DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

THE 4 INDUSTRIAL TH

REVOLUTION

Does Your Company Adapt Properly

to Industry 4.0 Technologies?
W HI T E PA P ER

JACOBS-UNIVERSITY.DE /BUSINESS-SOLUTIONS
 WHITE PAPER

TABLE OF CONTENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION DIGITALIZATION INDEX 7

HOW TO ADAPT PROPERLY 1. INTRODUCTION

The fourth industrial revolution
8
8

TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF THE 2. ABSTRACT

2.1. The key technologies
10
10

4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 2.2. Use Case AI – Smart Factory

2.3. Machine Learning in supply network
12
14

Comprehensive concepts or specialized solution components:
How to implement knowledge- and technology transfer in your business.
Learn from first-hand background information in research and teaching,
combined with scientific insights, case studies and successful business cases.
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT 17
3.1. General R&D strategies 17
3.2. Opportunities by lndustry 4.0 18
3.3. Challenges by lndustry 4.0 19
3.4. Recommendations 20
4. SOLUTIONS 21
4.1. New educational approaches 22
4.2. Knowledge transfer for companies 23
4.3. R&D Projects for companies 23
4.4. How to start the journey 24

5. CONCLUSION 25
Get your company, processes and supply chain ready for digitalization.
Actual tools, techniques and trends. JACOBS UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SOLUTIONS 26

The scientific content of this publication is mainly based on

lndustry 4.0: Principles, Effects and Challenges
by Yilmaz Uygun (Editor)
published in 2020 by nova science publishers.
ISBN-10: 1536183318

Prof. Dr. Yilmaz Uygun

Professor of Logistics Engineering, Technologies, and Process at the
department of Mathematics & Logistics of Jacobs University Bremen.

Head of Logistics Engineering and Technologies Group, Study Program

Chair MSc Supply Chain Management, Jacobs University Bremen / Germany
JACOBS UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SOLUTIONS Industrial Performance Center, Massachusetts
2021/2022 Insti­tute of Technology, Cambridge, MA / USA

2 3
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY — DIGITALIZATION INDEX

DIGITALIZATION INDEX

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CURRENT STATUS OF DIGITALIZATION IN GERMANY

PRE-RELEASED INFORMATION – NEW INDEX PUBLISHED BY BMWI

The digital transformation is in full swing all around the world. A new digitization index provides information on the state of digitization in the German economy.
It was commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Bundes­
The technological progress is rapid and is changing the way we communicate, work, learn and
ministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie – BMWi). It will be surveyed annually.
live. It offers tremendous potential for improving people’s quality of life, for doing business more
efficiently, and for creating revolutionary business models.

After the internet brought people together, we are increasingly seeing the internet connecting
Primaries, chemicals and pharmaceutical industries 99,4
machines. Germany, with its strong industrial sector and industry-related services, has the opportu­
nity to position itself at the forefront of the next phase of digitalization, the Internet of Things (IoT).
Electrical engineering and mechanical engineering 144,3

WHERE DOES GERMANY AND THE EU Automotive engineering 193,0

STAND IN TERMS OF DIGITALIZATION? 66,7

Other manufacturing sectors
Forecasts indicate the potential dimensions: According to already published information from the
European Commission, a Digital Single Market could contribute 415 billion euros per year to the Other production industry 55,6
economic performance of the European Union and create hundreds of thousands of new jobs.

Digitalization of industries will open up potential additional cumulative added value of 425 billion Information and communication industry 273,0

euros in Germany alone. Improved cooperation between companies and start-ups in Germany
might open up growth potential of 100 billion euros only up to end of 2020.* Commerce 74,9

IOT, CPS DISPATCHING, BIG DATA, AI – Transport and logistics 75,3

MORE THAN BUZZ WORDS Tourism sector 64,4

Instead of dazzling with buzz words, this publication aims to define relevant backgrounds, evolution
steps and recent developments towards the fourth industrial revolution. New technologies and key Business service providers 135,0

acts are clearly explained with a short summary from a scientific and industrial point of view.
Average of the industry groups
Dive into depth to the core of the challenges and get first-hand information with different impact
stories how these technologies are applied in practice. Get exciting insights in current industrial
Value in points. Weighted average in 2020 = 100
projects that already proved a great business impact.
„From now on, the Digitization Index
will provide us with an up-to-date
JOIN A WORLDWIDE NETWORK and differentiated picture of the
situation regarding the digitization of
Discover latest R&D trends, learn from others experience and individual journeys towards companies on an annual basis, and
groundbreaking innovation. Get to know, what technologies, processes and concepts in the we will be able to monitor develop-
sense of industry 4.0 companies and research institutions actually work on. ments. In the current first year,
the starting places are determined,
Learn more about real opportunities and challenges for your business. Get to know latest trends, so to speak. We see that there are
recommendations, as well as potential solutions, how your business adapts best in changing times enormous differences in the degree
of digitalization – including a clear strategy, how to start or to continue your journey to succeed. of digitization between the sectors.
Even small and medium-sized ent-
erprises are not yet fully exploiting
Jacobs University. Inspiration is a place. their digitization potential. This is
precisely where BMWi programs
such as „Digital Jetzt“ and the
Mittelstand 4.0 com­petence centers
(Mittelstand 4.0 Kompetenzzentren)
0 25 50
throughout Germany come in …“,
Thomas Jarzombek, BMWi Commis-
sioner for the Digital Economy and
Startups remarked.
This index is mostly valuable to help
politics and the whole industry to tar-
get their measures for strengthening
digitalization in Germany more effec-
tively. Based on 37 indicators, the
new index records and quantifies the
status achieved to date. Also differen-
ces between sectors, company sizes,
groups of federal states and types of
region are analyzed.
According to the survey, the most
advanced sectors in terms of digiti-
100,0
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275
zation are the information and com- Metropolitan areas such as Berlin,
munications sector (ICT), the auto- Dresden, Hanover, Hamburg, Munich
motive industry, and the electrical and Cologne also achieve very high
and mechanical engineering sectors. values.
Large companies (more than 249 The next results of the Digitization
employees) have a significantly Index will be available in fall 2021,
higher level of digitization than again published by the BMWi on a
medium-sized companies (50-249 regular basis to provide new infor-
employees). Small companies (1-49 mation on the status of digitalization
employees) still have the greatest in Germany and on the implementa-
digitization potential overall. Sout- tion of initiatives and projects.
hern Germany leads the field in
terms of the degree of digitization.
www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Pressemitteilungen/2020/11/20201130-neuer-
digitalisierungsindex-zeigt-wo-die-deutsche-wirtschaft-steht.html

