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ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781

15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for

Sustainable Development”

Earth Human Settlement Ecosystem and Underground Space

Research
Hongjun Wang a*
a
Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

Abstract

The goal of this study is the Earth human settlement ecosystem evolution principle and its relationship with the Underground
space. Research scope including the World population, the Earth temperature, the evolution rule and evolution mechanism of the
Earth human settlement ecosystem, the relationship of the Earth human settlement ecosystem and the Underground space.
Research methods mainly include system science, order parameter theory, logic, system evolution theory, bifurcation theory, the
factor analysis method, system factor correlation principle, the gray correlation analysis method. The results of this study are
mainly: First, put forward the concept of the Earth human settlement ecosystem and the concept of Human settlement ecological
change. Second, reveals the evolution rule and evolution mechanism of the Earth human settlement ecosystem. Thirdly,
summarizes the “Disordered state” and "First interference bifurcation" scientific facts of the Human settlement ecological
change, put forward the "Second interference bifurcation hypothesis”, explained "The mechanism of many times interference
bifurcation”. Fourthly, clarified the relationship of the the Earth human settlement ecosystem and the Underground space. The
conclusion of this study shows that the Human settlement ecological change of “Disordered state” and "First interference
bifurcation" two phenomena, has caused serious damage of the Earth human settlement ecosystem. The Underground space is an
effective method for slowing the Human settlement ecological change, the Earth human settlement ecosystem and the
Underground space is the relationship between the parent system and subsystem, with quantitative System factor correlation
degree.
© 2016
© 2016Published
The Authors. Published
by Elsevier by Elsevier
Ltd. This Ltd.
is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Urbanisation
Peer-review as aresponsibility
under Prerequisite of
fortheSustainable Development.
scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a
Prerequisite for Sustainable Development
Keywords: Earth human settlement ecosystem; Human settlement ecological change; Order parameter; Disordered state; Interference bifurcation;
Independent factor, Common factor; Leading factor; Factor correlation degree

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ipo@sdu.edu.cn.

1877-7058 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a
Prerequisite for Sustainable Development
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.774
766 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781

1. The Introduction

The Earth system is the research object of earth system science, including to earth circle system and earth
ecosystem, human activities increasingly become an important driving factor of the Earth system. Global change is
defined as “in the global environment, The Change of can change the capacity of the earth to carry life” , the human
driving factor has become the main reason of global environment change. The World population growth and global
warming has become the world's recognized key questions, the Earth system and Global change provides a
theoretical basis for study of the Earth human settlement ecosystem.
Awareness of the Earth is the philosophical foundation of the Earth human settlement ecosystem and the Human
settlement ecological change, it makes us from the angle of the Earth system and Global change to observe and study
the problem, it pointed out the direction of the selection of research methodology, it provides a fundamental
guarantee for the correctness of the research conclusion. The corresponding idea of regional cognition, the two
constitute the whole philosophy foundation of the Earth human settlement ecosystem.
1975 "Man and Biosphere Programme " hosted by the United Nations established the "comprehensive ecological
studies on human settlements" theme, promote the development of the "urban ecology". Academician of the Chinese
scholars Wu Liang yong 1993 proposed the concept of "The Sciences of Human Settlements ", and is the author of
"Introduction to Sciences of Human Settlements” . The body of the Earth human settlement ecosystem is a city,
urbanization and the Human settlement ecological change has close relationship, Current theory will be more
urbanization is a positive human behavior, the United Nations through sustainable development agenda in 2030 put
forward "to the development of the urbanization as a tool" . Former US Vice President Al Gore this cautious
negative views, in "The Furtue Six Drivers of Global Change" , He see urbanization as "excessive development
agent of the world". In the "Global Change and Earth System - A Planet Under Pressure", the Swedish scholars W.
Steffen's team proved "urbanization in all scales have been showed obvious impact on the environment (Berry,
1990), in the local scale, at the regional scale, on the global scale" urbanization is presented to the destruction of the
ecological environment. Underground space is an active factor in the process of urbanization, Academician of the
Chinese scholars Qian Qihu said, Underground space utilization rate is 40% of the city ground space, therefore, the
Underground space plays an important role in the study of the Earth human settlement ecosystem.
The “Earth Human Settlement Ecosystem and Underground Space Research” based on the three major global
background: First, the Global change has to have a great impact on the human existence environment. The “Paris
Convention” of “The United Nations framework convention on climate change” agreement by 2100, the global
average temperature control from pre-industrial levels within 2 degrees Celsius; Second, global urbanization trend.
According to “The United Nations world urbanization prospects report”, global urban population has reached 3.9
billion in 2014, accounting for 54% of the world's population. By 2050, the world's urban population will increase to
6.4 billion, 66% of the world's population. Third, the development and utilization of underground space resource.
Academician Qian Qihu pointed out that "In the 19th century is the century of Bridges, The 20th century is the
century of high-rise buildings, The 21st century is the century of the Underground space" .
Around the world, this paper choose the " Earth Human Settlement Ecosystem and Underground Space Research
" proposition is still in a state of blank, as Rachel Carson, in the "Silent Spring," said "all of these are serious
problems, there is no simple solution, the longer we wait, the greater the risk" . British sociologist, political scientist,
Giddens warned in “The politics of climate change”, "Our civilization can be self-destructive, no one doubts, and
given the global scope, the destruction of the consequence is unimaginable." , the Earth human settlement ecosystem
research about the moral bottom line of human existence, the underground space is the road of human self-salvation,
the time left for us is not much.
 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781 767

