1" International Civil Engineering Conference ((CEC 2018) Department of Civil Engineering Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE QUANTITY OF PLASTERING WASTE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN ABUJA, NIGERIA “Umar, A.) & Saidu, 2 Department of Quentity Surveying Federal University of Technology, Minne *Comesponding author email: everlyumex2000@yahoo com ABSTRACT Construction waste has been identified as global environmental problem that have great effects on the progress of projects Statstical date relating to the quantities of matenal waste for building works have not been well documented, end there is wo known model for predicting the quanttes of onsite matenel waste for different ratenals, such as plastering moar. This study was aims fo develop e model for predicting volune of plastering waste in building works. The population for the study consisted 1345 residential construction project sites within Abuja, Nigena. The sample fiame constituted a total of twenty 3-bedroom bungalow buildings and twenty 3bedioom duplex buldings using shatfied random sampling method. The volume of the mortar wasted and mortar used are determined by wring bucket as the most commonly used on constuction sites Lineer-egression analytical tool wes used forthe analyses. The study revealed telatonshipe between verables considered are statistically significant inthis study. The study concludes that relationship between valune of plastering mortar to be used end volume of plastenng waste are statistically significant in both bungalow end duplex works. This means that xy change ih any of the variables would bring a similarly change inthe other variables. Based on these, the research recommends the use of these models by the bulking construction yrofessionals at the early stage in order to have an ideal record of Likely waste Keywords: Model, Ngeria, Plastering waste, Used plaster. 1 INTRODUCTION Construction waste has been identified as @ global environmental problem which can have great effects on time, cost, quality and sustainability, as well es the yrogtess of projects (Nagepan etal, 2012, Hassan et al, 2012, Saidu, 2016; Seidu et al, 2017), ‘Material wastage has become a serious challenge all cover the world, which needs immediate ection n the construction industry and it has affects the completion of many projects (Adewuyi and Oli, 2013);Saidu et al, 2017), Studies ftom around the woild have revealed that material waste fiom the construction industry contibutes fo higher percentage of the production costs Hence, inadequate management of mates and waste leeds fo an increase in the total cost of construction projects (Ameh and Ttedo, 2013). During the construction process exta construction materials are purchased as a result of material wastage (Ping et al, 2009). The issue of material waste all over the nation yemains uesolved in the construction industry. For instance, in the United Kingdom (UE) 10% of the raterials supplied to construction sites end up as waste that may not be explained (Osmani, 2011). Ameh and Todo (2013) stated that in Nigeria in every 100 houses Dull, there is sufficient waste material to build another 10 houses, Adewayh end Otnli(2013), Saidu, (2016) discovered that dung the process of preparing an estimate for e constuction project the quantity of 61 rater waste gensuted on some construction sites is Over the 5 percent allowence fr material wastage on onstruction site. Thus, constriction cost estimation nsthods play croial oles inthe completion of rojects (Oyedele, 2015). Masud et al. (2012) Seid and Shakantw 2017) noted that while guantficeton of ronterial waste i very important for consraction waste conrel, acuate calculation canbe accomplished by developing waste qumtfication model thats aplcebe to naonal and regional construction waste generation (aterial wastage on construction stes can have impact onthe quantyof mates delrvered/osed but objectsve researches fo rove evidence of such ampact of cost are mboptial (Sed and Shakanta, 2017) In Nigens, tot all mafenals supplied fo site are used dung construction proces, the leftover may remain as wast that may not be explained (Ameh and lodo, 2013, Seidy, 2016). This is despite the fect that constuction Twofessionals allow some percentage of wastge figures dung the process of pricing a bill of quantities, but sites expenence has reveled tint wastage aze often tore than the enountellowed in th bid doctment, if fie management i not tight (Sad, 2016). Tn the last decade, management of waste genezaion has received Jess afention in the Nigenan constuction anutry (Wahab and Lawal, 2011). This could be as a result of the low level or lac of proper quantification of materia vaste and this is evident in the amount of waste genemted at construction sites, low level of awareness Gf the construction worker, a low level of svalable1" International Civil Engineering Conference ((CEC 2018) Department of Civil Engineering Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria means of waste disposel; or the slow edoption of exvuonmentally sustainable practices (Saidu and Shalanty, 2017), Yuan and Shen (2011) highlighted that the ingulficent attention given to mateal-waste generation in developing nations cing the past decedes Jas meant that the statistical dafa on the quantity of ratenal-waste generation aze nat readily vaiable. Ths is supported by Bebetunde (2012), who believes thatthe sufuaon is not any different nthe Nigenan construction industry and these are important for the constuction professionals to propesly manage their disposal thereof ‘The statistical date relating the quantities of mater waste for rojects