* Where does Germany stand in terms of digitalization, by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy Source: www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE /Pressemitteilungen/2020/11/20201130-neuer-digitalisierungsindex-zeigt-wo-die-deutsche-wirtschaft-steht.html
4 www.de.digital/DIGITAL /Redaktion/EN/Downloads/white-paper-short-version.pdf?_ _blob=publicationFile&v=8 5
 INTRODUCTION

The third industrial revolution is based on semicon- Now we are on the transition of the fourth indus-
ductors and microprocessors that enabled automa- trial revolution which is marked by so called cyber
tion with robots and the first programmable logic physical systems (CPS) based on IoT, the Internet of
controller in 1969. Things and services

This is the point in history where we changed from
analog to digital technologies.
The internet is also part of this era which came into
our lives in the 1990s. These technologies required
coding and programming skills, especially for auto-
mation processes in industry. Some emerging
occupations of this era are PLC programmers and
software developers.
Global connection and interaction not only of peo-
ple, but also of devices, merger or fusing of the real
with the cyber world, and great computing power
are the underlying technologies.
One of the most required skill sets in this era is Big
Data Analytics. Therefore, new jobs and occupa-
tions, such as data analysts, robot engineers, and IT
architects are emerging.

1. INTRODUCTION INDUSTRY 1.0

“MECHANIZATION”
INDUSTRY 2.0
“ELECTRIFICATION”
INDUSTRY 3.0
“AUTOMATION”
INDUSTRY 4.0
“AUTONOMIZATION”

Mechanical production Mass production with Automation of Cyber physical production

with water and division of labor production with (CPP) based on the internet
steam power and electrical energy electronics and IT of things & services
THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
We are currently standing at the peak of the fourth The first industrial revolution is based on the basic
industrial revolution. On one hand it suggests that innovation of steam power that enabled for the first 1800 1900 1970 TODAY
we already faced and passed three prior ones. On time in history the mechanical production equip-
the other hand, the term revolution implies that ment with the first mechanical room in 1784. 1784 1870 1969
we broke up with existing systems, structures, and first mechanical loom first conveyor belt first programmable logic
processes, and invented new more effective and The whole society and economy therefore shifted controller (PLC)
efficient ones – thanks to radical basic innovations, heavily from agricultural to industrial economy.
such as: Agrarian societies gave way to urbanization. Indus- General implication General implication General implication General implication
trial labor emerged with new occupations, like fac- Agrarian societies gave way Scientific principles  From analog to digital Cyber-physical devices,
 steam engine, tory workers, machine operators, engineers, etc. to Urbanization  Just-in-time technologies analytics, and Internet
 electricity,  Lean manufacturing  Brought semi-conductors, of Things (IoT)
 microprocessors, The second industrial revolution is based on elec- mainframe computing and
 the internet. tricity that was invented in the late 19th century. the internet
This paved the way to mass production with division
Looking at the four industrial revolutions more of labor with the first conveyor belt in 1870. Skill set Skill set Skill set Skill set
closely, we understand that those build upon each  Industrial labor  Dexterity  Coding & Programming  Industrial Programming
other. This journey may be characterized as evo- Alongside, academic interest was also involved (middle class skill)  Automation Engineering  CPS dispatching and
lution. Nevertheless, the changes that those rev- which led to the development of scientific prin- maintenance
olutions brought along had and still have a huge ciples, such as productivity studies, ergonom-  Quality control
impact not only on business but also on society. ics, and in the later years just in time and lean
manufacturing. Emerging occupation Emerging occupation Emerging occupation Emerging occupation:
Therefore, although this is an evolutionary process,  Factory workers Blue and white collar  PLC Programmer  Data Scientist
the implications revolutionized the way we work Required skill sets also shifted to dexterity since  Machine operators employees  Software developer  Cobot Engineer
and live. manual labor in manufacturing and assembly pro-  Engineers  IT architect
cesses became more and more important. The  Maintenance workers  Industrial UI Developer
division of blue and white collar employees dates
back to this era.

6 7
 ABSTRACT

The core of such CPS are embedded systems which Both IoT and CPS are the infrastructural and tech-
are microprocessor-based systems that are built to nical requirements respectively for the proclaimed
control a range of function and are not designed to fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0 (CPG
be programmed by the end user (Heath 2003). 2013).

ADOPT. ADAPT. ENABLE. Understand the purposes Human-technology

process interface
of the applications and functions
FUNCTIONS can articulate meaning of the ressult

INTERPRET ENABLE
Analyze data and Engage Enable
build report Motivate Listen
to visualize ANALYTICS OPERATIONS
desision support
results Doing the Making
REPORT right thing Easy
INTERFACE
Apply and
configure the

2. ABSTRACT
tool of collect, TECHNOLOGY Understand the tasks
capture, and work requirements
and analyze data and environment

Source: https://media.dekra.com/media/dekra-white-paper-digital-readiness-final.pdf

2.1. THE KEY TECHNOLOGIES

Key technologies drive innovation and thus serve IOT – INTERNET 0F THINGS SMART FACTORIES
as the basis for new products, processes and ser- It shows that still a limited number of industrial The outcome of industry 4.0 is Smart Factories vertically integrated production systems. The aim
vices. Business innovators have to respond to new and institutional stakeholders have a common that have a decentralized manufacturing logic is a consistent engineering along the value chain
developments and advance key technologies and comprehensive understanding of the challenges through intelligent products – in horizontally and (CPG 2013).
finally need to generate the type of knowledge to and real opportunities posed by IoT.
increase that leads into a competitive edge. An ideal manufacturing
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a global infrastruc- environment in Industry
1 4.0 (Uygun & Ilie 2017)
Several technologies and concepts are key in ture enabling advanced services by interconnecting
industry 4.0, so that key terms need to be more (physical and virtual) things based on existing and 1
clearly defined. evolving interoperable information and communi-
cation technologies (ITU 2021). A special man-
ifestation of this is the industrial internet that is
an internet of things, machines, computers, and
4
people – enabling intelligent industrial operations
INTERNET CYBER PHYSICAL using advanced data analytics for transformational 1
OF THINGS SYSTEMS business outcomes (IIC 2015).
2 Precise and rapid
1 matchmaking
CPS – CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMS 3
INDUSTRIAL EMBEDDED Remote Quality Control
INTERNET SYSTEMS In addition to that, the term Cyber Physical Sys- 2 (CMM, 3D Scan, CT)
INFR
ASTR
UCTU
RAL R E Q UIR
EME
NT T ECH
NIC A
L R EQU
IR EM
EN T tems (CPS) is frequently used in the technological 3
Custom Shipping
(esp. P2P)
INDUSTRY 4.0 area of IoT. Cyber Physical Systems are embedded
Ubiquitous Tracking
systems that are connected to each other using 4 & Tracing

digital networks and have several multi-modal

RESULT Information flow
human-machine interfaces and gather and process
physical data through sensors. At the same time Goods Flow
SMART FACTORY those systems interact with physical operations
through actors (acatech 2011). Source: Key terms in Industry 4.0 (Uygun & Reynolds 2016).

