RELIABILITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS: Reliability Analysis is concerned with the determination of the capability of a component system to perform its function for a specified period of time. The concept of reliability is as old as man himself. As the time advances, reliability theory has also developed, Reliability theory grown on the demands of technology and scientific advancements. Some of the important areas of applications are industries, space research, military, Insurance, etc. The thrust area of Reliability is reliability engineering. Machine maintains, improving the performance of equipments are achieved in a reliability tools structural reliability concepts are useful in determining the life length of structure. In military and Air force, reliability are used to monitor of maintain equipments, flight as radar which are complex in nature. It has also wider application in Insurance industry. It is used in risk assessment to determine premium for risks associated with large systems. consists of both technological and human components. Reliability techniques are also used to determine towards for loss probabilities. Reliability techniques are also in Industries along with Quality control technique. DEFINITION OF RELIABILITY: Reliability is the capability of parts, components, equipments, products and systems to perform the required function for desired periods 3 ° of time without failure in a specified environment and with a desired confidence. In other words, reliability is the probability of a device or system performs its purpose adequately for period intended under the given operating conditions.2. RELIABILITY FUNCTION: Let T be the time until the component (or) system fails (or) clears to function properly. T is called the life length (or) time to failure of a component and it is a continuous random variable. R(t) is the probability that the time to failure is greater than or equal to t. It is given by, R(t) = PIT>t] = fPF(x)dx = 1-F(t) R(0)=1 and limR(t)=0Failure Rates ‘The failure rate A is defined as the number of failures in a Given time interval, é¢-. _ Number of failures = ‘Total units of operating hours When 2 remains constant, i.e., the number of failures in equal time intervals probability of non-occurrence of failure, over a time period of f years will be (I — to eo. Thus do not change, the ay which is equal aay = ‘Taking logarithm, this gives Hog (I-A) = -Arloge Differentiating wr. 1, we get 1, Nee ma nl i * ~jog (ta ~ ™ 2 Constant Reliability at any time 1 is given by R= where om = Total number of failures Bath-tub-shaped Failure Rate ‘The failure rates for most systems follow a typical “bath-tub” pattern. It starts with a high failure rate during the initial period of operation called the infant mortality on the debugging period as shown in Fig. 18.1. The operating. period following this period has essentially a constant failure rate because failures during this period are typically due to chance. Upon reaching the workout period the failures tend fo increase quite rapidly. Failures, in this interval, are the result of gradual degradation of some propery of the system essential to proper operation. For the purpose of reliability analysis we can puis the failure rate to be constant which characterizes an experimental reliability: function i Opoanating "We en fap DEL Bath tubs shaped Hazard tarte ous Failure Rate ig given by cous failure rate or ruth. —! 4 RO Ho = km ARO Row s at time f and denotes failure Instantané Hazard rate OF instantane - + h respectively. (1 + are the eeliabilie probability distribution, Rw st - FO where F() eI- frou = J sind. where R (0 and R Again. i cli ide = be where fa) denotes the probability density function such that f rod daw --4|f a|=-r0, Also. k= | fro where f (1) is referred to as failure distribution. 4 Now. Ho = 4 (log R (0) = ~ Goes? d a4 4 {OBR OO) = a or log R() = Ar + C. When 1=QRM=RM=1. 6 CH= Hence, logR() = -Ar or R(t) =e. Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) Suppose that an equipment or a system is in operation. Assume that when the equipment fails it repaired, the repair time being negligible. Then the average failure time E (1) is identical with the average time between successive failures. This is referred to as mean time between failure (MTBF). The mean time between failures is related with reliability through the simple equation as ara = E@ = { -Foar=f rma 0 O deve the failure distribution is exponential, MTBF = 1/4, More is the MTBF more reliable the vice. Estimation of Reliability ‘The reliability of a component is estimated by i i is procedure * fi YY a procedure known as life testing. In this prove number of components are subjected to identical operational Tanidons ‘vials respect 10 i physical characteristics. The time of failure of each component is recorded till the last one fails ™ reliability of the component at 1 is estimated as Ro where Rp = Number of components survi 1B Up tof Total number of components. ven by f(g = ——__Nummber of failures in interval (1+) - ; (Number surviving at interval beginning) x (interval length) The estimated failure rate h () is giRelationship between Reliability function and Hazard function: (Reliability function in terms of hazard function (or) failure density function in terms of hazard function) The hazard rate function is _ fig _ =Rl0) MO=RIG= RE Integrating (1) with respect to t between 0 and t on both sides, we have RU) gee. fan Rat Java coe ot dici= -frvd Jog « R(O-loge R(0) = =f 2 at log eRQ)= -faieide R(Q = ex l-f Atidt] — (2) Using (2), (1) can be written as, {= AO RO=AW exp [fale] =)