 24. The perimeter of one
of them is 6cm longer than that of the other. What is the
perimeter of the larger triangle?
2
14. ДABC hzsAB = 3,5C = 4 and cosB = ~. Find the value of AC.
3
15. If in MBC ZC = 135° ,AC - 6 and the altitude BD = 2, find the
area of the triangle ABD.
16. The sides of M B C are 22, 13 and 19. Find the length of the
median dropped to the side 22.

302
17. From the figure below find
a) the length of AD; b) the area of the triangle ABD.

6 15 D
В С

18. The hypotenuse of right-angle triangle is 100cm and the sides of

the triangle are in ratio 3:4. Find the smaller side.
19. The diagram below is a rough sketch of a garden. Triangle ABC is
a right angled triangle with В = 90° and A B = 3m. Triangle A C D ia
also a right angled triangle with С = 90°, AD = 13m and CD =
12m. Find the area of the garden, in square meters.

В С
20. In the right-angle triangle A A B C : the angle ACB is a right-angle
and CD is the altitude to the side AB. If ВС = 20 and BD = 16,
find the side AC.

21. For MBC: ZA = 45°, BC = 4 l . Find the radius of the

circumscribed circle to the triangle.
22. Two men, starting at the same point, walk in opposite directions
for 4 meters, turn left and walk another 3 meters. What is the
distance between them?
23. In an equilateral triangle ABC with AB = ВС = CA = 4cm, the
point D is the midpoint of ВС and E is a point between D and C.
If AE2 = 13EC 2 , calculate the area of the triangle AEC.

303
Homework
1. Find the angle л:

3. let ABC be an isosceles triangle with AB = ВС and ZA = 48°. If

the altitude from A meets the internal bisector of В at D,
calculate the angle ZADB .
4. Find the length of the median dropped to the largest side of the
triangle with sides 10, 8 and 6.
5. If the sides AB, ВС and AC of ДABC are proportional to the
numbers 3, 2 and 3, respectively, find c o s Z B .
6. The base of the isosceles triangle is 16, its altitude to the base is
4. What is the radius of the circumscribed circle?
7. The triangles below are similar as indicated for each pair. Find x
a n d y in each case (Diagrams not to scale):

8. It the triangle ABC, ZA = 30°, AB = V J and AC = 4. What is the

length of the altitude dropped from the vertex/!?

9. An equilateral triangle has an area of 25л/з . Find its side.

10. The isosceles right-angle triangle has a hypotenuse of 5-v/2 . Find

its area.

304
 U
в 1 £ C

12. In the diagram below, PQ = 2 - , P S = 6 - a n d ZQPR = ZRPS.

Q R
13. Claudia correctly measures the largest angle in a triangle to be
68°. Which statement(s) are true: The triangle could not be
a) isosceles, b) obtuse angled,
c) right angled. d) scalene.
14. In the given diagram AD = AE, BE = BF and CD = CF. Two
angles are given as shown. Find the size of the angle A C B .

15. A semi-circle is inscribed in an isosceles right-angled triangle as

shown. What is the radius of the semi-circle?

16. How many non-isosceles triangles of perimeter 23 units can be

formed whose sides are whole number units?
305
Geometric illusions
1. Bullseye illusion Although the inner shaded region has the same area as the
outer shaded annulus, it appears to be larger. (The rings are equal spaced).

2. Goblet illusion The eye alternately sees two black faces, or a white goblet.

3. Hermann grid illusion A regular 2-D arrangement of squares separated by

vertical and horizontal "canals." Looking at the grid produces the illusion of gray
spots in the white area between square vertices.

4. Irradiation illusion Despite the fact that the two figures are identical in size,
the white hole looks bigger than the black one in this illusion.

5. Kanizsa triangle The eye perceives a white upright equilateral triangle where
none is actually drawn.
#1
V ~7

6. Necker cube A 2-D drawing of an array of cubes appears to simultaneously

protrude from and intrude into the page.

|Г|Ггг111111 • i • i • i11 • i • i •

306
 God is like a skilful Geometrician.
Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682), English physician and essayist

IX.3. Properties of a quadrilateral

Terms

1. quadrilateral - to'rtburchak| четырехугольник;

2. parallelogram - parallelogram | параллелограм;
3. r h o m b u s - r o m b | ромб;
4. rectangle - to'g'ri to'rtburchak| прямоугольник;
5. s q u a r e - k v a d r a t | квадрат;
6. t r a p e z o i d , t r a p e z i u m -trapetsiya |трапеция;
7. a d j a c e n t (neighboring) a n g l e s - qo'shni burchaklar| соседние
углы;
8. c o n v e x ( c o n c a v e ) p o l y g o n - qavariq (botiq)
ko'pburchak| выпуклый (вогнутый) многоугольник.

Learning O b j e c t i v e s
- to know the properties of a quadrilateral;
- to know how to find elements of a quadrilateral using
appropriate formulae.

Arbitrary quadrilateral
Perimeter
В
P = AB + BC + CD + AC
С Diagonals
AC and BD
A
Area
D 1
S = -ACBDsma
2

307
Types of quadrilaterals and their relevant formulae

Parallelogram
Area
D„
= AB H or S = AB ADsma or
h
'B 1
SABCD=-AC-BDs\nq), where <p is an angle

between AC and BD.

Rhombus
A Area
2
$ABCD =
- AB ' "h UI
or ^Sj,
ABCD ' • AB SMA or

1
SABCD=~AC-BD

Rectangle
Dn Area

»ABCD = AB • AD or SA8CD=-AC-BDs\n<p,
В
where <p is an angle between AC and BD.

Square
Area
D с
=
$ABCD AB o r SABCD = —

308
Trapezium
D С Area

+
S = CD .f1 = £jJi where I is a middle line.

А В

Properties of quadrilaterals
1) It is possible to inscribe a circle into a convex quadrilateral, if and
only if the sums of the opposite sides are equal.
2) It is possible to circumscribe a circle to a convex quadrilateral, if
and only if the sums of the opposite angles are equal to 180°.
3) The adjacent angles of a parallelogram add up to 180° and
opposite angles are equal.
4) In a parallelogram, the sum of squares of the diagonals is equal to
the sum of squares of its sides.
5) The diagonals of rhombus are perpendicular.

Examples

1. In the parallelogram ABCD below, the side AB = 12^ m, the

larger diagonal AC=20m and the angle BAD is 45°. Find
a) the perimeter of the parallelogram;
b) the area of the parallelogram;
c) the area of the rectangle BEDF;
d) the area of the trapezium BCDE.
D F С

A E В

• a) We have to find the side AD. The adjacent angles BAD and
ADC add up to 180°, therefore, the angle ADC is 135°. We use
the cosine theorem to find the side AD from the triangle ACD.

AC2 =AD2 +CD2 -2AD-CDcosZADC =>

309
202 = AD2 + (12V2 J - 2 AD • 12л/2 cos 135° => AD2 + 24AD -112 =

_24
ff) -1.(-ш)
V J
= - 1 2 + 16 = 4 m.
1

Thus, P = 2(AB +ВС) = 2(l2j2+4)= (24л/2+8)/и.

b) There are two ways to find the area of the parallelogram.

1 st method:

SABCD =AD-ABs\r\Z.BAD= 4-12-v/2sin45° =

48V2- — = 48 m2.
2
2 nd method: Since the triangle ADE is a right-angled isosceles
triangle, the side DE can be easily found by the Pythagorean
Theorem.

AD2 = AE2 + DE2 => 42 = 2DE 2 =>DE = 2^2 m.

SABCD =AB-DE= 12V2 • 2л/2 = 48 m2.

c) SBEDF =BE-DE= (AB-AE)-DE =

(12V2 - 2л/2 )• 2V2 = 40 w2.

.. „ CD + BE n r 12^" + 10V2 r- 2
D S D E = И
) BCDE = = 2 * "

A rectangular animal pen has a meters of length and b meters of

width. The farmer wants to decrease the length by 10% and
increase the width by 10%. State which of the following
statement(s) are true:
a) the area of the rectangle will not change;
b) nothing can be said about the perimeters unless the sides of
the rectangle are given;

310
 c) the area of the pen will increase;

d) the perimeter of the pen will not change;

e) the area of the pen will decrease.

• The following new rectangle will be formed when the sides are
changed

a 0.9 a

b 1.1 b
Let us calculate the area and the perimeter of both rectangles.

Sx=ab; S2 = 0.9 a1.1b = 0.99ab.

So, the area will decrease by 1%.

Px = 2a + 2b; P2 = 2(0.9a + 1.16) = 1.8a + 2.2b.

So, it depends on the sides of the rectangles. In general, if a > b,

then Р\>Рг, \fa = b, thenPi = P2; and if a<b, then/>1<P2-
Thus, the statements b) and e) are true. •

3. e A square is inscribed into the right-angled triangle ABC with

sides a and b. Find the ratio of the area of the square to the area
of the triangle ABC.

• Let x be the side of the square. W e notice that the triangles ADE
and CDF are similar, because their corresponding angles are
equal. (See the figure below).

В С
ь

311
 So, the proporty of Similar triangles states

AE _ DE _ a-x = x
DF CF^ x b-x

x2 ={a-x\b-x)=> x= .
a+b
Now, let us consider the ratio of the areas

SBFDE = X2 _ ( ab V 1 _ lab ^
SABC 0.5 ab \a + b) 0.5 ab (a+b)2'

Exercises

1. Identify quadrilaterals

a) All sides are equal and all angles are right;

b) Opposite sides are parallel, the adjacent sides are not equal
and the angles are not right;

c) All sides are equal, but neighboring angles are different;

d) Two opposite sides are parallel, the other two not;

e) All angles are right and adjacent sides are different.

2. A soccer field has a rectangular shape with 90 meters on one

side. The other side is 30 meters greater than the first side. Find
the perimeter, the area and the diagonal of the field.

3. The rectangle with a perimeter 60cm has one side greater than
the other by 10cm. Find the sides of the rectangle.

4. A rectangular carpet has a perimeter of 16/я and area 15w2. Find

the dimensions of the carpet.

312
A square is divided into 4 identical rectangles as shown in the
diagram. The perimeter of each of the four rectangles is 30 units.
What is the perimeter of the square?

In the diagram ABCD is a rectangle with AB= 43 and ВС = 1.

AFED and CEGHare squares. Find the length of BG.
A F В

H G

D E С

The diagonals of the quadrilateral ABCD intersect at the point E.

The area of the triangle AEB is 6, the area of the triangle DEC is
24 and the areas of triangles AED and ВЕС are equal. Find the

A rectangle whose perimeter is 78 meters has one of its sides

twice as long as the other. Find its area a) in square meters; b) in
square inches. (1 inch is l.SAcm). Your answer should be given to
the nearest integers.

The side of a square is 14. Find its perimeter, area and diagonal. ,

313
10. ABCD is a square. If angle AFG = 120°, find the angle AEF.

11. ABCD is a rectangle. What is the area of the shaded rectangle?

D гг ж С

12. PQRS is a rectangular piece of paper, where PQ/PS = 1.5625.

The area of PQRS is 1 m2. Other sizes of paper are made by
dividing the longer sides in half. The next size is .41, and halving
the longer side of that gives A2 and so on.
P. |Q
A2
A1
AB A4
R

a) Find the lengths of PQ and PS in millimeters

b) Find the area of A3

c) Find the dimensions of A3 in millimeters

13. One of the angles of the parallelogram is 40°. Find the other
three angles.

14. The angles of a parallelogram are (2JC + 10)° and (3x)°. Find these
angles.

15. In a parallelogram ABCD, the side AB = 12cm and the altitude

DE dropped to the side AB is 6cm. Find the area of the
parallelogram.

314
16. The parallelogram ABCD below has an area of 12m2 and the side
AD = 3m. Find DE.

17. The rhombus ABCD and the square DEFG overlap such that the
side of the square matches with half the diagonal of the
rhombus. (See the figure below). If the side of the square is 6m
and the angle CDF is 15°, find the ratio of the area of the square
to the area of the rhombus.
D G

18. In a trapezium ABCD, the angles A and В at the larger base are
40° and 70°.

a) Find the angles at the smaller base;

b) the sides of the trapezium are continued and meet at P. Find

the angle CPD.

19. An isosceles trapezoid has bases 10m and 24m and side 25m.
Find its altitude.

20. ABCD is a trapezium with AB parallel to CD and ВС = AD. The

diagonals AC and BD meet at P. If angle ACD = 40°, find angle
ABD and angle APD.

21. Find the area of the trapezoid with parallel sides 16m and 44m
and nonparallel sides 17m and 25m.

315
Homework

1. Find the area of the shaded region.

12m

10m

2. The rectangle ABCD below is divided into four rectangles for

which iSi=2, S2=6, S 3 =3. Find S 4 .
A ,B
St S2
Si s.
D

3. Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD, whose angle ВАС is

150°, AB = 3cm and AD = 8cm.

4. In the trapezium ABCD the bases AB and CD are 8 and 2, AD =

2 and ZA = 45°. Find its area.

5. Find the tangent of the acute angle of rhombus, whose diagonals

are 16 and 12?

6. Find the perimeter and the area of the accompanying figure.

3m
p—p

10m
4m
7m

316
7. What is the area of the shaded region formed by two squares if
*=10andp=3.

Diagram not to scale.

8. In the diagram, ABCD is a square with diagonal AC. ВСЕ is an
equilateral triangle. Find the size of angle A C E .

9. The isosceles trapezium has bases 15 and 25 and the altitude 15.
Find the length of its diagonal.

10. ABCD is a parallelogram. E is the midpoint of AD and F is the

midpoint of AB. Find the ratio of the area of M.EF to the area of
the quadrilateral CDEF.
D. -П

A F В
11. Rectangle ABCD has sides AB and ВС in the ratio 3:1. If the
diagonal AC is 5cm, what is the area of the rectangle?

12. An equilateral triangle has sides of length 6 meters. On each side

of the triangle a square is drawn external to the triangle. Find
the area of the complete figure, (л/з =1.7з).

317
13. ABCD is a rectangle. Compare the areas of the shaded
rectanglesXand Y.

318
Geometric illusions
1. Nested square The black region in the nested square illustrated below, where the
outer boundary is a unit square, has area 2.

2. Parallelogram illusion In the figure on the left, the sides a and b have the same
length, despite appearances to the contrary. In the figure to the right, the interior lines
appear to be of different lengths, despite the fact that they are the same.

3. Impossible figures. Penrose stairway The figure to the left, an impossible figure (a. k.
a. the Schroeder stairs) in which a stairway in the shape of a square appears to circulate
indefinitely while still possessing normal steps. Tribox. The figure to the right.

4. Poggendorff illusion The illusion that the two ends of a straight line segment passing
behind an obscuring rectangle are offset when, in fact, they are aligned.

5. Ponzo's illusion The upper horizontal line segment in the figure below appears to be
longer than the lower line segment despite the fact that both are the same length.

6. Zollner's illusion The vertical lines in the above figure are parallel, but appear to be
tilted at an angle.
К M
9 %
7/ xSSN
У S^

319
 Shortness is a sister of talent.
Anton Chekhov (1860-1904), Russian writer

IX.4. Properties of a polygon

Terms

1. pentagon - beshburchak/пятиугольник;
2. hexagon -oltiburchak/шестиугольник;
3. heptagon (a septangle) - yettiburchak/семиугольник;
4. octagon -sakkizburchak/восмиугольник.
5. nonagon - to'qqizburchak/девятиугольник;
6. decagon - o'nburchak/десятиугольник;
7. undecagon - o'nbirburchak/одинатцатиугольник;
8. dodecagon - o'nikkiburchak/двенадцатиугольник;
9. s h a d e d region - bo'yalgan hudud (soha) | окрашенная область;
10. semi-circle - y a r i m doira | полукруг;
11. regular (irregular) - muntazam (nomuntazam) | правильный
(неправильный).

Learning Objectives
- to know the properties of polygons;
- to know how to find elements of a polygon.

Polygons

pentagon hexagon octagon

Sum of internal angles of n-angled polygon

Sn = 180°(«-2).

For example, S5 = 1 8 0 ° ( 5 - 2 ) = 540° or Sz = 1 8 0 ° ( 8 - 2 ) = 1080°.

320
Number of diagonals of n-angled polygon

D„=±n(n-3).

1 1
For example, Z>5 = - - 5 - ( 5 - 3 ) = 5 or Z)g = - - 8 - ( 8 - 3 ) = 20.

Examples

1. Given the following regular octagon (8-sided polygon) centre О

with side 1 cm, find

a) the angle ABC; b) the angle ABD;

c) the area of the shaded region (the cross);

d) the length of the largest diagonal;

e) the length of the smallest diagonal.

А В
st
• a) 1 method: the round 360° angle at the center is divided into
eight equal angles. Thus, one of these angles can easily be found
by dividing 360° by 8, which is 45°. In the isosceles triangle ABO,
the angles at the bases will be (180° - 45°):2 = 72.5° each. The
angles ABO and CBO are equal and«they make the angle ABC,
therefore, ZABC = 2-ZABO = 2-72.5° = 135° .
м
I method: The sum of internal angles of the octagon is

S = 180°-(8-2) = 1080°.
с -I п о л о
Then, the angle ABC is - = = 135°.
8 8

321
b) In the isosceles triangle BCD, the angle at the base can be
found.

ZJBDC = _ 180°—135° _22 50

Then, the angle ABD is the difference between the angles ABC
and DBC

ZABD = ZABC - ZDBC = 135°-22.5° = 112.5°.

c) The area of the shaded region is four times the area of the
triangle ABO. W e can find the side AO by the cosine theorem

AB2 = AO1 + BO2-2AO-BO cos4S°:

F)
1 = 2AO2 -2AO2 -=>

АО = л1 ^ cm.
V 2

S^bo=^AO-BOS in45° =

1 2 + л/2 л/2 л/2+l

2 2 2 4

= =
$ shaded region ABO { f e+ l)cW2.

d) The largest diagonal is A E , which is twice as long as the side

AO

AE = 2AO = ^4+2JL cm.

e) The shortest diagonal is AC, which can be found by cosine

theorem

AC2 =AB2 +BC2 -2 AB • ВС cosl35° =

322
 42
1+1-2- = 2 + V2:
2

AC = J2 + V2 ст. и

2. Twenty people in a business each have a direct phone line to

every other person in the business. W h e n two new people join
the business how many more direct phone lines must be
installed?

• W e can use two convex 20-sided and 22-sided polygons to

visualize the phone lines between the workers.

The 20-sided polygon has" 20 sides and 20(20 - 3)/2 = 170

diagonals, which add up to 190 phone lines.

The 22-sided polygon has 22 sides and 22(22 - 3)/2 = 209

diagonals, which add up to 231 phone lines.

So, when two new people join the business, 231 - 1 9 0 = 4 1 more
phone lines will need to be installed. •

Exercises
1. The polygon below has sides which meet at right angles. Side
lengths are as shown. Find the perimeter of the polygon.

-in
8

12
•
2. W h a t kind of regular polygon has internal angles equal to 150°?
3. How many diagonals does the convex 12-angled polygon have?

323
4. The diagram on the left shows a regular pentagon and a regular
hexagon which overlap. W h a t is the value of x ?

5. Each side of a regular hexagon is extended by a length equal to

its own length. The end points of the new segments are joined to
form a new and larger regular hexagon. What fraction of the
area of the bigger hexagon does the smaller hexagon occupy ?

6. What fraction of the regular hexagon is shaded?

7. ABCDEFGH is a regular octagon with AB = 2M. AD meets BF at

X . Find
a) the angle ZAXB; b) the angle ZDAF;
c) the size of A X .
8. Eight identical regular octagons are placed side to side in a ring
in such a way that a symmetrical star shape is formed by the
interior edges. If each octagon has sides of length 1, what is the
area of the star?

324
Homework
1. What is the size of x, in degrees, in the regular octagon?

2. Two equilateral triangles BCD and DEF are attached to a

regular pentagon ABDFG to form an isosceles triangle CDE as
shown below. Deduce the size of the angle ECD.

3. ABCDE is a regular pentagon. Find the size of the angle DFB.

D

4. ABCDEFGHI is a regular 9-sided polygon. Find the size of angle

FAE, in degrees.
5. In the star figure below, find the sum
ZA + ZB + ZC + ZD + ZE + ZF + ZG.
С

325
6. 1,000 dots are evenly spaced on the circumference of a circle.
They are numbered from 1 to 1,000 with dot 1,000 opposite dot
500. Which dot is opposite dot 666?
7. ABCDEFGH is a regular octagon (an 8-sided figure). Find the
size of the angle H B C .

Polygon names
The naming of polygons goes back to the ancient Greeks who were
the first to study these shapes systematically. 'Poly" is Greek for
'man/ and 'gon' comes from the Greek 'gonia', which means
'angle'. The individual polygons are name after the Greek numbers:

Number Greek name Shape

3 tri triangle (trigon)
4 tetra quadrilateral (tetragon)
5 penta pentagon
6 hexa hexagon
7 hepta heptagon
8 octa octagon
9 ennea enneagon(nonagon)
10 deca decagon

326
 Geometry existed before creation.
Plato (428-347), Greek philosopher

IX.S. Properties of a circle and a circumference

Terms

1. circumference - aylana | окружность;

2. circle - doira | круг;
3. center-markaz|центр;
4. radius - radius | радиус;
5. diameter-diametr|диаметр;
6. агс-уоу|дуга;
7. secant - kesuvchi | секущая;
8. c h o r d - v a t a r | хорда;
9. s e c t o r - s e k t o r | сектор;
10. s e g m e n t - s e g m e n t | сегмент;
11. t a n g e n t - u r i n m a | касательная;
12. a chord subtends an arc - vatar yoyni tortib turibdi | хорда
стягивает дугу;
13. an inscribed (circumscribed) angle - ichki (tashqi) chizilgan
burchak | вписанный (описанный) угол;
14. equidistant - t e n g uzoqlikda bo'lgan| равноудалённый;
15. cyclic quadrilateral - tashqi aylana chizish mumkin bo'lgan
to'rtburchak| четырёхугольник, около которого можно
описать окружность.

Learning Objectives
- to know the properties of a circle and a circumference;
- to be able to find elements of a circle and a circumference using
proper formulae and principles.

327
Circle and circumference
Radius
R^DO or R = EO.
Diameter
D E
d=2R = DE.
Length of circumference
A C=2kR.
Area of circle
S = kR2.

Length of arc
lCB =Ra, where a is the angle (in radian) between the two chords
AC and AB that form the arc.

Area of sector

Ssector = — R 2 a , where a is the angle (in radian) between the two

chords AC and AB that form the sector.

Area of segment
с _ uс _ с
segment sector °ДABC '

Properties of circles and circumferences

1) ZABE= ZACE= ZADE 2) ZAOC=2ZABC

328
3) AT-BT = CT-DT 4) AB2 = AC AD
JB

5) ZBCB1 = UzApA, +BnB1) 6) ZACAV = ~(ZAmAl -ZBnB{)

Examples

1. From a point Л outside the circle О a tangent and two secants

are drawn such that ZGOJ = 30°, the angle ZCOD = 60° and
G J = 2cm. Find

a) ZBCG; b) Z S Z ) G ; c) ZBGC;
d) ZDCG ; e) f) Z & 4 G ;

g) ZCGD; h) ZBJG; i) the radius R;

j)-/C; k)AG; I )AF.

329
• a) The angle BCG is half of the central angle BOG, because both
subtend the same arc BmG:

ZBCG = ZBOG: 2 = 30°: 2 = 15°.

b) The angle BDG is equal to the internal angle BCG, because

both subtend the same arc BmG:

ZBDG = ZBCG = ZBOG: 2 = 30°: 2 = 15°.

c) The angle BGC is half of the central angle BOC, because both
subtend the same arc BnC:

ZBGC = ZBOC: 2 = (j.800 - ZBOG - ZCOD): 2 = 45° .

d) The angle DCG is half of the central angle DOG, which is a

straight angle. Also, any internal angle standing on the diameter
is a right angle:

ZDCG = ZDOG: 2 = 180°: 2 = 90°.

e) The angle DBG is standing on the diameter GD, therefore it is

a right angle.

f) The angle BAG is half of the difference of the central angles of

the arcs BmG and CpD:

ZBAG = {ZCOD - ZBOG): 2 = (60° - 30°): 2 = 15°.

