NAME: JOAN JHERIZALYN R. AROMIN DATE: JANUARY 17,2023 SECTION: BSIT 24, ‘THE HISTORY OF LAGUNA IN 16TH TO 20TH CENTURY What do you think when I say the province of Laguna? Laguna, officially known as the Province of Laguna (Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Laguna; Spanish: Provincia de Laguna), is a province in the Philippines, located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila, south of the province of Rizal, west of Quezon, north of Batangas and east of Cavite. Laguna hugs the southerm shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. As of the 2015 census, the province's total population is 3,035,081. It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country. Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal, the country’s national hero. It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls, the University of the Philippines Los Bafios campus, the hot spring resorts of Los Bai sand Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling,Pila historic town plaza, Taytay Falls in Majayjay, the wood carvings and papier-maché created by the people of Paeté, the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro, the trumba of Pakil, the tsinelas footwears from Liliw, the Pandan Festival of Luisiana, the Seven Lakes of San Pablo, and The Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagearlan, = 7 LAGUNA DELICACIES YOU’VE BEEN MISSING ALL THESE YEARSThis is a rice cake cooked in coconut milk filled with coconut powder which gives an appealing snowy feature. Heaven. It has a soft and chewy texture with a sweet taste that leaves you craving for more. You can basically buy it all around in Laguna and even in the provincial buses, but the best ones are offered in Los Baiios, Liliw, Nagcarlan, Alaminos, and Pagsanjan. Price Range: P20.00 to P50.00 = te 2. Kinulob na Itik This is deep-fried duck recipe with an appearance similar to a deep-fried chicken. But I tell you one thing, it’s a duck. One cannot simply find a deep-fried duck anywhere. If there ever comes a time that you feel sorry for a chicken, probably because it’s cute, try a duck. You won’t regret it.I think it’s totally worth it, But seriously, it tastes just as delicious, maybe even better. Something to add in your bucket list. Best ones are found in Victoria. They are available there from small stands to big restaurants. Price Range: P100.00 to P150.00. 3. Monay Bae Monay, a common type of bread characterized by its large size, is also a familiar delicacy. Monay Bae, which came from Bay (pronounced as ‘ba-eh’), is another. Its appearance has no actual difference in particular compared to a tradi nal Monay. ‘The differences between the two come out bite after bite—I've experienced itmyself—in which case I would leave for you to find out why its life-changing. It can be bought on a number of bakeries in, you've guessed it again, Bay. Price Range: P3.00 Popular Shops: Tenorio’s Bakery 4, Puto Bifian Puto, which is grinded rice mixed with eggs and cheese, may be a common delicacy in the Philippines, but “Puto Bitian” makes all the difference, It has many variations, with different flavors and sizes, making it unique to all the other traditional putos out there, Some have fillings inside, some on top, and can be as large as the size of a pizza. Don’t settle for ordinary, try Puto Bifian, Best ones are sold in, you've guessed right, Bifian City. Price Range: P20.00 to P50.00 Popular Shops: Nila’s Special Puto Bifian, Nanay Juling’s Special Puto Bifian.Kesong Puti Kesong puti, or white cheese, Clearly, white is the color of purity. And that’s what it’s made of, a fresh and soft cheese made from unskimmed carabao milk. It can be eaten along with bread, or as an ingredient for pastas or burgers, and, trust me, it’s delicious, and fills up that emptiness the yellow ones don’t offer. It’s also 10.00 to P20.00 found in Sta. Cruz, the home of kesong puti. Price Range: Popular Shops: Gil’s Kesong Puti, Flor De Lima’s Special Kesong Puti, Mr. Moo’s Fresh Milk and Kesong Puti 6. Bibingka De Macapuno If you have already tried a bibingka, good for you, you're halfway across the battle, But bibingka de macapuno? It’s the winning piece. It’s a rice cake filled with macapuno, a soft processed coconut meat. It has a texture similar to bread but it’s sweet! Definitely something that must not be missed. Best ones sold in Sta. CPrice Range: P20.00 to P30.00 Popular Shops: Tio Casio’s Bibingka de Macapunoruz. Don’t miss itBuko Pie Buko, Pie. Sounds intriguing and delicious at the same time. Yes, you have guessed it, it’s like an apple pie but instead of an apple, a young coconut is used, ‘The pie has a sort of crispy “buko meat” on the top and has a soft buko fillings inside, and—with a bite—you'll feel all the good vibes come to you and forget all other things. Best ones are sold in Los Bafios, so if you ever happen to be there, you are obliged to buy one, or else. Price Range: P50.00 to P100.00 Popular Shops: Lety’s Buko Pie, Orient Original Buko Pie, Colette’s Buko Pie, D’Vinia’s Buko Pie, Sheila’s Buko Pie. JOSE PROTASIO RIZAL MERCADO Y REALONDA. José Protasio Rizal Mercado y RealondaSpanish pronunciation: [xo'se ri’sal]; June 19, 1861 — December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist and polymath during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after the Philippine Revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence. ‘The siblings of RizalNareisa Mereado Olympia Mercado Soledad Mercado Lucia Mercado Saturtina Mercado Josefa Mecado= PAGSANJAN FALLS Pagsanjan Falls, also known as Cavinti Falls (indigenous name: Magdapio Falls) is one of the most famous waterfalls in the Philippines. Located in the province of Laguna, the falls is one of the major tourist attractions of the region, The three-drop waterfall is reached by a river trip ondugout canoe, known locally as Shooting the rapids, originating from the municipality of Pagsanjan.The falls ccan also be reached from the top by a short hike from Cavinti,The boat ride has been an attraction since the Sp two rivers, the Balanac River and the Bumbungan River (also known as the Pagsanjuan River) Colonial Era with the oldest written account in 1894, The town of Pagsanjan lies at the confluence of " HISTORY The history of the province of Laguna, and that of the Souther Tagalog region, dates as far back as 900 AD. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the oldest known written document found in the Philippines, which talks of its subject being released from a debt to the King of Tondo. Pre-Hispanic settlement in the area can be dated to prehistoric times, as evidenced in the names of towns such as Pila, Laguna, whose name can be traced to the straight mounds of dirt that form the boundaries of the rice paddy, or Pilapil. A prominent figure during the time of pre-Hispanic contact is Gat Pangil, a chieftain in the area. The towns of Bay, Pangil and Pakil were reputed to have once been a part of his domain, although accounts vary on who exactly Gat Pangil was. = LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION The Laguna Copperplate Inscription Filipino: Inskripsyon sa Binatbat na Tanso ng Laguna, Malay: Prasasti keping tembaga Laguna; often shortened into the acronym LCD), a legal document inscribed on a copper plate in 900 CE, is the earliest known calendar-dated document found in the Philippines. The date of the inscription would make it contemporary to the Balitung kingdom of Central Java, although it necessarily did not originate from that area. The plate was found in 1989 by a laborer near the mouth of the Lumbang River in Wawa barangay, Lumban municipality, Laguna province. The inscription, written in a mix of the Old Malay language using the Old Kawi script, was first deciphered by Dutch anthropologist and Hanun6'o script expert Antoon Postma in 1992. "16TH CENTURY ‘The Province of Laguna, which was formerly called La Laguna and La Provincia de la Laguna de Bay, was named after Laguna de Bay, the body of water that forms its northern boundary.Laguna de Bay, in turn, was named afier the town of Bay, the first provincial capital. Captain Juan de Salcedo with a band of one hundred Spanish-Mexican soldiers conquered the province and its surrounding regions for Spain in 1571. The province of La Laguna comprised the moder province of Laguna, as well as parts of what is now known as Rizal and Quezon,In 1577, the Franciscan missionaries arrived in Manila, and in 1578 they started evangelizing Laguna, Morong (now Rizal), Tayabas (now Quezon) and the Bicol Peninsula. Juan de Plasencia and Diego de Oropesa were the earliest Franciscans sent to these places. From 1580, the towns of Bay, Caliraya, Majayjay, Nagearla Liliw, Pila, Santa Cruz, Lumban, Pangil and Siniloan were founded. During the time of Governor-General Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, the province of La Laguna was divided into the following encomiendas. = JUAN DESALCEDO. Juan de Salcedo (Spanish pronunciation: ['xwan de sal'Gedo]. 1549 — March 11, 1576) was a Spanish conquistador. He was bom in Mexico in 1549 and he was the grandson of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and brother of Felipe de Salcedo. Salcedo was. one of the soldiers who accompanied the Spanish colonization of the Philippines in 1565. He joined the Spanish military in 1564 for their exploration of the East Indies and the Pacific, at the age of 15. In 1567, Salcedo led an army of about 300 Spanish and Mexican soldiers and 600 Visayan (Filipino) allies along with Martin — de Goiti for their conquest of Islamic Manila (then under occupation by the Sultanate of Brunei). There they fought a number of battles a; the Muslim leaders, mainly against Tarik Sulayman (ironically named from the Arabic 2b) 3 Gb Ta Islamic conqueror of Spain before the Christian Spanish expelled the Muslims during the Reconquista). The Spanish officers, Mexican recruits and Filipino warriors coalesced in 1570 and 1571 to attack the Islamised areas of Luzon, for control of lands and settlements. = MIRABAGO- CURRENTLY THE AREAS SURROUNDING, LILIW, AND NAGCARLAN Liliw, officially the Municipality of Liliw, (Tagalog: Bayan ng Liliw), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 36,582 people It is one of the highland towns forming the southern extremity of Laguna. It is situated at the foot of Mt. Banahaw. Liliw has a total land area of 3,910 hectares (9,700 acres). It is bounded on the north-west by Sta. Cru north-east by Magdalena; on the east by Majayjay; on the west by Nagearlan; and on the south by Dolores, Quezon. Nagearlan, officially the Municipality of Nagcarlan, (Tagalog: Bayan ng Nagearlan), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 63,057 people. Itis 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) northeast of San Pablo City, or 103 kilometres (64 mi) south of Manila. The town is home to the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery, one of the most important cemeteries in the Philippines which has been declared as an Important Cultural Property for its outstanding value to the nation,= NAGCARLAN UNDERGROUND CEMETERY ‘The Nagearlan Underground Cemetery (Filipino: Libingan sa Talim ng Lupa ng Nagcarlan) is a national historical landmark and museum — in Barangay Bambang, Nagearlan, Laguna supervised by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. It was built in 1845, under the supervision of Franciscan priest, Fr. Vicente Velloc as a public burial site and its underground crypt exclusively for Spanish friars, prominent town citizens and members of elite Catholic families.