8 9
 CASE STUDY
CASE STUDY
2.2. USE CASE AI – SMART FACTORY
KEY TERMS:
DIGITALIZATION / MACHINE LEARNING / ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE /
BIG DATA ANALYTICS / SMART FACTORY
SMS GROUP – AHEAD DIGITALIZATION WITH X-PACT® MES 4.0
SMS group, a world market leader in the metals industry generate an annual turn-
over of around 2,8 billion euros with 13,500 employees worldwide. The company,
founded almost 150 years ago in Germany, has become an increasingly important
player in many different sectors – including energy and even port logistics.
SMS group chose Jacobs University to kick off a joint research and development
project as part of its digitalization offensive.
THE CHALLENGE
For an innovative project of Big River Steel, a “self-learning factory” had to be imple-
mented. In Arkansas, Big River Steel operates North Americas newest and greenest
steelmaking plant.
SMS group started the research and development project on intelligent production
planning to cover aspects such as dynamic reactions to specific production situa-
Use Case AI by
SMS group in cooperation
tions, use of autonomous learning, artificial intelligence of automation systems using
with Jacobs University. Big Data Analytics.
YOUTUBE.COM/
WATCH?V=FUTIRLP8QHS
THE COMMITMENT
The goal was to equip the plants at Big River Steel with SMS group’s X-Pact® elec-
trics and automation, including a flexible production planning system and further
technological process models of digitalization.
The joint project was officially kicked-off in 2017 while representatives of Jacobs
University Bremen explained relevant steps how to implement a “self-learning
Factory” during a presentation at US company Big River Steel.
10
CASE STUDY
THE APPROACH
By interdisciplinary collaboration the research and development project has been
integrated into Big River Steel’s automation environment ongoing.
Specifically, the project is to provide solutions and optimization models for produc-
tion planning with real product cycle times, yield optimization through smart cam-
paign planning and re-scheduling of sequences especially in Compact Strip Produc-
tion plants after interruption of casting.
A further objective was the development of planning modules based on artificial
intelligence. The X-Pact® MES 4.0 Performance Enrichment Analysis detects rela-
tionships between production parameters and performance indicators on the basis of
historic production data.
Once the Performance Enrichment Analysis module is activated, a whole range of
possible errors can be simultaneously monitored in order to detect any abnormalities
during production.
THE IMPACT
Improved adherence to production schedules and increased yield by reducing down-
grading and scrap had positive effects on the economic efficiency of the customer’s
production facilities. The dynamic planning and further optimization processes was
integrated into Big River Steel’s automation environment – the world’s first self-learn-
ing steel.
SMS group supplied all the plants for the new steel complex, including the mechan-
ical and electrical equipment as well as automation systems, supported by Jacobs
University, to build America’s most modern steel mill.
The Performance Enrichment Analysis allows permanent monitoring of product qual-
ity and plant condition in many different areas. Due to the early detection, action can
be taken in good time – thanks to AI.
This solution proved to be an effective artificial intelligence method and was intro-
duced to production companies of various sectors.
WWW.JACOBS-UNIVERSITY.DE/BUSINESS-
SOLUTIONS/RESEARCH-TRANSFER
11
 CASE STUDY CASE STUDY

CASE STUDY

2.3. MACHINE LEARNING IN SUPPLY NETWORKS

KEY TERMS:
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT / MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS /
BIG DATA ANALYTICS / DIGITALIZATION

SCHAEFFLER GROUP – PROCESS OPTIMIZING BY USING MACHINE LEARNING TOOLS

AS SUCCESSFUL PHD PROJECT
As a leading global supplier to the automotive and industrial sectors, the Schaeffler
Group has been driving forward groundbreaking inventions and developments in the
fields of motion and mobility for over 70 years.

With innovative technologies, products and services, the company is a reliable partner
for making motion and mobility more efficient, intelligent and sustainable. With around
83.000 employees, Schaeffler is one of the world’s largest family companies.

THE CHALLENGE Material Delivery-

In late 2017 the industry group contacted Jacobs University with a technical chal- Shipment –
lenge to have a solution developed for the company. The same year, Alexey Lyutov from sequences according
data mining processes
Akademgorodok (Russia), which means “academic town”, was accepted as new PhD to of different materials
support for an innovative industrial solution.
top:
In his doctoral thesis, Alexey worked with Schaeffler on the simulation and optimization Material Type: A1
of processes in logistics to apply his methodological expertise and had the opportunity
left:
to put this into practice immediately. Being supported by a team of Professors with long Material Type: B2
term industry project experience, he set the course for the success of this project and
bottom:
further collaborations with his research results. Material Type: C3

THE COMMITMENT
Next step of visualization
This research involves, on one hand, the intelligent evaluation and linking of data using to improve visibility and
machine learning. And on the other, the development and application of an algorithm for efficiency of material
finding inefficiencies in Schaeffler’s global transport network – with the aim of reducing (delivery and shipment)
in global supply chains.
transport costs.

Marc-Thorsten Hütt, Professor of System Biology, and Yilmaz Uygun, Professor of

Logistics Engineering, Technologies and Processes at Jacobs University, support the
ambitious project of this young and passionate researcher.

THE APPROACH
Customer requirements, product specifications issued by the customer, organize the
dialog between suppliers and customers and, hence, affect the dynamics of supply
networks. These large and complex documents are frequently updated over time, while
changes are seldom marked by the customers who issue the requirements. The usually
resulting lack of structure and defined responsibilities demands an expert to manually
processes connected requirements. Here, the possibility to improve the usual workflow
with machine learning algorithms is explored.

The whole requirements management process revealed two major bottlenecks, which
could be automatized: The first one is to detect changes, that can be accomplished via a
document comparison tool. The second one, recognizing the responsibilities and assign-
ing them to the right department, can be solved with standard machine learning algo-
rithms. Such algorithms have been applied to a dataset obtained from a global automo-
tive industry supplier – Schaeffler group.

