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Guia Primer Parcial 2
Guia Primer Parcial 2
Espacio de Estados
Problema 1.
a.
M ultiplicar
1 8 27 4 1
−3 4 8 29 4
6 29 28 5 3
Lo primero es conrmar que el numero de elementos de la la de la primer matriz sea igual al numero de elementos de la columna
de la segunda matriz.
1 8 27 4 1 (1 ∗ 4 + 8 ∗ 29 + 27 ∗ 5) (1 ∗ 1 + 8 ∗ 4 + 27 ∗ 3)
−3 4 8 29 4 = (−3 ∗ 4 + 4 ∗ 29 + 8 ∗ 5) (−3 ∗ 1 + 4 ∗ 4 + 8 ∗ 3)
6 29 28 5 3 (6 ∗ 4 + 29 ∗ 29 + 28 ∗ 5) (6 ∗ 1 + 29 ∗ 4 + 28 ∗ 3)
1 8 27 4 1 371 114
−3 4 8 29 4 = 144 37
6 29 28 5 3 1005 206
b.
M ultiplicar
2 8 3
0.2 0.25 0.2 70
−4.1 4 1 12
2.8 0.2 7.9
−2
3 21
0 3 0 3
−6 2 3
|
(0.2 ∗ 2 + 0.25 ∗ 4 + 0.2 ∗ (−2) + 70 ∗ (−6)) (0.2 ∗ 8 + 0.25 ∗ 1 + 0.2 ∗ (3) + 70 ∗ (2)) (0.2 ∗ 3 + 0.25 ∗ 12 + 0.2 ∗ (21) + 70 ∗ (3))
= (−4.1 ∗ 2 + 2.28 ∗ 4 + 0.2 ∗ (−2) + 7.9 ∗ (−6)) (−4.1 ∗ 8 + 2.28 ∗ 1 + 0.2 ∗ (3) + 7.9 ∗ (2)) (−4.1 ∗ 3 + 2.28 ∗ 12 + 0.2 ∗ (21) + 7.9 ∗ (3))
(0 ∗ 2 + 3 ∗ 4 + 0 ∗ (−2) + 3 ∗ (−6)) (0 ∗ 8 + 3 ∗ 1 + 0 ∗ (3) + 3 ∗ (−2)) (0 ∗ 3 + 3 ∗ 12 + 0 ∗ (21) + 3 ∗ (3))
2 8 3
0.2 0.25 0.2 70 −419 142.45 217.8
−4.1 4 1 12
= −44.8
2.8 0.2 7.9
−2 −13.6 49.2
3 21
0 3 0 3 −6 9 45
−6 2 3
1
Problema 2.
a.
b.
2 −4 0
A = −0.5 1.2 −0.1
−0.31 −0.62 3.12
det(A) = 1
1.2 −0.1 −0.5 −0.1 −0.5 1.2
−0.62 3.12 −
−0.31 3.12
−0.31 −0.62
−4 0 −4
2 0
2
Adj(A) = −
−0.62 3.12 −0.31 3.12 −
−0.31
−0.62
−4 0 −4
2 0
2
1.2 −0.1 − −0.5 −0.1
−0.5 1.2
2
3.682 12.48 0.4
Adj(A)T = 1.591 6.24 0.2
0.682 2.48 0.4
3.682 12.48 0.4
1.591 6.24 0.2
t 0.682 2.48 0.4
(Adj(A))
A−1 = =
|A| 1
3.682 12.48 0.4
A−1 = 1.591 6.24 0.2
0.682 2.48 0.4
c.
2 0 1
A = 3 0 0
5 1 1
det(A) = 3
0 0 3
0 3 0
1 1 −
5
1 5 1
0 1 2
1 2 0
Adj(A) = −
−
1 1
1 5 1
5
0 1 1 2 0
2
0 0
−
0 3 0
3
0 −3 3
Adj(A) = 1 −3 −2
0 3 0
0 1 0
(Adj(A))T = −3 −3 3
3 −2 0
0 1 0
−3 −3 3
T 3 −2 0
(Adj(A))
A−1 = =
|A| 3
1
0 3 0
A−1 = −1 −1 1
1 − 32 0
3.
a.