330
g) the angle CGD is half of the central angle COD:

ZCGD = ZCOD:2= 60°:2 = 30°.

h) 1 st method: the angle BJG is a supplementary angle to the
angle GJO:

ZBJG = 180° - ZGJO = 180° - (l80° - ZGOJ - ZJGO)=

180° - (180° - 30° - 30°) = 60°.

2 nd method: the angle BJG is half of the sum of the central

angles of the arcs BmG and CpE:

ZBJG = (ZBOG + ZCOE): 2 = (30°+90°): 2 = 60°.

i) We use the Cosine Theorem for AGJO to find the radius GO:

GO2 = GJ2 +J02 - 2GJ JO cos ZGJO =

2 2 +2 2 - 8 c o s l 2 0 ° = 12 =>

GO = V l 2 = 2л/з cm.

j) According to the property of proportional parts for the two

intersecting chords, the product of GJ and JC is equal to the
product of Я / a n d JE. Thus,

JC = BJ-JE: GJ = (BO - JO) JE :GJ =

(2V3 - 2 ) - (2 + 2л/з):2 = 5 cm.

k) W e use the Sine Theorem for LACD to find AG:

CDsiaZACD
sin ZCAD sin ZACD sin ZCAD
Note that CD = OD since LCOD is an equilateral triangle.

ODsm(ZBCG + ZBCG)
AG + GD =
sin 15°

331
 sin 15° sin 15°

I) The tangent AF can be found from the property between a

tangent and a secant:

AF1 = AG-AD = б • (б + 4л/з)=> = д/зб + 24л/з ст. я

2. A circle center Л with radius 3/я is overlapped by another circle

center В to form a crescent (see the figure below). If the angle
ABC is 60°, find the area of the white figure (crescent) to two
decimal places. Note: к ~ 3.1416 and л/з =.1.7321.
С

6o\ I
1 FJ a
/ HJ ^ J

We notice that the area of the white shape is equal to half the
area of the smaller circle less the area of the segment ACED.
The area of the segment ACED is the area of the sector BCED
less the area of the triangle BCD. Thus,

a) The radius of the larger circle:

Z.s\nABC =
S - m.
ВС sin 60° V 3
,

b) The area of the triangle ABC:

Зл/З
SBCD =-BCBD sin Z.CBD = - • • sin 120° = — — /и2.
ч 2 у 16

332
 с) The area of the sector BCED:

1 2 1 2Я П 2
S
BCED = 2 B C
' ~ 2' — =—m .
3 4

d) The area of the segment ACED:

л зУз Л
SACED ~ SBCED SBCD - m
4 16

e) The half area of the smaller circle:

5"* = = 4.5тг m 1 ..
2

f) The area of the white region:

'Jt 3-Jb
S - S $ segment ACED ~ ^.ЬК-
4 16

40.32 + 0.32 = 40.64 тг.

Exercises
1. Find the central angle, whose arc is
a) 1/4; b) 1/2; c) 2/3 of its circumference.
2. The chord A B subtends an arc of 160°. At what angle is the
chord A B seen from any point of the arc the chord A B subtends?
3. In the accompanying circle centre O, ZABO = 35° and
ZACO = 25°. Find ZBOC .
В

333
4. If the tangent AB is 6cm and the line AC is 3cm, find the radius
of the circle below.
А В

5. A point A is outside a circle center О and radius equal to 8cm. A

line through A cuts the circle at P and Q so that PQ = 12cm and
QA = Лет. Let Г be the point of contact of a tangent to the circle
that passes through Л. Calculate
a) the length of AT) b) the length of OA;
c) the distance of PQ from O.
6. A tailor wants to cut two equal semi-circles from a cloth
measuring 80cm by 160cm. What is the largest semi-circle
diameter he can cut?
7. Let A and В be two points in a straight line w i t h ^ S = 6cm and let
С be the point between A and В with AC = 2cm. Let semicircles
be drawn on the same side of AB, with AC and CB as diameters.
The tangent from A to the larger semicircle touches the large
semicircle at D and cuts the smaller at E. Calculate
г) AD; b) EC; с) ZEAC.

8. Three touching circles, each with radius 2, are inscribed in

equilateral triangle ABC. Find the length of AB.

334
9. From a point P outside a circle with centre О we draw two lines.
The first line is a tangent that touches the circle at C. The second
line passes through the centre O, hitting the circle first at В and
then at A. If the angle CPO = 20°, find
a) the angle O B C ; b) the angle OAC;
c) the angle ACT, where Г is a point on the tangent beyond C.

10. A circle touches the four sides of the square ABCD. DEFG is a
square of side 1 m. Find the length of AB.
A E D

В С
11. Two circles of centers A and В and radii 10m and 17m,
respectively, have a common chord CD of length 16m. Calculate
a) AB; b) cos в, where в is the angle ZACB.
12. Find the area of the circle, whose circumference's length is
4 c m .
13. What is the length of the arc of к/6 radian, if its radius is 4cm?
14. In the circle below, OB = R = 3cm and lAB = ( 2 л ) с т . Find

a) the area of the triangle A O B ;

b) the area of the segment AnB to the nearest one significant
figure.

335
15. The figure below shows two concentric circles with a square
inscribed in the smaller one. The inner circle has radius 10m and
the shaded part (consisting of the square and the ring between
the two circles) has area 514m2. Find the radius of the larger

<8>
circle.

16. A regular hexagon (6-sided polygon) is drawn inside a circle.

What is the ratio of the circumference of the circle to the
perimeter of the hexagon?
17. The diagram shows two circles inside a square of side 10cm. If
the small circle has radius 2cm and the large circle has radius r.
Find AC, QC and r.

18. The square below is formed from four semicircles. Find, to two
significant figures, the proportion of the shaded part of the
square (the 'flower').

336
Homework
1. In the figure below the central angle ZAOD is 140°. Find

If ZBAC = 30°, find ВС.

3. Find the angle between the chord A B and the diameter В С , if
the chord A B subtends an arc of 54°. (Express your answer in
degrees).
4. Two chords AB and CD of a circle center О intersect at E. It is
given that AE=4m, ЕВ-Ът, CE=2m and the distance of the chord
CD from О is 3m. Calculate
a) ED; b) the radius of the circle;
c) the distance of A B from O.
5. Find the area of the shaded part of the figure given below:

6. Two large circles (each of radius 0.5cm) and two small circles are
inscribed into a large circle of radius lcm. Find the area of the
shaded part of the figure.
Famous paradoxes
1. Zeno's paradox (also known as Achilles and the Tortoise). Achilles can't reach the
tortoise even though he runs ten times faster. Let's say the tortoise is 100m ahead of
Achilles. While Achilles runs through the 100m, the tortoise will move 10m forward.
While Achilles runs over the 10m, the tortoise will move another 1m forward. The
distance between them will decrease, but never turn to zero, so Achilles can never
reach the tortoise.
2. Infinite sets Are there more integers or more even integers? There are infinitely
many integers and there are infinitely many even integers. However, it is difficult to say
which is greater. The paradox of the problem puzzled mathematicians for centuries. In
1874 George Cantor worked out a system of degrees of infinity that resolved the
paradox. '
3. Grandfather paradox What would happen if someone traveled back in time and
killed his biological grandfather before the latter met the traveller's grandmother?
,4. Curry's paradox If this sentence is true, the world will end in a week.
5. Liar's paradox This sentence is false.
6. Hegel's paradox Man learns from history that man learns nothing from history.
7. Barber paradox A man of Seville is shaved by the Barber of Seville iff the man does
not shave himself. Does the barber shave himself?
8. Allais paradox Choose between the following two alternatives: 1. 9 0 % chance of
an unknown amount x and a 10% chance of $ 1 million, or 2. 8 9 % chance of the same
amount x, 10% chance of $2.5 million, and 1% chance of nothing. The paradox is to
determine which choice has the larger expectation value, 0.9x + $1,000,000 or 0.89x +
$2,500,000. However, the best choice depends on the unknown amount.
9. Buchowski paradox Suppose you have exactly two brothers, both of whom are
older than you are. Then the following apparently false statement is actually true: " M y
younger brother is older than I am".
10. Simpson's paradox It is not necessarily true that averaging the averages of
different populations gives the average of the combined population.
11. Skolem paradox Even though real arithmetic is uncountable, it possesses a
countable "model".
12. Smarandache paradox Let A be some attribute (e.g. possible, present, perfect,
etc). If all is A, then non-A must also be A. For example, "All is possible, the impossible
too" or "Nothing is perfect, not even the perfect".
13. Sorites paradox A single grain of wheat does not comprise a heap, nor do two
grains of wheat, three grains of wheat, etc. However, at some point, the collection of
points becomes large enough to be called a heap, but there is apparently no definite
point where this occurs.
14. Crocodile's dilemma An unsolvable problem in logic dating back to the ancient
Greeks and quoted, for example, by German philosopher Carl von Prantl (1855). The
dilemma consists of a crocodile capturing a child and promising his father that he will
release it provided that the man can tell in advance what the crocodile is going to do.
The father says that the crocodile will not give the child back. What should the
crocodile do?

338
Chapter IX Answers. Plane geometry

IX.1.1. a) 130°; b) 55°; c) 35°; d) 12°. 2.110°; 70°. 3.20°. 4. 57°; 123°. 5.30°;
150°. 6.110°; 80°; 20°. 7.125°. 8. y/=285°; co=115°.
Homework: 1.30°. 2.40°. 3. 70m. 4.30°; 105°; 80°. 5.0=130°; 1=80°; *=65°.

IX.2.1. Ill; I; II. 2. 50°. 3. 70°; 60°; 50°. 4. 60°; 80°. 5.180/7=25.71°. 6. 540°.
7. 60°. 8. 60°; 50°. 9. 4 cm. 10. 12, 4л/з . 11. 72°; 72°; 36°. 12. a)
3 - \ / 9 1 / 5 ; Ь) 0.3.13.12.14. 3.15. 8.16.12.17. a) 17; b) 85.18. 6.19.
36.20.15.21.1. 22.10m. 23- л/з .
Homework: 1. 60°. 2. 40°. 3.132°. 4. 5. 5.1/3. 6.10. 7. a) 10; 7.2; b) 4; 10;
c) 8; 6.8. 27з/7 . 9.10.10.12.5.11.45°. 12. 4.13. c) right-angled. 14.
20°. 15. л/2-1.16.8.

IX.3. 1. a) Square; b) Parallelogram; c) Rhombus; d) Trapezium; e)

Rectangle. 2. 2 4 0 ; 1,080; 150. 3.10; 20. 4. 3; 5. 5. 48. 6. л/2-3 . 7.12.

8. a) 338; b) 523,901. 9. 56; 196; 14л/2 .10. 75°. 11.18m2.12. a) 1250;

800; b) 0.125m2; с) 625; 400. 13. 140°; 40°; 140°. 14. 78°; 102°; 78°;
102°. 15. 72.16. 2.4.17. л/з/2 .18. a) 140°; 110°; b) 70°. 19. 24m. 20.
40°; 80°. 21.450in.
Homework: 1. 44 tn. 2. 9. 3.12. 4. 5л/2 . 5. 24/7. 6. 34; 46. 7. 91. 8.105°.
9.25.10.1/5.11.7.5cm 2 .12.123.57.13. They are equal.

I X . 4 . 1 . 3 4 . 2 . 1 2 . 3 . 5 4 . 4 . 8 4 ° . 5 . 1 / 3 . 6 . 1 / 4 . 7 . a ) 6 7 . 5 ° ; b ) 4 5 ° ; c ) lm. 8.

8 + 4л/2.

Homework: 1.45°. 2.36°. 3.108°. 4.40°. 5. 360°. 6.166. 7.112.5°.

IX.5.1. a) 90°; b) 180°; с) 240°. 2.100°. 3. 120°. 4. 4.5. 5. a) 8; b) 8л/2 ; с)

2л/7. 6. 100cm. 7. а) 2л/з ; b) 1; с) 30°. 8. a) 55°; b) 35°; c) 55°. 9.
2 + 2л/з . 1 0 . 4 + 2л/2. 1 1 . a) 2 1 ; b) - 13/85. 12. 4. 1 3 . 2гг/3. 14. a)

9 л / з / 4 ; b) 5.5. 15. Юл/2 . 16. ж/3. 17. Ю л / 2 ; 2л/2 ; 1 8 - Ю л / 2 . 18.

0.22.
Homework: 1. а) 70°; b) 90°; с) 20°. 2.11. 3. 63°. 4. а) 6; Ь) 5; с) л/12.75 . 5.
a) S-tc/2; Ь) 12.5,(Д/2)-я/3.6. 5JT/18cm2.

339
 The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains.
The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires.
William Arthur Ward (1921-1994), American writer

CHAPTER X. SPACE GEOMETRY

Х.1. Properties of a prism, a parallelepiped, a cube and a

cylinder

Terms
1. projection (point, line) - (nuqta, chiziq) proyektsiyasi | проекция
(точки, отрезка);
2. polyhedron - ko'pyoq |многогранник;
3. face (side) - yoq | гра н ь;
4. edge - qirra | ребро;
5. c o r n e r - u c h | вершина;
6. p r i s m - p r i z m a | призма;
7. parallelepiped - parallelepiped | параллелепипед;
8. c u b e - k u b ) куб;
9. cylinder - tsilindr | цилиндр;
10. axial section - o'q kesim | осевое сечение;
11. a cross sectional area - kesim yuzasi | площадь поперечного
сечения;
12. cuboid - kuboid, to'g'ri burchakli parallelepiped j кубоид,
прямоугольный параллелепипед;
13. net of a cube - kubning to'ri | сетка куба;
14. depth - balandlik, chuqurlik| высота, глубина;
15. solid angle - fazoviy burchak|телесный угол,
пространственный угол;
16. solid - fazoviy jism|трехмерное тело.

340
Learning Objectives
- to be able to identify three-dimensional bodies;
- to know the main properties of a prism, a parallelepiped, a cube
and a cylinder.

Prism (triangular)
D/ Side surface
С _ 1p = (HI+IJ+HJ)-AD.
side section

Volume

V = Sbaseh = S,MBC• D K .

Parallelepiped
G
— — 7 1 Side surface
Sside=Ph = 2{a+b)c.
Volume

D c V = abc = AB-BC-BF.
Ь
А — Л

Cube

/
Diagonal

d = BH = aji = ABS •
i• F a
4 Volume
» \

"J V = a3 = AB3.

341
Cylinder
Side surface
D С
Sside = 2 TiRh = 2л-АЕ-AD.
Volume
h
V = Sb,Jt = я&к = я-АЕ2-AD.
A ii::-. в

Examples

1. A regular triangular prism is inscribed inside a regular

quadrilateral prism whose base is a square of side 4cm and
whose height is 3cm. (See the figure below). Find

a) the base side of the triangular prism;

b) the ratio of the volume of the quadratic prism to the volume

of the triangular prism.
View from the top

• a) We refer to the sketch of the base of the quadratic prism on

the right above to find the side of the triangle. Note that DK =
DL. We will make up the following equation using the
Pythagoras Theorem

AD2+AK2 =BK2+BL2 =>

42 + AK2 = (4 •- AK)2 + (4 -AK)2=>

A K 2 - 1 6 Л £ + 16 = 0 = > A K = [ 8 - 4 7 з ) cm.

342
So, dk = 4ad2+ak2 =

V^ 2 + ( в — = 8 л / 2 - л / з cm.

b) The volume of the triangular prism is

^triangular prism э

-•-DKDKs in60°-3 = 1 б ( 2 л / з - з ) с т 3 .

The volume of the quadratic prism is

F,**^ = abc = 4 • 4 • 3 = 48 cm3.

The ratio of the quadratic prism's volume to that of triangular is

^quadratic prism _ 48 _ 2-\[3 + 3 •

^triangular prism 1б(2л/3 3^

2. Water was poured from a cylindrical container whose height was

twice as long as the radius of its base into a cubic container and
there was still 5 4 я cm3 available space in the cubic container. If
the length of the cube's edge is cm, find

a) the volume of the cylinder;

b) the height of the cylinder; c) the total surface of the cylinder.

• a) The volume of the cube is

Kube =a = Й/я 7 ) 3 = 125л- cm3.

The volume of the cylinder is

v
cylinder = Kube ~ = 125л - 54л" = (144Я-) cm3.

b) W e can make up the following simultaneous equations, which

we will solve by substitution

343
 1 1
Kylmder = -Sbaseh = = 144tf _

h = 2R

|i? = ^216 = 6
U = 2-6 = 12

c) Total surface of the cylinder is

S 2S l 7 t R h
total = base + = • 6 * + 2Я" • 6 • 1 2 = 2 1 6 Я СП?.

Exercises
1. From a point lying off a plane a perpendicular with length 8m
and a slope with length 10m are drawn to the plane. What is the
length of the projection of the slope onto the plane?
2. The sum of a cube's edges is 96cm. Find the cube's diagonal and
volume.

3. If the area of the diagonal section of a cube is 2^2 cm3, find the
area of the cube's total surface.
4. The right-angle parallelepiped has height 12cm and the sides of
its base are 8cm and 6cm. Find the area of its diagonal section.
5. The base of the right-angle parallelepiped is a square. Find its
volume, if its height is 6cm and its diagonal forms 45° with the
base plane (surface).
H G

6. The diagonal of a right-angle parallelepiped is 13cm, the

diagonals of its sides are 4-s/lO cm and 3-v/l7 cm. Find its
volume.

344
 4. A solid cube has six edges. Each corner is cut off as shown below.
How many edges will the new figure have? Try the same
problem with a solid triangular pyramid with six edges.

8. The base of a right parallelepiped is a parallelogram with sides

1 cm and 4cm and an acute angle of 60°. The larger diagonal of
the parallelepiped is 5cm. Find the volume of the parallelepiped.
9. A right cylinder has base radius 2cm and height 3cm. Find the
diagonal of its axial section.

3 cm

A В

10. A right cylinder has volume i$45n)cm3 and height 2-Jb cm. Find
the diagonal of its axial section.
11. The area of the side surface and the volume of a right cylinder
are (24я)cm 2 and (48п)ст 3 , respectively. What is the height of
the cylinder?
12. A right cylind£r has total surface (24л)ст г and side surface
(6к)ст г . Find the volume of the cylinder.
13. The volume of a right prism, whose base is a regular triangle, is
18-\/з m 3 and its height is 8m. Find the side of the base of the
prism.
14. A solid right prism has a square base. The height is twice the
length of the side of the base. The surface area of this prism is
160cm2. If lcm 3 of the prism has a mass of 250 grams, what is
the mass of the prism in kilograms?
15. How many faces does a prism with 60 edges have?

345
16. A quadratic prism has diagonal 22cm and total area of its bases
288cm 1 . What is the height of the prism?
17. How many boxes identical to Box В will fill Box A exactly?

2 cm

10cm 5cm 1 cm
18. The base of a slanting (sloped) prism is a parallelogram with
sides 3cm and 6cm and acute angle 45°. The side edge of the
prism is Лет long and it is sloped to the surface of the base by
30°. Find the volume of the prism.
19. A company makes solid boxes with square bases. The volume of
each box is 640cm 3 . Its height is 10cm. What is the cost of
painting all the faces of this box at 20 soums per cm 2 ?
20. Which solid has the largest surface area?

a) b)
У /

/_ >

У
c) d) / / /

ZZZ71

Homework
1. Find the volume of the right-angle parallelepiped, whose base
sides are 2cm and 3cm and the diagonal is V38 cm.
2. A right cylinder's side surface is (15?r)cm2. Find the area of its
axial section.

346
A regular triangular prism has height 8cm and base area
9-Уз cm1. What is the length of the diagonal of its side?
The distance between the side edges of a triangular sloped prism
are 2cm, 3cm and 4cm and the side edges are 5 c m each. Find the

is a regular pentagon (5-sided figure). The faces are joined along

edges and meet at vertices. How many vertices does the solid
have?
If 100 unit cubes (the edge is 1 cm) are put together end to end
as shown, what is the surface area of the resulting shape (in
cm1)?

347
Interesting stories
1. Arithmetic progression When Carl Gauss (1777-1855) was 9 years old,
his teacher asked students to solve the following problem in order to check
other class students' work: "Add all numbers from 1 to 40". In less than a
minute Gauss announces: "I found it" and gave the correct answer. The
teacher and the students were delighted by the method Gauss used:
1 2 3 ... 20
40 39 38 ... 21
41 41 41 41
There are 20 pairs of 41, therefore the needed sum is 41*20=820.
2. Archimedes' principle The great mathematician Archimedes stated that
a body immersed in fluid loses weight equal to the weight of the amount of
fluid it displaces. This discovery is said to have been made as Archimedes
stepped into his bath and perceived the displaced water overflowing.
Legend has it that he was so excited with this discovery that he ran out
naked into the street shouting "Eureka!" ("I have found it").
3. Fourier's experience in Egypt, and maybe his work on heat, later
induced within him a curious habit. He became convinced that desert heat
is the ideal condition for good health. He accordingly clothed himself in
many layers of garments and lived in rooms of unbearably high
temperature. Some believe that this obsession with heat may have
hastened his death, the more immediate cause of which was heart disease.
He died on May 16,1830, in his sixty-third year.
4. Fermat's marginal notes At the side of Problem 8 of Book II in his copy
of Diophantus, Fermat wrote what has become the most tantalizing
marginal note in the history of mathematics. The considered problem in
Diophantus is: "To divide a given square number into two squares."
Fermat's accompanying marginal note reads: To divide a cube into two
cubes, a fourth power, or in general any power whatever above the second,
into two powers of the same denomination, is impossible, and I have
assuredly found an admirable proof of this, but the margin is too narrow to
contain it.
5. Gravity (Newton's apple) One day the 23 year old Newton was relaxing
on his mother's farm under an apple tree. Suddenly, an apple fell on to his
head and it inspired Newton think. "Why does the apple always fall
perpendicularly to the ground? Why does it not go sideways, but always to
the Earth's centre? Certainly, the reason is that the Earth draws it". This
way he formulated the law of universal gravitation.

iiiiiiii iiiiiii

348
Interesting stories
7. Ibn Sina's (Avicenna) experience (Ibn Sina's memoirs) One day I
bought a book in the bazaar from a man who needed money very
much. It was Farabi's book "Explanation to Aristotle's book on
"Metaphysics". I have read his book for 40 times, but could not
understand. After reading Farabi's book I understood its meaning.

8. Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920) was a mathematical prodigy "I

remember once going to see him when he was lying ill at Putney,"
the mathematician G. H. Hardy once remarked. "I had ridden in
taxicab number 1729, and remarked that the number seemed to me
rather a dull one, and that I hoped it was not an unfavorable omen".
"'No,' he replied, 'it is a very interesting number; it is the smallest
number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways.'"

9. Newton's elegant solutions In 1696, Jean Bernoulli and Gottfried

Wilhelm Leibniz concocted several brain-teasers which were duly
sent to a select number of European mathematicians. After
circulating for several months, they were brought one day to Isaac
Newton, who finished his day's work at the Mint, returned home,
and promptly solved them. The next day, wary of eliciting unwanted
publicity, he had his solutions anonymously submitted to the Royal
Society. Bernoulli, however, was not fooled. "I recognize the lion,"
he exclaimed upon seeing Newton's elegant solutions, "by his paw!"

10. Simple Arithmetic Incredibly, the great number theorist Ernst

Kummer was so inept at simple arithmetic that he often asked
students to help him in class. On one occasion, Kummer sought the
result of a simple multiplication. "Seven times nine," he began.
"Seven times nine is er - ah - ah - seven times nine is..." "Sixty-one,"
a mischievous student suggested and Kummer wrote the "answer"
on the blackboard. "Sir," another one interjected, "it should be sixty-
nine." "Come, come, gentlemen, it can't be both," Kummer
exclaimed. "It must be one or the other!"

349
 In science credit goes to the man who convinces the world,
not to the man to whom the idea first occurs.
Francis Darwin (1848-1925), English botanist

X.2. Properties of a pyramid, a cone and a sphere

Terms
1. triangular pyramid - uchburchakli piramida |треугольная
пирамида;
2. cone - konus | конус;
3. sphere - sfera, shar| сфера, шар;
4. truncated cone (pyramid) - kesma konus (piramida) |усеченный
конус (пирамида);
5. a p o t h e m - a p o f e m a |апофема;
6. generator - yasovchi | образующая;
7. solid - fazoviy, uch o'lchovli, jism | пространственный,
трехмерный, тело;
8. hemisphere - yarim sfera | полусфера;
9. н-sided pyramid -и-burchakli piramida |и-угольная пирамида;
10. base of pyramid - piramidaning asosi| основание пирамиды.