2. The Earth human settlement ecosystem evolution principle

2.1 Basic knowledge of the Earth human settlement ecosystem

(1)The Earth human settlement ecosystem concept
“The Earth human settlement ecosystem” is a subsystem of Earth system, referred to as “ EHES system”, the
Earth human settlement ecosystem theory is a branch of the theory of Earth system and Global change. By the Earth
human settlement ecosystem theory, human settlement space and earth ecosystem will be studied as a whole system,
the human life and the natural ecology is the essential connotation of the Earth human settlement ecosystem , the
evolution rule and evolution mechanism is the core problem, the Earth human settlement ecosystem can be
expressed as:
EHES = <{H,E} R> (1)
EHES says the Earth human settlement ecosystem, H said the Earth human settlement space subsystem, E said
the Earth ecological environment subsystem, {H, E} said a collection of elements in the Earth human settlement
ecosystem , R says the relationships between elements in the collection of the Earth human settlement ecosystem .
(2) The Earth human settlement ecosystem characteristics
First, the system Whole emergence properties. Whole emergence properties is the basic attribute of the Earth
human settlement ecosystem, It is a new attribute not available of the system component and subsystem and the sum
of them, namely "the whole is not equal to the sum of the parts"i, it decided to the Earth human settlement ecosystem
with integral form, the whole structure, the overall properties, the overall state, overall function, the whole evolution,
overall bifurcation, the overall change.
Second, the system low risk tolerance. Risk tolerance refers to the Earth human settlement ecosystem bear the
ability and level of risk, Because the Earth human settlement ecosystem has features of human life, so it's ability and
level of risk is very low, the human society is hard to bear the Human settlement ecological change caused by the
disaster.
Third, the system multi-layer structure. The first level, the Earth human settlement ecosystem . The second level,
the Earth human settlement space system and the Earth ecological environment system. The third level, the Earth
human settlement space system's subsystem and component, the Earth ecological environment system's subsystem
and component.
Fourth, the system state. The Earth human settlement ecosystem state is determined by the Earth human
settlement space variable and the Earth ecological environment variable. Introduction of the Earth human settlement
ecosystem state vector X, the Earth human settlement space variable h, the Earth ecological environment variable e,
the Earth human settlement ecosystem is a set of numerical (xh, xe), it is expressed the Earth human settlement
ecosystem of a state X, its vector formula is:
‫݄ݔ‬
X=ቂ ቃ (2)
‫݁ݔ‬
(3)The Human settlement ecological change concept
"Human settlement ecological change" refers to the worldwide, the ecological environment changes, it could
change the Earth human settlement space carrying capacity of human life, referred to as “HEEC change”, main show
is the evolution of the Earth human settlement ecosystem "Disordered state" and "Interference bifurcation". The
Human settlement ecological change of the Earth human settlement ecosystem overall "Whole emergence
properties", could not be produced by any component or subsystem. The Human settlement ecological change is an
important part of Global change, pose a direct threat to human society, it is a matter of science, but also a moral
problem.
(4)The Earth human settlement space system concept
" The Earth human settlement space system " is the subsystem of the Earth human settlement ecosystem, it is a
kind of artificial system reflects the relationship between geographical environment and human society, the system
characteristics mainly include:
First, the system of subjectivity. City is the main part of the system structure, the urban settlement form is the
core element system.
768 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781