4 −5
A=
2 −3
λ−4 5
(Iλ − A) =
−2 λ+3
det(Iλ − A) = λ2 − λ − 2 = (λ − 2)(λ + 1) = 0
3
los valores propios son
det(Iλ − A) = (λ − 2)(λ + 1) = 0
Ax = λx
4 −5 x1 x
=2 1
2 −3 x2 x2
1
x1 = x2
2
x2 = x2
4 −5 x1 x 1
=2 1 →
2 −3 x2 x2 2
Ax = λx
4 −5 x1 x
= −1 1
2 −3 x2 x2
x1 = x2
x2 = x2
4 −5 x1 x 1
= −1 1 →
2 −3 x2 x2 1
1 1
T =
2 1
4
b.
4 0 −2
A = 1 2 −1
−1 0 3
(λ − 4) 0 2
(Iλ − A) = −1 (λ − 2) 1
1 0 (λ − 3)
Ax = λx
4 0 −2 x1 x1 1
1 2 −1 x2 = 2 x2 → 2
−1 0 3 x3 x3 3
x1 = x1 ⇒soluciones innitas
x2 = x2 ⇒soluciones innitas
x3 = x3 ⇒soluciones innitas
Ax = λx
4 0 −2 x1 x1 1
1 2 −1 x2 = 2 x2 → 2
−1 0 3 x3 x3 1
x1 = x3 ⇒ x1 = 1
x2 = x2 ⇒soluciones innitas
x3 = x3 ⇒soluciones innitas
Ax = λx
4 0 −2 x1 x1 −2
1 2 −1 x2 = 5 x2 → −1
−1 0 3 x3 x3 1
x1 = −2x2
x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 5x2
x1 = −2x2
x1 = −2
x3 = 1
1 1 −2
T = 2 2 −1
3 1 1
c.
7 −1 −1
A = −1 5 1
−1 1 5
(λ − 7) 1 1
(Iλ − A) = 1 (λ − 5) −1
1 −1 (λ − 5)
calculando el vector de 4
Ax = λx
7 −1 −1 x1 x1 0
−1 5 1 x2 = 4 x2 → −1
−1 1 5 x3 x3 1
x1 = 0
x2 = −x3
x3 = x3 ⇒Soluciones innitas
6
calculando el vector de 5
Ax = λx
7 −1 −1 x1 x1 1
−1 5 1 x2 = 5 x2 → 1
−1 1 5 x3 x3 1
x1 = x3
x2 = x3
x3 = x3 →soluciones ininitas
calculando el vector de 8
Ax = λx
7 −1 −1 x1 x1 −4
−1 5 1 x2 = 8 x2 → 2
−1 1 5 x3 x3 2
x1 = −2x3
x2 = x3
x3 = x3 →Soluciones innitas
0 1 −4
T = −1 1 2
1 1 2
d.