Learning Objectives
- to get acquainted with the characteristics of pyramids, cones and
spheres;
- to be able to compute an element of a pyramid, a cone and a
sphere.

350
Pyramid
Total surface
=
$ total Sxi<je + ^baw •

Volume

V = \sbaseh = \sABCD-GE.

Cone
Side surface

Sside =Ш = л АО АС.

Volume
• — ' - ! © - - - •
>B

Sphere
Total surface

Volume
4 , 4 ,
V = —tiR =—tcAO.
3 3

Examples

1. The regular quadratic pyramid shown below has base side of

20m. The side edge AG forms 60° with the base. Find

a) the height of the pyramid; b) the apothem FG;

c) the area of the side surface of the pyramid;

351
 d) the volume of the pyramid.
G

20m

• a) W e apply the Pythagorean Theorem to the base triangle ABC

to find AC:

JF, AC 4AB2+BC2 V2O 2

+ 2 0 2
20л/2 „ „ R-
AE - = = = = 10V2 m.
2 2 2 2
So, the height GE of the pyramid is

GE = AEtan60°= Юл/2-л/з =10л/б w.

b) From Pythagoras again,

GF = 4GE2 +EF2 = ^(LOY/EF+F—J =

7 6 0 0 + 1 0 0 = 10>/7 m.

c) The area of the side surface of the pyramid is

= 4-V:g = •4 ~BC • GF = 2 • 20 • Юл/7 = 400^7 m2.

d) The volume of the pyramid is

2 4 0 0 0 л
F = - S ^ h = - •2 0 •1 0 7 б = ^ « 3,265.99 m3. •

352
2. A sphere is inscribed into a cone whose base radius is 3m and
whose height is 4m. Find

a) the length of the cone's generator;

b) the radius of the inscribed sphere;

c) the ratio of the volume of the sphere to the volume of the

cone.
С

• a) The Pythagorean Theorem applied to the triangle BCD enables

us to find the cone's generator:

BC = 4BD2+CD2 = V32 +4 2 = V25 =5 cm.

b) If we cut the cone through its axis, the section will have the
form of an isosceles triangle A B C with a circle inscribed in it. The
circle has the same radius as the radius of the sphere. So, we
find the radius of the circle:

2-—AB-CD
2S 2
r=
P AB+BC+AC

Кsphere _
с) The ratio of the volumes is
Vcone 1 37 -4 = —•
8 •
-nR2h
3

353
Exercises

1. A regular pyramid has height 6^3 cm. The side of the pyramid's
base triangle is 4cm. Find the volume of the pyramid.
2. A regular triangular pyramid has a base side of 6m. The
pyramid's side edge forms a 45°-angle with the base surface.
What is the volume of the pyramid?
D

3. Given that a regular triangular pyramid has a base whose side is

9m and an edge whose side is 6m, find the pyramid's height.
4. If a regular quadrilateral pyramid has base side 8cm and side
edge 6cm, find the height of the pyramid.
5. What is the length of the apothem of the regular quadrilateral
pyramid, whose height is 24cm and base side is 14cm?
6. The base of the pyramid is a rectangle with sides 18m and 24m.
Each one of the side edges is 25m. Calculate the volume of the
pyramid.
7. A regular quadrilateral pyramid has a base area of 36m2 and the
area of the side surface is 60m2. Find the volume of the pyramid.
8. The radius of a cone's base is 3cm, the angle between its
generator and the base surface is 60°. Determine the volume of
the cone.

9. An equilateral triangle with side З-УЗ cm is inscribed into a

cone's base. If the cone's generator is 5cm, find the volume of
the cone.
10. The area of a cone's side surface is (60к)ст г , the area of its total
surface is (96яr)cm2. Determine the length of the cone's
generator.

354
11. A cone has side surface area equal to (260ж)т2 and its generator
is 26m long. Compute the cotangent of the angle between the
cone's height and the generator.
12. What is the area of the side surface of the truncated cone, which
has the bases with radii 2m and 7m and the diagonal of the axial

13. Three metal spheres with radii 2m, 3m and Am were melted and
a single sphere was made out of them. Find the volume of the
new sphere.
14. A sphere made out of metal has radius R. The sphere is melted
down and from the metal a cylinder is constructed whose height
is one-third the diameter of its base. Calculate in terms of R the
radius of the cylinder's base.
15. The distance between the centers of two spheres with radii 15m
and 20m is 25m. Find the length of the circumference formed by
the intersection of the spheres' surfaces.
16. A cone has height 6m and generator 10m. Find the radius of the
inscribed sphere.

Homework
1. The volume of a regular quadrilateral pyramid is 48m3, its height
is 4m. Find the area of the pyramid's side surface.
2. Find the volume of the right cone, whose height is 9m and the
length of its base circumference is (8V*r)m.

3. What is the area of the side surface of the three-dimensional

body formed by rotating the right-angle triangle with the sides
6cm and 8cm around its smaller side?

355
4. A sphere with radius 13cm is cut by a plane. If the distance
between the sphere's center and the section is 10cm, calculate
out the area of the section.
5. A triangular pyramid has one edge 4cm long and the other edges
3cm each. Calculate the pyramid's volume.

356
Interesting stories
1. Relativity theory To the question "What is relativity theory?", Albert
Einstein spoke about his walk with his blind friend. The day was hot and he
turned to the blind friend and said, "I wish I had a glass of milk." "Glass," replied
the blind friend, "I know what that is. But what do you mean by milk?" "Why,
milk is a white fluid," explained Einstein. "Now fluid, I know what that is," said
the blind man. "but what is white?" "Oh, white is the color of a swan's feathers."
"Feathers, now I know what they are, but what is a swan?" "A swan is a bird
with a crooked neck." "Neck, I know what that is, but what do you mean by
crooked?" At this point Einstein said he lost his patience. He seized his blind
friend's arm and pulled it straight. "There, now your arm is straight," he said.
Then he bent the blind friend's arm at the elbow. "Now it is crooked." "Ah," said
the blind friend. "Now I know what milk is."
2. Euler's concentration In 1735, the year after his wedding and when he was
in Russia, Euler received a problem in celestial mechanics from the French
Academy. Though other mathematicians had required several months to solve
this problem, Euler, using improved methods of his own and by devoting intense
concentration to it, solved it in three days and the better part of the two
intervening nights. (Later, with still superior methods. Gauss solved the same
problem within an hour!) The strain of the effort induced a fever from which
Euler finally recovered, but with the loss of the sight of his right eye. Stoically
accepting the misfortune, he commented, "Now I will have less distraction."
3. Euclid's answer Ptolemy Soter, the first King of Egypt and the founder of the
Alexandrian Museum, patronized the Museum by studying geometry there
under Euclid. He found the subject difficult and one day asked his teacher if
there weren't some easier way to learn the material. To this Euclid replied, "Oh
King, in the real world there are two kinds of roads, roads for the common
people to travel upon and roads reserved for the King to travel upon. In
geometry there is no royal road."
4. A very short paper Lagrange once thought that he had "proved" Euclid's
parallel postulate. He wrote up his "proof", took it to the Institute and began to
read it. In the first paragraph he noted an oversight. He muttered, "I must think
more on this", put the paper in his pocket and sat down.
5. Legend about the inventor of chess Indian king Shehram invited the
inventor of chess. Seta, and told him to make a wish for inventing such a
wonderful game. Hearing the request of the inventor, the king wonders. Seta
asked for one grain for the first chess cell, two grains for the second, twice as
many - four grains for the third, and so on. The number of grains on the cells
make up the following geometric progression 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...,
9,223,372,036,854,775,808. The total number of grains will be the sum of the
first 64 terms of this geometric progression, which equals to
18,446,744,073,709,551,615. This many grains weigh about
7,517,048.210.036.642 kilograms.

357
 Those who cannot remember the past are
condemned to repeat it.
George Santayana (1863-1952), American philosopher, poet and novelist

X.3. Cartesian right-angle system of coordinates. Vectors

Terms
1. unity vector - birlik vektor | единичный вектор;
2. scalar (vector) product - skalyar (vektor) ko'paytma | скалярное
(векторное) произведение;
3. absolute value of vector - vektorning absolyut qiymati | модуль
вектора;
4. coliinear (perpendicular) vector - kollinear (perpendikulyar)
vektor | колли неарный (перпендикулярный) вектор;
5. s p a c e - f a z o | пространство;
6. parallel displacement - parallel ko'chirish | параллельный
перенос.

Learning Objectives
- to be able to construct the Cartesian right-angle system of
coordinates;
- to know how to find the distance between two points;
- to apply algebraic operations to vectors.

The distance between the points A(xu j i ) and B[x^y2)

AB = ^(x2-x1f +( y 2 - y 1 f .

The equation of a circle

(x-x0f+(y-y0f=R2,
where O(x0y0) is the centre and R the radius.

358
Properties of vectors

1) a(at, a j l f t f o , й2)=с(а1 ±blt a2 ±b2);

2) Aa(ax а2)=с(Ла1,Ла2);

3) a(a1,a2)-b(b1,b2)=a1b1+a2b2 =|5|-|б|-со5^?,

where <p is an angle between the vectors a and b;

4 ) ffl = -yjal +a2 ;

5 =
) i~r > where a, is a unit vector.
N

Examples

1. Given the vectors a(1,2) and b(4, 3), find

a) a + b and show it on the plane;

b) b -a and show it on the plane;

c) 5 6 - 2 5 ;

d) the absolute value (length) of the vector b ;

e) a - b .

• a) a + f e = i c ( l + 4 , 2 + 3 ) = i c ( 5 , 5 ) .

W e construct the parallelogram ABCD by parallel displacement

of the vectors a and b as shown in the figure below. The

diagonal AC of this parallelogram forms the vector AC resulting

from adding of the vectors a and b .

359
 b) b-a=BD(b-l, 3 - 2 ) = вЪ(зд).

We construct the triangle ABD by connecting the endpoints of

the vectors 5 and b as shown in the figure above. The side BD

of this triangle forms the vector BD resulting from subtracting

the two vectors.

c) 5 5 - 2 6 = 5 ( 1 , 2 ) - 2 ( 4 , 3 ) = ( 5 , 1 0 ) - ( 8 , 6 ) = c ( - 3 , 4).

d) |£| = л/4 2 +3 2 = V 2 5 = 5.

e) a - b = ( l , 2)-(4, 3) = l - 4 + 2 - 3 = 10. •

2. Find the angle between the vectors 5(2,2) and b(l, o).

• We will use the formula of the scalar product of vectors:

a-b
a-b =|5|-6 cos0>=> cos<p=-
a

M - M
= -Д=- = => 0 = 45°. •
2+2* -J-F- • П2 ufj
3. Given the equation of a circle x2 +_y2 +2x-4y-11 = 0 , find

a) the center of the circle; b) the radius of the circle.

• W e will complete the squares on the left-hand side of the

equation to bring it to the standard form:

(x2 +2x + l)—l+{y2 - 4 ^ + 4 ) - 4 - l l = 0=>

(x + l)2 +{y—lf =4 2 => 0(-1,2) and Я = 4 . и

Exercises
1. Calculate the distance between the points A (1,0) and В (4,4).
2. The desks in a classroom are arranged in straight rows. Botir is in
the third row from the front and the fourth row from the back.
He is also third from the left end row and fifth from the right.
How many desks are there in the classroom?
3. Given A ( - 3, 2) and В (4, 1), what are the coordinates of the
middle point of the line A B ?
4. The points A (9, 7), В (6, - 1), С (4, 9) are vertices of the triangle
ABC. Find the length of the median dropped to side ВС.
5. Write down the equation of the circumference, whose centre is
the point О (2, 3) and radius is 2 c m .

6. Calculate the radius of the circumference given by the equation

x2 +y2 - 4 x - 6 ^ - 3 = 0.

7. Add the vectors

a) 5 ( 1 , - 2 ) and 6 ( 2 , - 3 ) ; b) 5 ( - 3 , 4 ) a n d б ( 2 , - 3 ) .

8. If 5(3,2) and 6 ( 0 , - 1 ) , find

a)-25+46; b)35-6; c) 4 5 + 6 .
9. The absolute value of 5(5, m) is 13. W h a t is the value of m?

10. Find X, if 5 ( - 6 , 8 ) and \Aa\ = S.

361
11. Given that A (1, 3), В (2,4) and С (5,14), find

a) AB+AC b) AB-AC

12. For what value of m will the vectors д(1,2) and b(m,~б) be
perpendicular?

13. What is the angle between vectors a(l, 2) and b^l,

14. The vectors o ( l , - l ) and b(-2, m) are collinear. Find the value
of m.

15. The vectors a(x,-l, l) and b( 1,2, o) are perpendicular.

Calculate the absolute value of the vector a .

Homework
1. Which quadrant does the centre of the circumference given by
the equation 36x 2 +36y 2 +48JC+36>>-299 = 0 lie in?

2. ABCD is a parallelogram. MNPQ are the midpoints of the sides

as shown below.
D P С

A
^ M
/*
В

If MQ = x and AM = y, express in terms of x and у:

a) AB; b) AQ; c)NB;

d) ВС; e) AC; f) BD.

3. Given the vectors a(7, з ) and 6(5,2), compute |а + б|.

4. Find the angle between the vectors 3(7,3) and b(—2, - 5 ) .

362
In a contest to guess the number of balloons in a bunch, Sevara
guessed 25, Bakhodir guessed 31, Sayora guessed 29, Otabek
guessed 23, and Qudrat guessed 27. Two guesses were wrong by
2, and two guesses were wrong by 4. The other guess was
correct. How many balloons were there in the bunch?

363
Uzbek mathematicians
1. Qori Niyozi (Khujand, Tajikistan 1897-1970). He is the first
president of the Uzbek Academy of Sciences in 1943-47. He founded
a school in Fergana and pedagogical college in Quqon, where he
lectured. He wrote the book "Russian-Uzbek dictionary of
mathematics terms" and textbooks in Uzbek on analytical geometry,
differential and integral calculus, differential equations and others.
In 1950 his monograph "Ulugbek's astronomical school" was
published, in which he described the formation of Ulugbek's
astronomical school, the research made in the observatory, and the
structure and functions of the sextant that was the main instrument
of the observatory.
2. Toshmukhammad Sarimsoqov (Andijan, Uzbekistan 1915-1995).
He researched in mathematical analysis, functional analysis, general
topology, algebra, especially, probability theory and its applications.
The idea of applying the methods of Markov chains to the study of
climate in Central Asia belongs to Sarimsoqov. He was the president
of the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences in 1947-1952. He wrote
several textbooks for universities. He is considered as the founder of
the Tashkent school of topology and functional analysis. In 1964 a
faculty of functional analysis was created under his initiative in the
Mathematics department of Tashkent State University. In 1967 he
was awarded the Biruni award by the state.
3. Sa'di Sirojiddinov (1920-1988). He led thorough research in
mathematical analysis, probability theory, mathematical statistics,
and the history of the development of mathematics in Central Asia.
His main results concern the limit theorems in probability theory, in
particular for Markov chains. In the history of mathematics
Sirojiddinov was the first to find the accurate estimates and
asymptotic expansions of the sum of random quantities (and
vectors) connected by Markov chain schemes. He was a member of
the International society of mathematical statistics and probability
theory named after Bernoulli. In 1954-1956 he worked in Moscow
State University, in 1956 in Tashkent State University. In 1957-1967
he was a director of the Institute of Mathematics of the AS RUz. In
1973 he was awarded the Biruni award by the state.

364
 • I • I • I • 111" l lllll l l lllllll l
Uzbek mathematicians
4. Makhmud Salokhiddinov (1933- ). His research fields are the
differential and integral calculus. He studied mixed type
differential equations and classified them, found their canonical
forms and solved a number of problems posed on them. He
founded the faculty of differential equations in Tashkent State
University. He is an author of a number of university textbooks.
In 1967-1985 he worked as a director of the Institute of
Mathematics and a president of the AS of RUz. In 1974 he was
awarded the Biruni award by the state.
5. Vosil Qobulov (1921-). He contributed to the development of
cybernetics in Uzbekistan. His main contributions are in
computing, applied mathematics and mechanical problems.
6. Tursun Azlarov (1938- ). He obtained important results in
probability theory, mathematical statistics and optimal control
and differential games.
7. Numon Sotimov (1939-). He was an accomplished specialist
in the fields of probability theory and mathematical statistics and
optimal control and differential games.
8. Shavkat Alimov (1945-). The main works are devoted to the
spectral theory of operators and the boundary problems of
mathematical physics. In 1974-1984 worked in the Moscow State
University, in 1984-85 in Tashkent State University and the
Mathematics Institute, then since 1985 he was a rector of
Samarqand State University, Tashkent State University, the
Minister of Higher and Special Secondary Education Ministry. In
1985 he was awarded the Biruni award by the state.

365
Chapter X Answers. Space geometry

X.l. 1. 6m. 2. 8л/з cm; 512cm 3 . 3.12cm 2 . 4.120cm 2 . 5. 108cm3. 6. 144cm3.

7. 36; 18. 8. 8cm 3 . 9. 5cm. 10. 6cm. 11. 3cm. 12. (18тг)ст3. 13. 3m. 14.
32.15. 20.16.14cm. 17. 24.18. 18 л/2 cm3.19.8,960 soums. 20. c).
Homework: 1. 30cm3. 2.15cm. 3.10cm. 4.45cm2. 5.12. 6.402cm2.

X.2. 1. 64cm3. 2. 18m3. 3. 3cm. 4. 2cm. 5. 25cm. 6. 2,880m3. 7. 48m3. 8.

(4л/зn)cm. 9. 9л/з cm. 10. 10cm. 11. 2.4. 12. {117л)т. 13. (132?r)m3.
14. 2 1 / 3 R. 15. (24TT)w. 16. 8/3m.
Homework: 1. 60m3. 2.48m3. 3. (80тг)ст3.4. (9к)ст 2 . 5. Зл/ll cm3.

Х.3.1. 5. 2. 42. 3. (0.5,1.5). 4. 5. 5. 6.4. 7. а) с(з, — 5); Ь)

c ( - l , l ) . 8. а) с(-6, - 8 ) ; Ь) с(9,з); с) c(l2, 7). 9. 12. 10. 0.5. И . а)
12; Ь) л/109 .12.12.13. 90°. 14. 2.15. 3.
Homework: 1. III. 2. а) 2у;Ь) х + у; с) -x-y;d) 2х + 2 у; е) 2x + 4 y ; f )
2х . 3.13. 4.135°. 5. 27.

366
 Logic is the anatomy of thought.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955), German-born American physicist

When intuition and logic agree, you are always right.

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662),
French philosopher, mathematician and physicist

CHAPTER XI. LOGIC

XI.l. Sequence of numbers, figures, etc

Terms
1. sequence (a succession) - ketma-ketlik | последовательность;
2. l o g i c - m a n t i q | логика;
3. pattern - nusxa, andoza | шаблон, схема;
4. c o m m o n sense - sog'lom aql, sog'lom fikr| здравый смысл;
5. to logically follow - mantiqiy davom etmoql логически
следовать.
Learning Objectives
- to know how to understand logical questions and to discover the
rule used in a problem;
- to learn various methods of solution, to think creatively and to
use c o m m o n sense.

Exercises
1. Find the T W O sets of characters which are the same in each line
and circle them.
1 15*TZ 1*5TZ 15*T2 .15*TZ IS*TZ
2 TVBS TVVS TSBV TSVB TSBV
3 G2S4B GS24B GS2B4 G2S4B GS42B
4 L06GB L06G8 L06GB LOGG8 LOGGB
5 658983 659838 569838 659883 659838
6 (S*T)* (S*2(* (S*T{* (S*2)* (S*T(*
7 G%!98 G%!98 G%189 G%198 G%199
8 B2J7P B277P B27JP B2JJP B2J7P

367
2. Write down the first four terms of the number sequence given
by the following n th term formula
2
a) a„ = 2n-1; b) a„ = n ;
c) a„ = (-1)"; d)tfi= 1, an+i = a„ + 1;
e) <3i = 0 , a 2 = 1, an+2 = a„ + a n+1 ; f) a„ = n{n + 1).
3. For each of the following sequences write down the next two
terms
a) 7,10,13,... b) 36, 26,16,...
С) 1, 4,16, 64,... d) 729, 243,-81, 27,...
e) 1, л/2 , -Уз , 2,... f) 3, 2, 4, 3, 5, ...

g) 2, 5, 9, 14, 20,... h) ± , 4, 13^, 32, 6 2 ^ .

2 2 2
4. The number sequence below conforms to a simple pattern.
What is the sum of the first 6 numbers of the sequence?
1/3 2/6 3/9 4/12 ?/? ?/?
5. The number sequence below conforms to a simple pattern.
What are the next two numbers of the sequence?
1 4 27 256 3,125 ? ?
6. Add to these successions of letters or numbers the letter or
number which logically follows.
a) A, D, G, J, ? b) 1,3, 6,10,?
с) 1,1, 2„3, 5, ! d) 21, 20,18,15,11, ?
e) 8, 6, 7, 5, 6,4, ? f) 65536, 256, 16, ?
g) 3, 15, 35, 63, ? h) 3968, 63, 8, 3, ?
i)-1,1, 0 , 1 , 1 , ? • j) 0, 1, 8, 81,1024, ?
k) ?, -27, - 8 , -1, 0,1, 8 I) -6, -4, 0, 2, 6, 8, ?
m) A, E, I, O, ? n) 2, 3, 4,9,16, 81, ?
7. The following numbers follow a simple pattern. What is the next
number?
1 3 7 15 31 63 127 ?' ^ -

368
8. The following numbers are twice as much as an infinite sequence
of numbers that possess a very well known property. What is the
next number?
10 14 22 26

9. Which number is missing from this coded message?

I i? - *
20 W 5 14 20 25 20 8 18 5 5
Hint:J = 1 , 5 = 2 ^ = 3, etc

10. The following numbers follow a simple pattern. What is the next
number?
12 19 31 50

11. The following numbers follow a simple pattern. What is the next
number?
2 5 10 17 26 37 5'Q

12. Choose between a, b, с and d the one that most logically fills the
blank spots

/ i \ \ Ь /
—
—
ж C | d ~

a) \ i

*o о O' 'o-
•Щ •
d *

b) m
•
e Ф
Ъ
Й* &
A-
С
о л,
Д 'О
щ

369
13. The small figures move around the large figure according to a
simple rule. Where should the small figures be placed in the final
step?

14. Which of А, В, С and D most logically follows

A B l C D

a)
<д
b) N г г

c)
—
ч Ж
И 17
d) К
• \/ I»
•
e)

Homework
1. Add to these successions of letters or numbers the letter or
number which logically follows.

а) л / 2 , 2 , л / б , л / 8 , л/10,? Ь) 10, 20, 30, 40, ?

с) б, 12, 24,48, ? d) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,13, ?
е) ?, 1, 2, 4, 7,11, ? f) 25, 5, 36, б, 84,12, 96, ?
g) ?, 3, 4, б, 7,11,13,19, 21, 29 h) ?, -2, -2, -1, 1,4,?
2. The following numbers follow a simple pattern. What is the next
number?
v
45 9 1.8 0.36 0.072 0.0144 U? :

370
3. Following the pattern shown in the number sequence below,
what is the missing number?
1 8 27 ? 125 216
4. Choose between a, b, с and d the one that most logically fills the
blank spots

0 +
a . b+
+
шо 1 1
•
• с A d
о О О +
•
О •
•
о
•
a)
/\

щ »
•II и

д
V"
с d
Z \ \ 7
lln
но

b)
а л b

с d

5. Choose the next logical symbol from the set of four on the right
of each sequence

a)
/ \\ /|\И/
b)
А

c)
Щ Н PI nun
d)
Л Й > 9
371
In every line you have two blanks (?). Pick from a, b, c, d or e the
symbols that best maintain the logic of each line

a)
A ? • ? •РоУШ
b)
Ш bfWVfkha
a A lb
?
И k^
In every line there is a blank (?). Choose from a, b, c, or d the
symbols that best maintain the logic of each line

9
a lb,
a)
a d
9
b)

c) SJ|3l| ? I ® Ssfefel'b

372
Interesting sequences

1. Fibonacci sequence (1228). A sequence of numbers, in which each

number is equal to the sum of the two preceding numbers {am.2=an+i+an)-
Leonardo Pisano (Fibonacci) gave the first 14 Fibonacci numbers in his
work: 1,1, 2, 3, 5, 8,13, 21, 34, 55, 89,144, 233,...