12 13
 CASE STUDY

Transportation Network
Data Overview: EUROPE WORLD
Logistic Network Data-
base with more than
60 million entries in Schaeffler Schaeffler
several years

Customer Schaeffler Customer

THE IMPACT

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The finally proposed method improves the requirements management process by
reducing an expert workload and thus decreasing the time for processing one docu-
ment, was reduced from 2 weeks to 1 hour!

Moreover, the method gives a high accuracy of department assignment and can
self-improve, once implemented into a requirements management system. Although
the machine learning methods are very popular nowadays, they are seldomly used to What are the most recent strategies, opportunities, risks and trends to adapt
improve business processes in real companies, especially in the case of processes
that did not require digitalization in the past.
successfully to new technologies in times of digitalization and industry 4.0?

This research project description shows, how such methods can solve some of the 3.1. GENERAL R&D STRATEGIES
management problems and improve their workflow.
The fourth industrial revolution is a global phenom- Areas of application: Especially the big ERP soft-
“A very good example of how complex problems from industry and business can enon. In many countries, companies and research ware companies follow this trajectory.
be solved through interdisciplinary cooperation and the international network- institutions work on technologies, processes, and
ing of scientists,” Stephan Kuhlman is stating, project manager of the Business concepts for intelligent manufacturing in the sense B. DECENTRALIZED CONTROL THROUGH DIRECT
Solution department, who coordinates industry projects in research & transfer at of industry 4.0. COMMUNICATION OF MATERIALS WITH MACHINES
Jacobs University. Further development of distributed systems com-
Interdisciplinary
Research team of
In general, all those research and development prises developments and systems were the prod-
Jacobs University Bremen activities can be grouped into four main streams: uct, e.g., with a tag on it, communicates with the
for the machine that directly performs the operation on that
Schaeffler group project
A. CENTRALIZED CONTROL THROUGH product without asking the central control systems.
AUTONOMOUS IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS
A further development of a centralized system is Areas of application: Especially machinery manufac-
based on systems with enterprise resource planning turers as well as research labs follow this trajectory.
(ERP) and adjacent software systems (MES, etc.)
that control manufacturing processes. C. NEW CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS AND
PLATFORMS FOR DATA CONSISTENCY
Based on the interaction of the product with the A novel development of a centralized system com-
machine, new systems in this field allow autono- prises systems and technologies that manage data
mous identification of materials. The latter commu- centrally.
ALEXEY LYUTOV PROF. DR. MARC-THORSTEN HÜTT PROF. DR. YILMAZ UYGUN nication with the ERP system, i.e., retrieves infor-
PhD candidate in Professor of Computational Systems Biology Professor of Logistics Engineering, mation on the operation, to fulfill tasks. Areas of application: Especially cloud-based
computer science Life Sciences & Chemistry Technologies, and Processes
& Research Assistant at Jacobs University Mathematics & Logistics services fall in this category. Those services can be
at Jacobs University Bremen at Jacobs University Afterwards, the machine feeds back the ERP sys- seen as innovatve since they offer services, such
tem with the actual operation data and gets infor- as cloud-based data storage, data processing, etc.,
mation on the next process step or the product to that were not possible decades ago.
route him to the proper downstream workstation.

14 15
 PROBLEM STATEMENT PROBLEM STATEMENT

D. N
 EW DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM tasks, e.g., materials handling and warehousing
SMART PRODUCT SMART PROCESS SMART AFTER SALES SERVICE
THROUGH DISTRIBUTED SELF-CONTROL activities.
A novel development of distributed systems com- COLLABORATIVE FRAUD-SECURE
prises technologies and systems where machines, Areas of application: Especially companies in ONE-PIECE FLOW
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT WARRANTY MANAGEMENT
such as automated guided vehicles (AGV), commu- materials handling and warehousing technologies
nicate autonomously with each other to fulfill their follow this trajectory. DIGITAL PRODUCT ASSET INFORMATION TARGETED RECALL
MEMORY MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT

INTEGRATED PREDICTIVE
NEW SYSTEMS + PLATFORMS DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM SERVICE CROSS-SELLING
Development approach

C D
New COMPLIANCE MAINTENANCE
FOR DATA CONSISTENCY, BY DISTRIBUTED SELF-CONTROL
development
ESPECIALLY CLOUD BASED (AGV) SERVICE-ENABLED ADAPTIVE &
PRODUCTS TRANSPARENT LOGISTICS

AUTONOMOUS IDENTIFICATION DIRECT COMMUNICATION ANTICIPATORY QUALITY

Further
development A OF MATERIALS
SUPPORTED BY ERP-SYSTEMS
OF MATERIALS WITH MACHINES,
E.G., BY A TAG ON PRODUCTS
B MANAGEMENT

0011101011
1010011011
0110100100
0011101011 CONSISTENT AND AUTONOMOUS DATA EXCHANGER
centralized decentralized 1010011011
0110100100
Degree of centrality of control