1 −1 0
A= 0 1 −1
−5 11 −6
(λ − 1) 1 0
(Iλ − A) = 0 (λ − 1) 1
5 −11 (λ + 6)
det(Iλ − A) = λ3 + 4λ2
λ3 + 4λ2 = 0
λ2 (λ + 4) = 0
1 −1 0 x1 x1 1
0 1 −1 x2 = 0 x2 → 1
−5 11 −6 x3 x3 1
x1 − x2 = 0 99K ec1
x2 − x3 = 0 99K ec2
−5x1 + 11x2 − 6x3 = 0 99K ec3
x1 = x2
x2 = x3
x3 = x3 →Soluciones innitas
Ax = λx
1 −1 0 x1 x1 1 3
0 1 −1 x2 = 0 x2 + 1 → 2
−5 11 −6 x3 x3 1 1
x1 − x2 = 1 99K ec1
x2 − x3 = 1 99K ec2
−5x1 + 11x2 − 6x3 = 1 99K ec3
x1 = x3 + 2
x2 = 1 + x3
x3 = x3 →Soluciones innitas
Ax = λx
1 −1 0 x1 x1 3 1
0 1 −1 x2 = −4 x2 + 2 → 2
−5 11 −6 x3 x3 1 8
Problema 4
Primero Tenemos que transformar el circuito a laplace quedando como se muestra en la Figura 1
8
Figura 1:Transformacion a Laplace
Z11 = sL + R
1
Z22 = sC +R
Impedancias mutuas
Z12 = Z21 = R
E1
(sL + R)J1 + RJ
2 = Es
1
RJ1 + sC + R J2 = s1
J˙1
(sL + R) sR J1 1 0 E!
= 1 +
J˙2 R sC + r J2 0 1 E2
Problema 5
ẋ1 = x3
ẋ2 = −kx1 + bx2 + x3
ẋ3 = −k b H
I x1 + x2 − I x3 + I u
9
10
Problema 6
(s + 1) 0 −1
(sI − A) = −1 (s + 2) 0
0 0 (s + 3)
(s + 2) (s + 3) (s + 3) 0
Adj(sI − A) = 0 (s + 1) (s + 3) 0
(s + 2) 1 (s + 1) (s + 2)
ahora la transpuesta
(s + 2) (s + 3) 0 (s + 2)
Adj(sI − A)T = (s + 3) (s + 1) (s + 3) 1
0 0 (s + 1) (s + 2)
(s + 2) + 1
G(s) =
s3 + 6s2 + 11s + 6
(s + 3)
G(s) =
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)
1
G(s) =
(s + 1)(s + 2)
Problema numero 7
det(λI − A) = (λ + 3) (λ + 2) (λ + 1) = 0
Ax = λx
−6 1 0 x1 x1 1
−11 0 1 x2 = −3 x2 → 3
−6 0 0 x3 x3 2
−6x1 + x2 = −3x1
−11x1 + x3 = −3x2
−6x1 = −3x3
x1 = x23
x2 = 3x2 3
x3 = x3 → soluciones innitas x3 = 2
x1 = x23 → x1 = 1
x2 = 3x2 3 → x2 = 3
para λ2 = −2;
Ax = λx
−6 1 0 x1 x1 1
−11 0 1 x2 = −2 x2 → 4
−6 0 0 x3 x3 3
−6x1 + x2 = −2x1
−11x1 + x3 = −2x2
−6x1 = −2x3
x1 = x33
x2 = 4x3 3
x3 = x3 → soluciones innitas x3 = 3
x1 = x23 → x1 = 1
x2 = 3x2 3 → x2 = 4
para λ3 = −1
Ax = λx
12
−6 1 0 x1 x1 1
−11 0 1 x2 = −1 x2 → 5
−6 0 0 x3 x3 6
−6x1 + x2 = −x1
−11x1 + x3 = −x2
−6x1 = −x3
x1 = x63
x2 = 5x6 3
x3 = x3 → soluciones innitas x3 = 6
x1 = x23 → x1 = 1
x2 = 3x2 3 → x2 = 5
det(P ) = 2
J = P −1 AP
9 −3 1 −6 1 0 1 1 1
1
J= −8 4 −2 −11 0 1 3 4 5
2
1 −1 1 −6 0 0 2 3 6
−3 0 0
J = 0 −2 0
0 0 −1
13
b.