2. Tribonacci sequence A generalization of Fibonacci numbers defined by

7i=l, T2= 1, Г3=2, and the recurrence relation Т„=Т„Л+Т„.2+Т„.3 for «>4. E.g.
1,1, 2, 4, 7,13, 24,...

3. Tetranacci sequence A generalization of Fibonacci numbers defined by

T 0 =l, T 1 = l, T 2 =l, T3=2, and the recurrence relation Т„=Т„л+Тп.2+Т„_г+Т„л for
и>4. E.g. 1,1,2,4,8,15,...

4. Aronson's sequence The sequence whose definition is: "t is the first,
fourth, eleventh,... letter of this sentence". The first few values are 1,4,11,
16, 24, 29, 33, 35, 39,...

5. Pascal triangle (arithmetic triangle) A triangular number table that

contains binomial coefficients. Each number, apart from the unitary outer
layers, is the sum of the two numbers above it.
1
11
12 1
13 3 1
1 4 6 4 1

The (w+l)th row of the Pascal triangle holds the coefficients of expansion of
the nth degree binomial (a+b)". The Pascal triangle plays an important role *
in combinatorics.

6. Trinomial triangle The number triangle obtained by starting with a row

containing a single '1', a second row containing three I s and then letting
subsequent row elements be computed by summing the elements above to
the left, directly above, and above to the right:
1
1 1 1
1 2 3 2 1
1 3 6 7 6 3 1
1 4 10 16 19 16 10 4 1

The /ith row can also be obtained by expanding (l+x+* 2 )" and taking
coefficients.

373
 Interesting sequences

7. Perrin sequence The integer sequence defined by the recurrence:

P(n)=P(n-2)+P{n-3) with the initial conditions P(0)=3, />(1)=0, P{2)=2.
The first few terms are 3, 0, 2, 3, 2, 5,...

8. Prime arithmetic progression An arithmetic progression of primes

is a set of primes of the form mk+n for fixed m and n and consecutive
k, i.e. n, m+n, 2m+n, ... For example, 199, 409, 619, 829, 1039, 1249,
1459, 1669, 1879, 2089 is a 10-term arithmetic progression of primes
with difference 210.

9. Mallows' sequence An integer sequence given by the recurrence

relation

a(n)=a(a(n-2))+a{n-a(n-2)) with a[l)=a[2)=l. The first few are 1, 1, 2,

3, 3,4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7,8, 9,...

10. Number pyramid A set of numbers obeying a pattern like the

following,

42 = 16 72 = 49

342 = 1156 672 = 4489

3342 = 111556 6672 = 444889

11. Pentagonal number A polygonal number of the form л(Зл-1)/2.

1ЛЛИЛЛИКНЛИИЛЛПЛКНКПИЛИЛ^

374
 Logic is the hygiene the mathematician practices
to keep his ideas healthy and strong.
Hermann Weyl (1885-1955), German mathematician
A mind all logic is like a knife all blade.
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), Indian poet and philosopher

XI.2. Completion and construction of figures, tables, etc

Terms

1. grid - katak, panjara | решетка;

2. instruction - ko'rsatma, yo'riq | инструкция;
3. diagram - chizma, diagramma| диаграмма;
4. to take an approach - yondoshmoq | подходить к;
5. the method of elimination - yo'qotishlar usuli | метод
исключений.

Learning Objectives
- to recognize logical questions and patterns;
- to learn various methods of solution and take different
approaches to solving problems.

Exercises

1. Fill in the gaps in the figure below with the letters А, В, C, D or E

in such a way that no row or column or diagonal (there are two
diagonals) contains the same letter more than once.

A В С D

С E

E В С

375
2. Each individual square in the figure below contains an
instruction of where to go next. For example, 2L means that you
should move two squares to your left, while 1U means you
should move to the square immediately above. Similarly, 2D
means move two squares down, and 3R means you should move
three squares to the right. Your task is to find which square you
should begin from if you are to visit all squares and finish at the
blank square ant to find the value of the square marked with ?.

2D ? 2D 3R 1L 2R 2D ID ID
1U 1R 2R ID 1U 2L 5L 2L 8L
2U 3R 4R 4R 2U 5L 3L 2U

3. The grid below contains numbers. Each number is half of a pair.

Each pair is a pair of two same digits (e.g. two 2's or two 3's or
two 4's etc.) You are asked to join these pairs by drawing lines
according to the rules set below:
a) Each path must consist of horizontal and vertical lines (but no
diagonals);
b) No path must cross another path or cross itself;
c) No path can go through a dark square;
d) The number of squares in each path must be exactly the same
as the numbers it is linking. For example, a pair of 5's should
be connected by a line which passes through exactly five
squares (including the two squares which contain the linked
numbers).

376
Find the vehicles hidden in the diagram below. The vehicles
consist of 1, 2, 3 or 4 parts. Two such parts are already shown in
the diagram. The following vehicles have been hidden:
One super tank, which looks like this: I • • Ь
Two lorries, which look like this: i • I
Three jeeps, which look like this: 41
and four motorcycles, which look like this: •
The vehicles are placed on the grid according to the rules:
a) The vehicles are positioned horizontally or vertically (not diagonally);
b) All the squares around each vehicle are unoccupied. In other words,
no two vehicles can have parts in adjacent squares horizontally,
vertically or diagonally;
c) The number of squares occupied by parts of vehicles in each row or
column is indicated by a number at the end of the row or column.
For example, a number 3 at the end of a row indicates that there
have to be exactly three occupied squares in that row. Similarly, a 0
indicates that all squares in that row or column must remain
unoccupied;
d) Squares marked with an X must remain unoccupied.

2
3 0 0 7 0

377
5. Fill in the empty little squares with the digits 1 to 9 in such a way
that every row, every column and every marked 3x3 square does
not contain the same digit more than once.
2 6 3 5 1
1 9 2 3 6
4 6 1 2 9
3 9 7
4 7 2 3 9 1
1 4 2 3 6 7
6 5 7 2 8 1
7 8 3
4 8 1 9 2 5

6. A gold digger using a metal detector found old Bactrian gold

coins buried here and there. As he was in a hurry he noted down
his findings on a grid map, hoping to return at a later date and
dig out the coins. His notes were coded as he was afraid he
might lose his map. At different points of the grid he placed a
number. No coins lie under the squares with a number on them.
Instead, each number shows how many coins exist in the
neighboring squares. Each square which contains a coin, only
contains one coin. (As any square can have up to eight
neighboring squares, the highest possible number is 8, indicating
that every neighboring square contains a coin.) Which squares
contain a coin?

1 •

1 2 4

~ *a m
i m *
; л
3 4
2 2 11 3

378
 Fill the empty parts of the 5x5 square below with the numbers 1,
2, 3,4, 5, so that:
a) Each row and column is to have the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
appearing exactly once each and
b) Each of the regions marked by the thicker lines must also
contain the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 anc 5 once each.
3

4
5
2 1

8. A square tabletop is tiled with fitting square tiles of equal size.

The tiles along each diagonal of the square are white. The rest of
the tiles are blue. If the table has 37 white tiles, how many tiles
does the whole table have?

9. Arrange the numbers 1 through 11 in the figure shown so that

the sum of all lines of three (through the centre circle) will be
the same.

10. One can divide the rectangle below into five regions, each of
which has a perimeter of six.
Г"
• H

One can divide the rectangle below into two regions, each of
which has a perimeter of twelve.

379
 Divide the figure below into three regions, each having a
perimeter of eight.

11. Fill the squares of the grid below with А, В, С so that each row
and each column of the grid contains one A, one B, one С and
two blank squares. The letters written outside the grid have the
following meaning: A letter written beside a row or a column
indicates the 1 st of the three letters encountered when going in
the direction of the arrow shown, ignoring the empty spaces (if
there are any).
В В

A
<- В
В
С
1s t
С в

Homework

1. Fill in the gaps in the figure below with the letters А, В, C, D or E

in such a way that no row or column or diagonal (there are two
diagonals) contains the same letter more than once.

A
В
С Е В
D Е
Е

380
2. Each individual square in the figure below contains an
instruction of where to go next. For example, 2L means that you
should move two squares to your left, while 1U means you
should move to the square immediately above. Similarly, 2D
means move two squares to down, and 3R means you should
move three squares to the right. Your task is to find which
square you should begin from if you are to visit all squares and
finish at the blank square.

3R 4D 2L 2L 2D
3R 3R 3D 2L 2D
1R ID 3L 2L
2U 1L 3U 1U 2L
4R 1L 1R 1U 4U
3. Find the vehicles hidden in the diagram below. The vehicles
consist of 1, 2, 3 or 4 parts. Two such parts are already shown in
the diagram. The following vehicles have been hidden:
One super tank, which looks like this: 4 • • I
Two lorries, which look like this: 4 • I
Three jeeps, which look like this: 4 ft
and four motorcycles, which look like this: •
The vehicles are placed on the grid according to the following
rules:
a) The vehicles are positioned horizontally or vertically (not
diagonally);
b) All the squares around each vehicle are unoccupied. In other
words, no two vehicles can have parts in adjacent squares
horizontally, vertically or diagonally;
c) The number of squares occupied by parts of vehicles in each
row or column is indicated by a number at the end of the row
or column. For example, a number 3 at the end of a row

381
 indicates that there have to be exactly three occupied squares
in that row. Similarly, a 0 indicates that all squares in that row
or column must remain unoccupied;
d) Squares marked with an X must remain unoccupied.
Where are the vehicles?

3
1

4
0

3
2
1

2 3

Fill in the empty little squares with the digits 1 to 9 in such a way
that every row, every column and every marked 3x3 square
contains the same digit only once.
4 2 1 6
6 5 1 7
8 7 6 9 4 3
8 2 1 3 9
2 3 4 1
5 3 9 4 7
1 2 3 9
9 2 4 5 6 3
8 1 2 7

382
5. A gold digger using a metal detector found old Bactrian gold
coins buried here and there. As he was in a hurry he noted down
his findings on a grid map, hoping to return at a later date and
dig out the coins. His notes were coded as he was afraid he
might lose his map. At different points of the grid he placed a
number. No coins lie under the squares with a number on them.
Instead, each number shows how many coins exist in the
neighboring squares. Each square which contains a coin, only
contains one coin. (As any square can have up to eight
neighboring squares, the highest possible number is 8, indicating
that every neighboring square contains a coin.) Which squares
contain a coin?
ж

и
2 Щ
iff Ж 4 2
1
J-.,
3 2 3

6. Fill the empty parts of the 5x5 square below with the letters A, B,
C, D, E, so that:
a) Each row and each column is to have the letters А, В, C, D and
E appearing exactly once each and;
b) Each of the regions marked by the thicker lines must also
contain the letters А, В, C, D and E once each.
A
E В

D
С
7. When the figure below is folded into a box, which shapes will be
on opposite sides of each other?

383
8. Where would you draw three more vertical lines on this ruler so
that each pair of marks measures a unique distance in whole
units? (For example, drawing the lines at 4, 5, and 7 wouldn't
work because 0-4 is the same distance as 7-11)

0 11

Calendar
Calendar is a system of measuring time for the needs of civil life, by
dividing time into days, weeks, months, and years. A year is the time
that the Earth orbits fully around the Sun. Astronomers have
calculated the year to be equal to 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46
seconds or 365.242199 days. However, it is inconvenient to use such
a cumbersome number. It is preferred to define a year as a whole
number of days. If a year is considered as 365 days, then about six
hours will be redundant. In 45 ВС the Roman emperor Julius Caesar,
upon the advice of the Greek astronomer Sosigenes, decided to use a
purely solar calendar. According to this Roman calendar (known as
the Julian calendar), every three years have 365 days each and the
fourth has 366 days (known as a leap year). However, there was a
discrepancy of 11 minutes and 14 seconds, which accumulated to a
big number as time passed by. Therefore, the second calendar
reform was made in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, who suggested to
drop 10 days (known as Gregorian calendar or New Style calendar).
Nowadays, the difference between the Roman and the Gregorian
calendars is 13 days. The Gregorian calendar is used today
throughout most of the Western world and in parts of Asia.

j' i '•'.'•'.*.'

384
 Each problem that I solved became a rule which
served afterwards to solve other problems.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650), French philosopher, scientist and mathematician
Language is the dress of thought.
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), English writer and lexicographer

XI.3. Syntax

Terms
1. p u n c t u a t i o n - i m l o | пунктуация;
2. s e r i e s - q a t o r | ряд;

3. m e a n d i f f e r e n c e - o'rta farq | с р е д н я я разность;

4. to break (violate) a rule - qoidani buzmoq | нарушать правило;
5. to follow (obey) a rule - qoidaga rioya qilmoq | соблюдать
правило (подчиниться правилу).

Learning Objective
- to create a language using various sets of characters and rules.

Exercises

1. Consider a language which uses the following set of characters:

Small set: ( a b с}; Large set: { А В С}; Punctuation set: { ; : } .

This language must follow the following rules:

a) A punctuation character must end all series..

b) V s e r i e s can have up to but no more than 4 characters,

including punctuation characters.

c) A punctuation character cannot begin a series.

d) A large character must be immediately followed by at least

one small set character.

385
 Which of the following series in the table follow all the rules of
the language defined above? Circle your choices. Each wrong
choice will negate a right choice.
BaB: aBb; AaBb;
Abe: aCbb cAB;
Dbc; CcBb; CbA:

2. Consider a language which uses the following set of characters:

Small set: {x у z}; Large set: { X U V}; Punctuation set: { + = }.

This language must follow the following rules:

a) A punctuation character cannot begin a sequence.

b) A series can have up to but no more than 5 characters,

including punctuation characters.

c) Large set characters must have at least one small set character
between them.

Which of the following series in the table follow all the rules of
the language defined above? Circle your choice. Each wrong
choice will negate a rig ht choice.
xUyV XxyU+ x+yz+
=XUzx U+V++ XUxy+
xVyU+ Xy+UV XxUyV=

3. Consider a language which uses the following set of characters:

Small set:'{a b с}; Large set: { А В С}; Punctuation set: {x y}.

This language must follow the following rules:

a) A punctuation character must end all series.

b) A series can have up to but no more than 4 characters,

including punctuation characters.

386
 Which of the following series in the table follow all the rules of
the language defined above? Circle your choice. Each wrong
choice will negate a right choice.
axBy addx acbax
AAAx xABc acby
ABAB ABCa abcABCxy

Homework
1. Consider a language which uses the following set of characters:

Small set: {x у z}; Large set: { X U V } ; Punctuation set: { А В }.

This language must follow the following rules:

a) A punctuation character must always finish a sequence.

b) A sequence can have up to but no more than 5 characters,

including punctuation characters.

c) Large set characters must have at least one small set character
between them.

d) A sequence must always start with a character from the large

set.

Which of the following sequences follow all the rules of the

language defined above? Circle your choice. Each wrong choice
will negate a right choice.

xUyV XxyUB XAyzA

XzUA VxUxB XUxyA
xAVyU XyAUA XxUyVB
2. Consider a language which uses the following set of characters:

Small set: {x у z}; Large set: { X U V };

Punctuation set: { + = }

387
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Puzzles
1. Magic square A square table (лхя) that contains whole numbers from 1 to n , in which the sums of numbers along each row, column and of two

2 7 6 1 6 60 63 9 55 54 12

9 5 1 59 64 2 5 52 14 15 4 9

4 3 8 62 57 7 4 16 50 5 1 13
8 3 6 1 58 53 11 10 56
1 15 14 4 4 1 19 22 4 8 2 8 2 9 33 4 0
12 6 7 9 4 6 24 17 43 39 34 30 27

8 10 11 5 20 42 47 2 1 38 35 3 1 2 6
13 3 2 16 23 45 44 18 25 32 36 37
OJ
oo 2. Associative magic square An nm magic square for which every pair of numbers symmetrically opposite the center sum to и +1.
vo
1 15 24 8 17

23 7 16 5 14

20 4 13 22 6
12 21 10 9 3

9 18 2 11 25
3. Border square A magic square that remains magic when its border is removed.
40 1 2 3 42 41 46
38 31 13 14 32 35 12 31 13 14 32 35
39 30 26 21 28 20 11 30 26 21 28 20 26 21 28
43 33 27 25 23 17 7 33 27 25 23 17 27 25 23
6 16 22 29 24 34 44 16 22 29 24 34 22 29 24
5 15 37 36 18 19 45 15 37 36 18 19
4 49 48 47 8 9 10
4. Conway puzzle Construct a 5x5x5 cube from thirteen 1x2x4 blocks, one 2x2x2 block, one 1x2x2, and three 1x1x3 blocks.
 Puzzles
5. Slothouber-Graatsma puzzle Assemble six 1x2x2 blocks and three lxlxl blocks into a 3x3x3 cube.
6. Gnomon magic square A 3x3 array of numbers in which the elements in each 2x2 corner have the same sum.
7. Magic circles A set of n magic circles is a numbering of the intersections of the n circles such that the sum over all intersections is the same constant
for all circles. The sets of three and four magic circles below have magic constants 14 and 39. Another type of magic circle arranges the number 1, 2
n in a number of rings, which have equal sums and this sum is also equal to the sum of elements along each diameter (excluding the central number).

OJ
ю
о

8. Multiplication magic square A square which is magic under multiplication instead of addition.
128 1 32

4 16 64

8 256 2

1.1,1,1,1,1, ,• j * j ' • ' • • • • • ' ' • .

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carrying 40kg of luggage is charged 50,000 soums, how much
would a passenger carrying 80£g be charged?

An insurance scheme pays benefits to its members who are sick

for extended periods of time at the following rates
1st month: nil
2nd-4th months: 50% of normal salary
5th and succeeding months: 25% of normal salary

on the first 240,000 soums per annum of salary for each month
in which the member is sick and is not paid by the employer.
How much does the scheme pay to

Tursun, who is off work for two months, whose salary is 120,000
soums per annum, and who gets no sick pay from his employer?

Murod, who is ill for six months, but who is paid normally for the
first two months by his employer and whose salary is 180,000
soums per annum?

Iroda, whose salary is 300,000 soums per annum, who gets 3

months sick pay from her employer, and who has to take nine
months off?

The following chart shows car sales during five days.

Car sales
35
30

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Day of the week

a) How many cars were sold on Thursday?

b) How many more cars were sold on Tuesday than on

Wednesday?
392
с) W h a t is the average number of cars sold over the five days?

The following graph shows the profit made by three cotton

companies over four years.

Cotton Company Profits

to 350 •
1 300-
о 250-
200 •— - - - - - - у г ^ 7 - ^ ^ - - - -
e>
S 1M-
3 100-
о
о 50-
о 0-
Ч -50 •
/
Year of Trading
х -100J
2003 2004 2005 2006
UzCot 250 300 50 0
- • — Cotton "R" Uz -50 200 250 250
- * — Cottuz 100 150 150 200

a) How much was the combined profit of the three companies in

the year when the highest combined total was registered?

b) List the total amount of profit made in the four years shown
by the company that made the most profit in 2005.

The following graph shows the profit made by three companies

over the last three years.

—•—Company X — C o m p a n y Y - -A- -Company Z

393
 a) Over the three years, what is the total combined profit of the
two least successful companies?

b) How much more profit does company X have to make next

year to surpass the combined profit achieved by
Companies Y and Z this year?

8. Dilshod is organizing food for a party. His local shop sells food
packs for seven people at 500 soums each pack, and smaller
packs for four people at 300 soums each pack. What is the least
amount of money Dilshod will need to spend to feed 47 people?

9. The diagram below shows the value of individual shares from

three imaginary car manufacturers last year.

S h a r e prices 2007

a) A person had 50 shares from each of the above companies in

1 st October 2007. What was the value of these shares?

b) Another person had 50 shares from each company in January

2007. In 1 st April she sold 20 Uchot shares and bought 30
Toyot shares. What was the value of all her shares in 1 July
2007?

Note: A share is an item whose value changes every day,

according to how well the company it represents is performing.
The prices shown here are the prices of three company shares
for specified dates last year.
394
Homework

1. If a trader sells his goods for 40 dollars per kilogram he loses

1,800 dollars; if he sells them for 70 dollars per kilogram he
makes a profit of 900 dollars. How many kilograms of goods
does he have?

2. The following graph shows the profit made by three companies

over three years.

Company X — » — Company Y - -A- -Company zj

a) Over the three years, how much more profit did Company X
achieve compared to Company Z?

b) List the amount of profit made in year S by the only company

whose profit decreased in the last year.

3. The following graph shows the profit made by three cotton

companies over four years.

395
 Cotton Company Profits

a) What percentage of the total profits of all three companies in

the years shown do the combined profits of 2003
represent?

b) If the profit of UzCot falls by twice as much as it fell in 2006,

what loss will the company register in 2007?

The following graph shows the profit made by three companies

over three years.

Company X — C o m p a n y Y - -A- -Company Z

a) Over the three years, what is the total combined profit of the
two most successful companies?

b) H o w much profit did company X make in its most successful

year?

396
 Truth comes out of error more easily than out of confusion.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626), English philosopher and statesman

I have hardly ever known a mathematician who was capable of reasoning.

Plato (428-347 ВС), Greek philosopher

XI.5. G a m e s

Terms
1. numerical value - son qiymati | числовое значение;
2. specifications - batafsil tavsif, foydalanish bo'yicha
qo'llanma (спецификация, подробное описание, технические
условия, инструкция по обращению;
3. pack of cards - qartalar to'plami | колода карт;
4. to spin a disc - diskni aylantirmoq (tashlamoq) | вращать
(бросать) диск;

5. set of dominoes - dominolar to'plami | набор домино.

Learning Objective
- to understand the rules of a game or a story and to suggest a
method to solve it.
Exercises

1. A wolf and a fox stole lots of fish. The fox risked a lot and it
wasn't easy for the wolf either - his sides are aching from the
effort. The fox says:
- Let's divide the fish equally.
- I'm poor in math, so you do it, - replied the wolf.
The fox threw one fish to the wolf and 2 to herself.
- Isn't this too few? - said the wolf.
- Listen up, here, you take 3 fish, - said the fox.
- OK, - said the wolf.
- 4 to me, 5 to you, 6 to me, 7 to you... - continued the fox,
every time increasing the quantity by one.
At the end she threw 20 fish to herself and the fish were
finished. The wolf was satisfied as he thought he received the

397
same number of fish as the fox did. Who received more fish, the
fox or the wolf and how many more?

The six cards shown below were turned face down, "shuffled"
(i.e. re-arranged), and put in a pile, one on top of the other. Each
card has an obvious numeric value. In addition, the "Q" and " K "
have values of 12 and 13 respectively. Make use of the
information provided in the specifications to determine each
card's position in the pile (from top to bottom).

*3 *
* fSFf и # •
•

* 1 меЙ # n
*
*
* * w £

* = black club * = black spade • = red diamond * = red heart

SPECIFICATIONS

1. The seven is somewhere above the "Q".

2. The heart is somewhere above the spade.

3. A three is directly above the six.

4. One red card is directly on top of the other.

5. A black card is on the very top.

6. The bottom card's value is the sum of three other cards.

You take out some cards from a standard pack of 52. Of those
selected, there is at least one queen, two spades, three aces and
four diamonds. What is the fewest number of cards you could
have removed? (4 = spade, • = diamond).

398
4. Two discs have four different numbers written on them.

As the discs are spun their totals are added together, e.g. 5 + 8 =
13. By spinning the discs the totals 10,11,13, and 14 are
obtained. Use this information to work out which numbers are
on the other side of the discs.