{1] It is dubbed as the only underground cemetery in the country. * TABUCO - CURRENTLY THE AREAS SURROUNDING SAN PEDRO, BINAN, SANTA ROSA, CABUYAO, AND CALAMBA San Pedro, officially the City of San Pedro, (Tagalog: g Lungsod ng San Pedro), or simply San Pedro City, is a Ist class city in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a 325,809 people. population of Icis named after its patron saint, Peter the Apostle, Despite being the third smallest in the entire province, with a total land surface area of only 24.05 km2, San Pedro is the fourth largest city in terms of population after the cities of Calamba, Bifian, and Santa Rosa. The city also has the highest population density in the province of Laguna and in the whole Calabarzon region, having 14,000 people/km2. + THE SEVEN LAKES OF SAN PABLO. 1. Lake Bunot is one of the Seven Lakes of San Pablo, Laguna in the Philippines. It is located in Brey. Concepcion, San Pablo City. Only 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) from the city proper, Bunot is known for its cultured tilapia and_fishpens for Nilotica fingerlings. Bunot has a normal | surface area of 30.5 hectare s (75 acres) with a maximum depth of 23 metres (75 ft). 2. Lake Calibato is one of the seven crater lakes collectively called Pitong Lawa or Seven Lakes of San Pablo in Laguna province in the Philippines. The lake is situated in Brgy. Sto. Angel in San Pablo City. Calibato has an area of 42 hectares (100 acres) and ‘maximumdepth of 135 metres (443 fi). Calibato's maximum water capacity is approximately 29,600 cubic metres (1,050,000 cu fd). Its supplies the city and nearby towns with abundant fish and aquatic plants. The lake is the deepest recorded lake among the seven-lake system; no recorded depths are available for Muhikap. 3. Lake Palakpakin is one of the Seven Lakes of San Pablo in Laguna province in the Philippines. Palakpakin is located in Brgy. San Buenaventura, San Pablo City. With an area of 43 hectares (110 acres), it has a maximum depth of 7.5 metres (25 ft). Residents around the lake rely on income from fishpens and fishcages that grow cultured tilapia and silver carps. 4. Lake Mohicap (also spelled as Mojicap or Muhikap) is one of the seven lakes of San Pablo City, in the province of Laguna, Philippines. The lake, located in Brgy. San Buenaventura, has an area of 14.5 hectares (36 actes) and is one of the main suppliers of water in the city. The waters of San Pablo Lakes provide a generous source of tilapia for Metro Manila and suburbs. "THE TWIN LAKES OF YAMBO AND PANDIN Pandin and Yambo are twin crater lakes separated by a narrow strip of land. They are part of the Seven Lakes system in San Pablo, and are situated at Brgy. San Lorenzo in San Pablo City of Laguna province in the Philippines. Lake Pandin is said (o be "the most pristine” of the seven lakes of San Pablo. 5. Pandin Lake Pandin has an area of 20.5 hectares and a maximum depth of 30480 meters. It has a calculated volume of 6,600 cubic meters of water in storage. 6. Yambo has a normal surface area of 28.5 hectares. Yambo, like pandin is considered oligotrophic, and is suitable for swimming, outings, and picnics, Yambo Lake Pandin Lake7. Lake Sampaloe Lake Sampaloc is an inactive volcanic maar on the island of Luzon, the Philippines. It is the largest of the Seven Lakes of San Pablo, Laguna. Nearly half of the lake's depth has a shallow depression at the bottom, indicating its volcanic origin. The lake is behind San Pablo city hall and is dotted with fishpens and small cottages built on stilts. + BINAN Bifian, (/binjaun/) officially the City of Bifan, (Tagalog: Lungsod ng Bian), and known simply as Biftan City isa Ist class city in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 333,028 people.It comes second in Laguna coming from Metro Manila next to San Pedro City, Biflan also known as Biniang has become both a suburban residential community of Metro Manila and a location for some of the Philippines’ largest industrial estates and export processing zones, Prior to the (USS14.383 million), as of its cityhood in 2010, Biftan was the richest municipality in Philippines with an annual gross income of P677 million million) and net income of 250 million (USS5.308 2007 by the Commission On Audit.[5] According to the 2015 cens the third largest in population in the province of Laguna, after Calamba City and Santa Rosa City. it has a population of 333,028, making it = SANTA ROSA In 1571, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo, the grandson of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, founded the town of Biflan which was annexed as a barrio to Tabuco (now, Cabuyao) while exploring the region of Laguna de Bay. In 1688, Bifian, together with Barrio Bukol (Santa Rosa, before separation from Bifian) separated from Cabuyao. After a series of renaming, separation of barrios to become independent towns, Barrio Bukol was politically emancipated as the municipality of Santa Rosa. The town was renamed after Saint Rose of Lima, The municipality of Santa Rosa was founded on January 18, 1792 During the revolutionary period in 1898, the town was instrumental in the proclamation of Philippine independence from Spain when it signed the Act of Independence on June 12, 1898. Later on the town's local revolutionaries fought alongside the forces of Pio del Pilar.