JOSE RIZAL AND THE PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM:

BAYANI AT KABAYANIHAN

Objectives:
1. Interpret views and opinions about Bayani and kabayanihan in the context
of Philippine history and society.
2. Assess the concepts of Bayani and kabayanihan in Philippine society.

What is the first word that comes to your mind when you heard the word “Bayani”
The word “Bayani” or hero in Filipino is someone who saves somebody’s life.
Bayani is someone who fights with his ‘bayan’ or community.

Ang mga bayani ay ang mga mandirigma kung saan sila ay nangunguna sa
pagtatanggol ng pamayanan laban sa mga kinakaharap na mga kaaway at
panganib
How was Dr. Jose Rizal called ‘Hero’?
• A hero symbolizes goodness. Rizal gave us freedom by using
goodness.
• Jose Rizal became a Philippine national hero because he fought for
freedom in an exceedingly silent but powerful way.

• He expressed his love for the Philippines through his novels, essays,
and articles instead of through the utilization of force or aggression.

• He was an amazing person during his time. He was humble, fighting

for reforms through his writings rather than through a revolution. He
used his intelligence, talents, and skills in an exceedingly more
peaceful way instead of the aggressive way.
• Rizal had been very vocal against the Spanish government but
peacefully and progressively. For him, “the pen was mightier than the
sword.”
Dr. Jose P. Rizal was a man of intellectual power and artistic talent whom Filipinos
honor as their national hero (Szczepanski, 2019). Rizal is not only admired for
possessing intellectual brilliance but also for taking a stand and resisting the
Spanish colonial government.

Rizal passed the Criteria for National Heroes:

1. Rizal passed the Criteria for National Heroes:

2. Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system or life of freedom
and order for a nation.
3. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a
nation. (As defined by Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz)
 4. A hero is part of the people’s expression. But the process of a people’s
internalization of a hero’s life and works takes time, with the youth forming
a part of the internalization.
5. A hero is part of the people’s expression. But the process of a people’s
internalization of a hero’s life and works takes time, with the youth forming
a part of the internalization.
6. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or
events in history but of the entire process that made this particular person
a hero.

RIZAL AWAKENED THE MIND AND PERSPECTIVES OF FILIPINOS TOWARD

NATIONALISM

1. Rizal’s chief aim was to reform Philippine society, first by uncovering its ills
and second, by awakening the Filipino youth.
2. Rizal knew the best way to awaken the youth and lead them toward the
right action was through education, especially foreign education.
3. Of his vision for the Filipinos, Rizal wrote his comrade Mariano Ponce in 1888:
“Let this be our only motto: For the welfare of the Native Land. On the day
when all Filipinos should think like him [Del Pilar] and like us, on that day we
shall have fulfilled our arduous mission, which is the formation of the Filipino
nation”.
4. To Rizal, that nation was a nation free of injustice, oppression, and
corruption. May the Filipinos of today finally begin fulfilling this timeless
challenge of Rizal. (Reyno, 2012)

THE CAVITE MUTINY

In the immediate aftermath of the
mutiny, some Filipino soldiers were
disarmed and later sent into exile on the
southern island of Mindanao. Those
suspected of directly supporting the
mutineers were arrested and executed.
The mutiny was used by the colonial
government and Spanish friars to implicate
three secular priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as GomBurZa. They were
executed by garrote on the Luneta field, also known as Bagumbayan, on
February 17, 1872. Jose Rizal, whose brother Paciano was a close friend of Burgos,
dedicated his work, El Filibusterismo, to these three priests.

THE FOUNDING AND SPREAD OF KATIPUNAN

On the night of July 7, 1892, Bonifacio and his radical members met in the house
of Deodato Arellano at #72 Azcarraga Street Tondo, Manila. He formed a secret
revolutionary society called the Katipunan or "Kataas-taasang,
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan" (KKK) (Highest and Most
Respected Society, the Sons of the Country). The main objective of the Katipunan
was to unite the Filipino people and struggle for separation from Spain through a
revolution. The people wanted the abolition of Spanish rule.

THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF THE KATIPUNAN

Jose P. Rizal's influence on Andres Bonifacio manifested itself when the Katipunan
copied the organizational structure of the La Liga Filipina. The Katipunan had also
а Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian) composed of the President or
Supremo, a Fiscal, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. The Supreme Council was the
Central Organ of the Katipunan. A Provincial Council (Sangguniang Bayan) in
each province and a Popular Council (Sangguniang Balangay) in each town
were also established as provided by the constitution of the society.
Deodato Arellano, the brother-in-law of Marcelo H. del Pilar became the first
President or Supremo of the Katipunan. But in a meeting in February 1893, Andres
Bonifacio disgusted over Arellano's weak leadership, deposed him and put
Roman Basa in his place as President or Supremo. It was only 1895, when Andres
Bonifacio himself assumed the position of Supremo, when he also deposed Basa
due to the latter's ineffective leadership.
Katipunan Membership
The first members of the society were recruited by means of the "triangle system".
Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, and Ladislaw Diwa formed the first triangle. The
initiator of the triangle knew the two new recruits, but the latter did not know each
other. The recruitment through the triangle system proved to be slow and
complicated, thus, it was replaced by a faster and simpler system: the use of
secret rites copied from Masonry. A successful beginner who passed the test on
his courage and love for his country swore to guard and defend the secrets of the
Katipunan and be then signed his name in the society's roster in his own blood
(Sanduguan). The new members then adopted a Katipunan name.

To ensure the secrecy of the association, trusted women secured the secret
documents of the KKK. Some women members of the KKK who participated were
the wives, daughters, or sisters of the KKK male members. Some of the women
members were Gregoria de Jesus (wife of Andres Bonifacio), the "Lakambini of
the KKK"; and Josefa and Trinidad Rizal (sisters of Jose P. Rizal).

Andres Bonifacio
Andres Bonifacio, the "Great Plebeian" (working class) was
born in Tondo, Manila on November 30, 1863. His formal
education was limited, he supplemented this with self-study.
His library included books on the two novels of Dr. Jose P.
Rizal: Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, the lives of United
States Presidents, the History of the French Revolution, Victor
Hugo's Les Misérables, Eugene Sue's Wandering Jew, and the Penal and Civil
Codes and various collection of La Solidaridad.

Bonifacio had the insight to organize a revolutionary movement for he knew that
Spain would never bulge an inch in granting reforms. It was Bonifacio who
correctly pointed out the necessity of armed struggle to force the issue on the
Spaniards.
Andres Bonifacio wrote a Decalogue or Ten Commandments entitled
Katungkulang Gagawin ng Mga Anak ng Bayan (Duties to be Observed by the
Sons of the Country) to lay down the guidelines for good citizenship. The rules
include love of God, love of country and one's fellowmen; diligence in word;
sharing of one's means with the poor; punishment of scoundrels and traitors; and
guarding the mandates and aims of the Katipunan movement.

EMILIO JACINTO
The "Brain of the Katipunan" was born in Tondo on K
December 15, 1875.
His parents were Mariano Jacinto, a bookkeeper, and
Josefa Dizon, a midwife.
He studied law at the University of Sto. Tomas (UST) and
when the revolution broke out, he was one of those who
were first initiated into the Katipunan.
He was the youngest member of the revolutionary society
at the age of eighteen.

APOLINARIO MABINI

Apolinario Mabini was born of poor parents, Inocencio

Mabini and Dionisia Maranan, in Barrio Talaga, Tanauan
Batangas in 1864. He finished his law degree at UST in
1894. The "Sublime Paralytic" joined Rizal's civic
organization, the La Liga Filipina where he worked for
reforms in the administration of government.
In 1898, Aguinaldo recruited him as his private counselor
for the Revolutionary Government. His detractors called
him "The Black Chamber of Aguinaldo" while his admirers
called him the "Brains of the Revolution"

When Aguinaldo reorganized his Cabinet on January 2,

1899, he appointed Mabini as President of the Cabinet and Secretary of Foreign
Affairs.

Among his best-known writings were the True Decalogue, The Constitutional
Program of the Philippine Republic, and The Philippine Revolution.
THE UPRISING IN 1896
The violent struggle of the Filipinos against the Spaniards started in 1896. In August,
the members of the KKK from the eight provinces of the country: Manila, Cavite,
Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Batangas, Laguna and Pampanga joined the
uprisings against the Spaniards.

Father Mariano Gil Teodoro Patiño

THE START OF THE UPRISINGS

On August 19, 1896, Father Mariano Gil was able to know the information about
KKK because of the confession of Honoria. She is the sister of Teodoro Patiño, a
member of the KKK who revealed the secret of the organization because he had
a conflict with the other member of the KKK. But according to other sources, the
Spanish government already had the idea about KKK in May 1896 and it is
confirmed when they discovered a copy of Kalayaan in one printing house. The
discovery of the KKK leads to the imprisonment of Dr. Jose Rizal because the
Spaniards accused him as the founder of the KKK and the imprisonment of all
suspected members of the KKK.