3.2. OPPORTUNITIES BY INDUSTRY 4.0 3.3. CHALLENGES BY INDUSTRY 4.0

Once the fourth industrial revolution gets more mature,
we will observe changes to products, processes and
services. – All those products, processes and after sale
services will be smarter.
In the product development stage, products can be deve­-
l­oped jointly and collaboratively. Thanks to the horizon­tal
integration of customers and other stakeholders in future
production lines of digitalized companies, feedback
and adjustments to prototypes might become a valuable
option for successful product development by using
collaborative tools.
DIGITAL MEMORY OF PRODUCTS
Those and other products will have a digital product
memory: All information related to production and
logistics processes, requirements, tolerances, etc., will
be stored and can be read by all other stakeholders
and customers. With all this information in its memory
and integrated compliance can also be realized and
requirements and quality-related prerequisites can be
checked at any time.
Furthermore, products will come along with services
that can be added and activated on demand. So,
products will be the platform to sell services.
SMARTER PROCESSES
Thanks to the connection and interaction of products
with machines, one-piece flow, i.e., the batch size of
production equal to one, can be realized. Products will
directly communicate with the universally equipped
machines which then will directly perform the opera-
tion on those products individually without reprogram-
ming or re-planning. In addition, machines will also
have a memory that will contain information on those
16 assets, such as uptimes and downtimes.
With this information, predictive maintenance can be
performed. Furthermore, this will allow a consistent
tracking and tracing of the products, but also of the
logistics and materials handling equipment. Also,
Beside promising opportunities, there are still chal-
lenges to overcome in order to seize the full potential of
those novel systems and technologies.
These challenges are accompanied by an overarching
challenge for legal framework. Issues related to product
liability and warranty becomes important when in net-
works of manufacturing companies, machines decide
!
using such information, quality issues can be pre- BROADBAND INFRASTRUCTURE / DATA SECURITY and execute orders.
dicted early on. The security challenge is of major relevance and one
of the biggest concerns of manufacturing companies NEW EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGE
SMARTER SERVICES AROUND PRODUCTS since the number or related issues and cases with data From a human point of view, training and lifelong learn-
After sales services, if we can call them after sales security, such as data leaks, industrial espionage, etc., ing become more important than ever before. Existing
keeps increasing. Challenges in
at all, will be smarter as well. Since products will be employees of different branches and company sizes
Industry 4.0
product-service bundles and used as platforms to sell need to be trained so that they can not only handle new based on Spath et al.,
services, there will be no after-sales for those prod- DATA EXCHANGE STANDARDS systems but also further develop them. (2013).
ucts in the strict sense from a business perspective. Another important aspect is the standardiza-
tion of all those data exchange. With no stan-
However, referring after sales in the chronological dard reference architecture communication
order as the phase where the product changes hands between products and machines and among MANAGING
ORGANIZATION COMPLEX SYSTEMS
(from the producer / retailer to the end customer / themselves is almost impossible. They need to
consumer), we may distinguish smart applications as speak the same language.
WORK RESOURCE
well: Based on the product memory, we may directly ORGANIZATION
distinguish if the product is genuine or a plagiarism. All those interactions produce humongous AND DESIGN EFFICIENCY
amount of data that require resources for STANDARDIZATION
Apart from that, product recalls based on faulty com- computing and processing of data. So, ways to AND REFERENCE
ponents can be detected very specifically and then decrease resource utilization is important, too. ARCHITECTURE
SOCIO-TECHNICAL
be tracked and traced to analyze if those components
SYSTEM
in each product are faulty or not. This way, product LEGAL AND WORK ORGANIZATIONAL SECURITY
recalls can better sequenced and managed. CHALLENGES
From the organizational perspective the man-
In combination with products being platforms to sell agement of those complex systems where HUMAN TECHNOLOGY
for the services, cross-selling offers of the products machines, e.g., so called cobots or collabora- COMPREHENSIVE
and services can be realized. tive robots, not only talk to each other but also BROADBAND
interact with humans in a novel way. Further- INFRASTRUCTURE
At the core of all these opportunities lies a more, especially in environments with intelli-
VOCATIONAL LEGAL
consistent and autonomous data exchange. gent cobots, new concepts for work organiza-
TRAINING FRAMEWORK
tion and work design need to be developed.
17
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

3.4. RECOMMENDATIONS
EXPLORE BIG DATA SO YOU CAN DISCOVER BUSINESS FACTS YOU NEVER KNEW.
It’s a new opportunity to understand what has changed in your business and where the
opportunities are to identify new customer segments or cost reductions. – Think of Big
Data as an opportunity, not a problem. Even if it may present technical challenges, its
analytics can lead to innovation and sustainable revenue lift.

KNOW THE TYPES OF ADVANCED ANALYTICS AND RELEVANT BACKGROUNDS

TO MAKE INFORMED CHOICES.
It is only the first step to know about opportunities of data and to collect them. To get the
most out of Big Data, you need tools and platforms that can analyze diverse data types, and
you may need tools that can handle the velocity of streaming data in real time.

Advanced analytics is a collection of related techniques and tool types, including

predictive analytics, data mining, statistical analysis, complex SQUL, data visualization,
the right use and development of artificial intelligence, natural language processing, as
well as proofed database methods that support analytics.

PLAN CAPACITY FOR HUNDREDS OF TERABYTES OF BIG DATA AND CONTROL YOUR
ANALYTIC DATABASES.
Analytic data require governance, privacy, and security, just like any enterprise and busi-
ness-related sensitive data.
4. SOLUTIONS
Data may become the “new oil of the 21st century” predicted British mathematician
Clive Hubry in 2006. The second part of his famous quote is already true:

DATA “IS VALUABLE, BUT IF UNREFINED, IT CANNOT REALLY BE USED.”

New abilities of employees are needed to push successful digitalization projects for-
PROF. DR. ward. The challenge is not only to extract information on the status of development,
ADALBERT F.X. WILHELM acceptance and the production environment by collecting data, rather than to make
Professor of Statistics,
Psychology & Methods –
smart use of it.
Jacobs University Bremen (Bonnke, 2020)
“Big Data is one of the buzz words of this decade and refers to the collection
and exploration of complex data sets. This complexity of Big Data is typically
described by the four V’s: Volume, Velocity, Variety, and Veracity. From a busi-
ness perspective, Big Data is often portrayed as a sea of big opportunities.
The technological research quite naturally is mostly concerned with the tech-
nical feasibility of the approaches, the continuously increasing challenges with
respect to the four V’s, and the creative solutions needed to tackle them.”
“In recent years, Big Data has become a significant topic in supply chain
management since the amount of generated data in practice has grown
exponentially.
Data analytics refer to techniques that apply data mining, statistical analysis,
predictive analytics, machine learning etc.
The aim is to apply machine learning and statistical analytics methods and tools
to uncover hidden patterns, correlations, trends, and knowledge that are useful
PROF. DR.-ING. to improve supply chain management processes. Key is to evaluate data analy­
HENDRO WICAKSONO tics results in different scenarios and solve the problem that might occur during
Professor of Industrial the whole data analytics processes, from data collection to data analytics.”
Engineering, Mathematics
& Logistics – Jacobs
University Bremen
Big Data has turned out to have giant potential, but
poses major challenges at the same time. On the
one hand, Big Data is driving the next stage of tech-
nological innovation and scientific discovery.
Accordingly, Big Data has been called the “gold” of
the digital revolution and the information age. On
the other hand, the global volume of data is growing
at a pace that seems to be hard to control. In this
light, it has been noted that we are “drowning in the
sea of data”. Faced with these prospects and risks,
the world requires a new generation of data spe-
cialists. For companies it’s time to reevaluate their
current portfolio of analytic databases and tools. –
On the other hand, businesses should embrace Big
Data Analytics for individual real benefits.
Don’t be seduced by the sexy technologies only. Go
for the benefits and avoid barriers. Big Data Analytics
should benefit customer relations first and formost.
Deriving value from all the data now available in
your business context requires a transformation in
data analysis, in how we see, maintain, share and
understand data.
GETTING INNOVATIONS OFF THE GROUND
Successful companies in Germany and abroad
develop their employees with expert skills and are
cooperating with consultancies or higher education
institutions in technology transfer to develop new,
innovative business concepts.
Jacobs University Business Solutions delivers these
key benefits and contributes sustainable corporate
success with state-of-the-art technology transfer,
private and public research programs and joint
developments.
Further competences of a top ranked private uni-
versity are innovative study programs with highest
practical relevance and international outreach, as
well as customized Executive Education to support
employee development programs in the field of
digitalization, data analytics, artificial intelligence,
digital transformation and industry 4.0, among
other tailormade solutions for business partners of
different sectors.