* CABUYAO Cabuyao, officially the City of Cabuyao, (Tagalog: Lungsod ng Cabuyao), or known simply as Cabuyao City, is a Ist class city in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has 4 population of 308,745 people. It used to be known as the "richest municipality in the Philippines because of the large populace of migrants working in the town's industrial estates.Nestlé Philippines, Asia Brewery, Inc., San Miguel Corporation, Tanduay Distillers, Inc., Wyeth Philippines, Inc., Procter & Gamble Philippines, Light Industry and Science Park of the Philippines and Malayan Colleges Laguna have established factories or are located in Cabuyao. * CALAMBA Calamba, officially the City of Calamba, (Tagalog: Lungsod ng Calamba), or known simply as Calamba City is a 1st class city in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, of 454.486 people. has a population Itis the regional center of the Calabarzon region. Itis situated 51 kilometres (32 mi) south of Manila, 37 kilometres (23 mi) west of Santa Cruz, Laguna and 31 kilometres (19 mi) north of San Pablo, Laguna. The city is known as the "Resort Capital of the Philippines” because of its numerous hot spring resorts, which are mostly located in Barangay Pansol, Bucal and Bagong Kalsada. It is the regional center of the Calabarzon region. It is situated 51 kilometres (32 mi) south of Manila, 37 kilometres (23 mi) west of Santa Cruz, Laguna and 31 kilometres (19 mi) north of San Pablo, Laguna. The city is known as the "Resort Capital of the Philippines"[4] because of its numerous hot spring resorts, which are mostly located in Barangay Pansol, Bucal and Bagong Kalsada. According to the 2015 census, the city has a population of 454,486 people, making it the most populous local government unit in Laguna.[3] It is the Sth densest city in the province with more than 2,600 people per square kilometer after San Pedro, Bifian, Cabuyao and Santa Rosa. Based on the overall rankings of the 2014 Cities and Municipalities Index, the city ranked 18th in the overall competitiveness (citi ranking) and Ist among cities in the Calabarzon region, The city is known (0 be the Calabarzon's richest city, followed by Cabuyao City, because of its numerous factories according to the Region 4-A Calabarzon,"17TH AND 18TH CENTURY Laguna was the site of multiple engagements during the Sangley Rebellion.In 1603, Antonio de Morga relates how the Chinese rebels scattered to three divisions, one of which went to the mountains of San Pablo.Captain Don Luys de Velasco, aided by Spanish and Filipino forces, was successful in pursuing the rebels. Eventually the Chinese were able to kill Luys de Velasco and ten of his men, before securing themselves in San Pablo while waiting for reinforcement from the mainland. On the 20th of October, 1603, Governor- General Pedro Bravo de Acufia then sent Captain Cristoval de Axqueta Menchaca to pursue and crush the rebellion and was successful after twenty days of fighting. Around this time the hot springs of Los Bafios and San Pablo were known to the Spanish, and a hospital was built in the area. By 1622 the hospital was notable enough to be mentioned by the Archbishop of Manila at the time, Miguel Garefa Serrano in his letter to King Philip IV. In 1639, a second rebellion involving the Chinese occurred, and the rebels fortified themselves in the highlands of Cavinti and Lumban before surrendering in Pagsanjan a year later. n 1670, a delimitation of borders were made between Lucban, Majayjay and Cavite. The most populous town at that time, Bay, was capital of the province until 1688, when the seat of the provincial government was moved to Pagsanjain. Pagsanjan would be the provincial seat until 1858 when it was moved once again to Santa Cruz. In 1754, the Province of Laguna and Tayabas were divided, with the Malinao River separating the towns of Majayjay and Lucban. In 1678, Fray Hernando Cabrera founded San Pablo de los Montes (now San Pablo City) and built a wooden church and convent considered as the best and finest in the province. Fighting extended to Laguna during the British occupation of Manila between the years of 1762-64. A detachment of British troops under Captain Thomas Backhouse entered the province in search of the silver cargo of the galleon Filipina while Francisco de San Juan led a band of volunteers that fought them in several engagements in and around the then provincial capital of Pagsanjan. Backhouse plundered the town and burned its newly reconstructed church but San Juan succeeded in escaping with the precious hoard to Pampanga where the treasure greatly bolstered the defense effort of Governor-General Simén de Anda y Salazar. For his actions, San Juan was made a brigade commander and alealde mayor of Tayabas (now Quezon) province. ‘+ Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay Antonio de Morga Sinchez Garay (November 29, 1559 ~ July 21, 1636) was a Spanish lawyer and a high-ranking colonial official for 43 years, in the Philippines (1594 to 1604), New — Spain and Peru, where he was president of the Audiencia for 20 years. He ‘was also a historian, After being reassigned (o Mexico, he publishedthe book Sucesos de las islas Filipinas in 1609, considered one of the most important works on the early tory of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.(1] As Deputy Governor in the Philippines, he restored h ships in a 1600 the audencia. He took over the function of judge or oidor. He also took command of Spa naval battle against Dutch corsairs, but suffered defeat and barely survived. His history was fi published in English in 1868; numerous editions have been published in English, including a 1907 edition that is online at the Gutenberg Project. It has also been reprinted in Spanish and other languages, ‘* Pedro Bravo de Acuiia Pedro Bravo de Acufta (died June 24, 1606) was a Spanish military officer and colonial official in the New World and the Philippines. From 1602 to 1606 he was governor of the Philippin * Miguel Garefa Serrano Miguel Garefa Serrano, 0.S.A. (1569 — June 14, 1629) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila (1618-1629) and the Bishop of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia (1616-1618). © King Philip IVPhilip IV (Spanish: Felipe, Portuguese: Filipy April 1605 ~ 17 September 