Second, the pluralism of the system. It consists of settlement component, urban component, the spatial city
system.
Third, the system integrity. Nest, settlement, city, spatial city system , the form of all settlements have the overall
emergence properties.
Fourth, the system correlation. Structural elements such as population, ecology, space according to the
characteristic way linked together.
(5)The Earth ecological environment system concept
" The Earth ecological environment system " is the subsystem of the Earth human settlement ecosystem, it is the
synthesis of the earth "ecology" and "environment " concept, contains the sum of function of the earth's biosphere,
the non-biosphere, the geographical environment, We define " The Earth ecological environment system " is based
on human settlements centered narrow natural systems, the system features are:
First, the self organization system. It is the earth's ecological factor and environmental factor itself the product of
the interaction.
Second, the pluralism of the system. The diversity of earth's biological, non-biological, geographical
environment, form the diversity of the system.
Third, the system integrity. Mainly reflects in the earth's temperature, total global CO2 emissions overall "Whole
emergence properties" aspects.
Fourth, the system correlation. The elements of the earth, biological, non biological, geographical space, and
other elements composition system according to the specific association mode.

2.2 The Earth human settlement ecosystem evolution rule

2.2.1 Basic knowledge of Order parameter theory
German scholar Hawking's theory of Order parameter, to express the evolution of the Earth human settlement
ecosystem provides a method. Order parameter is a criterion of self-organizing systems orderliness to the evolution
of the system to discriminate. Chinese scholars Xu Guozhi said, "After the confirmation of order parameter, we
discuss that the evolution of the system can only be studied by order parameter, that will do. Order parameter
summarizes the information of the whole system to provide us with the information of the whole system, Order
parameter provides us with a key to the understanding and know of the system."[2]. The basic principle of Order
parameter are determined as follows:
First, Order parameter "generation and representation" principle: “Order parameter is the product of collective
movement ,the representation and measurement of the cooperative effect of microscopic subsystem "ii.
Second, Order parameter ‘’nature and function ” principle: "Because Synergetics research is the macroscopic
behavior of the system, so the order parameter introduced is a macroscopic parameter, which is used to describe the
whole behavior of the system. "iii.
Third, Order parameter "slaving principle" principle: "Order parameter control, master and slaving system state
variables, System transformation process is a system state variable formation of order parameter, the process of
order parameter and slaving system of other state variables.”[5], Haken called "slaving principle".
Fourth, Order parameter "slow variable decision fast variable" principle:"The order parameter is compared with
the other variables of the system state,it changes slowly with time, known as slow variable, and the number of other
state variables, fast change over time, known as fast variable." ,"The size of the order parameter determines the
degree of system order; it also plays a role in controlling the change of other fast variables,Order parameter can also
be called a command parameter".
2.2.2 The Earth human settlement space system evolution rule
(1) Logical argument of the World population order parameter
The first argument: Scientific evidence humans evolved from the apes, is a product of biology, biological
settlements, geographical environment interactions, Global number of human species be called World population. In
the Earth human settlement space system, structure, state, evolution, function and all that is associated with the
World population, The World population is the foundation of the Earth human settlement space system behavior and
 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781 769

the main body, it is the symbol of the system standard measurements. The above facts confirmed by the practice of
human society development, It has obvious truth.
The first topic: Therefore, the "World population" to meet the Order parameter "generation and characterization "
principle, and the argument is clearly the truth of truth obtained.
The second argument: "World population" macro parameter properties are evident truth of the facts. By the
United Nations, the "World Population" issues characterized as "For Earth's ecosystems poses a problem of
enormous pressure , called for from a global strategy for the sustainable development of highly recognize the
importance of the World population problem."iv. In the Earth human settlement space system, the World population
is the core indicators describe the system Integral property .
The second topic: Therefore, the "World population" to meet the Order parameter of "nature and effect" principle,
the topic is clearly Truth from Facts and the United Nations axiomatic truth.
The third argument: The human society has created different forms of settlements of the nest, the settlement, the
city and the spatial city system, and determines their geographical spatial scale, has been confirmed by the history of
the development of world human settlement space practice. In the three key elements of the Earth human settlement
space system, World population factor dominant, dominate, slaving the two elements of settlement form and
geospatial.
The third topic: Therefore, the "World population" to meet the Order parameter of
"slaving principle" principle, the truth from the World human settlement space development history of the
practice.
The fourth argument: Physiological processes of population change is slow, building and city changes
(settlement) is a rapid physical process, clearly the change of building and city (settlement) is determined by the rate
of population growth needs, According to scientific knowledge, the following formula was established:
buildings change speed > settlement and city change speed > population change speed (3)
The fourth topic: Therefore,"World population" meets the Order parameter "slow variable decision fast variable"
principle, The truth of the thesis is obtained by logical reasoning from apparent truth and axiom of scientific
knowledge.
(2) The Earth human settlement space system evolution process
As shown in figure 1, Order parameter evolution curve of World population for the Earth human settlement space
system:

Figure 1. The World population Order parameter evolution process

(According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) data draw)

(3) World Population Order parameter evolution dimensionless curve

770 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781

The non dimensional treatment of Figure 1 is done by the method of range transformation, get dimensionless
figure 2, Because the Order parameter status of the World population in the Earth human settlement space system,
Figure 2 we can characterize the "Earth human settlement space system evolution rule ".