18 19
 SOLUTIONS
4.1. NEW EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES
BIG DATA AND DATA ENGINEERING
Data Engineering is driving the next generation of
technological innovation and scientific discovery,
which is expected to be strongly data-driven.
To meet actual and future business requirements
Universities offer various programs. One of those is
the MSC program Data Engineering embedded in
the “Mobility” focus area of Jacobs University.
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NEW: DATA SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY
AND BUSINESS (MSc)
New abilities of employees are needed to push suc-
cessful digitalization projects forward. That’s why a
new Master’s program will be introduced from 2021
on at Jacobs University: Digital data are a highly valu-
able resource for society and the economy. How they
can be extracted, processed and used sustainably is
the main focus of the Master’s program Data Science
for Society and Business.
“The interdisciplinary program opens up profound and
PROF. DR. multifaceted access to the dynamic field of digital
HILKE BROCKMANN data analysis and the digitalization of social life and
Professor of Sociology
business”, explains Hilke Brockmann, Professor of
Social Sciences &
Humanities – Jacobs Sociology, who, together with Adalbert Wilhelm,
University Bremen
20
This focus area investigates the mobility of people,
goods, and information. Even though the Data Engi­
neering program is centered in “Mobility”, it includes
contributions from and supports applications in the
two other research foci: Health (bioactive substances),
and Diversity (in modern societies).
The graduate program in Data Engineering offers a
profound insight into the methods and technologies
of this rapidly growing area. It combines Big Data
aspects of “Data Analytics” as well as of “Data
Science” with the technological challenges of data
acquisition, curation, and management.
This graduate program offers four focus tracks to
specialize further: Computer Science, Geo-Informat-
ics, Bio-Informatics, and Business & Supply Chain
Engineering. These tracks are a preparation for the
Advanced Projects within the Discovery Area and
the Master Thesis.
JACOBS-UNIVERSITY.DE/STUDY/
GRADUATE/PROGRAMS/
DATA-ENGINEERING
Professor of Statistics, coordinates the program at the
international university in Bremen: “Across disciplines
and in many concrete projects, we are learning about
and researching Big Data using computer-based meth-
ods and theories of the social, economic, engineering
and natural sciences.”
The new course of study conveys innovative skills, tools
and methods in the responsible handling of digital
data. In addition, the modules are tailor-made and take
individual interests and career plans into account.
“Data Science is so exciting because it creates new com-
munities and liberates us from disciplinary boundaries,”
Prof. Dr. Hilke Brockmann, one of the program coordina-
tors, is excited about: “The new DSSB master program
(Data Science for Society & Business) invites students to
our international campus to approach the dynamic field
of digital data and digitalization from social, business,
engineering and natural science perspectives.
The leitmotif of the program is Jacobs University’s
commitment to cutting-edge research, problem orien-
tation, and innovative projects.”
JACOBS-UNIVERSITY.DE/STUDY/
GRADUATE/PROGRAMS/DATA-
SCIENCE-SOCIETY-AND-BUSINESS
JACOBS UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SOLUTIONS
4.2. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER
FOR COMPANIES
CUSTOMIZED EXECUTIVE EDUCATION
Developing learning agility in companies will be
key. That’s why further opportunities in Executive
Education as Business Solutions on campus already
respond business demands to train employees.
Course participants are enabled to support the
development of digital solutions in their company
and to handle new systems.
The digitalization of work may enable better use of
knowledge, which is expected to result in enhanced
productivity and efficiency. Especially, as different
organizations adopt digital ways of working, products,
services and processes in different ways and paces.
Information and knowledge are the focal resources
of contemporary organizations, and therefore, their
effective flow is crucial for their performance: Effec-
tive knowledge flows may promote job satisfaction,
which, again, is linked to productivity.
(Okkonen, 2020; Deloitte Development LLC, 2020)
4.3. R&D PROJECTS FOR COMPANIES
Industry and companies of different branches have
recognized that the availability of a growing amount
of data makes complex analytics very valuable for
root cause analysis and process optimization.
Data Mining is one of the options to build up a basis
for advanced developments. It is the process of
detecting important new connections, patterns and
trends through the analysis of a large amount of
data records. By a causal analysis mostly effective
measures can be taken after incidents on time.
DATA ANALYSIS
A preliminary study as an exploratory data analysis
and prototype modeling might be developed as the
start of a data analysis process:
In a first step the data provided by the client are
managed for plausibility and completeness. The
responsible fluctuation monitoring and relationship
monitoring values are than listed for personal key
figures. Missing values are classified according to
EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT IS KEY
In a fast-changing global economy, skills will do a
great extent determine competitiveness and capac-
ity to drive innovation. They are a pull factor for
investment and a catalyst in the virtuous circle of
job creation and growth. According to concepts of
the European Commission, they are key to economic
and social cohesion.
It became common knowledge that deliberate
investment in research, development and employ-
ees is a genuine head start in innovation. Each and
every investment in the development of employees
has great potential to be an investment in the future
of every company’s success.
(Hochschulforum Digitalisierung, https://hochschul-
forumdigitalisierung.de/de/bologna-digital;
https://hochschulforumdigitalisierung.de/sites/
default/files/dateien/2019-05_White_Paper_
Bologna_Digital_2020.pdf)
type and origin and are then treated for further
processing. In the second step, correlation analyzes
are influenced in order to extract the relationship
variables for modeling. The third step includes
modeling variants for root cause analysis.
PROTOTYPE MODELING
A preliminary study is usually followed by a second
work package, the intensive and detailed data
evaluation and modeling to reduce errors as root
cause analysis. The final step is the training of
methods and analysis tools as handover to the
involved employees of the client.
TRAINING
This final work package usually takes place as a
two-day training on campus of Jacobs University
to convey the methods used in the project to the
employees and to provide them with additional tools
and recommendation for action to deal with future
problems and challenges.
21
 SOLUTIONS – CONCLUSION