5. A standard set of dominoes has been laid out, using numbers

instead of dots for clarity. Draw in the lines to show where each
domino has been placed. You may find the check grid on the
right useful - crossing off each domino as you find it. The first
domino has been marked for you.
1 5 0 5 6 5 6 2 0
3 2 4 3 0 5 3 0 1
1 5 1 3 2 3 1 6 2
4 6 0 0 0 4 A 4 3
4 2 2 2 5 3 4 5 4
1 6 6 6 1 2 0 5
5 2 3 1 4 3 6 0 6 X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
You are looking for mines on the following grid. If you click on a
field that has a mine on it, the mine blows up, but if there is no
mine on the field then a number will pop up in that field
indicating how many of the neighboring 8 fields have a mine on
them. You know that there are 4 more mines on the grid. Where
are they?
А В С D E F
1 1 0
3 1
# 3 4 1
2 2 2 2 1
1 1 1 0 0 0

399
 A chess knight, which moves in the shape of L, went over all
squares of a 6x6 board and returned to its original square visiting
every square only once. The following figure shows the numbers
of some of the movements made by the knight. Restore the
entire path of thie knight.
17 11

2 25

23 16 1

30 19

15 13

8 35

8. Three playing cards, removed from an ordinary deck, lie face

down in a horizontal row. Immediately to the right of the King
there's a Queen or two. Immediately to the left of a Queen
there's a Queen or two. Immediately to the left of a Heart
there's a Spade or two. Immediately to the right a Spade there's
a Spade or two. Name the three cards in order.

Homework

1. Every afternoon Zaynab enters the palace through door В and

goes through all 9 rooms using every door exactly once, finally
stopping in the prince's room to read him a story. Which number
indicates the prince's room?
в

400
2. Aladdin and the Genie are playing a game. Aladdin says to the
Genie: "Put two golden coins in one of your hands, and put five
golden coins into your other hand. Whatever you have in your
left hand, multiply its value by an even number. Whatever you
have in your right hand, multiply its value by an odd number. Tell
me the sum of these two products, and then I will tell you how
many coins you have in your left hand and in your right hand."
The Genie said: 30. How many coins are there in the Genie's left
hand?

3. Place a number from 1 to 9 in each empty cell. The sum of each

vertical or horizontal block equals the number at the top or on
the left of the block. Numbers may only be used once in each
block. (Japanese logic game Kakuro)

401
 Descartes commanded the future from his study more
than Napoleon from the throne.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1809-1894), American writer and physician

He who asks a question is a fool for five minutes;

he who does not ask a question remains a fool forever.
Confucius (551-479 ВС), Chinese philosopher

XI.6. Text problems

Terms
1. to break even - teng bo'lmoq, harajat va daromad mos
kelmoq | становиться безубыточным, достигать уровня
безубыточности;
2. the Venn d i a g r a m - V e n n diagrammasil диаграмма Венна;
3. i n t e g e r - b u t u n son | целое число;
4. identical barrels - bir xil bochkalar| одинаковые бочки;
5. multiple-karrali| кратное.

Learning Objective
- to understand a text problem and to make up equations or
inequalities for its solution.

Exercises

1. To discourage guessing on a math test, Malik's teacher

announced that she would take off seven points for every wrong
answer. However,, each correct answer only added five to the
score. Malik attempted all the questions and "broke even". In
other words, he got exactly zero points. Of the 24 problems on
the test, how many did Malik get correct?

2. Linda, Aziza, and Iroda decide to play cards. They keep score
using almonds. They agree that when a player loses a hand, she
will give each of the others an amount equal to the amount each
player already has. Linda loses the first hand and pays Aziza and
Iroda the amount of almonds each has; Aziza loses the second

402
 hand and pays Linda and Iroda the amount of almonds each has;
Iroda loses the third hand and pays Linda and Aziza the amount
of almonds each has. At this point, each player has 8 almonds.
How many almonds did each player start with?

3. There are 30 students in a class. Eleven have blue eyes. Fifteen

have brown hair. Three students have both blue eyes and brown
hair. How many students have neither blue eyes nor brown hair?

4. A total of 15 delegates from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan,

and Kyrgyzstan are attending a meeting. Each country sent a
different number of delegates, and each was represented by at
least one delegate. Tajikistan and Uzbekistan sent a total of 6
delegates. One country sent exactly four delegates. Uzbekistan
and Kyrgyzstan sent a total of 7 delegates. How many delegates
were sent by each country?

5. Each of a group of 19 students has 3, 4 or 5 books in his/her bag.

The total number of books is 71. The number of students who
had 4 books each is a multiple of 10. How many students have 3
books each, how many 4 and how many 5?

6. In a classroom, more than 94% of students have brown colored

eyes and the rest have blue eyes. What is the smallest possible
number of students in the class?

7. A group of people had agreed to split a 48,000 soums food bill

equally. Two people left without paying. The remaining people
each had to pay 2,000 soums more than their share. How many
people were in the original group?

8. Find the natural number, which is 1/10 of the sum of all

preceding natural numbers?

9. Express 16 as the sum of a few consecutive integers.

10. Six robbers robbed the king Doro. The prey was too much - a
little less than 100 golden bars. The robbers decided to divide
the gold equally, but one bar remained excessive. They fought
and one robber died in the fight. The remaining robbers started

403
 to divide it again, but one extra bar remained again. A robber
died in the fight again. So on: every time one bar left over and
one robber was killed in the fight. At the end one robber
remained, who immediately died from numerous injuries. How
many golden bars were there?

11. In a warehouse there are two identical barrels: one of them is

full of oil, the other one is exactly half way. Their masses are
86kg and 53kg. What is the mass of an empty barrel?

12. A certain pipe can fill a swimming pool in 2 hours; another pipe
can fill it in five hours; a third pipe can empty the pool in six
hours. With all three pipes turned on at exactly the same time,
and starting with an empty pool, how long will it take to fill the
pool?

13. There are 600 students in a school, 30 students in every class.

Every student has 5, and every teacher has 4 lessons every day.
In every lesson there is a full class and one teacher together.
How many teachers are there in the school?

14. M y uncle said that he saves every candle-leftover, and he can

make a new candle from the wax leftovers of seven candles.
How many candles can he burn if he bought 92 candles?

15. The water in a container can last for drinking by John for 14
days, by his little brother for 35 days. For how many days can the
water last for both of them?

16. 800kg fruit contains 80% water. In a few days, the weight of the
fruit became 500%. What percent of the fruit is water now?

17. There are 28 students in a class. They want to divide 11 identical

cakes among themselves equally without cutting any of the
cakes into 28 or more pieces. How can they do this?

18. It takes Mowgli 40 minutes to walk to the lake and come back on
his elephant. When he rides his elephant in both directions, it
takes him 32 minutes. How long would the trip take Mowgli if he
walked both ways?

404
19. A dog started to chase a fox, which was 30m away. On every step
the dog covers 2m and the fox covers 1m. If the dog takes 2 steps
every time the fox manages 3 steps, in what distance (in meters)
will the dog reach the fox?

20. An adult weighing 80 kilograms and 2 children, each of whom

weighs 40 kilograms, want to cross a river. All 3 are capable of
rowing the one boat they have. The boat is capable of holding
only 80 kilograms on any one trip. How many trips will it take to
get ail 3 across a river? Describe your answer.

21. An electric clock stopped when the electricity was turned off at
10 am. Five hours later the time shown on the clock was 1 pm.
For how long was the electricity turned off?

Homework

1. If there are five Mondays, five Tuesdays and five Wednesdays in

January, on what day of the week will February 1 st fall?

2. There is enough food at a picnic to feed 20 adults or 32 children.

If there are 15 adults at the picnic, how many children can still
be fed?

3. Sue and Nancy wish to buy a snack. They combine their money
and find they have $4.00, consisting of quarters, dimes, and
nickels. If they have 35 coins and the number of quarters is half
the number of nickels, how many quarters do they have? (In the
USA, 1 quarter = 25 cents, 1 dime = 10 cents, 1 nickel = 5 cents).

4. All of the 120 students in Sirojiddinov Lyceum are members of

the chess club, the radio club or both. If 90 students are in the
radio club and 70 students are in the chess club, how many
students are in both clubs?

5. Village A has a population of 6,800, which is decreasing at a rate

of 120 per year. Village В has a population of 4,200, which is
increasing at a rate of 80 per year. In how many years will the
population of the two villages be equal?

405
6. On one side of a scale there are 5 identical apples and 3 identical
pears; on the other side there are 4 apples and 4 pears like the
others. The sides of the scale are in balance. Which is lighter:
apple or pear?

7. The average of 10 numbers is 30, the average of 30 other

numbers is 10. Find the average of all 40 numbers.

8. If you count from 1 to 200, how many 7's will you pass on the
way?

9. Nine playing cards from the same deck are placed as shown in
the figure below to form a large rectangle of area 180 square
inches. What are the dimensions (width and breadth) of each
card?

10. A little green frog is sitting at the bottom of the stairs. She wants
to get to the tenth step, so she leaps up 2 steps and then back 1.
Then she leaps another 2 steps and back 1. How many leaps will
she have to take, if she follows this same pattern, till she reaches
the tenth step?

11. Sue is both the 50th best and the 50th worst student at her
school. How many students attend her school?

12. We wrote a number on each side of a cube. The sums of the

numbers on the opposite sides of the cube are the same. The
three numbers you cannot see on the diagram are prime
numbers. Find the hidden numbers.

13. If each student in a class of 25 students exchanges photos with

every other student in the class, how many photos are
exchanged?

406
14. What two-digit number is three,times the sum of its digits?

15. Use the clues below to work out the four different digits
represented by W, X, Y and Z. Then (using 1 = A, 2 = В, 3 = C, etc)
convert WXYZ into letters to form a word.

W = [ Z - Y ] squared; X = Ysquared;

X = W,+ Z; Z = number of letters in Y.

16. Look at the drawing. The numbers alongside each column and
row are the total of the values of the symbols within each
column and row. What should replace the question mark?

6 6 6 6 28

с 0 30

%t 6 20

Щ Щ 16
? 19 2D ЗП

407
 As you teach, you learnt
Jewish proverb

The solution of every problem is another problem.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832),
German poet, dramatist, novelist and scientist

XI.7. Combinations

Terms
1. combination-kombinatsiya | комбинация;
2. the most efficient way - eng qulay (samarali) yo'li (usuli) | самый
эффективный способ;
3. an adjacent square - qo'shni katak (kvadrat) | соседний
квадрат, соседняя клетка;
4. horizontally (vertically, diagonally) - eniga (bo'yiga, diagonal
bo'ylab) | горизонтально (вертикально, диагонально);
5. of equal size - teng hajm | одинаковый размер; •
6. of same shape - bir xil shakl | одинаковая форма.

Learning Objective
- to learn to test all the combinations and to obtain a solution
quickly.

Exercises

1. There are exactly 11 people in a room and each person shakes

hands with every other person in the room. W h e n A shakes with
В, В is also shaking with A. That counts as O N E handshake. How
many handshakes will there be when everyone is finished?

2. There are six keys to the six boxes in the captain's cabin. The
keys are not marked in any way. In the worst case scenario, how
many times does the captain have to put the keys in the locks in
order to open every box?

408
3. Any time, can be displayed as HH:MM:SS. So, three fifty four and
twenty seconds is 03:54:20. Also, any day of the year can be
displayed as D D / M M . So, the 5 th of July is 05/07. What is the
latest point in the year when you can use all digits from 0 to 9 to
display the date in the format HH:MM:SS D D / M M ?

4. Two wooden cubes have digits painted on each face in such a

way that it is possible to display any date of the month. For
example,

3 J 0 OR 0 J 9
Show clearly how you would label each face to achieve this.

5. Divide this shape into rectangles, each containing the number of

squares indicated.

Remember a rectangle is made up of 2x1, 1x2, 2x2, 2x3, 3x2,

1x3, 3x1,4x1 etc squares

6. Find a direct path going from A 1 to A2, B1 to B2, and C I to C2,

without crossing ines or touching any border:

Note: The blocks A l , B1 and C I are attached to the lower

border.

409
7. In how many different ways can you get from A to В if you
cannot step on black fields, and you can only step to the field on
the right or the field be ow.

| | | |В

8. There are five balls in a row: a yellow, a brown, a blue, a red and
a green. Find their order if you know that the blue ball is not in
the middle; the red is the same distance from the blue, as the
blue is from the green; the left-side neighbor of the yellow is the
red ball.

Homework

1. Jane has a hundred cards numbered consecutively from 1 to

100. She makes pairs of cards with the sum of numbers of 50, i.e.
12 + 38. Find the number of all possible pairs.

2. Alisher wants to take exactly 4 liters of water from a faucet.

However only a 5-liter (denote A) and a 7-liter (denote B)
containers are available. There is no scale on any of the
containers. How can he achieve this?

3. Starting from the bottom left square move to each adjacent

square horizontally or vertically (not diagonally), always moving
right or up, adding the values of the numbers as you go along.
What is the highest score you can ac lieve?
2 3 5 2 3
5 5 2 2 5
3 2 3 3 2
2 3 2 5 3
2 2 5 2 2

410
4. Fill in numbers 1 to 9 into the boxes to make the equations
work.

• •хП = ППхП =ППхП

5. Divide the 6x6 square into 4 parts of equal size and shape, each
of which must include one A, one В and one C.

A A A
В В С С
A В
В
С С

6. The following pictures were taken of a cube in three different

positions. How many points are there on the bottom side of the
cube in each position?

411
 Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it into small jobs.
Henry Ford (1863-1947), American industrialist

To play chess is like singing a mathematical music.

Godfrey Harold Hardy (1877-1947), English mathematician

XI.8. Miscellaneous logical problems

Terms
1. method of trial and error - tekshirish va xatolar usuli | метод
проб и ошибок;
2. a logic of decision - mantiqiy qaror | логическое решение,
логический выбор;
3. a continuous wall - uzluksiz devor| непрерывная стена;
4. to use more than once - bir necha marta
ishlatmoq | использовать более чем один раз;
5. decimal representation - o'nli yozuv (ifoda) | десятичное
представление;
6. o p e r a t o r - a m a l , operator| оператор, действие;
7. to balance a scale - tarozini muvozanatga keltirmoq | приводить
весы в равновесие;
8. probability — ehtimollik | вероятность;
9. all possible options - barcha mavjud yo'llar
(holatlar) | всевозможные опции (варианты);
10. a plan (a model) - reja (andoza, model) | план (модель).

Learning Objectives
- to perform logical analysis of a problem to formulate the problem
in terms of mathematical equations and inequalities;
- to visualize various bodies and to be able to assemble
(disassemble) them virtually;
- to be able to come up with efficient and original ways of solution
to a problem and to express one's ideas as simply and clearly as
possible.

412
Exercises

1. Using each of the digits 1 to 5 once, it is possible to place them

in the grid so that the row and column have the same total. How
many different totals can this be done with?

2. Twenty-seven small red cubes are connected together to make a

larger cube that measures 3x3x3. All of its external faces are
painted white and the cube is dismantled.

f-
X /

/ f/

How many of the small cubes will have exactly two faces painted
white?

3. What fraction of the diagram is shaded?

4. A kitchen floor is to be tiled in the following way,

If the kitchen measures 15 tiles by 25 tiles, how many white tiles

will be needed?

413
5. In the diagram below, the number on the connecting line is the
sum of the two numbers in the circles.

What numbers are missing from the circles in the diagram

below?

6. The first three stages of a sequence are shown.

• =3 ]
What is the perimeter of the tenth in the sequence?

7. Divide the 3 by 8 rectangle below into two pieces that you can
join together to make a 2 by 12 rectangle.

8. Four-seventeenths (4/17) of a number is 200 less than six

twenty-thirds (6/23) of the same number. What is the number?

9. A right-angle parallelepiped with edges 10, 4 and 4 was painted

and divided into cubes with an edge of 1. What percent of the
cubes are painted at least from one side?

10. An arrow is formed in a 2x2 square by joining the bottom

corners to the midpoint of the top edge and the centre of the
square. Find the area of the arrow.

414
11. A geographical surveyor places a marker at a position such that
the angle between the horizontal and the top of a mountain is
45°. After driving 1km away from the mountain, the angle
between the horizontal and the top of the mountain is 30°. Find
the height of the mountain.

1 km

12. Move three coins only from the figure on the left to make the
figure on the right.

13. Place the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 into the circles below so that

the sum of every set of three linearly connected circles is the
same.

14. Identify the pattern, and write the appropriate signs into the
fields of the last square.

415
15. Fill the numbers 2, 5, 11, and 17 into the blank spaces to make
the equality true:

_ ( _ ( _ ( _ + 1) + 1) + 1) = 1995

16. Use all four operation signs (+, - , x, :) between the numbers so
that the equality is true

3 3 3 3 3 = 3

17. Create white areas surrounded by black walls. Each white area
contains only one number. The number of cells in a white area is
equal to the number in it. The white areas are separated from
each other with a black wall. Cells containing number must not
be filled in. The black cells must be linked into a continuous wall.
Black cells cannot form a square 2x2 or larger.

2 3 4 1

2
3 1
6 4
4

5 7 3 2

18. In the following Pyramid, the sum of the numbers in two

neighboring fields is in the field right above them. Fill in the
blanks.
848

222 354

134 48 266

416
19. Insert two more line segments in the drawing below to make a
third arrow.

20. Fill each square with a number, 1 to 9, so that horizontal squares

add up to the totals on the right, vertical squares add up to the
total on the bottom, and diagonal squares through the centre
add up to the totals in top and bottom right. You may use
numbers more than once, and you need not use all the numbers.

25
8 25
9 28
2 18
9 28
31 30 11 27 25

21. Fit the given numbers into the grid below

2 digits: 21, 24, 31, 38, 42, 59, 60, 70, 74, 84;

3 digits: 603, 673;

4 digits: 1839, 2134, 2362, 2844, 4328, 5768, 7812, 9442;

5 digits: 16264,18038, 27342, 33133, 56515, 64163, 99678,

82429;

6 digits: 145130,147632;

7 digits: 9716345, 8540385.

417
 • япяи
•

22. Replace each square with one digit and each circle with another
digit so that the multiplication is correct:
о
X
•
X
о •

• • •

23. Find the number of digits in the decimal representation of the

number 4 s -5 13 .

24. What number should replace the question mark?

25. Combine the six numbers in the grid below using addition,
subtraction and multiplication to obtain the value 688

1 8 10
1 8 50

(E.g. We can combine 3, 6 and 5 to obtain 33 like this: 6x5 + 3 =

33)

418
26. Ten shapes have been mixed up below. Identify each shape by
marking it with a letter from A to J given that:

A overlaps D and E В overlaps E and F

С overlaps D, G and 1 D overlaps А, С and F
E overlaps А, В and H F overlaps B, D and G
G overlaps C, F and J H overlaps E and 1
1 overlaps С, H and J J overlaps G and 1

(overlaps = partly covers or is covered)

27. Arrange digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 so that the 2 diagonals equal

to 26 and the four corners add up to 26.

28. Below are the first 3 terms of a sequence. How many colored
squares will the 8th term contain?

419
29. Complete the pattern by shading the middle tiles in grey color.

] ' 1 1 1 f 1п E J
; 1 1, f ! f J J J
30. The rectangle below has been divided into square regions. Using
the information given, find the area of regions F and G.

81
square
В
units

64
square
units

31. Use the grid lines to cut up the 5x5 square below into 7
different-sized rectangles.

32. Cut the figure below to two parts so that one could make a
rectangle out of them. Show three ways of doing it.

420
33. Write the numbers 1, 2, 3,..., 9 in the circles so that the sum of
the numbers at the ends of each line is equal to the number
written on that line.

34. The figure below consists of 12 equal squares. Divide it into 4

equal parts.

35. Place numbers in the empty cells to maintain the table's logic

5 2 7 3 4
2 4 6 3 3
3 0 3 2 1
4 5 9 7 2
3 1 4
36. In the following magic square the sums of each row, column and
diagonal are equal. What is IM?
10
9 13
14 N

421
37. Replace the letters with the seven digits from 1 to 7, so that
each circle contains the same total, and that total is the smallest
possible.

shown on the diagram. The side of the smallest square is 1

meter. How long is the side of the greatest square, el

e d

1
1 1
1
a b с

39. A language has the following operators:

• for up • for right T for down < for left

Ф for 'turn all following operators 90° clockwise'.

A number before an operator indicates how many squares an

item will be moved. So 3 ^ means 'move three squares to the
right'. No number is used if the move is for onie square only. The
letter to be moved is placed to the left of a string of operators.

422
Examples:

А А З ^ means 'move A one up and three right'.

ФА • • -4 is the same as • T < A

2ТфА^4А is the same as 2 T •

Hence
Original Position Operator Fina Position

AA3^ В A
A B3A24T
В

Use the a )ove rules to move the following letters:

CA3^

E4T3A2^

423
 F F3*>2A4T4A3^2T

G
H8A3^6T •

1 13 • Ф г - *
J

К K2A3<«#5^4A#4T

40. Find the hidden digits to complete the multiplication

5 1
X

4 1
3 6 9
4 0 „ 2 6

424
41. Place the numbers 1-5 so that a) no number is repeated in any
row or column and b) numbers in cells linked by < "less than" or
> "greater than" obey these signs

• • • /4 •
• • >0 • •

• Ш • И •

• <ШV
H • •
• • • • •

42. Find the number that, if you square it, add 27, multiply the result
by 3, take the square root and subtract 18 you end up with
nothing.

43. Given that each symbol stands for a different number and that
these numbers are 1, 2, 3 and 6, find how many circles are
needed to balance scale C.

* A tflA f t n A ЛHAIL 2_

zr

425
44. Find the words UZBEKISTAN and TASHKENT in the grid below.
The words are in a straight vertical, horizontal or diagonal line
and may be read from top or bottom or backwards. The two
words cross each other at one point.

и Z В Е К 1 S Т А S н К Е S Т А
z T A S Н К Е А Т S 1 К Е В Z и
в E К 1 S Т А S н к Е N А т S 1
E К H S А Т N Н т А S н К Е- N Z
К 1 S т А N Е К т S 1 К Е В Z и
1 S T А N Е К и Z В Е К 1 S т А
S H к Е N К Н S А т А S Н к А S
H к E N Т S S А 1 к Е В Z и S н
К 1 s Т А N А Т S 1 К Е В Z в Е
E E к н S А Т S А и Z В Е к Е N
N S T А Т А S н К S N т К т К Т
T A N А Т S Е в Z и н N 1 А 1 S
A T U Z в Е 1 S т А N К Е N S н
N E К Н S А Т к и Z В Е Е S т к
A A 1 S Т А N 1 Е т Е т А N А Е
T S т А S Н К Е А В К 1 S Т N N
s H к S N А Т S Е В Z К н S А Т
1 S т А 1 S н к Е N т и Z в Е К
к E N Т Е К 1 S Т А N к Е в Z и
s H К А Е Е Е А т S Е к Н S А Т
T S А N В К Е В и В Е к 1 S Т А
A A т Z Е В Z и Z S 1 к Е в Z и
N T и Z В Е К 1 S и Z В Е к 1 S

426
45. Draw three straight lines, each from one side to another, so that
the box is divided into five parts, each containing a bicycle and a
motorcycle.

<Й>

(Й) &
* *

<$b

(Й) 4k

46. In a football tournament the winning side gets three points and
the losing side zero points. In case of a draw, each side gets one
point. In a recent tournament, the following tab e has emerged:
Games Games Games Games Goals Goals
Points
Played Won Drawn Lost For Against
Ecuador 2 2 0 0 5 0 6
Uzbekistan 2 2 0 0 5 2 6
Kenya 2 0 0 2 0 3 0
Pakistan 2 0 0 2 2 7 ^ 0

Given that no team has lost by more than three goals

difference, find who has played with whom and what the score
was between them.

47. Place a number inside each circle so that the total of any three
consecutive circles is 16. (There is no link at the top)

427
48. Each circle with a number represents an island. Connect each
island with up to two vertical or horizontal bridges so that the
number of bridges per island equals the number inside each
island and ALL islands are connected (i.e. no set of islands
remains isolated from the rest). Bridges cannot cross islands or
other bridges.

Example
© @©
©
ф <D
© ©

© © © ©
© ©
© ©
© © ©
© © © ©
© © ©
© © ©
©
© © © ©
49. How many black tiles will be needed to build the 10th figure in
the given pattern?

• K
1 2 3 10

428
50. If the following pattern continues and the numbers in the 100th
row are added, what will be the sum?

51. Umid, Aziza, Bakhodir, Lobar, and Muzaffar are sitting on a park
bench. Umid is not sitting on the far right. Aziza is not sitting on
the far left. Bakhodir is not sitting at either end. Lobar is sitting
to the right of Aziza, but not necessarily next to her. Muzaffar is
not sitting next to Bakhodir. Bakhodir is not sitting next to Aziza.
W h o is sitting at the far right?

52. The figures show three scales. On each scale there are different
objects on each side which balance each other, as shown.