have not been well documented inthe construction industry Saidu, 2016; Saidu and Shakanty, 2017). There is 0 Inown model for yredictng the quantities of onsite material waste for different ratenals, uch as plastering mortar, block works and s0 forth, and also statistics on the waste generated aze rinimal in the Nigerian Construction industry Babetinde, 2012) Adewuyi end Ota (2013) engue that despite the allowance of 5 pexcentages ually made to take caxe of ratenal waste when preparing estimate for project is inadequate because waste is found in several ways in project in Nigeria. Several reseexches evidence has revealed that previous studies fiom exound Nigeria centered mostly on wasle-contol in the industry, as well as the necessary means for their contol. Nonetheless, these studies have failed to develop e model for predicting material waste in building construction works. Hence, ts study seeks to develop a model for predicting the volune of plastering waste in building works. ‘To achieve this eim, null hypothesis wes set as there is non-statisticaly ‘relationship between the volume of plastering material fo be used and the volume of plastering wast 1ecoxded. 1.1 MATERIAL WASTE IN BUILDING WORKS Construction waste is a well-known issue intemationally and has adverse impact on overall progress of « project as well as the building society and natue (Negapan et al, 2012). As result of this construction activity during the acquisition of raw materials has contributes to the generation of waste in the construction site (Saidu, 2016). In the cost of camying out these construction activities dung construction works has pose negative effects to the envionment and the generation of waste, changes in living environment, sewage, reduction in envizonmental resomces and energy usage (Mahayuddin et al, 2013)Due to the fact that the majonity of this waste has not been properly controlled, thus causing considerable health and envionmental challenges (imam et al,2008) and affecting the progress of many projects in Nigeria (Adewuyi and Otali 2013), (Saidu and Shakantu 2016) According to Al-Hajj and Hemani (2011) construction ‘waste is described as ‘the difference between materials 62 supplied to construction site and those materials placed fr use on construction projects’. Negapan et el. (2012) therefore, confi that waste is axy siplus or unwanted raterial constantly causing envizonmentl difficulties, On other hand, Construction waste was viewed by many scholars as construction process that generate waste but creates no value, such as rework , inconect choice, programme of work and poor constructablity that leeds to waste generation in constuction sites (Ma, 2011, Nagapan et al, 2012; Negapen, Abdul Rahman and Asmi, 2012; Chikezirim end Mwanaumo, 2013 and Said, 2016), Nagroho et al. (2013) also noted that construction waste is Teftover maieral es the residue of constuction activities and is caused by many factors, such a5 over production, handling emor, accidents. Baldwin et al (2010) further considered ‘construction waste as the difference between the materials requested and those ratenials placed on construction projects. Gulghene and Kehandve, (2015)later considered that construction waste involved unnecessary material produced diectly or incidentally by the constuction or industries which leads to waste generation inthe construction sites Kwon et el. (2001) and Swinbume et al. (2010) contended that construction waste can be categories info; waste generated cue to design and spzcificetion, and’ waste generated during construction ectvites Fomnoso et al. (1999) and Swinbume et al. (2010) also contended that waste can be unavoidable (or natural waste), m which the necessary time to its reduction is higher than the economy produced, and waste can be avoidable when the cost of waste is greatly considerable Iigher than the cost to cub the waste Construction raterial waste was also divided info cutting waste, application waste, transit waste and theft and vandalism (Mfuhwez et al, 3012) and (bel and Baig, 2016). ‘The plaster waste ceuses environmental damage that resulis fiom generating waste material andthe economic and social aspects of waste that have an effects on the construction ses (Alencer etal, 2010). Ameh and Ttodo (2013) also identified morter from plastering/endering as the most wasteful materials on construction sites. Eze etal. 2017) concluded that waste fiom mortar has the most wasteful materials on construction sites ‘Material waste can also have great effect on the progress of a construction project, since it precisely has a great effect on the constuction costs (Negapan et al, 2012). Madhavi etal. (2013)Gulghane and HEhandve(2015) noted that , if management of material inconstruction projects is not well done it wil produce a great roject cost difference which also leads fo waste generation on construction sites. Ameh and Itodo (2013) also identified weste fiom moter as the highest cost production to the project cost and waste fiom concrete cost ten times the cost of moriar. Bebatunde (2012) Indicates that mortar fiom plaster has the highest cost of raterials wastage on site. Babstunde (2012) futher1" International Civil Engineering Conference (CEC 2018) Department of Civil Engineering Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria concluded that mortar used for plaster contributed to an average of 1532% cost in the construction sites in Nigenan, 3 METHODOLOGY ‘This research employed the use of field study design, approsch by collecting quantitative data, The data were generated ftom the dixect measwement of the on-site Plastering waste volume /measwed plastering volume fa be