4.4. HOW TO START THE JOURNEY

Nothing good happens unless you do it, Erich Kästner
once said. How true in a business context of a
fast-changing global economy with a clear need of
fast developing capacities to drive innovation.
EXPLOITING THE POTENTIAL OF AVAILABLE DATA
Big Data Analytics opens up new opportunities for
your business. That’s why companies should use the
full potential of their data. Why not switching on the
fast lane with experienced support of well-founded
potential analysis and plausible case studies, specif-
ically tailored to your business and your data.
Get a clear recommendation based on bundled
expertise from industry-related management con-
sulting and top-level university research. Convince
yourself how Big Data Analytics can be used as a
strategic tool in your company to optimize processes
and increase efficiency.
As one of the world’s leading universities, we draw
on the latest research findings and unlock untapped
business potential. Jacobs University already redu­
5. CONCLUSION
ced logistics costs by up to 30% with success­ful
business cases and the use of individually tailored
Big Data Analytics for industry clients.
The promising expertise of Professors and an inter-
disciplinary cooperation of different focus areas on Summing up, industry 4.0 will disrupt and change how we produce, do business, and live our
campus – by crossing borders of disciplines – is lives. Related to manufacturing, the way products are produced will change radically not only
already in practice by well-known DAX companies within a company but also across companies.
such as Daimler, Airbus or Schaeffler as well as a
number of other successful business groups and So, like any other revolution, the fourth industrial revolution will also produce winners and
small or medium-sized companies. losers. That’s why companies need to adapt properly to those new technologies in order not to
be pushed out of market.
Get reliable results quickly and effectively. Personal
customer contact and full service is included as There are still some concerns that need to be taken into consideration.
Business Solutions project for companies.
One of the most interesting problems is how far we should go in making products and machines
smarter in order not to lose control. On the other hand, there is the risk of having too high
expectations of industry 4.0 by managers and the society.

Current debates are mainly revolving around the poten­tials of the technology without taking into
account its applicability in reality. Unclear visions will lead to a hype of buzz themes – which in
turn may lead to irratio­nal fears among employees and in the whole society.

BIG DATA ANALYTICS

That’s why a clear definition of basic terms and strategies as well as expert trainings and a truly
interdisciplinary approach for research and technology transfer are crucial.

Exploit the full potential

of your corporate data SUCCESS IN THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Digitalization and new technologies of industry 4.0 will change the society and business towards
decision making based on data analytics. To create new business models that are successful in
the long term, it needs to be planned with foresight and a clear vision.

Successful digital transformation happens when humans are ready, willing and capable of fully
applying the right technology and benefiting from it. It’s all about the synergy of a right mindset,
FAST AND EFFECTIVE STEPS FOR RELIABLE RESULTS skillset and toolset. (Mei-Li Lin, 2020)
Project phases of a profound analysis at a glance
FINISH For ambitioned teams and successful companies everything starts with a common understanding
about principles and priorities to focus on sustainable solutions, products and services to meet
1 2 3 challenges posed by “digital born” competitors.
PRESENTATION OF
FINAL RESULTS
START DATA PROVISION DATA ANALYIS RESULT PROCESSING on campus at
provided by your company by a Big Data expert by experienced specialists Jacobs University
KICK-OFF EVENT
Technical data specification, Selection of variables and Executive Summary, including clear recommendations
within your organization
plausibility check data transformation, presentation of process steps for revenue growth and
Keynote & inital orientation, and summary feedback selection and application and final results accelerated operational efficiency
specification of the objective of methods of your business
& use case

1 expert + 1 moderator 2–3 WEEKS 8–10 WEEKS 2 WEEKS 1 expert + 1 moderator

JACOBS UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SOLUTIONS
TOTAL RUNNING TIME FROM 12–14 WEEKS

22 23
 JACOBS UNIVERSIT Y BUSINESS SOLUTIONS

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JOIN A GLOBAL NETWORK IMPACT STORY  WEICHAI POWER – LEADERS OF TOMORROW IMPACT STORY

Imagine travelling to the other side of the world to study state-

Our modern world is more complex and connected
than ever. Successful companies have to adapt quickly
to changing market requirements. New approaches of
thinking and new work processes are required by all
employees at every level. How about learning through
diversity – or using the power of data analytics?
Jacobs University Business Solutions is transforming
research knowledge into a service. All programs
benefit from a global network of experts, academic
exchanges and top-quality professors. Jacobs University
is ranked as one of the best universities worldwide.
(THE World University Rankings)
of-the-art management techniques and production technology
for a whole semester. That’s what Weichai’s future decision
makers are doing since 2017. Weichai Power, a Chinese cor­
poration specialized in development, manufacturing and sale
of diesel engines, sends employees to Jacobs University
for tailor-made programs of knowledge transfer combined with
international experiences. They are trained in fields, such as
project management, Industry 4.0, and smart manufacturing.
JACOBS-UNIVERSITY.DE/BUSINESS-
A high emphasis is laid on site visits to well-known global
SOLUTIONS/EXECUTIVE-EDUCATION/
industry players. Since 2017 more than 60 participants IMPACT-STORY-WEICHAI-GROUP-CHINA
success­fully graduated the program.

UNIQUE EXECUTIVE EDUCATION PROGRAMS I MPACT STORY  CROSS – COMPETENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO EXCEL YOUR BUSINESS
Jacobs University Business Solutions supports
companies and organizations with customized
solutions in Executive Education for ongoing learning
and hands-on approached employee development.
Fast access to world class research and technology
transfer accelerates innovations and sustainable
process improvement of your business. Join the
network of a top ranked university in Germany with
highest standards in research and teaching, following
an interdisciplinary concept and a global perspective.
ROTATION OVER SEVERAL SECTORS
Practical implementation and academic standards
are guaranteed, as clients are closely integrated in all A combination of theory and practice with exclusive
steps. Benefit from fast program development, high practical insights and hands-on approach increases
transparency, full service and personal support. learning outcomes with participants from Daimler, Airbus
and BLG Logistics.
Empower your company and increase business
 Specialists of different companies and various sectors are
performance levels – to master these challenging
acting together and learning from each other
times.
 Academics and experts are giving a set of skills and
strategies for coping with accelerated change processes
Contact Jacobs University Business Solutions to
and transformation in digital age
discuss your individual company’s challenge.
 A three-month “work on a project” in partner companies
is scientifically monitored and supported by experts of
Jacobs University

EXECUTIVE EDUCATION RESEARCH & TRANSFER BUSINESS EVENT SERVICE I MPACT STORY  AUTO DIGITAL –
CREATE YOUR OWN PROGRAM BUILDING BRIDGES BETWEEN A UNIQUE VENUE AND EXCLUSIVE INITIATING INNOVATION
WITH FULL SERVICE SUPPORT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS EVENT LOCATION