0 1
A=
−2 −3
λ −1
(λI − A) =
2 (λ + 3)
calculando el determinante
det(λI − A) = λ2 + 3λ + 2
(λ + 2) (λ + 1) = 0
Tenemos raices en λ1 = −2 y λ2 = −1
para λ1 = −2
Ax = λx
0 1 x1 x1 1
= −2 →
−2 −3 x2 x2 −2
x2 = −2x1
−2x1 − 3x2 = −2x2
x2 = −2x1
x1 = x1 → Soluciones innitas
x1 = 1 → x2 = −2
para λ2 = −1
Ax = λx
0 1 x1 x1 1
= −1 →
−2 −3 x2 x2 −1
x2 = −1x1
−2x1 − 3x2 = −1x2
x2 = −x1
x1 = x1 → Soluciones innitas
x1 = 1 → x2 = −1
tenemos que
1 1
P =
−2 −1
det(P ) = 1
−1 2
Adj(P ) =
−1 1
14
T −1 −1
Adj(P ) =
2 1
Adj(P )T
−1 −1
P −1 = =1
|P | 2 1
J = P −1 AP
−1 −1 0 1 1 1
J =1
2 1 −2 −3 −2 −1
−2 0
J=
0 −1
c.
2 0 0
A= 0 2 0
0 3 −1
(λ − 2) 0 0
(λI − A) = 0 (λ − 2) 0
0 −3 (λ + 1)
(λ + 1) (λ − 2) (λ − 2) = 0
tenemos raices en λ1 = 2; λ2 = 2; y λ3 = −1
Para λ1 = 2
Ax = λx
2 0 0 x1 x1 5
0 2 0 x2 = 2 x2 → 0
0 3 −1 x3 x3 0
2x1 = 2x1
2x2 = 2x2
3x2 − x3 = 2x3
x1 = x1 →Sol. innitas → x1 = 5
x2 = x2 →Sol. innitas → x2 = 0
x3 = x3 →Sol. innitas → x3 = 0
Para λ2 = 2
Ax = λx
2 0 0 x1 x1 6
0 2 0 x2 = 2 x2 → 9
0 3 −1 x3 x3 9
15
2x1 = 2x1
2x2 = 2x2
3x2 − x3 = 2x3
x2 = 9
x1 = 6
Para λ3 = −1
Ax = λx
2 0 0 x1 x1 9 0
0 2 0 x2 = −1 x2 + 3 → 0
0 3 −1 x3 x3 3 1
2x1 = −x1
2x2 = −x2
3x2 − x3 = −x3
x1 = 0
x2 = 0
x3 = x3 → Sol. innitas
Proponemos x3 = 1
Por lo cual
5 6 0
P = 0 9 0
0 9 1
det(P ) = 45
9 0 0 0 0 9
9 −
1 0 1 0 9
6 0 5 0 5 6
− 9
Adj(P ) = −
1 0 1 0 9
6 0 5 0 5 6
9 −
0 0 0 0 9
9 0 0
Adj(P ) = −6 5 −45
0 0 45
9 −6 0
Adj(P )T = 0 5 0
0 45 45
9 −6 0
−1 Adj(P )T 1
P = = 0 5 0
|P | 45
0 45 45
J = P −1 AP
16
9 −6 0 2 0 0 5 6 0
1
J= 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 9 0
45
0 45 45 0 3 −1 0 9 1
2 0 0
J = 0 2 0
0 0 −1
Problema 8
A2 = A ∗ A
−6 1 0 −6 1 0
A2 = −11 0 1 −11 0 1
−6 0 0 −6 0 0
25 −6 1
A2 = 60 −11 0
36 −6 0
−6 1 0 25 −6 1
A3 = −11 0 1 60 −11 0
−6 0 0 36 −6 0
−90 25 −6
A3 = −239 60 −11
−150 36 −6
−90 25 −6 25 −6 1 −6 1 0 6 0 0
P (A) = −239 60 −11 + 6 60 −11 0 + 11 −11 0 1 + 0 6 0
−150 36 −6 36 −6 0 −6 0 0 0 0 6
0 0 0
P (A) = 0 0 0
0 0 0
17