The leadership of the KKK met in the cave in Bitukang Manok (Pasig) to plan the
start of their uprising even though the organization is not yet ready to launch the
attack because the Spaniards were doing the mass arrest of the suspected
members of the KKK.
On August 21, 1896, the Katipuneros went to Kangkong as their meeting place
and when they arrived at the house of Melchora Aquino, known as the "Mother
of the Katipuneros", Andres Bonifacio asked the Katipuneros if they are willing to
fight the Spaniards until the end of their lives and most of the Katipuneros
answered "Yes!". And then he asked them to put out their cedula and tear it as
the sign of the end of the Spanish dominance over them. This event is known as
the Cry of Pugad Lawin.
In the succeeding days of battle from August 25 until August 30, 1896, Andres
Bonifacio together with the other Katipuneros suffered in a big loss because of the
inferior weapons and lack of military tactics since the discovery of KKK happened
in the time that the group is not yet ready for the battle. In fact, in the Battle in
San Juan del Monte, the Spanish forces are weak and outnumbered but because
they use the delaying tactics in war, while waiting for the reinforcements, the
group of Andres Bonifacio had no choice but to retreat.

In the month of September, the uprisings spread out in Manila and other provinces
and so Governor General Ramon Blanco declared Martial Law in eight provinces
that participate in the uprising.
The suspected members of the KKK can be executed without due process and
numerous numbers of people were imprisoned and tortured. Those people who
could not bear the pain will shout the names of the members of the KKK or even
the name of those who do not have a connection to the KKK just to avoid the
torture.

The other Katipuneros were imprisoned in Fort Santiago and experience

suffocation and torture while others were exile to Carolinas. The wealthy families
who did not support the KKK and had no connection to the group became also
the victim of extortion from the Spaniards.
On September 12, 1896, Governor General Ramon Blanco ordered the execution
of thirteen people from Cavite as a warning to the public that they should not join
the uprising. The thirteen people are known as the Trece Martirez. In December
30, 1896 Dr. Jose P. Rizal was executed in Bagumbayan (Luneta).
On December 31, 1896, Andres Bonifacio went to Cavite to resolve the conflict
between the Magdiwang and the Magdalo group however he was not able to
resolve the problem since the issue is about the leadership.
Imus Assembly the Magdalo faction wanted to replace the Katipunan with a new
government before they continue their fight with the Spaniards. Conversely, the
Magdiwang faction asserted the retention of the Katipunan.
Tejeros Convention to plan out their strategies on how Cavite should be
defended. Unfortunately, instead of discussing and planning defense strategies,
this meeting ended up with a resolution of establishing a new revolutionary
government to replace the KKK.

After the elections, Bonifacio lost the leadership to Emilio Aguinaldo, who was
voted as president. Bonifacio was elected as the Director of the Interior.

When he was being proclaimed, one member of the Magdalo, Daniel Tirona,
questioned the competence of Bonifacio for the position since he is not a lawyer.
Bonifacio declared the assembly and all its approved officers null and void. He
established his government independent from Aguinaldo's government.
Aguinaldo ordered his men to arrest Bonifacio and his brothers. Despite the lack
of evidence, they were found guilty of treason and sedition for attempting to
overthrow the new revolutionary gov't and its president.
SUMMARY

The meaning of the hero associated with the town changes based on the needs
of the town at a certain time. In ancient times, what was considered a hero was
a warrior and leader. He is a good leader or leader and brave in the defense of
his subjects. In some groups in Mindanao, he is called bagáni. During the rebellion
of 1896, the hero no longer simply referred to the brave leader. Rather, even the
common son of the people, ANB, who loves and is willing to sacrifice blood and
sweat for the people, is considered a hero in the Katipunan. Because of this, the
hero refers to all types of people who participated in the Uprising of 1896, whether
male or female, young or old, enlightened or ignorant. At that time, heroism was
open to all who responded to the needs of the people whether with sword or
pen. The word Bayanihan is derived from the root word Bayani which was first
used in 1975 in a manuscript titled "Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala" by P. Juan
de Noceda and. Pedro de Sancular. It means Obra Comun or group work. It refers
to the spirit of unity of a community to achieve a specific goal. This practice is
widespread throughout the Philippines, in fact, the word Bayanihan has
equivalent words in different parts of the country. The Ibatans of Batanes call it
the country.