Figure 2. The Earth human settlement space system evolution rule

2.2.3 The Earth ecological environment system evolution rule

(1) Logical argument of the Earth temperature order parameter
The first argument: The Earth ecological environment system includes the Surface ecological environment
subsystem, the Underground ecological environment subsystem and the Atmospheric environment subsystem,
modern science shows that the Earth temperature is three subsystems running comprehensive product, "United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" and other series of documents, are in the Earth temperature as
the dominant standard measure of the Earth system.
The first topic: Therefore, "Earth temperature" to meet the Order parameter "generation and characterization"
principle, Truth topic from basic scientific axiom and United Nations documents axiomatic.
The second argument: The" Earth temperature" nature of macroscopic parameter,
"Earth temperature" macro parameter properties, the "Earth temperature" is the scale parameter of the whole
behavior of the Earth ecological environment system, are the objective facts that do not need to be proved, with
obvious truth.
The second topic: Therefore, the "Earth temperature" to meet the order parameter "nature and function" principle,
its true reason is obvious.
The third argument: The United Nations “Kyoto protocol” "Bali road map" “Copenhagen accord” "Paris
conference on climate change file", Shows that global warming "Earth temperature" is the world recognized leading
problems, "The Earth temperature" slaving the Earth ecological environment system to produce Global change is
already a scientific fact that does not dispute.
The third topic: Therefore, "The Earth temperature” to meet the Order parameter "slaving principle" principle,
Truth rationality is the logical result of United Nations axiom and scientific axiom.
The fourth argument: Global meteorological observation history data shows that the Earth temperature is a very
slow variables, Global change science research shows that "the Earth temperature" slow variable determines the fast
variable of the Earth ecological environment system, such as melting ice on the surface of the earth, land
desertification, el nino phenomenon, rising sea levels and so on.
The fourth topic: Therefore, The principle of "the Earth temperature" to meet the order parameter "slow variable
decision fast variable", Its truth comes from the conclusion of historical scientific facts of global meteorological
observation and scientific research axiom of global change.
 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781 771

(2) The Earth ecological environment system evolution process

As shown in figure 3, Order parameter evolution curve of Earth temperature for the Earth ecological environment
system:

Figure 3. The Earth temperature Order parameter evolution process

(According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, British weather bureau,National Climate Data Center of the -United States ocean and
atmosphere data draw)

(3) The Earth temperature Order parameter evolution dimensionless curve

The non dimensional treatment of Figure 3 is done by the method of range transformation, get dimensionless
figure 4, Because the Order parameter status of The Earth temperature in the Earth ecological environment system,
Figure 4 we can characterize the “Earth ecological environment system evolution rule” .

Figure 4 . Earth ecological environment system evolution rule

2.2.4 The Earth human settlement ecosystem evolution rule statement
With the Chinese Academy of Sciences, East China Normal University, Nanjing University, Beijing Normal
University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shandong University, authoritative expert discussion, In combination with "The
World population " and "the Earth temperature" in the evolution regularity of the ratio of the change degree, Obtain
the weight allocation table for order parameter of earth human settlement ecosystem.
772 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781

Table 1. "World population" and "Earth temperature" order parameter weight allocation
scholar geographi human urban global meteorolog regional urban urban environme human
major cal geograp environm change ical planning geograph geograp ntal geograph
city hy ent informatio y hy engineerin y
n g
proporti 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
on
weight population populati populatio Segmen population Temperat Temperat populati population Temperat
order temperatu on n ted temperature ure ure on temperature ure
re temperat temperatu domina populatio populatio temperat populatio
ure re nt n n ure n
First 1750-1900 years, population dominated
stage population: temperature = 0.80:0.20

Second 1900-1980 years, population temperature dominated ,bifurcation

stage ˖0.30
population: temperature = 0.70˖

Third 1980-2025years, temperature population dominated

stage ˖0.40
temperature: population = 0.60˖

The logical reasoning process of the evolution law of the Earth human settlement ecosystem:
Major premise: System concept definition formula EHES = <{H,E} R>,
࢞ࢎ
System state vector formula X =ቂ ቃ ,
࢞ࢋ
Minor premise: "World population" and "Earth temperature" order parameter of weight allocation in table 1,
The Earth human settlement space system evolution rule in Figure 2,
The Earth ecological environment system evolution rule in figure 4,
Conclusion: The Earth human settlement ecosystem evolution rule in figure 5.
 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781 773