-9- D/y\ Q A • , 0 JjL O A

Л —ZS A
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
How many triangles will balance a circle?

53. How many different triangles are there in the following diagram
including the triangle ABC?

В С

429
54. In the following table each etter of the alphabet is g ven a value.
A1 B2 C3 D4 E5 F6 G7 H8 I9 J10 K11 L12 M13
22
N 14
o 15
P16
Q17
R 18
S19
T20
U 21 v w23 X24 Y25 Z26

The algebraic expression x/2 + 14 is used as a key to convert the

letters VBX into the word YOZ. Find the value of a in the key a -
x/2, which converts the letters FVBX into the word QISH.

55. Aziz, Mansur, Shukhrat, Alisher and Davron play a game of cops
and robbers. The robbers' statements are always false while the
cops'statements are always true.

a) Aziz says that Mansur is a cop.

b) Shukhrat says that Alisher is a robber.

c) Davron says that Aziz is not a robber.

d) Mansur says that Shukhrat is not a cop.

e) Alisher says that Davron and Aziz play on different sides.

How many robbers are there?

56. Thirty two 1-centimeter cubes all have white sides. Thirty two 1-
centimeter cubes all have blue sides. These sixty four cubes are
glued together to form one large cube. What is the minimum
surface area that could be white?

57. Four matchsticks are used to construct the first figure below, ten
matchsticks the second^figure, eighteen matchsticks the third
figure and so on. How many matchsticks are needed to construct
the 20th figure?

• &

430
 Fill in the empty squares so that the sum of the numbers in each
of the rows, in each of the diagonals and in each of the columns
is equal.

9 10
8 7

59. Nine points lie in a plane, as shown below. If any 3 points are
joined to form a triangle, then find the number of all possible
triangles that can be drawn.
О О О

О О О
60. Consecutive odd numbers are arranged in rows as shown. If the
rows are continued in the same pattern, then find the middle
number of row 23?

1
3 5
7 11 9
13 15 17 19
21 23 25 27 29
31 33 35 37 39 41
43 45 47 49 51 53 55

61. How many paths from top to bottom spell SUMALAK?

S
U U
M M M
A A A A
L L L L L
A A A A
К К К К К

62. Find the next number in the pattern 2; 3; 6; 15; 42;....

431
63. What is the total number of squares of all sizes on the chess
board below?

64. I recently received my salary. Today is Saturday. I received it five

days before the day after tomorrow. On which day of the week
did I receive my salary?

65. Five children, Anvar, Kamol, Jasur, Jamila and Dilbar, were in the
classroom when one of them broke a window. The teacher
asked each of them to make a statement about the event,
knowing that three of them always lie and two always tell the
truth. Their statements were as follows:

Anvar: "Jasur did not break it, nor did Jamila".

Kamol: "I did not break it, nor did Jamila".

Jasur: "I did not break it, but Dilbar did".

Jamila: "Anvar or Dilbar broke it".

Dilbar: "Jasur broke it".

W h o broke the window?

66. The numbers in the figures below have been placed in their
positions using a certain logic. Figure out the pattern and use it
to find the value for "B."

3/\3 6/41 9/46 7A6

<32> <28/ <40> <B>
7N/5 3N/4 3v2 4V8

432
67. If a sack of potatoes weighs 1 2 % plus one third of its own
weight, how heavy is it? If a sack of tomatoes weighs 12kg
divided by one third of its weight, how heavy is it?

68. A 3x3 square of matchsticks is shown below. How many matches

would be needed for a 20x20 square?

69. Balance the final equation using the least amount of symbols
possible:

• •© ©
• ==©
o o o o =

70. Shade as many circles as you can so that there isn't more than
one shaded circle on the same 'line' of connected circles
(horizontal or diagonal).

71. Replace the letters with different digits between 1 and 7 so that
every circle has the same total.

433
72. The shapes below represent different numbers and one of the
totals is wrong. Find the values of each shape.
s • 14
Ш Ф 13
• • и 16
17 12 15

73. A train of length 1/2 mile, traveling at a constant speed of 30

miles per hour enters 2 miles long tunnel. How long will it take
for the train to completely pass through the tunnel?

74. Let a = 1, b = 2, с = 3,..., z = 26. What is the exact value of

(x - a){x - b)[x - c)...(x - z)?
75. The number 13 is prime and so too is its reverse, 31. How many
two digit primes can you find for which their reverse is also
prime?

76. Can you solve this magic square? Place the remaining numbers
from 0 to 15 in the 16 small squares so that the sum of the four
numbers in each row, column and two diagonals is the same.

15 12
10 9
11
3 0

77. One of the cubes below does not belong here. Can you tell which
cube is the 'odd one out'?

ZK
0 ж •
7

434
78. Fill in the numbers so that every column or diagonal has the
same sum.

opposite the S?

О
V в
и I
s
80. What 2-digit number is three times the sum of its digits?

81. Divide the 3 by 8 rectangle below into two pieces that you can
join together to make a 2 by 12 rectangle.

82. A tile worker ordered tiles to cover the floor of a squared shape
hall. However, he was so absent minded that, instead of the
numbers of tiles needed along one side of the hall, he put down
his own age. This way he received 1,111 more tiles than
necessary. How old is the tile worker?

83. Find prime numbers JC, y, and z, for which 2:c+3y+6z=78.

84. I am a 2-digit number. When my digits are reversed and added

to me, the sum is 55.1 am divisible by 7. W h o am I?

435
85. An ant is crawling on the edges of a cube, starting from one
vertex. How many edges can it go through the most if it can go
OIT every edge only once?

86. Prove that 5 + 52 + 5 3 + 5 4 + ... + 5 1S0 is divisible by 186.

87. Ten squares have been used to cover a rectangle, as shown

below. The size of the sides of three of these squares is shown.
Find the sides of the other seven squares.

24 19
19
24

25

25

88. You had to answer 15 questions on a test. For every correct

answer you get 5 points, but for every incorrect answer you lose
2 points. If you do not answer a question, you get 0 points for it.
One of your classmates received 48 points on this test. How
many correct answers did she give?

89. How many 4-digit numbers are there in which the sum of the
digits is 4?

90. What day would January 1st be, if that January had exactly 4
Mondays and 4 Fridays? ,

91. Three brothers are 30, 20 and 6 years old. In how many years
will the age of the eldest brother be equal to the sum of the ages
of his younger brothers?

92. 2/3 of a group of people are sitting on 3/4 of the chairs in the
room. At least how many people are there in the group?

436
93. Two gear wheels A and В are in contact. One wheel (A) has 36
teeth. The other (B) has 24 teeth. How many times must the
smaller wheel turn before the larger wheel completes a
revolution?

94. Two trees of height 20m and 30m have ropes running from the
top of each tree to the bottom of the other tree. How high
above the ground do the ropes intersect? The trees are 40m
apart.

40 m

95. The volume of Box A is 50% greater than Box C. The volume of
Box В is 25% greater than Box C. Therefore, the volume of Box A
is what percent greater than Box B?

96. In any given 24 hour period, how many times will the minute and
hour hands on a clock form a 90 degree angle?

97. In how many different ways can you receive 1,000 Uzbek soums
from your bank if you ask for paper money only no less than 100
soums? (Note: There are 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, and
1,000 soums).

437
9 8 . Each square in the figure below represents a cube. The edge of
each of the cubes is 2.5 units long. W h a t is the total surface area
(including the bottom) of the figure?

99. The driving cost for a 1 kilometer trip at 60 kilometers per hour
is 1000 soums. If the speed is increased by 25%, the driving cost
is increased by 1/3 of the initial cost. How much will it cost to
drive 120 kilometers at a speed of 75 kilometers per hour?

100. Find the two numbers which when multiplied with each other
give the following product: 1,222,221

101. The figure below is constructed from matches. Remove four

matches so that five identical squares remain.

102. It takes 30 minutes for the elder brother to get to school from
home. The little brother needs 40 minutes. After how much
time will the elder brother reach his little brother if the latter
left 5 minutes earlier?

103. On one side of a scale there are 5 identical apples and 3

identical pears; on the other side 4 same apples and 4 same
pears. The sides of the scale are in balance. Which fruit is
lighter: apple or pear?

104. A square with side 1 m is divided into squares with side 1cm and
they are arranged into a line 1cm wide. How long is the line?

438
105. There were 9 papers. Some of them were cut into three pieces
and we end up with 15 papers in total. How many papers were
cut?

106. Three identical watermelons are to be divided among 4

children. How can you achieve this making the least number of
cuts?

107. A paper is folded in half. Then, the resulting piece of paper is

folded in half again. In total, the paper was folded 6 times. The
paper was unfolded and cut along the folds. How many pieces
of paper are created?

108. How many times does the minute hand of a clock move faster
than the hour hand?

109. Aziza, Anvar, Yulduz and Abdulla caught 10 fish and everyone
caught a different number of fish. Aziza caught the largest
number and Yulduz caught the least number of fish. W h o
caught more fish: boys or girls?

6 9
110. If x = l+ — and у = 6 — , then what is jc+y?
6 „ 9
1 +
7~6 ~ 9
1 + - 1 - -

111. How much is x = l+-

1
1+
i 4

112. Three playing cards, removed from an ordinary deck, lie face
down in a horizontal row. Immediately to the right of the King
there's a Queen or two. Immediately to the left of a Queen
there's a Queen or two. Immediately to the left of a Heart
there's a Spade or two. immediately to the right a Spade
there's a Spade or two. Name the three cards in order.

113. If at 1 o'clock a bell rings once, at 2 two times, ... and at 12

twelve times, how many times will it ring in one day?

439
114. Find the natural number, which is 1/10 of the sum of all
preceding natural numbers?

115. In 1887, a man's age was equal to the sum of digits of his birth
year. When was he born?

116. If three drivers can deliver 9 parcels in forty-five minutes, how

long will it take those three drivers to deliver 48 parcels?

117. Pat went grocery shopping one Saturday. In the first store she
spent half of what she had, plus $1, for meat; ,in the second
store, half of what she then had, plus $2, for fruits and
vegetables; in the third store, half of what she had left, plus $3,
for cleaning supplies. She then had $1 left for her piggybank.
How much did she start with? (Hint: Work backwards.)

118. Look for a pattern! I

1 J^ = 3 1 1_ _1_ 7. 1 _l_ _1__15

2 2 3 2 3
2 2 ~ 4' 2 2 2 ~ 8' 2 2 2 2 4 ~ 16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
What is + + + + + + equal to?
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

119. Solve the arithmetic rebus. (Where identical letters correspond

to identical numbers and different letters to different numbers.

a) T E N b)
+
T E N S E N D
+ +
F O R T - Y M O R E
I X T Y M O N E Y

120. The sequence of numbers a b a2, a 3 , ... is determined by the

formula a\ = 7, a ^ = ^|<з2 -1б| < What is a w ?

440
121. Give a 10 digit number that has all the digits from 0 to 9 in it.
The number is such that the first digit is divisible by 1, the first
2 digits are divisible by 2, the first 3 by 3, the first 4 by 4 and so
on until finally the ten digit number is divisible by 10.

122. Aladdin and the Genie are playing a game. Aladdin says to the
Genie: "Put two golden coins in one of your hands, and put five
golden coins in your other hand. Whatever you have in your
left hand, multiply its value by an even number. Whatever you
have in your right hand, multiply its value by an odd number.
Tell me the sum of these two products, and then I will tell you
how many coins you have in your left hand and in your right
hand." The Genie said: 30. How many coins are there in the
Genie's left hand?

123. Imagine a city with a central metro station from which the
metro lines run in straight lines in different directions. Every
line has 12 stations on it. The final stops (different from the
central station) of these metro lines are connected with a
circular metro line with no additional station on it. This metro
line has 11 stations. How many stations are there all together
in this metro system?

124. W e placed 15 discs as shown on the diagram. The perimeter of

a disc is 12cm. How long is the outside perimeter of this figure?

125. Place 10 chairs in a rectangular shaped room so that each wall,

has the same number of chairs.

126. There are 8 cups in a row on the table with no space between
them. The first 4 cups are empty, the last 4 cups have water in
them. How can you arrange that the empty cups and the cups
with water would alternate in the row by touching only two
cups?

441
127. Black Beard, the captain, has a few golden cubes in his cabin.
He stacked them in such a way that if he looks at the pile from
the front he sees this:

1
If he looks at the pile from the side he sees this:

What is the least and the most golden cubes that can be in the
pile?

128. Camels with either one or two humps are traveling across the
desert. All together they have 14 humps and 40 legs. There is a
Bedouin riding on every other 2-hump camel. How many
Bedouins are traveling with the camels?

129. In a major skyscraper (very tall building), which floor would be

twice as far away from floor 24 than it is from floor 11?

130. I am a number between 100 and 200.1 read the same forward
and backward. The sum of my digits is 8. W h o am I?

131. John says to Brenda, "If you give me eight dollars, we will have
an equal amount of money." Brenda responds, "That may be
true, but if you give me eight dollars, I will have twice as much
money as you." How much money did John and Brenda each
have?

132. Which number is greater and why:

191,919/999,999 or

191,919,191,919/999,999,999,999?

442
133. Find four unique sets of numbers from the grid below that each
total 300.
27 41 67 12 Set A is , , and
89 24 168 76 Set В is , , and
6 31 123 186 Set С is , and
154 91 75 30 Set D is , , and

134. The sum of two whole numbers is 968. One of them ends with
a zero, but if you delete this zero, you get the other number.
What are these numbers?

1 1 1 1 1 1
135. Calculate — + — + — + — + + .
15 35 63 99 143 195

136. How many cubes were used to build this solid figure?
^ A

137. In five years time I will be one and a half times as old as I was
five years ago. How old am I now?

138. Place the numbers 1-6 once in every row, column, diagonal
A N D 3x2 block. (The diagonals form an X and are highlighted.
re clearly marked )
1
4
J
1 |
2 3 !
6 j

443
139. Black out numbers in the grid below so that:

a) There is one, and only one occurrence of a number in each

row and each column;

b) All the numbers that remain should be connected and

accessible through up and down, but not diagonal, moves;

c) Black squares cannot touch vertically or lorizontally.

5 4 3 7 6 1 8 8
1 6 5 4 8 7 4 2
2 2 2 1 6 3 6 7
6 1 8 5 2 7 1 1
5 7 3 4 3 8 5 6
8 3 6 2 5 2 7 4
3 8 1 6 3 4 6 5
4 5 4 8 1 7 2 3

140. Each column and each row contains the letters А, В and С and
one empty square. The letter outside the grid shows the first
letter in the column or row in the direction indicated by the
arrow. Fill in the grid.

Ai A i
<-A
А-»
«-В
B->
At Bt

444
141. The numbers from 1 to 20 appear on the five balloons below.
Each balloon has four numbers, but only two are visible.

142. Four people, including Dildora and Abdumalik, made the

statements below. The married couple told the truth while the
single people both lied.

Shorter man: 1 am not married to Anna

Taller man: 1 am Gregory
Shorter woman: Gregory is the shorter man
Taller woman: The taller man is married to the shorter woman

Identify each person and whether they are married or single.

Person Name Married/single

Shorter man
Taller man
Shorter woman
Taller woman

445
143. The first five candidates (including Dildora) in a scholarship
examination came from different provinces (viloyats) of
Uzbekistan. Use the clues below to find the position of these
candidates and the region they come from:

1) Iroda came from Fergana;

2) Aleksandra came second;

3) Samira came just after the person from Tashkent and before
the person from Samarkand;

4) Nargiza didn't come just after the person who came from
Namangan;

5) The person who came fifth came from Andijon.

Position Name Province

1 st
2nc*
3 rd
4 th
5 th

446
144. Draw the matchheads on all the remaining matchsticks so that
every row and every column in the grid below has exactly four
matchheads.

• —
.
•
i
r

и
f — ,

• 4 n ••
1 "
L

\m ft

145. Nick and his two university friends were discussing their
favorite subjects and their favorite football teams. Use the
clues below to discover each student's favorite subject and
favorite team.

1) The student who prefers Mathematics also supports

Liverpool;

2) Natasha's favorite team is not Milan;

3) The student who likes Economics doesn't support Barcelona;

447
 4) Ishmael's favorite subject is Law.

Subject Team
Nick
Ishmael
Natasha

146. Samira and three of her old school friends who now live in
different Uzbek cities met for lunch one day and sat in a table,
as shown below. Use the clues below to find' where each sat,
. where they live now and what they ate.
1. The woman who lives in Samarkand
ordered pilau;
2. Anna sat to the immediate right of the
woman who lives in Termez;
3. The woman who lives in Bukhara sat to
the immediate left of the woman who
ordered pizza;
4. The woman who lives in Tashkent sat in
seat #3;
5. The women who live in Bukhara and
across means Termez sat across from each other;
opposite 6. Iroda didn't sit directly across from the
woman who ordered the hamburger;
7. Natasha did not seat in seat #2;
8. Natasha did not order pizza or salad.

Seat# Name Town Food

1
2
3
4

147. Find the vehicles hidden in the diagram below. The vehicles consist of 5,4,3,
2 or 1 parts. Each part occupies one square. The following vehicles have been
hidden:

448
 One KV-143 ton tank, which looks like this: • • • • •

One T-34 28 ton tank, which looks like this: ••••

Two lorries, which look like this: • • •

Two jeeps, which look like this: • •

and three motorcycles, which look like this: •

The vehicles are placed on the grid according to the following rules:

a) The vehicles are positioned horizontally or vertically (not diagonally);

b) All the squares around each vehicle are unoccupied. In other words, no
two vehicles can have parts in adjacent squares horizontally, vertically or
diagonally;

c) The number of squares occupied by parts of vehicles in each row or column

is indicated by a number at the end of the row or column. For example, a
number 3 at the end of a row indicates that there have to be exactly three
occupied squares in that row. Similarly, a 0 indicates that all squares in that
row or column must remain unoccupied.

: 4
2

4
1

; 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 5 3 4 1 3 0 3 2
148. Five friends sat in a circular table, as shown below. Use the clues
below to find where they sat and what they ate.

449
 1. Bakhodir sat in seat #1;
2. The man in seat #2 ate either chicken or
salad;
3. The man in seat #3 wasn't Alexander or
Ibrohim;
4. The man in seat #4 ate pizza;
5, Ibrohim didn't sit to the immediate left
of the man who ate chicken;
6. Alexander didn't sit next to the man
who ate lamb;
7. Shavkat didn't eat salad;
8. The man who ate lamb sat next to the
man who ate spaghetti; one of these
two men is Gregory.

149. Cut the cross into four pieces and assemble a square with them.

150. A dying man made the following will: "If my wife bears son, give him
2/3 of my property and my wife the rest. If a daughter is born, give
her 1/3 and my wife 2/3". However, the wife gave birth to twins - a
son and a daughter. How should they divide the property?

151. Replace the letters in the figure so that all the numbers from 1 to 14
appear and the total in each circle is 21

1 2 3 4 5 6 3 8 9 4 8 11 43° 13 14

152. Place the given weights in the pans - one weight per pan - so
that the scales balance. Note: The weight of the rods and pans
450
 can be ignored; the stripes on each rod are exactly the same
length.
о е е е з

153. Assume you are using a basic calculator and you press the
numbers in the order shown below, replacing each question
mark with a mathematical sign (plus, minus, multiply and
divide). Using each sign only once, what is the lowest score you
can achieve?
3?9?4?2?6=
154. The teachers in a school are angry. Each teacher is angry with a
different teacher for a different reason. Find each teacher's
subject, the teacher they are angry with and the reason why.

1) The law teacher is angry with a male colleague;

2) One teacher is angry because another teacher told a'joke

about them;

3) M r Green, who teaches business, is angry because another

teacher said he was fat;

4) The mathematics teacher is angry with Mrs White;

5) A woman is angry with another teacher who said she was

short;

6) M r Green is angry at Mrs Orange, who teaches computing;

7) The teacher who is angry because another teacher took his

or her pen does not teach law or mathematics;

8) M r Brown does not teach law;

451
 9) No pair of teachers is angry with each other.

Teacher Subject Angry with Reason

155. a) What is the greatest number of parts 5 straight lines can

divide the plane? b) What is the greatest number of parts 4
planes can divide the space?

452
Chapter XI Answers. Logic

XI.11. a) 1, 4; b) 3, 5; с) 1, 4; d) 1, 3; e) 2, 5; f) 3, 5; g) 1, 2; h) 1, 5. 2. a) 1, 3,
5, 7; b) 1,4,9,16; с) -1,1, -1,1; d) 1, 2, 3, 4; e) 0,1,1, 2; f) 2, 6,12, 20.
3. a) 16,19; b) 6, ~4; c) 256,1,024; d) 9, 3; e) J s , & ; f) 4, 6; g) 27, 35;
h) 108,171.5.4. 2. 5.46,656; 823,543. 6. a) M; b) 5; c) 8; d) 6; e) 5; f) 4;
g) 99; h) 2; i) 2; j) 15,625; k) -64; I) 12; m) U; n) 256.7. 255. 8. 34.9. 23.
10.81.11. 50.12. a) b; b) с; с) c.

I. О L_l
13. L_l 14. a) C; b) В; с) C; d) D; e)
i C.
Homework: 1. a) V l 2 ; b) 50; c) 96; d) 21; e) 1; f) 12; g) 3; h) -1; 8. 2.
0.00288. 3.64.4. a) d; b) a; c) b. 5. a) d; b) с; c) d; d) a. 6. a) a, d; b) b, c;
c) b, d. 7. a) d; b) с; с) c.

XI.2 1.

A В С E D

В E D С A

D С В A E

С A E D В

E D A В С
2. 5L in the middle row; 1R.
3.

fJ!Zll
±

U S U M R E J M L ! • •

7.
453
 0

,4

3 О
5.

2 8 6 3 5 9 1 7 4
7 1 9 2 8 4 5 3 6
5 3 4 7 6 1 2 8 9
8 6 3 9 1 7 4 5 2
4 7 2 6 3 5 9 1 8
1 9 5 8 4 2 3 6 7
6 5 7 4 2 3 8 9 1
9 2 1 5 7 8 6 4 3
3 4 8 1 9 6 7 2 5
6. There are several solutions.
О О о о 3 1 о
1 3 о о о 4
1 1 2 2 о О
1 О 1 1
2 1 О
|1 О 4 О
О 2 _ о О о rlt О

454
 О О о 3 1 о
1 3 о о О 4
4
1 о 1' 2 2 о О
1 1 1
2 1 О 1
1 о О 4 о
2 2 1 о О О 3 о
7. There are two solutions.
3 2

4 5
8. 361. 9. There are 3 solutions: 1) at the center is 1; at the sides are
(2,11), (3,10), (4,9), (5,8), (6,7); 2) at the center is 6; at the sides are
(1,11), (2,10), (3,9), (4,8), (5,7); 3) at the center is 11; at the sides are
(1,10), (2,9), (3,8), (4,7), 5,6 . 10. There are two solutions:

11.
в в

А В С
В С А А
с А В В
А С В В
В А С С
t t
с в
Homework: 1.
А С Е В D
В D А с Е
С Е В D А
0 А С Е В
Е В 0 А С

2. 3D. 3.
455
 3
3

4
0

1,

1 4 2 2 3 2 0 2 3 1

3 9 4 5 7 2 1 6 8
6 2 5 3 1 8 9 7 4
8 1 7 6 9 4 5 2 3
7 4 8 2 5 1 3 9 6
2 6 9 8 3 7 4 1 5
5 3 1 9 4 6 7 8 2
1 5 6 7 2 3 8 4 9
9 7 2 4 8 5 6 3 1
4 8 3 1 6 9 2 5 7

о
о
О о о
О о о 111 о
О 14? Ш Щй
О о О о tss о
2 о о X о о
2 О nt Оf t !

456
 в С E D A
E В С A D
A D В E С
С A D В E
D E A С В
7. Square-triangle, zigzag-rhombus, circle-dots. 8. There are several
solutions: (1,4,9); (2,7,10); (3,4,9); etc.

XI.3 1. (aBb;); (abc:) 2. (xUyV); (XxyU+); (x+yz+); (xVyU+). 3. (axBy); (AAAx);

(acby).
Homework: 1. (XxyUB); (XAyzA); (XzUA); (VxUxB); (XyAUA). 2. (xUV=);
(xyz+); (U+V+); (xyU+); (XUV=). 3. (Ca;;); (abc:); (Ab;).

