Sound is a dynamic sain iwolyi that take the form of waves which travel at a velocity characteristic of the medium (the velocity of sound). As an example, a harmonic plane waye of compressigns and rarefactions ina gas is shown: Refracive In those regions where the medium is compressed, the density is higher and the refractive index is larger: where the medium is rarefied, its density and refractive index are smaller: In solids, sqund involves vibrations of the molecules ir equilibrium positions, which alter the optical polarizibilty and consequently the refractive indox. u deals wish the ion of the refractive index caused by sound, and with the propag leals wish che persucoati of light through this. perturbed time-varying inhomogeneous medium. Acousto-optic Modulator Also called a Bragg cell, it uses the acousto-optic effect to_diffract light using sound waves (usually at radio-frequency). ie using Saunyaves (seal ysunes So ereer) An acousto-opti¢ modulator consists of a piezoelectri \ jin a material like glass or quartz. A ligl materi with a.pure sinusoid and. tilting. Je AOM so the WAVES IDSA DR ICSE TION OEE. ULC AR SNS They are used in lasers for Q-switching, telecommun spectroscopy for frequency control. A piezoelectric‘An acousto-optic modulator consists of a piezoelectric transducer which creates sound waves in a material like glass or quartz. A light beam is diffracted into several orders: By vibrating the ‘material with a pure sinusoid and tilting the AOM so the light is reflected from the flat sound vvaves into the first difraction order, up to 90% deflection efficiency can be achieved. A diffracted beam emerges at an angle @ that depends on the wavelen of the light A relative to the wavelength of the sound A ze" In Bragg regime(only first order appears) te L>>z,.) Sin B= & . length f acousto-optic medium where, he refractive index of the medium, in Raman-Nath regime(multiple orderappears) i.e. Lee" Sin @ = Ge where, m=order of the diffraction i.e. -2,-1,0,1,2,.... Que difference from Bragg diffraction is that the light is: scatcering consequence of this is the, Paley of the diffracted beam fin order m by an amount equal to the frequency of the sound wave f fof hme PIN diode as photodetector A photodetector is a device which converts optical powe re) sed de vith an intrinsic region between: name PIN. photodiode. ‘An incident photon is absorbed by the semic hole pair in it. The generated electrons and holes