Figure 5 . The Earth human settlement ecosystem evolution rule

2.3 The Earth human settlement ecosystem evolution mechanism
2.3.1 Basic knowledge of system evolution and bifurcation theory
(1) System evolution type
"Ordered evolution" and "Disorder evolution" are the two types of system evolution, refers to “The process of
system evolution, the ordered degree of the system with time is more and more high, we call the system evolution in
the ordered direction or evolution, on the contrary, with time the system is evolving towards a more and more low
degree of order, we call degenerate (disordered evolution)”v.
(2) System evolution state
First, the "equilibrium state" is the initial stage of the evolution of the system, the characteristic is that the system
state variable is kept constant, the system is in a relatively stable state.
Second, the "near equilibrium state" is the state, the system state variable linear interval variation near
equilibrium stat. It follows Onsager reciprocal relations and the principle of minimum entropy production.
Third, The "bifurcation" is mutation phenomenon of system properties change, it is the structural change of the
system nonlinearity, generally exist in the process of system evolution. "Interference bifurcation" refers to the
external environment interference, the system has the state selective preference of bifurcation phenomenon.
Fourth, "orderly state" is to maintain an orderly structure of the state, with the system continuously with the
outside material and energy exchange, low symmetry and low entropy state are essential characteristics of ordered
state.
Fifth, "Disorder state" refers to the system elements "Irregular combination, no regularity in the movement
transformation."vi , high symmetry and high entropy state are essential features of disordered states, "Heat death" is
the theoretical end result of disordered evolution.
(3) System bifurcation theory
"System bifurcation" means that the evolution of the system reaches a critical value, the phenomenon of the
nature of the whole system sudden change, It is the key link to form the ordered state of the system or the state of
disorder. Nonlinear interaction between system elements, Fluctuation magnifying effect at the critical point of the
system, is a necessary condition for the bifurcation of the system. "The system's bifurcation conditions, bifurcation
type, the bifurcation solution expression, the bifurcation curve, the stability of the bifurcation solution and so on,
constitute the bifurcation theory."vii.
2.3.2 The Earth human settlement ecosystem evolution process
Logical reasoning from figure 5, get Figure 6, the evolution function curve of The Earth human settlement
ecosystem, and system evolution stage equation.
774 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781

Figure 6 . The Earth human settlement ecosystem evolution function

From Figure 6, the evolution function curve of the Earth human settlement ecosystem can be learned, in 1900-
1980 and 1980-2025 two stages, occurring phenomenon of the Human settlement ecological change, That is, the
evolution of the Earth human settlement ecosystem is in a state of disorder. By using the system evolution theory
and the bifurcation theory, to analyze the evolution mechanism of the earth human settlement ecosystem, the
following conclusions are obtained.
2.3.3 The Earth human settlement ecosystem bifurcation mechanism
Table 2. The Earth human settlement ecosystem evolution mechanism
evolution stage evolution state evolution time state analysis
˅
˄year˅
First stage orderly evolution 1750-1900 previous analysis: equilibrium state, linear function, human
settlement motivation.
disorder evolution 1900-1950 previous analysis: near equilibrium state, disorder critical state,
nonlinear exponential function, human settlement and ecological
Second stage motivation.
first interference 1950 previous analysis: bifurcation state, nonlinear stochastic probability
bifurcation ±5˄year˅ function, first time double peak value superposition of human
settlement and ecological motivation.
disorder evolution 1950-1980 previous analysis: disordered state, exponential function, human
settlement and ecological motivation.
1980-2015 previous analysis: disordered state, exponential function, ecological
and human settlement motivation.
Third stage disorder evolution 2016-2025 See ( foresee) analysis: disordered state, high growth exponential
function, ecological
and human settlement motivation.
2025-2030 foresee analysis: disordered state, high growth linear function,
ecological and human
settlement motivation.
 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781 775

second interference 2030 foresee analysis: bifurcation state, nonlinear stochastic probability
bifurcation hypothesis ±5˄year˅ function, second time double peak value superposition of ecological
and human settlement motivation.