XI.4 1. a. 2. 6. 3.450,000 soums. 4. 5,000; 22,500; 40,000. 5. a) 30; b) 10; c)

18. 6. a) 650mln; b) 650mln. 7. a) 5,300; b) 600. 8. 3,400. 9. a) 190,000;
b) 155,000.

Homework: 1.90. 2. a) 500; b) 800.3. a) 16.22 %; b) -200.4. a) 5,800; b)

1,100.

XI.51. Fox; 10. 2. 7*, 3», 6», ОУ, 3», K*. 3. 7.4. 2; 9. 5.
1 5|o 5 6 5 6 2
3 2 4 3 0 5 3 0
1 5 1 3 2 3 1 6
4 6 0 0 0 4 1 4
4 2 2 2 5 3 4 5
1 6 4 6 6 1 2 0
5 2 3 1 4 3 6 0
6.
A В С D E F
1 1 tf* 1 0
2 3 1
3 3 4 С* 1
4 2 2 2 2 1
5 1 1 1 0 0 0

7.
457
 17 24 3 32 11 26

2 31 18 25 4 33

23 16 1 10 27 12

30 9 28 19 34 5

15 22 7 36 13 20

8 29 14 21 6 35
8. Q.*, К*, 2¥.
Homework: 1.7. 2. 5.
3.
jjjjjj
11115 , 4 Я ill 3 \ iK
1Д111\ ~ 4
щИр \7 \

\4 1 3 V 4
В
\ 7
3 \
1 3
6
15--
1 3

HI4 2 4 1
5
4Ч ,
1
12
2 4
4 s 3 2 1

1 3 3 2 2 1 5 4
15 13
\11 \10
3 5 2 1
16 \
2 1 3
8
4
34 Щ
H 2 1 6 8
1
9
13
3
2 5 23

и 5 2 1 3 2 1 4 6
\Ю 2 4 1 3 \ 4
3
\16
1 16 7 9
з 4 4 \ N
6 - 24
2 1 3 2 3 1 7 9 8
\ 4
• jgj
1 3 ер 4 1 S 8

XI.61.14. 2.13; 7; 4. 3. 7.4. б; 4; 2; 3. 5. 7; 10; 2. 6.17.7. 8. 8. 20. 9. From

-15 to 16.10. 61.11. 20kg. 12.1 h. 52.5m. 13. 25.14.107.15.10.16.
68%. 17. Divide 7 cakes into 4 each and 4 remaining cakes into 7 each.
18.48 minutes. 19.120m. 20. 5 trips. I. the two children cross; II. one
child crosses back; III. the adult crosses; IV. the other child crosses; V.
both children cross. 21. 2 hours.

Homework: 1. Thursday. 2.16 children. 3.10.4.40. 5.13. 6. Equal. 7.15. 8.

40. 9.4 inches; 5 inches. 10.17.11.99.12. 2; 19; 23.13.300.14. 27.
15. DICE. 16. 25.

458
XI.71. 55. 2. 21. 3.17:56:43 28/09.4. First cube: 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; Second
cube: 0; 1; 2; 6; 7; 8. Number 6 can be used for the number 9 if
reversed.
5.

6.

7.17. 8. Green; Blue; Red; Yellow; Brown.

Homework: 1. 24.2. Fill B, pour all to A, pour off A, pour the remaining 2
liters from В to A, fill B, pour 3 liters from В to A and В will contain 4
liters of water. 3. 30.4.53*3=76*2=18*9. 5.
1
A A | A
В В С С
A В
в

6. 2; 4; 1.

6.40.

459
19.

20.
25
6 4 8 7 25
9 9 1 9 28
7 8 1 2 18
9 9 2 9 28
31 30 11 27 25
21.
5 7 6
|
| 1 3 4
1
8
9 4 4 8 1 2
2
1 4 3 0
2 6 2 J 1 32 8
1 8 3 9 '] 1 84 4
22. о is 3; • is 7. 23.13. 24. 36. 25.8*8*10+50-1-1=688. 26.

27.
9 8
1 2
7
4 3
5 6
28. 64. 29.

30. F=225; G=324.

31.
461
32.

34.

35. In the last row of the table below 3+2=5 and 5-1=4.
5 2 7 3 4
2 4 _6 3 3_
J 0 3 2 1_
4 5 9 7 2

36. 7.37. A=7; B=3; O l ; D=2; E=5; F=4; G=6.38. 7.39.

462
40. 7; 7; 3; 1; 3.41.
И и а а < а
л

а а > а а а

и а а а а

а < а а а а
V

а а а а а

463
 42. - 9; 9.43.4 circles.
44.
и Z В Е К 1 S т А S н К Е S т А
z т А S н К Е А Т S 1 к Е в Z и
в Е К 1 S т А S Н к Е N А т S 1
E К Н S А т N Н Т А S Н К Е N Z
К 1 S т А N Е К т S 1 К Е в Z и
1 S т А N Е К и Z в Е К 1 S т А
S н к Е N К Н S А т А S Н к А S
н к Е N Т S S А 1 к Е в Z и S н
к 1 S Т А N А т S 1 К Е В Z в Е
Е Е к н S А Т S А и Z В Е к Е N
N S т А т А S н К S N т К т К Т
Т А N А т S Е В Z и Н N 1 А 1 S
А Т. и Z в Е 1 S т А N К Е N S н
N Е К н S А Т к и Z В Е Е S Т к
А А 1 S т А N 1 Е т Е Т А N А Е
Т S т А S Н К Е А в К 1 S Т N N

S н к S N А Т S Е в Z К н S А Т

1 S т А 1 S н к Е N т и Z в Е К
К Е N т Е К 1 S Т А N к Е в Z и
S Н К А Е Е Е А Т S Е к Н S А т
т S А N В К Е В и в Е к 1 S Т А
А А т Z Е В Z и z S 1 к Е в Z и
N Т и Z В Е К 1 s и Z в Е к 1 S

464
 у

фь
<Й>
As

сЙ> (As

46. Ecuador 2 - Kenya 0; Ecuador 3 - Pakistan 0; Uzbekistan 1 - Kenya

0; Uzbekistan 4 - Pakistan 2.
47.

24. 57.460. 58.

 9 2 10

8 7 6
4 12 5 59. 72. 60. 529. 61. 64. 62.123. 63. 204. 64.
Wednesday. 65. Jasur. 66. 50. 67.18kg; 6kg. 68.840.69. ©. 70.

1)

For answers to questions 71-155, please, contact one of the authors of

the book:
Farrukh Ataev
Uzbekistan, Tashkent city, Pushkin-Salar Street, 2-78.
Telephone: {+998 71) 267-91-73.
Email: farruhotagpgmail.com or faruh a@vahoo.com.

466
TESTS

Testl

Time allowed: Two hours. Problems: 15.

Grades: 55-69% - C, 70-84% - B, 85-100% - A.
Try to solve the easy problems first leaving the hard ones for later.
Don't waste too much time on one problem. Double check your
answers before you write them down. Write clearly.
a
-
1 + -
b
± - i
1. Simplify E = 2f 2
a -b
„1 2 b + b1~
a a
2. How many times is the number 0.01 greater than (0.0001)2?

3. Which number is greater

24~10 or 12-20 ?

4. Factorize

l)a2 + b2 + 2a-2b-2ab; 2) a6-8.

5. The price of a book on Economics is 1,500 soums. A bookshop
has decided to give a 25% discount to students from WIUT. The
Dean of WIUT has managed to secure an additional 10%
discount if 100 books are ordered. How much does one of the
Dean's 100 copies cost?

6. The average of three numbers a, b and с is equal to 3, while the

average of a and b is equal to 2. What is the value of c?

467
7. A trip takes 5 hours in a car moving 60 kilometers per hour. How
long would the trip take in a train moving at 100 kilometers per
hour?

8. If it were two hours later, it would be half as long until midnight

as it would be if it were an hour later. What time is it now?

9. A fish was cut into three pieces, which are in ratio 3:4:2 by
weight. If the second piece weighs 400 grams, find the weight of
the whole fish.

10. Solve the linear equation

5x-2 3-х „
= 1.
3 2

11. A basket of melons is emptied by one person taking half of them

plus one more, a second person taking half of the remainder and
one more, and a third person taking half the remainder and six
more. How many melons did the basket contain to start with?

12. Solve 1) x2 - 200* + 199 = 0; 2) x2 - x + 0.24 = 0.

13. For what values of к does the quadratic equation

2
x - 2kx + - б) = 0 have a double root?

14. Reduce to a quadratic equation, then solve

(x2 + 2xJ - 4(x +1) 2 + 7 = 0 .

15. Rua Rua was to be paid 100,000 grugrus plus a shiny new ring if
he worked for Lord Grath for one year. However, Rua Rua had to
leave after seven months so he received fair payment of 20,000
grugrus plus the ring. How much was the ring worth?

468
Test 2

Time allowed: Two hours. Problems: 15.

Grades: 55-69% - C, 70-84% - B, 85-100% - A.
Try to solve the easy problems first leaving the hard ones for later.
Don't waste too much time on one problem. Double check your

answers before you write them down. Write clearly on the paper.

1. The number 5613F8 is divisible by 12. What digit is F?

2. Solve the simultaneous equations

U=v i6
\y-x =4

3. If ац = 3 and a2о = 11 are the terms of an arithmetic progression,

find S23.

4. In a geometric progression bz = 6 and b5 = 48. Find 5ю of this

geometric progression.

5. Find the solution of the inequality

3jc —2 > 1-5*

4 ~ 6

6. What is the solution of the inequality

*2 ~ X
~ 2
>Q ?
x

7. Find the range of values of x for which - 3 | x - 2 | < - 9 . Express

your answer as a union of intervals.

469
8. Find the range of values of x with 2 < * < 27 for which
(JC-2X27-JC)<100. Your answer should be given as the union
of two intervals.

9. What is the gradient of the line joining the points A ( - 2, 3) and В

(3,-2)?

10. At what quadrant do the linesy = JC - 1 and j; = - x - 5 intersect?

11. Solve the equation 2-2lx -33-2* +16 = 0.

12. For what value of * is З | 3 ^ э | = 92x~28.

13. What is the smallest natural number that satisfies the inequality

14. Find the function domain

f(x) = -\l2 + x-x2 .

15. If/(jc) = 6л; - 3 for all values of jc, then what is the gradient of the
line^=/(jc-l)?

470
Test 2

Time allowed: Two hours. Problems: 15.

Grades: 55-69% - C, 70-84% - B, 85-100% - A.
Try to solve the easy problems first leaving the hard ones for later.
Don't waste too much time on one problem. Double check your
answers before you write them down. Write clearly on the paper.

1. What is the number that is one half of one quarter of one tenth
of 400?

2. Calculate cos92°-cos2°+ 0.5sin4°+ 1.

„ „ (sin 10° + sin80°)(cos 80° - cos 10°)

3. Compute ^ ^ .

sin 70°

4. Find the value of A = sin2a + sin2(120°+ a)+sin 2 (120°-a).

5. If tan<9 = -0.75 and в is obtuse (90° < в < 180°), evaluate

„ 6sin0 + 3cos0
E =
— 1 '
sin# cos#

6. Find the values of в between 0° and 180° for which

sin20 + sin30 = O.

7. Solve the inequality l - s i n * + cosjc<0.

8. Solve the inequality log1(4x-l)>2.

2

9. Given log10 3 = 0.477 and log10 2 = 0.301, solve 63_4jt • 4 J + S = 8 .

10. Find the derivative of V8 + 8sinx at х = я/6 , expressing your

answer in as simple a form as possible.

11. A container, when filled up with water, weighs 7kg. When only
half with water it weighs 3.75%. How much water does the
container hold?
471
12. Calculate/'(1), if / ( = :

13. Find the largest and the smallest values of the function

у = j j t 3 -4JC in the segment x e [o, 2].

14. Let y = A + —, w h e r e a n d 5 are constants not equal to zero. If

x

+ is zero when JC = 4, find the value of B.

dx dx
15. In an experiment the following table was generated
X 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Y 300 0 -100 0 300 800 1700

It is thought that Y = X 2 + aX + b and that one value in the table

is wrong.

a) Draw a graph of Y against X ;

b) Identify and correct the wrong value

472
Test 2

Time allowed: Two hours. Problems: 15.

Grades: 55-69% - C, 70-84% - B, 85-100% - A.
Try to solve the easy problems first leaving the hard ones for later.
Don't waste too much time on one problem. Double check your
answers before you write them down. Write clearly.

тс к
1. Two angles of a triangle are — and — . The radius of the
3 4
circumscribed circle is 2. Find the area of the triangle.

2. The sides of a triangle are 13,14 and 15. A circle touches the two
smaller sides of the triangle and has its center on the largest
side. Find the radius of the circle.

3. Find the median of the triangle with sides 10, 8 and 6 dropped to
its largest side.

4. One side of a right-angle triangle is 12cm. The hypotenuse of the

triangle is larger than the other side by 8cm. Find the length of
the hypotenuse.

5. An isosceles trapezoid has bases 21cm and 9cm and altitude

8cm. Find the area of the trapezoid and the radius of the
circumscribed circle.

6. Find the side and area of a rhombus if its diagonals are 6 and 8.

7. A parallelogram has sides 3 and 5 and acute angle of 60°. Find

a) the area of the parallelogram; b) the shorter diagonal.

8. What is the length of the circumference of a circle whose area is

16л:?

9. Find the radius of a circle inscribed into a sector, if the sector's

radius is 4 and its arc spans 120°.

10. Find the area of a segment whose chord is m and whose arc is
subtended by 60°.
473
11. Two friends wish to share a pizza of radius 10cm. They decide to
cut it in such a way that one will end up with a round section and
the other with the remaining ring. Find the radius of the round
section if both are to have equal amounts of pizza.

10cm

12. From a point P outside a circle with centre О we draw two lines.
The first line is a tangent that touches the circle at C. The second
line passes through the centre O, hitting the circle first at В and
then at A. If the angle CPO = 20°, find

a) the angle O B C ; b) the angle ОАО,

c) the a n g l e ^ C r , where 74s a point on the tangent beyond C.

13. Two circles meet at A and B. The tangent of the first circle at A
meets the second circle at C. The tangent of the second circle at
A meets the first circle at D. If ВС = 4 and BD = 9, find AB. Hint:
Similar triangles.

14. From the point A situated at a distance AO = 1 from a plane a,

two slopes AC = -v/37 cm and AB = 4bS cm are drawn such that
B O 1 ОС. Find the distance from the point О to В С .

15. A triangle's vertices are A (0, 0), В (2, 4) and С (1, 3). Find the
square of altitude BD of the triangle ВАС.

474
Test 2

Time allowed: Two hours. Problems: 15.

Grades: 55-69% - C, 70-84% - B, 85-100% - A.
Try to solve the easy problems first leaving the hard ones for later.
Don't waste too much time on one problem. Double check your
answers before you write them down. Write clearly.

1. Evaluate (x>-И+ J * J*
* + >> x+y x - у
3 x
•>
2. с I
Solve a)I ~ S +, 1 2 - 1 1 * = ,3 ;
4 6

f
'iX* v Jt + l л; + 2
b) - -25 3 - 4 - 249979 = 16.
,2 \x2 + x jc2+6jc + 8
у

3. Solve the following simultaneous equations

jy = x2 + 4 * - 5
\y = 2x-2

2x + 2 x-l
4. Solve the inequalities a) <2;
5 2

b) |5 —2JC| > 2 — JC .

5. Given log2 = 0.301, evaluate

£ , = l o g - ^ + log| 1 -4iog —.
225 {297 J 9

6. Solve 4 s i n 2 0 - 2 ( l + V3)sin0 + V3 = 0 f o r a l l O < в<п.

7. The sum of three numbers constituting an arithmetic

progression is 15. If we add 1, 4, 19 to those numbers,

475
 respectively, we obtain a geometric progression. Find the three
numbers.

8. The sum of five numbers in arithmetic progression is 40 and the

sum of their squares is 410. Find the five numbers.

9. Differentiate V x 2 + x l n x at л; = e.

10. Find the range of values of x for which |x| < 4 and, at the same
time, x2 - 9 > 0. Your answer should be given as the union of two
intervals.

11. Draw the graph of y = 2x + 0.25x2. Clearly show the points

where the curve meets the two axes and the point where the
curve turns.

12. Find the derivative of -y/ 2 ( 1 - cos 2 x) a t x = я/4.

13. Given that |5| = 4 , £| = 3 and the angle between vectors a and

b is 60°, find the value of X, for which the vectors 25 - ЛЬ and

b are perpendicular.

14. Find the value of x below.

L
D' "B v ^

15. Calculate the area of the quadrilateral in the figure below.

А В

10m

476
Test 2

Time allowed: Two hours. Problems: 15.

Grades: 55-69% — C, 70-84% — B, 85-100% — A.
Try to solve the easy problems first leaving, the hard ones for later.
Don't waste too much time on one problem. Double check your
answers before you write them down. Write clearly.

a2+b2
1 2 -2b
2,3-105 a
1. Evaluate a) 10 •81 4
-83; b)
1.15 10
l - i
a

4x-S _ л[х - 8
2. Solve a) b) 3 1 3 х - 4 | =9 2 1 - 2 .
-s/jc-i 4x+l'

3. Solve the inequality

1 3
a)i
X+1
<- b) 5 <
1-х 3 + jc 25.

+ x = -l
x+ y
4. Solve the simultaneous equations
X
= -2
X+ y

5. Express in terms of cosd the expression

cos40 + 4cos20 + 3.

e + e
6. Express JC in terms of a and b, if — =
b ex-e~x

7. Evaluate a) 8ll°ge2-0.25log32 . IJJ g3-log 3 S4 + y-l0g 7 2

477
8. On the same graph, draw the lines x - 2 = - 1 and 2x + Ъу = 5.
Clearly indicate where the two lines meet the axes and each
other.

„ . , , . , 6x + 3cosx ^ л
9. Find the derivative of at x = — .
sin* 6

10. A body moves s meters in t seconds, where s = 10 + St + lit1 - f3.

Find

a) its speed ds/dt at the end of 2 seconds;

b) its acceleration at the end of 3 seconds;

c) when its acceleration is zero.

11. Find the area of the shape below.

13 m

22 m 15m

25 m

12. In the figure below, what fraction of the area of the rectangle is
inside the triangle?

13. Find the center of the circle given by the equation

x2 +y2 + 4x-6y-3 = 0.
14. A right prism has a rhombus as its base. The areas of the
diagonal sections are 9cm3 and 12cm3. Calculate the area of the
side surface of the prism.

15. What is the sum of the diagonals of the parallelogram

constructed by the vectors a{3, l ) and b(1, 3)?

478
Test 2

Time allowed: Two hours. Problems: 10.

Grades: 55-69% — C, 70-84% — B, 85-100% — A.
Try to solve the easy problems first leaving the hard ones for later.
Don't waste too much time on one problem. Double check your
answers before you write them down. Write clearly on the paper.

1. What is the next number in the following sequence of numbers?

a) 2 6 12 20 30 42

b) 8 11 16 23 32 43

2. Find the number that, if you square it, add 27, multiply it by 3,
take the square root and subtract 18 you end up with nothing.

3. Fill in the grid with the numbers 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 and 14

uniquely, so that every row, column and the two long diagonals
adds up to 27.

4. A 3x3 square made of matchsticks is shown below. How many

matches would be needed for a 20x20 square?

479
5. Replace the letters with all the seven digits from 1 to 7, so that
each circle contains the same total, and that total is the smallest
possible.

C, D, E, so that:

a) Each row and each column is to have the letters А, В, C, D and

E appearing exactly once each;

b) Each of the regions marked by the thicker lines must also

contain the letters'A, В, C, D and E once each.
D
E
С
В A

7. Fill each square with a number, 1 to 9, so that horizontal squares

add up to the totals on the right, vertical squares add up to the
total on the bottom, and diagonal squares through the centra
add up to the totals in top and bottom right. You may use
numbers more than once, and you need not use all the numbers.
16
8 11
6 4 13
9 28
1 10
12 23 19 08 is

480
8. Divide this shape into non-overlapping rectangles, each
containing the number of sc uares indicated.
4 10

15
12

12 8
12
8

Remember a rectangle is made up of 1x4, 2x2, 2x5, 5x2, 4x3,

3x4, 3x5 etc squares

9. In the following sum, each letter represents a unique digit. Find

the digits so that the sum is valid.
P
+ О U
Q I L
H A Y R

10. Place the numbers 1-6 once in every row, column, diagonal A N D
3x2 block. (The diagonals form an X and are highlighted. The 3x2
blocks are clearly marked).

— 1 - 4 -3- •
11
* 1 | 1 2
— H —
i !6
4
Ц к
481
Teste
Time allowed: Two hours. Problems: 10.

Grades: 55-69% — C, 70-84% — B, 85-100% — A.

Try to solve the easy problems first leaving the hard ones for later.
Don't waste too much time on one problem. Double check your
answers before you write them down. Write clearly.

1. The following numbers follow a simple pattern. What is the next

number?

45 9 1.8 0.36 0.072 0.0144 Vp$ с

2. The following numbers follow a simple pattern. What is the next
number?

2 5 10 17 26 37 10

3. Black out numbers in the grid below so that:

a) There is one, and only one occurrence of a number in each

row and each column;

b) All the numbers that remain should be connected and

accessible through up and down, but not diagonal, moves;

c) Black squares cannot touch vertica ly or horizontally

8 6 5 8 3 2 4 4
5 1 8 6 2 7 5 4
2 3 4 7 7 3 5 1
6 4 8 2 7 1 5 5
4 6 2 5 1 3 8 3
3 5 7 1 8 4 7 2
7 3 1 3 8 3 6 7
6 3 1 4 8 5 2 8

482
4. Place the numbers 1 - 5 so that a) no number is repeated in any
row or column and b) numbers in cells linked by 4 "less than" or

• •>•••
> "greater than" must obey these signs

•• ••<• • •• ••
• •>• • •
V V V

• ••]••
5. Each column and each row contains the letters А, В and С and
one empty square. The letter outside the grid shows the first
letter in the column or row in the direction indicated by the
arrow. Fill in the grid.

В ф А ф А ф

C-> <-B

B-> <-C

Bt Ct

6. Place the num 3ers 1-9 once n every row, column and 3x3 block.
2
9 7 1
9 4 8
6 5 1 8 7
3 2
1 5 4 6
8 5 3
1 7 3 8
6 7 4

483
7. Fill in the blank squares using the digits 1-9, without repeating
any digit in any line of blank squares. £ach line of blank squares
should add up to the white total in the shaded area at the top or
left of the line. (The white numbers at the bottom of a shaded
box give a downward total; the white numbers at the top of a
shaded box give a horizontal total).

8. Divide the regular hexagon at the right into 12 congruent

quadrilaterals.