1665) was King of Spain and (as Philip II) Portugal. He ascended the thrones in 1621 and reigned in Spain until his death and in Portugal until 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velazquez, and his rule over Spain during the Thirty Years’ War By the time of his death in 1665, the Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square Kilometers (4.7 million square miles) in area but in other respects was in decline, a process to which Philip contributed with his inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform = 19TH CENTURY ‘A major event in Laguna occurred in 1840, when religious intolerance led the people of Majayjay. Nagearlan, Bay, and Bifian to join the revolt of Hermano Pule (Apolinario de la Cruz) of Lucban, Tayabas. This revolt was eventually crushed by Governor-General Marcelino de Ora Lecumberti. As part of political restructuring during the 19th century, the municipalities of Morong, Pililla, Tanay, Baras, Binangonan, Jalajala, Angono and Cardona were separated from Laguna and re-organized to the province Politico-Militar Distrito de Morong. In 1858, the provincial capital was once again moved from Pagsanjan to Santa Cruz, where it stands until today. In 1861, José Rizal was born in Calamba to Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso. Rizal would become one of the leading members of the Propaganda Movement, who advocated political reforms for the colony. Rizal would go on to write two novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which in part fueled additional anti-colonial sentiment, contributing to the eventual Philippine Revolution. In 1896, thousands of inhabitants, especially of Bay, Los Bafios, Nagearlan, Magdalena, Santa Cruz, and Pagsanjan had joined the revolutionary Katipunan, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion. Today Rizal is recognized as one of the national heroes of the Philippines. Laguna was one of the eight provinces to rise in revolt against the Spanish misrule led by Generals Paciano Rizal of Calamba, Severino Taifio of Pagsanjan, Agueda Kahabagan of Calauan, and Miguel Malvar of Batangas.One of the early engagements of the revolution was the Battle of Sambat, in Pagsanjan. Katipuneros from Laguna, led by Severino Taifio, took the city of Pagsanjan and attempted to use it as a starting point towards the liberation of the province, but was quelled by forces led by Basilio Augustin.The defeat in Sambat meant the end of large-scale organized revolt in Laguna, the Malungingnging chapter of the Katipunan failing to replicate the relative success of the revolution in Cavite. The revolutionaries resorted to hit-and-run and guerrilla tactics against the Spanish, lasting until the Paet of Biak-na-Bato on December 14 to 15, 1897.It was only after the execution of Jose Rizal that the revolution flared up again, culminating in the Battle of Calamba in May 1898, and the surrender of the last Spanish garrison in Laguna in Santa Cruz, on August 31 of the same year. Laguna actively supported the First Philippine Republic proclaimed at Malolos on January 23, 1899. Its two delegates to the Malolos Congress were Don Higino Benitez and Don Graciano Cordero, both natives of Pagsanjan. Apolinario de Ja Cruz (July 22, 1815 — November 4, 1841), known as Hermano Pule (Spanish: [er'mano pu'le}, Spanish for "Brother Pule”;also spelled Hermano Puli), was a Filipino religious leader who founded and led the Cofradia de San José (Confraternity of St. Joseph). The cofradfa was established in 1832 in response to the racially discriminatory practices of the Catholic Church in the Philippines. During the Spanish colonial period, Catholic religious orders refused to admit native Filipinos as members. In retaliation, Pule established his own religious order which was exclusive for native Filipinos. During its peak, the cofradia had 4,500 to 5,000 members from the provinces of Tayabas, Batangas, and Laguna. Fearing an armed rebellion, the Spanish colonial government sent military forces to suppress the cofradfa, an attack that was resisted by Hermano Pule and his followers on October 23, 1841. However, more troops were sent and the cofradia was finally quelled by the colonial military forces on November 1, 1841. Pule was then captured. © Apolinario de la Cruz © Marcelino de Orad Lecumberri Marcelino de Oraé Lecumberri (1788-1851) was a Spanish military man and administrator. Born in Beridin in Navarre, he distinguished himself as a cadet during the War ofSpanish Independence. He was married to Josefa de Erice, later Condesa de Chiva y Vizcondesa de Orda. ‘The Propaganda Movement was a period of time when native Filipinos were calling for reforms, lasting approximately from 1880 to 1886,with the most activity between 1880 and 1895. The word propaganda” in English has acquired a pejorative connotation that is absent from the original Latin word. One can see its true meaning in the Roman institution called "Congregatio de propaganda fide" - the Secretariate for the Spread of the Faith (or, as the modem translation has it, For the Evangelization of Peoples). It was in the latter sense that the word was used by the Filipino group that sent Marcelo H. del Pilar to Spain to continue the opaganda" on behalf of the Philippines. It was essentially a campaign of information, as well as a bid for sympathy. Dr. Domingo Abella, the learned Director of the National Archives, has made the suggestion that the so-called Propaganda Movement was misnamed, It should have been called the Counterpropaganda Movement because its essential task was (0 counteract the campaign of misinformation that certain Spanish groups were disseminating in Spain and later in Rome. " NOLI ME TANGERE Noli me tangere (‘touch me not’) is the Latin version of a phrase spoken, according to John 20:17, by Jesus to Mary