(1) The first interference bifurcation of the Earth human settlement ecosystem
According to the Earth human settlement ecosystem is defined with the formula
࢞ࢎ
X=ቂ ቃ , By the system interference bifurcation theoryviii, get Figure 7, First interference bifurcation of the Earth
࢞ࢋ
human settlement ecosystem. After comprehensive inductive analysis of 1945-1955 world history, the following
conclusions are obtained:
First, in 1945 after the second world war, The high growth of the world population and industrialization, cause
the Human settlement motivation and ecological motivation double peak value superposition, Produced the first
interference bifurcation of the Earth human settlement ecosystem, bifurcation incubation time 1900-1950 years, 50
years.
Second, the nature of the bifurcation in 1950 is "the hidden interference bifurcation", The world is in the situation
Ignorance of scientific theory, government no control measures, human cognitive chaos.
Third, in 1950 the critical bifurcation condition of the lower range, The result of bifurcation symmetry breaking
selection explain that the stability of the the Earth human settlement ecosystem is very low.
Stability of the Earth human settlement ecosystem << Stability of the Earth system (4)

Figure 7 . Frst interference bifurcation of the Earth human settlement ecosystem

(2) Second interference bifurcation hypothesis of the Earth human settlement ecosystem
According to the Earth human settlement ecosystem is defined with the formula
࢞ࢎ
X = ቂ ቃ , By the system interference bifurcation theory, get Figure 8, Second interference bifurcation hypothesis
࢞ࢋ
of the Earth human settlement ecosystem. After comprehensive inductive analysis of 1980-2015 world history,
reference resources the first interference bifurcation bred for 50 years time, a comprehensive deduction analysis of
the world history of 2016-2030, the following conclusions are obtained:
First, between 1980-2015 years, world population industrialization and urbanization presenting high exponential
function growth state, the disordered evolution of the Earth human settlement ecosystem showed irreversible trend.
2016-2025 forecast data, brace linear high growth state of system disorder evolution. Ecological motivation rise to
the initiative beyond human settlement motivation, will accelerate the speed of system disorder evolution, will cause
776 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781

the second time double peak value superposition of ecological and human settlement motivation in 2030. The
occurrence probability of the second interference bifurcation of the Earth human settlement ecosystem is increased,
bifurcation incubation time 1980-2030, not more than 50 years.
Second, The nature of the bifurcation in 2030 will be the “dominant interference bifurcation". Because the Earth
system and the Global changes have laid the scientific world view of mankind. The Earth human settlement
ecosystem and Human settlement ecological change provides a tool for human cognition. Increase the possibility of
human society to resist interference , The observability of disorder evolution and controllability of the second
bifurcation can be expected.
Third, Beijing haze, “New Orleans hurricane, Floods in Switzerland Luzern, India Mumbai flood”ix, the world
ecological disaster fact, and the formula (4) shows the theory, It shows that the critical value of human society to
bear the Human settlement ecological change is very low, has the following characteristics:
Human settlement ecological change tolerance < < Global change tolerance (5)

Figure 8 . Second interference bifurcation hypothesis of the Earth human settlement ecosystem

(3) Multiple interference bifurcation mechanism of the Earth human settlement ecosystem
System science shows that "in the evolution of the actual system, will experience a series of bifurcations, forming
the so-called sequential bifurcation sequence. Continuous bifurcation, and constantly produce new branches,
resulting in increasing diversity and complexity of the system"x. So, There is a possibility of multiple interference
bifurcation of the Earth human settlement ecosystem. With the disorder evolution increased, the critical condition of
bifurcation is getting lower and lower, which will cause great harm to human society.
 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781 777

Figure 9 .Multiple interference bifurcation of the Earth human settlement ecosystem

3ˊRelationship analysis between the Earth human settlement ecosystem and Underground space
3.1 Underground space factor analysis
(1) Underground space factor analysis method
The underground space factor analysis method is that the observable most variable of Underground space system
can be summed up, Independent factor group, classification of home ownership of relevance, Formation of
underground space common factors, each common factor represents a basic structure of the underground space
system. On the basis of independent factor and common factor, formation underground space " factor model".
(2) Underground space independent factor analysis
As shown in Table 3, the independent factor are the basic components of the underground space system, each
independent factor reflects an essential characteristic of the underground space system , it is an independent
existence observable variable.
(3) Underground space common factor analysis
As shown in Table 4, in the independent factor , Independent factor with the same essential attribute constitute
Independent factor group. Different independent factor group, reflects the nature of the underground space system
with different local attributes, these independent factor group are summed up to form underground space common
factor, there is no correlation between the common factor.
Table 3. Underground space independent factor
step proposition content
First step Underground space independent factor qualitative status and quantitative weights of independent factor
Second Induction of independent observable underground place, underground population, underground resource, underground
step variables energy,
of underground space underground emission reduction, city subway, inter city subway, high speed railway
tunnel
Third step Original variable value and calculation observation original variable table, mean value calculating formula,
process calculation formula of standard deviation
Fourth Original variable standardization calculating formula of standard variable, calculation formula of standard deviation,
step and standard independent factor standard variable table
Fifth step Independent factor weight in common factor load scale come from observable variable
factor
Sixth step Independent factor group independent factor group come from orthogonal rotation of factor load distribution
Table 4. Underground space common factor
step proposition content
First step underground space common factor qualitative status and quantitative weights of common factor
Second common factor number and calculation formula for calculating the number of common factor
step process
Third common factor nature Underground space human settlement common factor representation classification
step attribute of underground place and underground population; Underground space
ecological common factor representation classification attribute of underground
ecological environment; Underground space system common factor representation
classification attribute of underground of the spatial city system

