- 5. Lagrange’s Interpo! lation Formuls es 5.1] Introduction In the previous chapter, the interpolation formulae have discussed for the function y= f(x) are appliableve the arguments are given at equal intervals. in this chap shall have an occassion to discuss one of the welhiae interpolation formula which goes by the name of Lagag Interpolation formula’ when the arguments arenotnectst spaced. However this formula can also be applid #® ce ‘when the intervals are equally spaced 52} Lagrani \ge’s Interpolation formula for unequal inteas Let Yo. 94. Yare--rYn be the (n+1) wales ee {y= fla) corresponding to the arguments %o ie, necessarily equally spaced. Itis assumed thatthe ne isa panei ince (n +1) values of se me differences of order (n+ 1)are 200. Thus /(1) 89a a polynomial in x of degree n. et P,(x)Be 2 Poy degree n. ‘ ‘Then Py(x)= Ag Hi) X2)- 40) ek ¢ +A -t0E a 0h 4 Ag x= 0)x 28 eee te Ag = Xo AVE constants (| where Aor Ay. Aar Ay al Note: The term in which A, ovcurs tae Lagrange’ Interpolation Formula 189 We determine the (n +1) constants Ap, Ay, Aa, tomake Py (9) = Yo, Py()=Va- Pala) =Ya. oe Pl, ‘Todetermine Ay, put xo (Aq S035 Pylxy)= Ag lg —X1)(¥9 —¥) (9 —Xq) > (Xo ~ X19 = 39) C9 —¥y) ie Yo (0 =, — 33) 4) Similarly, Ay = Substituting the values of Asin (1), we get (2-2) 2p) let) P(x) = EE) =H) (Gem Meo =ta)nlfo 25) 2? (beat) l= 2,) Grn =). —x,) Oat e=n)..8 4) Ga =F Ne =H) ox? (= oMtmay)oGe-25-) (ey Fo ==) Theequaton (2) scaled Lagrange Lagrange's formula is more general Sesppindto unequal intel Hoe isvery laborious Note: The equation (2) can be writen as Pula) =Lo(a)yg + Lye), +L here than Newton's asitcan ver, working inthis case (Wa ++ Ly(2)yy tye 210K Mma ley te aN Ace aap en) >ie Numerical Analysis It will be seen that each of the given val multiplied by a polynomial in x of degree nine Of L400) the factor (r-) is missing and then repeats the numerator except that x, everywhere "lag: Remark : Lagrange's formula is merely a rela two variables either of which m: nate y be taken as the in following formula on changing * and yin @) weatge function of y (y= 4s My ~¥2)--(Y Yn) On ya = Wi Nvo—Ya)-=(¥o~Ua) 4, Woy =a) YY) (Ya Yo MYs ~Y2) V1 = Yad (y~ yoy Yi My ~ Ys) =H), Ua Hoe YN V9) W) (y= YoY YY =a) ead 4 Hoy saya) Ga =HoV Yn = VY Yo) Ye) [E3] Another form of Lagrange's formula “The Lagrange’s formula can be put in the fom g. _ oly, $e — 0 xO) P(x) were s)= fte-x- e ai be written Proof : Lagrange’s formula can Dewitt 4) (= We} Lagyange’s Interpolation Formula m1 guns) =F] (2-0 M22) Fe) xp) ¢1og 0-3) ++ log (x —x,) +--+ logt—%_) Jog 2) =1og (* Differentiating, we get 1 = Se - ght) MEH) Gx) 2 9(0)) =, Ha May Doo 8 AM, Head aie, (3, 0) ence from (), (2) = 3 SE [5-4] the sum of Lagrangian coefficients is unity From the previous article, we can write Lagrange’s interpolation formula in the for. -§_tay, mta)= 2-5 Ua) where La) =(x = 9) =) ¥3) Ua) Weneed to prove that $: — U8) pert EE Before we give a formal proof, we shall demonstrate the theorem by taking up specific cases. (xox) For=1, vie for the arguments x9 and x;, we have p,a a iT, pM ‘so that the Lagrangian coefficients are and *—*0_ 0 MTX Now, yeas ee three arguments 19, P(xy= FAVE), = a fle) (x= x9 x=%) (x1 =X )(21 -%2) Go ==) =¥0) ” _eaxole= a) __ (ea salamy), Gp 104-2) 1 (ag — 79M“) ‘The sum of the Lagrangian coefficients, in this case 2 ene) ea roe Go =i —¥0) Ho—HH—*) 2D, (x= x9 xx) ay) elem 10) rakes (-mye “Payton xl] cay fay — Ha) (8 FONE aad a) oe goal Ga saints 12 —) ip 4 iglay a) taptaltg Aa) ee Gay aN AIOE (x=) after & - (9 — ln =) = 29) AP Gs ( aaa cyclic factorisation Ye malt —¥o) 1) = Te This shows that the sum ofthe Lagrangian cooficients in this case also is equal to ‘Observe: The Lagrangian cocticients are (ron haan) (rm ny Mr - TG) Ta) where L(2) (xg 4 = Formal proof : We prove the theorem forthe arguments 4g, 4, %3-However the method is quite general. We have, 1 ESC ee) by the partial fraction method we abla, Aubtn) Abn) w = Ag (=a Morag) + A(x oKE— A) + A(t 9X4) Putting x= 9-47 successively, we get a G3) oA) Need ta 2 oxo) Putting the values of Ap. Ay, Ap in (2), we get < us) to) Foy MK WR — Fo ua) Wn 1H) @Numerical Analysis r But Uar=te-x6\(r= m1) > log Ux) =log (9) + 10g (x Differentiating, La) 1 Ue) Sky Fa, Xa Pee) 4x 1) Hoge, ee, 1 oMx= x5) = LG) (4-H) 4), Teo BG) = 04-20) — 9), 143) = =o r3 =), Hence from (2), 1 RS Ua) tay (x= x9) (%) 7)E@)" O=H Lay | ‘This proves the theorem. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES AMPLE 1. The observed values of a function are espn 468, 120, 72 and 63 at the four postions independent variable ‘ Ae applying Lagranse’s jence applying Lagrange - Hen Ei 6- 96=10) 4, « 6=DE— NEW yo Yo™ ee ee is 6-36-76 =10) y, + eae i 2? * a0 Lagange nepaton oma 6 CDEICD 6g) , EI, HSA, (yes ee, aoe ayeaICy MIA yy, ONOIN-3) GMD (120) 1 3 20)-72 sy 168) +3 (120)-72 12180-72427 =147 AMPLE 2. The following table i given. Oita ieee 203 2 M7 Whats the form of f(s)? Solution : Here ¥9 =0,35 Yo=2; JO" aaNet = 1) (= ro)(e-m Me) Fo) =I ay) bene) Wz ato Mts = =9) (erp) 2) 1=0I=2)0=3) (-N2=I=5), fo) (=e = 20-8) 9), MER BA=H), x2) Oe Ie) HEA DIE—5) oy , HIME ~2) Teamneay Raya“)— Numerical Analysis - (x- 190 =2y(x-3)x(- Lagrange’ Interpolation Formals 7 +x -2 ( cL. i J yig-daiee B28 +x(8-1)(x~5)x(-2) 4 4) a S f(x) 70 1Ya a fe ~493-+11.66 +533 14.65, x(t 1)le = 2@—5) TAMALES. Given log. 654 = 2.8156, log. 658 -2.5182, e log 659 28189 log, S61 - 28202, aur find Lo 656. pectin occas lution : Here xy ~654, x = 658,15 = 659, x a eee 20x, 1686 20x(x — 1x = 2x tog yp 656. (656 ~ 658 (656 — 659 656 ~ 661) 20(x3 #12 42) B10 O° (654 — 658)( 654 — 659)(654 - 661) Dre tay _ (56654) 656 ~659)(656— 66) = foarte ox+ « ESS = ASB 65E a) = . : _, (656 ~654)(656 ~ 658)(656 BUMPLE3. The values of x and y are given as below: (P= FNC9—~NES sesearic i 6 cea __ (656 = 054656 — 65865 - 658) y RnB 4 6 (G61 — 654)(661 ~ 658)(661 — 659)“ Find the value of y when x =10. RCH asa) care Solution ; Here xq =5,x, =6,2, =9 and, =11 EAB IR 7) “OS yma A and Yo =12, yy =13, yp = Tandy, =16, preteen iat 3), ct (10=6)00=9)00-11) gene fs ¥10 == 6S —NS— 1) f $< (28156)+3 (28182) -2 (28189) 8-0, 2 (oan (6—SY6-N6-B) se 10 -6)0- = 06093+7 085 ~ 56978 +0.8057=28170 02S us ty. mune. of Lagat trae, pore tht (9-59-61 approximately © 105100 HE goody ty Aly “WW va * T= SHITE F solntion : If we shit the origin to 3, then we are given 4xdx(-1) 5x1 Pek Selig wanes rel to find that eoieixled as eae Enegeo” CY 0 vy =Beys ve) 1 -o)-Uos-voh CD ade 4-2)198) ‘Numerical