Magdalene when — she recognized him after his resurrection. The biblical scene gave bith to a to the Jong series of depictions in Christian art from Late Antiquity present. The original Koine Greek phrase, Mij jiov éattov (mé mou haptow on to me" or s better represented in translation as “cease holding"stop clinging to me", i.e. an ongoing action, not one done in a single moment «EL FILIBUSTERISMO- El filibusterismo (lit. Spanish for 4 Rizal “filibustering"; The Subversive or Subversion, as in the — Locsin English translation, are also possible translations), also. known by its English alternative ttle The Reign of Greedis 20 AVPé bie steocsrrre the — second novel written by Philippine national hero José Rizal. (Ramer Pome ny! Lis the sequel to Noli me tangere and, like the first book, was written in Spanish. It was first published in 1891 in Ghent. The novel centers Criséstomo fili's on the Noli-El fili duology’s main character 1 Ibarra, now returning for vengeance as "Simoun’”. El dark aratptstansa crt by | oes nc eS hopeful and Sian | Nr Seen sigevgia fest! solving his theme departs dramatically from the previous novel's romantic atmosphere, signifying Ibarra’s resort to ao ana pile nalaisen OY NS ae country’s issues through violent means, afier his previous attempt at reforming the country’s system have made | no effect and seemed impossible with the corrupt attitude of the Spaniards towards the Filipinos. Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan, an anti-colonial secret organization. The Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement whose goal was independence from the 333 years of colonial control from Spain through armed revolt. The organization began to influence much of the Philippines. During a mass gathering in Caloocan, the leaders of the Katipunan organized themselves into a revolutionary government, named the newly established government "Haring Bayang Katagalugan", and openly declared a nationwide armed revolution, Bonifacio called for an attack on the capital city of Manila. This attack failed; however, the surrounding provinces began to revolt. In particular, rebels in Cavite led by Mariano Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo (who were from two different factions of the Katipunan) won major early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's death in 1897, with command shifting 10 Aguinaldo, who led the newly formed revolutionary government. That year, the revolutionaries and the Spanish signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which temporarily reduced hostilities. Aguinaldo and other Filipino officers exiled themselves in the British colony of Hong Kong in southeast China, However, the hostilities never completely ceased.= FRANCISCO ENGRACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALEJANDRO Paciano Rizal was born to Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro (1818-1897) and Teodora * Morales Alonso y Quintos (1827-1911; whose family later changed their surname to "Realonda"), as the second of eleven children born toa wealthy family in the town of Calamba, Laguna. He grew up witnessing the abuses of the clergy and the Spanish colonial government. As a young student, together with Felipe Buencamino and Gregorio Sancianco, Paciano was a founding member of La Juventud Liberal, a reformist student organization that worked under the direction of the Comite de Reformadores, among whose leaders was Padre José Burgos. Among their tasks was 10 secretly distribute copies of the reformist paper, El Eco Filipino, while pretending to be purveyors of horse fodder (racateros). Agueda Kahabagan y Iniquinto is referred to in the few sources that mention her as "Henerala Agueda". Not so much is known about her but from snatches of information available, she was presumably a native of Sta. Cruz, Laguna, Henerala's bravery in battle was legendary. She was reportedly often seen in the batlefield dressed in white, armed with a rifle and brandishing a bolo, Apparently she was commissioned by General Miguel Malvar to lead a detachment of forces sometime in May 1897. Kahabagan was mentioned in connection with the attack led by General Artemio Ricarte on the Spanish garrison in San Pablo in October 1897. It was most probably General Pio del Pilar who recommended that she be granted the honorary title of Henerala. In March 1899, she was listed as the only woman in the roster of generals of the Army of the Philippine Republic. She was appointed on January 4, 1899. = MIGUEL MALVAR Y CARPIO Miguel Malvar y Carpio (September 27, 1865 — October 13, 1911) was a Filipino general who served during the Philippine Revolution and subsequently during the Philippine~American War. He assumed command of the Philippine revolutionary forces during the latter conflict following the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo by the Americans in 1901, According to some historians, he could have been listed as one of the presidents of the Philippines but is currently not recognized as such by the Philippine government. * BASILIO AUGUSTIN Y DAVILA.Basilio Augustin y Dévila[I] (February 12, 1840 - August 7, 1910) was briefly a Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, from April 11 to July 24, 1898, During his tenure, the Spanish-American War began, which he assured the Spanish would be "short" and "decisive" Spanish. forces were decisively defeated by the American Navy in the Battle of Manila Bay. This defeat led to the return of revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo from exile and the beginning of the second phase of the Philippine Revolution, during which, on June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence = PACT OF BIAK-NA-BATO ‘The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 15, 1897, created a truce between Spanish colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution, Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for which the revolutionary government would go into exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use the money to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the archipelago. The pact was signed in San Miguel, Bulacan, in the house of Pablo Tecson, a Philippine revolutionary captain who served as Brigadier General in the 'Brigada Del Pilar’ (military troop) of General Gregorio del Pilar during the Revolution. The battel of Calamba Initially, the Spanish garrison in Calamba, holed up in the town church, realizing that a resistance could still be held for the larger force of 500 to arrive and help them, before ultimately going to Cavite. The Spaniards chose to wait as the Filipino revolutionaries besieged the church. Lacking guns, and lacking even more ammunition, Paciano Rizal devised a ploy to get the Spaniards to surrender, he ordered that every time the Filipino column opened fire on the church, other troops, those without guns, would light up firecrackers to create the illusion that the Filipinos had plenty of guns,{1] sure enough the Spaniards fell for it, and surrendered a few days later. As the Spanish column approached, the revolutionaries under Jose Rizal's brother, General Paciano Rizal who was also the main commander of all revolutionary forces in the province, counterattacked the Spanish column in his hometown Calamba, The revolutionaries then staged an ambush in the vicinity, and many Spaniards became casualties and several of them were captured during the battle. The Philippine Republic (Spanish: Reptiblica Filipina; Filipino: Repiblikang Pilipino), more commonly known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic, was a nascent revolutionary government in the Philippines. It was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 21, 1899, in Malolos, Bulacan,[Note 1] and endured until the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo by the American forces on March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela, which effectively dissolved the First Republic. The FirstPhilippine Republic was established after the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896-1897) and the Spanish-American War between Spain and the United States (1898). Following the American victory at the Battle of Manila Bay, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines, issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898, and established a revolutionary Philippine government. In December 1898, Spain sold the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris, making the United States formally the Philippines colonial power. The Malolos Constitution establishing the First Philippine Republic was proclaimed the following month. The Philippine~American War began in February 1899, which the Philippine Republic lost. = 207 CENTURY Upon the outbreak of the Philippine-American War, Generals Juan Cailles and Paciano Rizal led the defense of Laguna during the war's early stages. The Battle of Mabitac was fought in defense of the town of Mabitac and was won by Filipino forces. However, forces led by Henry W. Lawton fought and won in Santa Cruz, Pagsanjan, and Paete, effectively securing the province for American forces. Resistance still occurred during this time. One of the province's folk hero during the continuing engagements was Teodoro Asedillo, who was considered a bandit by American forces. By the end of the war, the entire country was occupied by American forces and was taken as a colony. The Taft Commission was established to govern the Philippines during the interim period, which appointed Juan Cailles as the provincial governor of Laguna. Act No. 83, or the Provincial Government Act, established a civilian government under American occupation. During this time, roads were built, schools were established, and in 1917, the Manila Railroad Company extended its line to Laguna as far as Pagsanjan. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942-1945), Laguna was a center of Filipino resistance despite the presence of Makapili collaborators. The Philippine—American War, also referred to as the Filipino—American War, the Philippine War, the Philippine Insurrection or the Ta alog Insurgency (Filipino: Digm: ing Pilipino-Amerikano; Spanish: Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense), was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that lasted from February 4, 1899, to July 2, 1902. While Filipino nationalists viewed the conflict as a continuation of the struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution, the U.S. government regarded it as an insurrection. The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain, ending the short Spanish~American War. Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on February 4, 1899, in what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 2, 1902, with a victory for the United States. However, some Philippine groups—ted by veterans of the Katipunan, a Philippine revolutionary society continued to battle the American forces for several more years. ‘Among those leaders was General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed Tagalog Republic, formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro and Pulahan peoples, continued hostilities in remote areas and islands, until their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913. The war resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians, mostly due to famine and disease.Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to a million.The war, and especially the following occupation by the U.S., changed the culture of the islands, leadingto the disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the Philippines as a state religion, and the introduction of English to the islands as the primary language of government, education, business, industry, and, in future decades, among upper-class families and educated individuals. = THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR Battle of Mabitae (Filipino: Labanan sa Mabitac, Spanish: Batalla de Mabitac) was an engagement in the Philippine~American War, when on September 17, 1900, Filipinos under General Juan Cailles defeated an American force commanded by Colonel Benjamin F, Cheatham, Jr. Mabitac was linked to the garrison town of Siniloan by a causeway which, on the day of the battle, was flooded with water (in many parts waist-deep). The water in the flanking rice fields was even deeper, making it impossible to properly deploy off the narrow road. Trenches occupied by Filipinos under Cailles cut across this causeway, blocking the path into Mabitae. The battle began when elements of the 37th Infantry Regiment and 15th Infantry Regiment, advancing from Siniloan, came under intense fire some 400 yards from the enemy trenches, estimated at 800 in strength. Eight troops sent ahead to scout the enemy positions died to the last man as they closed to within 50 yards of the Filipinos. One of the last to fall was 2nd Lieutenant George Cooper. General Cailles, in an honorable gesture, let the defeated Cheatham recover the bodies of the eight slain soldiers after the battle. "BATTLE OF MABITACHenry Ware Lawton was born on March 17, 1843, in Maumee, Ohio. He was the son of George W. t, and Catherine (née Daley) who had been married in December 1836. Henry had two brothers, George S., and Manley Chapin. Lawton, a millwri In 1843, Lawton's father moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, to work on a mill. The family followed him the same year. George went to California in 1850 to build shakers for the gold miners. He returned to Ft. Wayne later in 1853 and shortly after, on January 21, 1854, his wife Catherine died. She had been living with family members in or near Birmingham and Sandusky, Ohio during George's absence. According to accounts given by Andrew J. Bamey, a resident of the area and family friend, given years later, Henry attended public school in Florence Twp., Ohio 1850 to 1854. Mr. Bamey married the sister of Henry's mother in 1856 and for a time, Henry lived with the Bamey family, and with his aunt, Marie Lawton, of Sandusky. He traveled with his father to Towa and Missouri in 1857, returning to Ft. Wayne in 1858. He enrolled at the Methodist Episcopal College in 1858 and was studying there when the Civil War began. "HENRY WARE LAWTON The Taft C as Seconigg mn (Filipino: Ikalawang Komisyon ng Pilipinas) was on March 16, 1900, following the recommendations of the First Philippine Commi: n was at first the sole legislative body of the Philippines, then known as the Philippine Islands under the sovereign control of the United States, while still under the Philippine-American War. After the passage of the Philippine Organic Act in 1902, the Commission functioned as a House of bicameral legislature until it was supplanted in 1916 by an elected legislature established in 1916 by the Philippine Autonomy Act. William Howard Taft was the first head of the Philippine Commission, a post he filled between March 16, 1900, and July 4, 1901, after which the commission head also became the Civil Governor of the Philippines. He held the post until January 31, 1904, after he was appointed as the Secretary of War by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt: The Philippine Commission was subsequently headed by a number of persons, but is often mentioned informally and collectively as the "Taft Commission. "TAFT COMMISSIONDuring the Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942-1945), Laguna was a center of Filipino resistance despite the presence of Makapili collaborators. ‘The establishment of the military general headquarters and military camp bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the Philippine Constabulary is a military unit organization was founded on January 3, 1942 to June 30, 1946 in the province of Laguna, and aided of the local military regular units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army 4th and 42nd Infantry Division and the Philippine Constabulary 4th Constabulary Regiment. Started the engagements of the Anti-Japanese Military Operations in Southern Luzon, Mindoro and Palawan from 1942 to 1945 against the Japanese Imperial forces. Beginning in 1945, attacks by the Filipino soldiers of the 4th, 42nd, 43rd, 45th, 46th and 47th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army, 4th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary and the recognized guerrillas against Japanese forces in Laguna increased in anticipation of the Liberation of the Philippines by joint Filipino & American forces. Research Argument Based on my research of Laguna’s history. one of the city mention there is where I presently Live since I was 2 years old my Parents both a house in Golden City Canlalay Bifian Laguna. from Pasay, the hometown of my mother. Afier being married, Mom and my dad made the decision to live freely here in Laguna. I had a joyful childhood, and everything seemed easy to come by when I was a kid. We adore my father despite the fact that he wasn't always present as I was growing up because of the sacrifices he made to work as a seafaring officer abroad and spend nearly half of his life dealing with people of different ethnicities. so even though his not here always we understand, for us enable to live a better life and study at private school. My mother also teaches us to love, respect, and be gratefull for my Daddy. As I approach the age of 34, I dream of starting my own family and having children of my own.