(4) Underground space factor model analysis

First, according to the results of the underground space independent factor analysis and underground space
common factor analysis, according to the practical experience of underground space , by the method of mathematical
factor analysis, get the underground space factor model as shown in figure 10.
778 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781


Figure 10 .Underground space factor model
Second, matrix formula of underground space factor model for:
u=AX+e (6)
Where, u said variables can be observed; A represents a factor load matrix; A =˄aij˅; aij said factor load; i = 1,
- - -, 8; j =1, 2, 3; X represents the common factor; e said independent factor.
Third, the function of the factor model: One is to express the nature of the basic independent factor in
underground space system, Given quantitative value of basic underground space independent factor load . To
determine the main underground space independent factor, as shown in Figure 10, a11,a21,a61, a32, a42, a52
,a63,a73, a83. Two is the expression of the nature of the comprehensive common factor in underground space
system. Given quantitative value of contribution of general underground space common factor.

3.2 The Correlation analysis of the Earth human settlement ecosystem and Underground space
3.2.1 Spatial analysis of the Earth human settlement ecosystem
(1) The spatial structure of the Earth human settlement ecosystem
Japanese scholar Koizumi Chun "Vertical hierarchy in the use of population space"xi research results show that,
The frequency of human activities mainly distributed in the surface 20 meters, 100 meters underground, 100 meters
above the ground within the scope of. Therefore, the space structure system of the Earth human settlement
ecosystem can be defined as the surface space subsystem, underground space subsystem, above ground space
subsystem, Its definition formula is:
ESS = < {S, U, A} R > ˄7˅
The ESS said the spatial structure system of the the Earth human settlement ecosystem, S represents the surface
space subsystem, U said underground space subsystem, A representation above ground space subsystem, {S, U, A}
represents a collection of all elements in the spatial structure of the Earth human settlement ecosystem, R represents
a collection of relationships among elements in the spatial structure of the Earth human settlement ecosystem.
(2) The system factor correlation principle
 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781 779

System factor correlation principle is a method to analyze the relationship of system structure. In the spatial
structure of the Earth human settlement ecosystem, the properties of the system, the subsystem and the basic element
are expressed by the leading factor, the common factor and the independent factor, the relationship between them is
represented by the system correlation factor model, as shown in figure 11. Through the system correlation factor
analysis, the quantitative expression is given to the system behavior characteristic data sequence and system
structure correlation degree.
3.2.2 Factor correlation analysis of the Earth human settlement ecosystem and Underground space subsystem
(1) System correlation factor definition
We define: The correlation leading factor X0 of the Earth human settlement ecosystem; Underground space
human settlement correlation common factor X1,Underground space ecological correlation common factor
X2,Underground space system correlation common factor X3; Uderground place correlation independent factor e1,
Uderground population correlation independent factor e2 ,Uderground resource correlation independent factor e3 ,
Uderground energy correlation independent factor e4 ,Uderground emission reduction correlation independent factor
e5, City subway correlation independent factor e6 , Inter city subway correlation independent factor e7 , High speed
railway tunnel correlation independent factor e8.
(2) System correlation factor model
By the System correlation factor definition, Underground space independent factor analysis, Underground space
common factor analysis, Underground space factor model analysis, Get the system correlation factor model, Figure
11.