used for 20 number 3-bedzoon bungalow and 3- Dedioom duplex respectively, all converted to cubic mete (volume). The table containing these details is resented in Appendix Lof this research ‘The population for the study consisted 1345 3-bedroom residential bungelow and duplex construction project sites within Federel Capital Tenttory (FCT) area of Nigeria. In this research, total twenty (20) 3.bedoom bungelow Duildings and twenty (20) 3-bedioom duplex buildings were sampled These were the active 3.bedioom construction projects as at the time of collecting the research data and to which access was made easier Bbedroom bungelows and duplexes were selected, Decause they were the most convenient forms of residential buildings for average Nigerians today. Inorder to guarantee equal representation for each of the identified groupelstata in the population, stratified random sampling method was adopted. The respondents were fist categorized info two different shata (3- bbedtoom bungalow and 3-bedioom duplex) before they were selected and randomly sampled accordingly. For this research, primary sources were used to generate date ‘This study collected primary data through quantitative research approaches which included the use of onsite site observation, measurements of quanhity of plastering waste and recording on site wes employed. Ths research also concenttated on mortar waste for plaster only as material considered in this esearch. 3.1 Field inspections ‘The volume of the mortar waste and mortar used are determined by using bucket as the most commonly used on construction sites 3.2 Method of data analyses, ‘The research adopted the use of inferential methods of analysis to analyze the data and the results were resented in Tables. Regression analyses are used to show the statistical relationship between one dependent variable and one or rote independent variables data. They are also used as a basic predictive analysis. This study was conducted Detween January 2018 to June 2018. 4, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ‘This section presents the relationshipbetween volume of mortar to be wed for plaster and volume of plastering 63 waste by using linear - regression analyses and its discussions Also before running the regression analyses, test for nomnality was performed to ensue that the date were nomnally distributed using the Shapiro Wills Test and the results revealed ¢ nomally distributed data and this allows for futher regression analyses to be conducted. 4.1 Relationship between the volume of mortar to he ‘used for plaster and the volume of plastering waste ‘The two analyses in Table 1 show the result of linear regression analyses performed between the volume of plaster waste and the volume of plaster tobe used on 3- bedioom bungalows and duplexes. The results depict a linear and a stiong conelation with the R-square values of $3.10% and 95.10% respectively. The probability ‘values (0.000) were less than the 5% significance level, and the hypotheses were conducted at the 95% confidence level. ‘Thevefore, relationships axe statistically significant, and the ‘null hypotheses axe rejected. The results show that any change in the either of the vanebles (X and Y) would lead to a conesponding change in the other. ‘TABLE 1: RESULTS OF REGRESSION ANALYSES BETWEEN VOLUME OF PLASTER TO BE USED AND VOLUME OF PLASTERING WASTE FOR }BEDROOM BUNGALOWS AND DUPLEGS 7 er “Tey pee zie Elie PAE HW 8 we | [ele |g te) : TE [else [© © EERE Ses [Se (3 | a 2) | Ele Sie [TE |B fa 8 foe | phst Brel a Be fe] |B ae [ae [E [mse fon [oo [2/2 BE Ses |S |B 23h al? © |e [Eee als weet [te |B | et e et fs |? sk : tae | ‘Therefore, to predict the volume of plaster waste using the 3.dedioom bungalows and duplexes will be determined by. adding the constant value (2.35 and1" International Civil Engineering Conference ((CEC 2018) Department of Civil Engineering Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria 1.384 respzctvely) to the coefficient value of the plaster wed in volume (3205 and 4276 respectively), end rultipied by the volume of plaster to be used for Duikng works ‘These results conoborate with the findings of Sedu and Shakantu (2017) who observed that increase in the ‘volume of materials used would leads to increase on the quantity of matenal waste and would also increases the cost of materials waste for project. Also, Ameh and Todo (2013), Teo et al. (2009), Said and Shakanta (2016) cbserved that final cost of a building project also Increases as results of material wastage on construction sites, Which more so means that as more materials ere wasted, more is needed, thus affecting the final project costs 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Construction waste has been identified es global environmental problem that have great effects on time, cost, quality and sustainability, as well asthe progress of constuction projects. Statistical data relating to the quantities of material waste for building works have not Deen well documented, and there is no Inown model for predicting the quantities of onsite material waste for different 'matenals, such as plastering mortar, block works and so forth. This study was aims to develop a model for predicting plastering waste volume in building works. The study concludes that relationship between volume of plastering mortar to be used and ‘volume of plasteving Waste are statistically significent in both bungalow end duplex works. This means thet any change in any of the variables would bring « simularly change in the other variables. The model was developed fiom the linear regression analysis. 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