Analysis Applying Lagrange’s formula, we have ¥ ) 3=0)18=203-6) G04. (4= O14 —214=6)* * eos, 2 EMD MDE yey! EBA 0 8 aye) ES, ia! Ne 76407642 764 ie Me 9 1 7g (M2 TY) 7G Wo +6) =fB Gee hin tydh— ~{S avo hee evo} -hnew 1 1 (2 +44) 7g ll¥0 tHe) Wa +40) 1 Lys +¥4)~7gll¥e —va)-We oh [Now shifting the origin back to-3, we ; BAMPLES. IF yo, 942 Yarn Mg ate the consecutive ke series, then prove that y3 =005(y9 + ¥4)—0-3ys +s) 0788: Solution : According to Lagrange's formula, wel (ea exp) 86) $0)" Gx rg =H) Fo —¥) (xa xo eat) Gay amon ta (x= xx == Folie — 2% ~ a enced toexpressy,intermsofya, Ys, Ye. ¥e-¥s and Ye Lagrange’ Inelaton Formals 199 1p #245 3,44 =4, 55 5,5 -6 Hence substituting the values of 34, gy. %¢ in the Lagrange’s formula, we get B=1)9-213-4)(3-3)3-6) (0-10-2040 30-6) (3-013 -2)13 4353-6) M 4 G=0N3-8-2)3-513-6) (Oya Na=2yE= Sy =6) ** (-B=013=-03-213~4)3-5) (G=0K6=1K6-2N6 46-5)" EDEL) MEE 21-3) “THEI DE I-81 D3 aNe 22-29), 2 gayaNe 14-2)" “D0 3200-2) SANOIX=D eG yaNann % 1 a By aS rey a Yong Mt G2 GM ays 1 3 3 By Yo tYe) “GH THs) 222 #y4) = 005(¥9 +44) O-%M4 +5) +075(¥2 + vs). Hence proved,tat dah BANPLE?. The values of f(x) a : Laroge' Intepltion Forel ae Riven ata,» eye om uidistant values u 4-44, and uz being 971 /c E Fre mein waa by Lagrange's ; FO) + = aif eee | fonmela; show tat imay be wetten fate toes ww Pande mtn a t Boise tes yuments a, Hand cis given by A : fis) PaDE=O >. (oman, neces, @- OraXb=e 10) Solution: Taking u_1, tg, 1,11, as known values, we have + {zee | py Laprange's formula (em ayerp i atelataes _ : Babiana 1) pea gy EMEA, teone-oKe-2),- ee (eNO=NO=H "Te naONT “eave Formax./min of f(x), wehave f(x) 6-H) 2x~ (bre) + 22Dee-O¥8=) (@en@=0)2-1) M2) aE hays 28=(E +0) (x =1x-2) (x +1 = oMe= 5 Hayes MO) AESMED, +01 a 0 teh (40x02) (ese -1) any ee a) = eb Hb=0) (a) = PE LesAMea py Astin. for the RLS, we have i TEE) GIN eNenay uy (EW uy @(E-2E su, = Fiuy~2Eu 5 +4, omy 2g su, sod vmilay uy =, ~ 24, + ay Nee RIS. yy oan « MUHHY +1 [x(a +b -¥) ~(enane=eya=n = (2x Uh MOC) fla) + (2x ~(c + apie a) {0 + x(a + ba —HA = (2ax(b 0) fla) -(0? 2) F(a) stance npn cei + [axa se le] y=tan x] 05774 | 06249 [0.7002 | o7ais 1. 1fleg 2 =0:30103 log 3= 0.47712, log 5 = 0.69807, og? =0.5510, findthe value ofog 47 to four paces of decimals '\Find the form of the function given by Besser In ty y=fe) 30 12 15 —a * Fost form ofthe function f(x)for the following table: BeOS ig com Wf) 8 on @ ps I ERY Lagrange’ formula tofind (5) given that ft) <2, $22)=4, $3)=8, f(a) = 16, (7)=128 and explain why ‘heres differs fom 2° ean __ Ti The following table gives the orl weights of babi thing theft 12 montheat ie 8 Ase in months] 0 [Weight ints | 2 | ST 8 [wre fem] "| 16 | as |rr ae ae 204 Numerical Analysis Estimate the weight of the baby at the age of 7 months 12, The following values of the function f(x) for values of: are given : f(1)=4, f(2)=5, f(7)=5, f(8)=4. Find the value of f(6) and also the value of x for which f(x)'s maximum or minimum. 13. By means of Lagrange’s formula, prove that 1 =¥s ~O%Vs ~y 3) +0.2(y_5 - ys) approx ANSWERS 1.19 29 3.101 4. 2x? —3x+4;6 5.x°-7? +18x-12;4 6.0,6494 7. 0.6721 (approx) 8.x} ~9x2 417446 9x3 x2 4348 40. (5) =33 11.15.67 Ibs 12. f(6) =5.66, f(x)is maximum atx =4.5 boo