Figure 11 . System correlation factor model (3) system correlation factor analysis
ᬅSystem behavior characteristic data sequence
From the Earth human settlement ecosystem evolution laws , Underground space common factor analysis,
Underground space independent factor analysis, Using the principal component analysis method , The behavior
characteristic data sequence of the system correlation factor model can be obtained:
X0 = ˄x0˄1˅ˈx0˄2˅ˈx0˄3˅˅
X1 = ˄x1˄1˅ˈx1˄2˅ˈx1˄3˅˅
780 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781

X2 = ˄x2˄1˅ˈx2˄2˅ˈx2˄3˅˅
X3 = ˄x3˄1˅ˈx3˄2˅ˈx3˄3˅˅
Among them, X0 is the master data sequence, X1, X2, and X3 are sub data sequences.
xii
ᬆCorrelation degree of system structure
The first step, find the initial value of the image, by the formula,
Xi′= Xi/xi˄1˅= ˄xi′˄1˅ˈxi′˄2˅ˈxi′˄3˅˅ ˄8˅
Find the initial value of each sequence of the system, X0′, X1′, X2′, X3′; Among i = 0, 1, 2, 3 .
Second step, find the difference sequence, by the formula,
οi˄k˅= ȁšͲԢሺሻ െ š‹Ԣ˄˅ȁ ˄9˅

obtainedο1ǃο2ǃο3, haveοi = ˄οi˄1˅,οi˄2˅,οi˄3˅˅, Among i = 0, 1, 2, 3 .

Third step, find Maximum difference and Minimum difference of bipolar,
Maximum difference of bipolar:
݉ܽ‫ݔܽ݉ ݔ‬
M =
݅

݇
οi˄k˅ ˄10˅

Minimum difference of bipolar:

݉݅݊ ݉݅݊
m =  οi˄k˅ ˄11˅
݅ ݇
Fourth step, find the correlation coefficient,
௠ାఌெ
γ0i˄k˅= ˄12˅
ο௜ሺ௞ሻାఌெ

Among, ɂ ‫˄א‬0, 1˅; i = 1 , 2, 3 ; k = 1, 2, 3 ; By formula (12) System correlation coefficient can be

obtained,
γ01˄1˅ǃγ01˄2˅ǃγ01˄3˅
γ02˄1˅ǃγ02˄2˅ǃγ02˄3˅
γ03˄1˅ǃγ03˄2˅ǃγ03˄3˅
Fifth step, the system correlation degree is obtained by the following formula,
ଵ
γ01 = σ͵݇ൌͳ ߛ01˄k˅
ଷ
ͳ
γ02 = σଷ௞ୀଵ ߛ 02˄k˅ ˄13˅
͵
ଵ
γ03 =
ଷ
σଷ௞ୀଵ ߛ03˄k˅
Among k = 1, 2, 3 ; γ01ǃγ02ǃγ03 respectively expressed the correlation degree of the Earth human settlement
ecosystem and Underground human settlements correlation common factor X1, and Underground ecological
correlation common factor X2, and Underground system correlation common factor X3.
 Hongjun Wang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 765 – 781 781

3. Сonclusions and discussion

(1) The Earth human settlement ecosystem is a scientific fact, the Human settlement ecological change has been
confirmed by the practice of global ecological disaster.
(2) Disorder state and interference bifurcation have been harmful to human society, The second interference
bifurcation and the multiple interference bifurcation is a serious threat to the safety of human society.
(3) The Earth human settlement ecosystem and underground space is the relationship between the parent system
and subsystem in space structure, The relationship and correlation degree of them can be determined by the system
factor correlation principle.
(4) To be carried out the quantitative observation study of the Earth human settlement ecosystem and the Human
settlement ecological change.
(5) To be carried out the research on relationship between the Earth human settlement ecosystem and the
industrialization, urbanization and carbon emission.
(6) To be carried out the comprehensive study on relationship between the Earth human settlement ecosystem and
population, temperature, industrialization, urbanization and carbon emission.

4. References

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[4]. W. Steffen etc.. Global Change and Earth System - A Planet Under Pressure. China Meteorological Press, 2010,146
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[7]. Giddens Anthony. The politics of Climate Change.Social Sciences Press, 2009,254
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[21]. Koizumi chun. Development and utilization of underground space. China Building Industry Press. 2012ୈ21
[22]. Liu Sifeng Xie Naiming. Grey System Theory and Application, Science Press, 2013, 56 - 52

i
Miao Dongsheng. Essentials of Systems Science. Renmin University of China Press, 2010, 64
ii
Order parameter. Baidu encyclopedia.
iii
Order parameter. Baidu encyclopedia.
iv
See United Nations calendar year “World population report”
v
Xu Guozhi Gu Jifa Che Hongan. Systems Science. Shanghai Education Press, 2000,188
vi
Xu Guozhi Gu Jifa Che Hongan. Systems Science. Shanghai Education Press, 2000,180
vii
Xu Guozhi Gu Jifa Che Hongan. Systems Science. Shanghai Education Press, 2000,74
viii
Xu Guozhi Gu Jifa Che Hongan. Systems Science. Shanghai Education Press, 2000,80