9. Can you draw two squares in this figure that will put each car in
a separate area?

» « »
» » »
» » »

10. Draw three lines so that each of seven persons gets a tree on
his/her land.

484
 Glossary | Lug'at | Словарь

English term O'zbekcha atama Термин на русском

1 absolute value absolyut qiymat абсолютное значение
absolute value
2 modulli funktsiya м о д у л ь н а я функция
function
absolute value of vektorning absolyut
Э
э м о д у л ь вектора
vector qiymati
4 acceleration tezlanish ускорение
5 acute angle o'tkir burchak о с т р ы й угол
acute-angle o'tkir burchakli остроугольный
с
b
triangle uchburchak треугольник
7 add qo'shmoq складывать
8 addend qo'shiluvchi слагаемое
9 . adjacent angles qo'shni burchakiar соседние углы
algebraic алгебраическое
10 algebraik ifoda
expression выражение
ichki almashinuvchi внутренние накрест
11 alternate angles
burchakiar л е ж а щ и е углы
12 altitude balandlik высота
analytical m e t h o d аналитический м е т о д
13 analitikyechish usuli
of solution решения
14 angle burchak угол
anti-differential boshlang'ich первообразная
15
function funktsiya функция
16 apothem apofema апофема
17 approximate taqribiy, taxminiy приблизительный
18 arc yoy дуга
19 arctangent arktangens арктангенс
20 area of a figure figuraning yuzi п л о щ а д ь фигуры
arifmetik o'rta арифметическое
21 arithmetic m e a n
qiymat среднее з н а ч е н и е
arithmetic арифметическое
22 arifmetik amal
operation действие (операция)
arithmetic arifmetik арифметическая
23
• progression progressiya прогрессия
возрастающий
24 ascending order o'sish tartibi
порядок
25 asymptote assimptota ассимптота
26 average o'rta qiymat среднее з н а ч е н и е
27 axial section o'q kesirn о с е в о е сечение
28 be equivalent to teng kuchli b o ' l m o q быть р а в н о с и л ь н ы м

485
 29 be identical to aynan o'xshamoq быть тождественным
be located находиться,
30 joyiashmoq
(situated) at распологатся
31 billion milliard миллиард
32 binomial ikkihad двучлен
33 biquadratic bikvadrat биквадрат
34 bisector bissektrisa биссектриса
brackets
35 qavslar скобки
(parentheses)
bring to the same bir xil asosha приводить к общему
36 base keltirish основанию
qisqartirish,
С 37 cancel сокращать
yo'qotish
cartesian system dekart koordinatalar декартого система
38 of coordinates sistemasi координат
center markaz центр
39
characteristic характеристическая
xarakteristik nuqta
40 point точка
chord vatar
41 хорда
chord subtends an vataryoyni tortib
42 arc turibdi хорда стягивает дугу
43 circle doira круг
44 circumference aylana
окружность
45 circumscribe tashqi chizmoq
описывать
circumscribed tashqi chizilgan
46 описанный угол
angle burchak
47 coefficient koeffitsient коэффициент
o'xshash hadlarni
собирать подобные
48 collect like terms qo'shmoq,
члены
ixchamlamoq
49 collinear vector kollinear vektor коллинеарный вектор
common
разность
difference of arifmetik
50 арифметической
arithmetic progressiya ayirmasi
прогрессии
progression
umumiy
51 common factor общий множитель
ko'paytuvchi
common
52 o'nli logarifm десятичный логарифм
logarithm
complementary
53 to'ldiruvchi burchak дополнительный угол
angle
54 complete a table jadvalni to'ldirmoq заполнять таблицу

486
 composite
55 murakkab son составное число
number
composite
56 murakkab funktsiya сложная функция
function
compute,
57 hisoblamoq вычислить
calculate
вогнутый
58 concave polygon botiq ko'pburchak
многоугольник
59 concept tushuncha понятие, концепция
60 condition shart условие
61 cone konus конус
62 consecutive ketma-ket последовательный
konstanta,
63 constant константа, постоянное
o'zgarmas
ограничение,
64 constraints cheklov ограничивающее
условие
65 convert almashtirmoq переводить, менять
выпуклый
66 convex polygon qavariq ko'pburchak
многоугольник,
67 coordinate koordinata координата
koordinatalar
68 coordinate system система координат
sistemasi
69 corner uch, burchak вершина
70 cosine kosinus косинус
71 cotangent kotangens котангенс
72 create a table jadval tuzish создавать таблицу
73 critical point kritik nuqta критическая точка
74 crossing point kesishish nuqtasi точка пересечения
diagonal bo'yicha умножать по
75 cross-multiply
ko'paytirmoq диагонали
76 cube kub куб
77 curve egri chiziq кривая
78 cylinder tsilindr цилиндр
79 data ma'lumotlar данные ,
80 decimal fraction o'nli kasr десятичная дробь
decimal point десятичная точка
81 o'nli nuqta (xona)
(place) (место)
определенный
82 definite integral aniq integral
интеграл
83 degree daraja градус
84 degree (power, darajali funktsiya степенная функция

487
 polynomial)
function
85 denominator mahraj знаменатель
86 denote belgilamoq обозначать
87 derivative hosila производная
88 descending order kamayish tartibi убывающий порядок
89 diagram chizma, diagramma диаграмма
90 diameter diametr диаметр
91 difference ayirma, farq разность
92 differential differentsial дифференциал
93 differentiate hosila olmoq дифференцировать
94 digit raqam цифра *
95 dimension o'lchov мера, измерение
прямая
96 direct proportion to'g'ri nisbat
пропорциональность
97 discriminant diskriminant дискриминант
98 divide bo'lmoq делить
ikkilangan удвоенное
double (triple)
99 (uchlangan) (утроенное)
product
ko'paytma произведение
100 double inequality ikkitali tengsizlik двойное неравенство
101 draw a graph grafik chizish начертить график
102 drop an altitude balandliktushirmoq проводить высоту
103 edge qirra ребро
104 element element элемент
elementary элементарная
105 elementarfunktsiya
function функция
106 empty set bo'sh to'plam пустое множество
107 equal to teng bo'lmoq равняться
108 equality tenglik равенство
109 equate tenglamoq приравнивать
110 equation tenglama уравнение
equilateral teng tomonli равносторонний
111
triangle uchburchak треугольник
equivalent teng kuchli равносильное
112
equation tenglama уравнение
113 evaluate, estimate baho barmoq оценивать
114 even function juft funktsiya четная функция
115 even number juft son четное число
116 expand brackets qavslarni ochish раскрывать скобки
exponential ko'rsatkichli показательная
117
function funktsiya функция

488
 118 express ifodalamoq выражать
extract э (square) (kvadrat) ildiz извлекать
119
root chiqarish (квадратный) корень
120 extreme value extremum экстремум
F 121 face (side) yoq (tomon) грань
122 factor ko'paytuvchi множитель
beshinchi darajali
123 fifth root корень пятой степени
ildiz
124 figure figura, qiymat фигура, значение
125 form shakl, tahskil qilmoq форма, образовать
126 formula formula формула
formula of
127 qo'shish formulasi формула сложения
addition
formula of ikkilangan burchak формула двойного
128
doubled argument formulasi угла
formula of halved yarim burchak формула половинного
129
argument formulasi угла
formula of
130 keltirish formulasi формула приведения
reduction
formula of yig'indini (ayirmani) формула
transformation of ko'paytmaga преобразования
131
sums (differences) almashtirish суммы (разности) в
into a product formulasi произведения
132 function argument funktsiya argumenti аргумент функция
funktsiyaning область определения
133 function domain
aniqlanish sohasi функции
funktsiyaning область значения
134 function range
qiymatlar sohasi функции
G 135 general solution umumiyyechim общее решение
136 generator yasovchi образующая
geometrik o'rta геометрическое
137 geometric mean
qiymat среднее значение
geometric geometrik геометрическая
138
progression progressiya прогрессия
gradiyent, градиент,
139 gradient
burchak koeffitsienti угловой коэффициент
graph of a
140 funktsiya grafigi график функции
function
graphical method графический метод
141 grafikyechish usuli
of solution решения
142 greater than katta больше
143 greater than or katta yoki teng больше или равно

489
 equal to
144 grid katak, panjara решетка
half as much
Н 145 ikki barobar kam два раза меньше
(many) as
highest (greatest)
eng katta umumiy наибольший общий
146 common divisor
bo'luvchi (ekub) делитель (нод)
(hcd)
147 horizontal axis gorizontal o'q горизонтальная ось
148 hyperbola giperbola гипербола
149 hypotenuse gipotenuza гипотенуза
identical equation
I 150 ayniyat тождеств,о
(identity)
151 identify aniqlamoq определять
152 identity ayniyat тождество
anglatmoq, kelib
153 imply означать, следовать
chiqmoq
154 improper fraction noto'g'ri kasr неправильная
155 in terms of orqali через
incomplete
chala kvadrat неполное квадратное
156 quadratic
tenglama уравнение
equation
incomplete square
chala kvadrat ayirma неполный квадрат
157 of a difference
(yigMndi) разности (суммы)
(sum)
increasing o'suvchi возратающая
158 (decreasing) (kamayuvchi) (убывающая)
progression progressiya прогрессия
increasing and o'suvchi va
возрастающая и
159 decreasing kamayuvchi
убывающая функция
function funktsiya
неопределенный
160 indefinite integral noaniq integral
интеграл
index (degree) of a
161 ildiz ko'rsatkichi показатель корня
root
ko'rsatmoq,
162 indicate обозначать, указывать
belgilamoq
163 inequality tengsizlik неравенство
164 inequality sign tengsizlik ishorasi знак неравенства
бесконечно много
165 infinite solutions cheksiz ko'p yechim решений
infinitely cheksiz kamayuvchi бесконечно
246 убывающая
descending geometrik

490
 geometric progressiva геометрическая
progression прогрессия
167 infinity cheksizlik бесконечность
168 inscribe ichki chizmoq вписывать
ichki chizilgan
169 inscribed angle вписанный угол
burchak
170 instruction ko'rsatma, yo'riq инструкция
171 integer butun целое
boshlang'ich первообразная
172 integral function
funktsiya функция
173 integration integral интегрирование
integration by bo'laklab интегрирование по
174
parts integrallamoq частям
integration by o'rniga qo'yish интегрирование
175
substitution orqali integrallamoq подстановкой
176 internal angle ichki burchak внутренный угол
177 inverse function teskari funktsiya обратная функция
обратная
178 inverse proportion noto'g'ri nisbat
пропорциональность
inverse teskari обратная
179 trigonometric trigonometrik тригонометрическая
function funktsiya функция
иррациональная
180 irrational function irratsional funktsiya
функция
иррациональное
181 irrational number irratsional son
число
irregular нерегулярный
182 noregulyar omil
component компонент
teng yonli равнобедренный
183 isosceles triangle
uchburchak треугольник
184 label belgilamoq обозначать
185 left-hand side chap tomon левая сторона
186 leftmost eng chapki крайний слева
187 length uzunlik, bo'yi длина
188 less than kichik меньше
less than or equal
189 kichikyoki teng меньше или равно
to
190 line segment kesma отрезок
191 linear equation chiziqli tenglama линейное уравнение
192 linear inequality chiziqli tengsizlik линейное неравенство
193 logarithmic base logarifm asosi основание логарифма
194 logic mantiq логика

491
 lovyest (least)
eng kichjk umumiy наименьший общий
195 common multiple
ko'paytuvchi (ekuk) кратный (нок)
(Icm)
lowest common eng kichik umumiy наименьший общий
196
denominator mahraj знаменатель
main value of an teskari главное значение
inverse trigonometrik обратной
М 197
trigonometric funktsiyaning asosiy тригонометрической
function qiymati функции
make up an
198 tenglama tuzish составлять уравнение
equation
максимальное
199 maximum value maksimum qiymat
значение
200 mean difference o'rta farq средняя разность
method of noma'lumlarni метод исключения
201
elimination yo'qotish usuli неизвестных
method of
202 intervallar usuli метод интервалов
intervals
method of метод
noma'lumlarni
203 successive последовательных
o'rniga qo'yish usuli
substitutions подстановок
method of trial метод пробок и
204 taxmin qilish usuli
and error ошибок
middle line o'rta chiziq средняя линия
205
минимальное
minimum value minimum qiymat значение
206
mixed number aralash son смешанное число
207 модульная функция
208 modular function modulli funktsiya
209 monomial birhad одночлен
monotonous
210 monoton funktsiya монотонная функция
function
211 multiple karrali кратное
212 multiply ko'paytirmoq умножать
natural (whole)
sonning natural натуральная (целая)
N 213 exponent (power,
(butun) darajasi степень числа
degree) of number
натуральный
214 natural logarithm natural logarifm
логарифм
215 natural number natural son натуральное число
naught (0.5 reads yo'q, nol (0.5 nol ничто, ноль (0.5
216 naught point five butun o'ndan besh читается как ноль
or zero point five) deb o'qiladi) целых пять десятых)

492
 217 negative number manfiy son отрицательное число
отрицательный знак
negative sign manfiy ishora
218 числа, знак минус
nochiziqli (chiziqli
nonlinear нелинейное
bo'lmagan)
219 equation уравнение
tenglama
nonlinear chiqizli bo'lmagan нелинейное
220 inequality tengsizlik неравенство
221 nonnegative nomanfiy неотрицательный
222 nonzero noldan farqli отличное от нуля
223 n-th root n-iidiz n-й корень
n-th term
224 n-had (umumiy had) n-й член (общий член)
(common term)
225 number axis sonlaro'qi числовая ось
226 numerator surat числитель
numerical
227 sonli ifoda числовое выражение
expression
О 228 objective function maqsad funktsiyasi целевая функция
obtuse angle o'tmas burchak тупой угол
229 obtuse-angle o'tmas burchakli тупоугольный
230 triangle uchburchak треугольник
odd function toq funktsiya нечетная функция
231
232 odd number toq son нечетное число
233 ordinary fraction oddiy kasr обыкновенная дробь
original amount boshlang'ich miqdor первоначальная
234
(value) (qiymat) величина (значение)
пересекающяяся
235 overlapping region kesishuvchi soha
область
P 236 parabola parabola парабола
237 parallel parallel параллел
parallel параллельный
238 parallel ko'chirish
displacement перенос
239 parallelepiped parallelepiped параллелепипед
240 parallelogram parallelogram параллелограм
241 particular solution xususiy yechim частное решение
242 pattern nusxa, andoza шаблон, схема
243 percent foiz процент
percentage процентное
244 foiz kamayishi
decrease понижение
percentage процентное
245 foiz o'sishi (oshishi)
increase увеличение
246 perimeter perimetr периметр

493
 247 period davr период
periodic decimal периодическая
248 o'nli davriy kasr
fraction десятичная
периодическая
249 periodic function davriy funktsiya
функция
perpendicular perpendikulyar перпендикулярный
250
vector vektor вектор
251 plane tekislik плоскость
nuqtalarni
252 plot points joylashtirmoq, отмечать точки
belgilamoq
plug into a подставлять в
253 formulaga qo'ymoq
formula формулу
254 point of contact urinish nuqtasi точка касания
point of
255 kesishish nuqtasi точка пересечения
intersection
256 polyhedron ko'pyoq многогранник
257 polynomial ko'phad полином, многочлен
258 positive number musbat son положительное число
tub
prime разложение на
259 ko'paytuvchilarga
factorization простые множители
ajratmoq
260 prime number tub son простое число
261 prism prizma призма
product
262 ko'paytma произведение
(multiplication)
projection (point, (nuqta, chiziq) проекция (точки,
263
line) proyektsiyasi отрезка)
264 proper fraction to'g'ri kasr правильная
265 property xossa свойство
266 prove isboqlamoq доказывать
267 punctuation imlo пунктуация
Pythagorean
268 Pifagor teoremasi теорема Пифагора
theorem
квадрант,
kvadrant,.
Q 269 quadrant, quarter координатная
koordinata choragi
четверть
quadratic
270 kvadrat tenglama квадратное уравнение
equation
271 quadratic function kvadrat funktsiya квадратичная функция
272 quadrilateral to'rtburchak четырехугольник
273 quantity son, miqdor количество, величина

494
274 radian radian радиан
радикальный знак,
275 radical sign ildiz belgisi
корень
276 radius radius радиус
возведение в
raise to the kasr (manfiy)
дробную
277 fractional darajaga oshirmoq
(отрицательную)
(negative) power (ko'tarmoq)
степень
область; диапазон;
278 range soha, oraliq
интервал
279 ratio nisbat отношение
ratio (quotient) of geometrik знаменатель
280 a geometric progressiyaning геометрической
progression mahraji прогрессии
rational exponent
sonning ratsional рациональная степен
281 (power) of a
darajasi числа
number
282 rational number ratsional son рациональное число
283 ray nur луч
284 rectangle to'g'ri to'rtburchak прямоугольник
285 reduce qisqartirmoq сокращать
286 remainder qoldiq остаток
o'rniga qo'ymoq,
287 replace подставлять
almashtirmoq
288 rhombus romb ромб
289 right angle to'g'ri burchak прямой угол
right-angle to'g'ri burchakli прямоугольный
290
triangle uchburchak треугольник
291 right-hand side o'ng tomon правая сторона
292 rightmost eng o'nggi крайний справа
root (degree) of tenglamaning ildizi корень (слепень)
293
an equation (darajasi) уравнения
294 rule qoida правило
satisfy an tenglamani удовлетворять
295
equation qanoatlantirmoq уравнению
скалярное
296 scalar product skalyar ko'paytma
произведение
har xil tomonli разносторонний
297 scalene triangle
uchburchak треугольник
scientific notation ilmiy yozuv научная запись
298
(standard form) (standart shakl) (стандартная форма)
299 secant kesuvchi секущая

495
300 sector sektor сектор
301 segment segment сегмент
полуоткрытый
302 semi open interval yarim ochiq interval
интервал
303 semicircle yarim doira полукруг
sequence
304 ketma-ketlik последовательность
(succession)
sequence of последовательность
305 sonlar ketma-ketligi
numbers чисел
306 series qator ряд
short формулы
qisqa ko'paytirish
307 multiplication сокращенного
formulalari (QKF)
formulae (SMF) умножения (ФСУ)
308 sign ishora, belgi знак; символ
309 significant figure muhim raqam ззначащая цифра
o'xshash подобные
310 similar triangles
uchburchaklar треугольники
311 simplify soddalashtirmoq упрощать
simultaneous chiziqli tenglamalar система линейных
312
linear equations sistemasi уравнений
simultaneous chiziqli tengsizliklar система линейных
313
linear inequalities sistemasi неравенств
simultaneous chiqizli bo'lmagan
система нелинейных
314 nonlinear tengsizliklar
неравенств
inequalities sistemasi
315 sine sinus синус
sine curve,
316 sinuosoida синусоида
sinusoid
317 sketch a graph grafik chizmoq начертить график
gradiyent, градиент, угловой
318 slope
burchak koeffitsienti коэффициент
пространственное
319 solid fazoviy jism
тело
320 solution yechim решение
321 solve yechmoq решать
322 space fazo пространство'
323 sphere sfera, shar сфера, шар
324 square- kvadrat квадрат
325 straight angle yoyiq burchak развёрнутый угол
326 straight line to'g'ri chiziq прямая линия
327 substitute o'rniga qo'ymoq подставлять
328 subtract ayirmoq вычитать

496
329 subtrahend ayriluvchi вычитаемое
330 sum yig'indi сумма
supplementary
331 qo'shni burchak смежный угол
angle
332 symbol simvol, belgi символ
333 symmetrical simmetriyaviy симметричный
symmetrical axis parabolaning ось симметрии
334
of parabola simmetriya chizig'i параболы
table of values of x xvay ning qiymatlar таблица значений
335
and у jadval хиу
336 take a derivative hosila olmoq брать производное
337 tangent tangens тангенс
338 tangent urinma касательная
339 tangent curve tangensoida тангенсоида
tangent line уравнение
urinma tenglamasi
equation касательной
1 способ, приём,
341 technique usul, texnika
техника
342 term had член
343 to be bounded chegaralangan быть ограниченным
344 total yig'indi сумма
trapezoid, a
345 „ . trapetsiya трапеция
trapezium
uchburchakli
346 triangular pyramid треугольная пирамида
piramida
347 trigonometric trigonometrik тригонометрическая
function funktsiya функция
348 trinomial uchhad трехчлен
truncated cone kesma konus усеченный конус
349
(pyramid) (piramida) (пирамида)
350 turn to zero nolga aylanmoq обращаться в нуль
tW times ikki (uch) barobar
351 ° два (три) раза больше
as much (many) as ko'p
352 two digit number ikki xonali son двузначное число
two thirds (three uchdan ikki (to'rtdan две трети (три
fourth) uch) четвертых)
intervallar объединение
354 union of intervals
birlashmasi интервалов
единственное
355 unique solution yagona yechim
решение
356 unit birlik единица измерения
357 unity vector birlik vector единичный вектор

497
 358 unknown quantity noma'lum qiymat неизвестная величина
V 359 value of х x ning qiymati значение х
360 variable o'zgaruvchi переменная
o'zgaruvchining область значений
361 variable range переменной
qiymatlar sohasi
векторное
362 vector product vector ko'paytma
произведение
363 velocity tezlik скорость
364 Venn diagram Venn diagrammasi диаграмма Венна
365 verify tekshirmoq проверять
366 vertex uch вершина
367 vertex of parabola parabola uchi вершина параболы
368 vertical angle vertical burchak вертикальный угол
369 vertical axis vertical o'q вертикальная ось
370 Viet's theorem Viyet teoremasi теорема Виета
неотрицательное
W 371 whole number nomanfiy butun son целое число
372 width eni ширина
X 373 x-axis abscissa o'qi ось абсциссы
x o'qini kesish точка пересечения
374 x-intercept оси х
nuqtasi
Y 375 y-axis ordinata o'qi ось ординаты
у o'qini kesish точка пересечения
376 y-intercept оси у
nuqtasi

498
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Lambrou, N, Lambrou, M , Djumanov, A & Khamroev M 2004,
Examples in Pre-University Mathematics with Logic Puzzles, 1st
edition, Fan va texnologia, Tashkent.
2. Nazarov, H & Ostonov, Q 1996 History of Mathematics,
Uqituvchi Publishing House, Tashkent.
3. Prokhorov Yu (ed) 1988, Mathematical encyclopedic
dictionary, Soviet Encyclopedia Publishing House, Moscow.
4. Ashraf A 1994, Astrology. Ziji Jadidi Kuragoni. Fourth book,
National heritage Publishing House after Abdulla Qodiri, Tashkent.
5. Parsons, R (ed) 2003, 2004 and 2005, GCSE Mathematics,
The Workbook (Higher Level), 3 rd edition, Elanders Hindson,
Newcastle upon Tyne.
6. Mamadaliev, N 2002, Mathematics, Khalq merosi Publishing
House after Abdulla Qodiri.
7. Simonov A and others 1991, System of training problems and
tasks on mathematics, Prosvesheniya, Moscow.
8. Retrieved September 6, 2005,
from http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/
9. Retrieved January 9, 2007,
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematics/
10. Retrieved April 26, 2007, from http://www.answers.com/
11. Retrieved September 15, 2006,
from http://library.thinkquest.org/
12. Skanavi M . 1988, Workbook on mathematics, Visshaya
shkola, Moscow.
13. Weisstein E 2002, CRC Concise encyclopedia of mathematics,
CRC Press LLC. Retrieved September 15, 2005, from
http://poiskknig.ru/
14. Crosby W 1962, One hundred eminent mathematicians, The
Mathematics Teacher, pp. 582-588.
^ 15. Retrieved December 19,2006,
from http://www.samf.ac.za/samo/questions.html

499
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Corrections:
Page Original M u s t be
16 ( l i n e 4 1 ) common all
26 (lines 3 & 7 I) brackets period
-39 -39
82 (line 7 | ) + *2 = — + 'V2 = ~

1 2 5 ( l i n e 2 T) 96 . 94
130 ( l i n e 7 I ) nonlinear linear
134 (line 7 t ) positive non-negative
shades of (-co,l.s]u[2,-i-co)
141 ( l o w e r g r a p h ) identical
are different

[q = 2
161 ( l i n e s 2 & 3 T) added {
К =3
1 6 8 ( l i n e s 7 & 1 0 J.) - 1,-2,- 1,-2 1,2, 1,2
л .3-9л- 3
186 ( l i n e s 6 & 8 |) Л- -9Л-

2 3 7 ( l i n e -1 J.) sin x3,v sin 3 x

2 5 5 ( l i n e 2 J.) = deleted

2 6 2 ( l i n e 4 T) у"(о) = - s i n 0 - cos 0 -1 0
= < deleted

263 (line 1 I) у"(л) = - s i n /т - c o s я = 1 > 0 deleted

2 8 7 (line 3 i) ansle SR l i n e SR
added ZRFD = 1 8 0 ° -
2 8 7 (line 3 t )
ZCFR = 123°
298 (line б I) 108 - IS 180-18
331 (line 5 j ) 5 cm 4 cm
УЛ Узf
332 (line 3 [)
[ з J"
3
2
V
2
J

332 (line 1 t )
1 f Уз Y
2 2 16 • sin 1 2 0 ° =
Ч R
^ - • ( г л / з ) 2 • s i n l 2 0 ° = Зл/i"
v J
3 3 3 ( l i n e 2 1)
1 '
2
\
Уз^ 2 я л
2 3 ~ 4
J

333 (lines 4 & 8 |)

'л зУз^| (4л- - З л / З )
4 16
ч /
333 (line 9 | ) 40.32 + 0.32 = 40.64 1.57 + 0.32 = 1.89

,343 (line 9 f ) 5\[тг У198л

343 (line 5 t ) ( s l f x j = 125л- (У198Л-)3 = 198л-

343 (line 3 t ) 1 2 5 я - 54л- = (144л-) 198л - 5 4 л = (144ж)

353 (lines 2 & 3 |) т cm