Generate the best sustainable impact on
your business with your own program as cus-
tomized solution by Jacobs University.
Benefit of unique training opportunities sup-
ported by your full-service partner at Jacobs
University’s international campus or as
blended learning solution.
The content of your training modules is based
on current fields of research, latest market
trends and individual challenges of coopera-
tion partners.
Companies from medium-size to large cor-
porate business units benefit from interdisci­
plinary teams of experts at Jacobs University’s
research departments. Choose the right
customized option for a joint development,
research cooperation or technology transfer.
Take advantage of interdisciplinary skills in
a wide variety of fields of a small campus
university, where scientists of different dis-
ciplines and research areas work together in
highly-innovative research centers.
Hosting professional business events within
the multicultural atmosphere on campus –
organized by the Jacobs University Business
Event Services.
Discover a truly international meeting point
between cultures, the world of science
and business. Four spacious locations are
combinable to an extensive event area for
your customized business event, workshop,
conference or exhibition venue. Catering and
additional services can be added on request.
Bringing key representatives from education, research and
industry together: “auto digital” – the automotive industry
conference with top industry representatives discussing
about the future of mobility. auto digital is just one example
for the big variety of renowned business events hosted at
one of Germany’s most inspiring venues.
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24 25
 REFERENCES | IMPRINT
REFERENCES
Acatech, Cyber-Physical Systems – Inno­va­-
tions­motor für Mobiliät, Gesundheit, Energie
und Produktion. In: Acatech Position, Sprin-
ger – Band 11. 2011. (Innovation engine for
mobility, health, energy and production)
Bonnke, A, Data Management: Why a
Strategic Mindset Is Essential, 2020. URL:
https://datainsights.de/data-management-
why-a-strategic-mindset-is-essential/
bmwi.de – Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft
und Energie / Federal Ministry for Economic
Affairs and Energy, White Paper on Digital
Platforms of the Economic Affairs Ministry,
2017. URL: www.de.digital/DIGITAL/Redak-
tion/EN/Publikation/white-paper.html
bmwi.de – Bundesmitisterium für Wirtschaft
und Energie, Pressemitteilung Digitalisierung
(30.11.2020): Neuer Digitalisierungsindex
zeigt, wo die deutsche Wirtschaft steht.
URL: www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Presse-
mitteilungen/2020/11/20201130-neuer-
digitalisierungsindex-zeigt-wo-die-deutsche-
wirtschaft-steht.html
CPG – Communication Promoters Group of
the Industry-Science Research Alliance &
National Academy of Science and Enginee-
ring, Recommendations for implementing
the strategic initiative Industrie 4.0 – Final
report for the Inudstrie 4.0 Working Group,
Frankfurt a. M., 2013.
Deloitte Development LLC (Firm), The Fourth
Industrial Revolution: at the intersection of
readiness and responsibility. 2020, URL:
https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/
insights/us/articles/us32959-industry-4-0/
DI_Industry4.0.pdf
IMPRINT
Published by
Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH
www.jacobs-university.de/business-solutions
Editor
Olaf Knauber, Jacobs University Business Solutions
2021/2022
Layout
Jens Oertel Design, Bremen
Photos
All Photos © Jacobs University, except of:
© Adobe Stock: Title, p. 8, p. 10, p. 13, p. 17, p. 21, p. 24
© Getty Images: p. 23, p. 27 (middle)
© Shutterstock: p. 26, p. 27 (top)
26
Health, S (2003). Embedded Systems
Design. Oxford et al. , Newnes. 2003.
IIC – Industrial Internet Consortium –
What is the Industrial Internet? 2015. URL:
http://www.industrialinternetconsortium.org/
about-industrial-internet.htm
ITU – International Telecommunication
Union: Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060 –
Overview of the Internet of things. 2012.
URL: http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/
recommendations/re.aspx?rec=y.2060
Lin, Mei-Li, Digitalization just went viral:
What is your organization’s digital readiness
level?, edited by Mei-Li Lin, PhD Senior
Vice President of DEKRA Consulting Service
Division, URL: https://dekra.com/en/
white-paper-digitalization-just-went-viral/
Okkonen, J., Vuori, V., Palvalin, M., Digita-
lization Changing Work: Employees’ View
on the Benefits and Hindrances: Helping
Teachers Develop Research Informed Prac-
tice, 2019 in: Explorations in Technology
Education Research (pp.165-176).
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Employees%27_View_on_the_Benefits_and_
Hindrances_Helping_Teachers_Develop_
Research_Informed_Practice
Rampelt, F., Orr, D., Knoth, A., Bologna
Digital 2020, White Paper on Digitalisation
in the European Higher Education Area,
URL: https://hochschulforumdigitalisierung.
de/sites/default/files/dateien/2019-05_
White_Paper_Bologna_Digital_2020.pdf
Spath, D., Ganschar, O., Gerlach, S.:,
Hammerle, M., Krause, T., Schlund, S.
(2013). Produktionsarbeit der Zukdunft –
“We offer state-of-the-art
Industrie 4.0. Studie des Fraunhofer-Instituts
für Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation.
Stuttgart. 2013. (Production work oft he
future – Industry 4.0 Study by the Fraunhofer
Institute for Industrial Engineering and
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Organization. Stuttgart. 2013
Uygun, Y. & Ilie, M. (2017). Autonomous
Manufacturing-related Procurement in
the Era of Industry 4.0: In: F. Schupp &
H. Wöhner (eds): Digitalisierung im Einkauf.
Springer: Berlin, pp. 81-97, 2017. (Digita­
lization in purchasing)
and top-level
Uygun, Y. & Reynolds, E. B. (2015).
Advanced Manufacturing Ecosystems.
In: s. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song,
D. B. Rawat (Hrsg.): Industrial Internet of
EXECUTIVE EDUCATION
Things – Cybermanufacturing Systems.
Springer: Berlin, pp. 891-715.
Uygun, Y. (2020). Industry 4. 0: Principles,
Effects and Challenges, edited by Yilmaz
Uygun, Nova Science Publishers, Incorpo­
rated, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/jacob/
detail.action?docID=6376514.
Wahlster, W. (2014). Industrie 4.0: Künstli-
for those in charge of determining the future
of their companies and business.”
­che Intelligenz in der Produktion. Deutsches
Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz.
URL: http://www.ideen2020.de/wp-content/
uploads/Ideen2020_Vortrag_WWahlster_
industrie4.0.pdf. (Industry 4.0: Artificial
intelligence in production. German Research
Center for Artificial Intelligence).
HAGEN BÖTTCHER, HEAD OF BUSINESS SOLUTIONS
Member of the Management Board, Jacobs University
CONTACT
US!
JOIN A GLOBAL NETWORK to face business challenges
and open up new opportunities in times of change.
jacobs-university.de/business-solutions
Phone: +49 421 200 4410 business@jacobs-university.de
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