The Ilocano people call it Ammoyo. Tiklos according to the Waray of Leyte while
Bataris or Batarisan according to the Tagalogs. Even the Maranaw of Mindanao
have a term for it. In the matter of social entrepreneurship. Rizal used this concept
to change the condition of the people living in Dapitan, that's why he taught the
people of Dapitan about modern technologies in farming and fishing. Rizal also
wanted to change the lives of the people of Dapitan. as having an appreciation
for industry and being able to take pride in their work. Rizal formed the first
cooperative for farmers, the "Sociedad Agricultores Dapitanos (SAD)." The
purpose of the cooperative is to organize and introduce agricultural products,
have Good income for Farmers, to be given Capital to buy products and to help
the Harvesters and workers in their products to be sold at the right price
Community development is a process where Community Members come
together To make collective action and develop solutions to common problems.
Rizal's change in Dapitan Reflects the current state of our society. A reflection that
shows those who must solve social problems like work, proper housing and so on.
Through community development in every community, problems are better
addressed and Citizens and the community itself develop. The Cavite Uprising (or
Cavite Mutiny in English) was an uprising in 1872 by up to 200 Filipino soldiers and
workers at the arsenal in Cavite

The colonial government quickly quelled the strike but it was historically significant
because it was used as an excuse to suppress Filipino patriots demanding
government reform. The uprising was used as the basis to indict and execute three
Filipino priests, José Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, and Mariano Gómez—or better
known as Gomburza—and their martyrdom further fueled Filipino nationalism and
will cause, finally, the Uprising of 1896. The Supreme, Honorable Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan (kkk) or better known as the Katipunan, is a group of Filipinos who
aspire to the complete independence of the Philippine nation. Katipunan is the
shorter and better known name of the association Kataataasaan Kagalangan
Katipunan ng Anak ng Bayan. It was a secret society founded by Andres
Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano, and
others in a house on Kalye Azcarraga (now C.M. Recto), Manila. It was formed on
July 7, 1892, the same day Dr. was exiled. Jose Rizal in Dapitan. Among the goals
of the Katipunan are, first, the Philippines to gain independence from Spain
through rebellion; second, spread kindness, good manners, honesty, courage
and the fight against blind religious obedience; and, third, help and defend the
poor and oppressed. The Katipunan was the unique organization that launched
an organized and widespread rebellion against the Spanish government. The
Filipino Uprising began on August 19, 1896. Many Katipuneros were arrested and
imprisoned after the Spanish discovered the Katipunan. There is no one to choose
a leader other than Andres Bonifacio.

The tearing of their cedula in Pugadlawin. This is the official start of the Filipino
Katipunerogs against the Spaniards. But the Cry of Pugadlawin for the
independence of the Philippines as one is from Spanish colonialism. This allowed
the establishment of the Philippines, known as the first republic in Asia. After the
death of Bonifacio, Cavite fell to the Spanish. In November 1897, Aguinaldo
established a new government in Biak-na-Bato. It was called the "Republic of Biak-
na-Bato". On June 12, 1898 was the proclamation of Independence in the
Philippines. At the same time, the flag of the Philippines was waved and the music
of the national anthem of the Philippines was played by Julian Felipe.
ASSESSMENT:

1. Whay did Jose Rizal become a hero? (2pts)

Answer: 1. Jose Rizal became a Philippine national Hero because he

fought for freedom in an exceedingly silent but powerful way.

2. He expresses his love for the Philippines through his novels, essays
and articles instead of through the utilization of force or aggression.

2. Who is known as the ‘Father of Katipunan’?

Answer: Andres Bonifacio

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3. What is the first supremo of the Katipunan?

Answer: Deodato Arellano

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4. What is the meaning of ‘KKK’?

Answer: "Kataas-taasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak

ng Bayan"

5. Who is the ‘Brain of the katipunan’?

Answer: Emilio Jacinto

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6. Who is the ‘Brain of the Revolution’?

Answer: Apolinario Mabini

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7. Who is the ‘Mother of Katipunan’?

Answer: Melchora Aquino

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8. Who is the ‘Lakambini of the ‘KKK’?

Answer: Gregoria De Jesus

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9. What year did the uprising start?

Answer: 1896

10. Who revealed the secret of the Katipunan?

Answer: Teodoro Patiño

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11. Ano ang pinunit ng mga katipunero sa Pugad Lawin?

Answer: Sedula

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12. Who is the first President of the Philippines?

Answer: Emilio Aguinaldo

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13. What was the main goal of the Katipunan? (2pts)

Answer: To gain independence from Spain through revolution.