Universidade de Brasília – UnB

Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica – ENE

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica – PPGEE

POWER SYSTEMS MODELING

MODELAGEM DE SISTEMAS DE POTÊNCIA

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Brasília,
MODSEP2022
 Module 1
Fundamental
concepts review
Lecture 3

MODSEP 2
 Previously…
Phasors
Algebraic
operations
with
phasors

Impedance and
admittance in AC circuits
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

1
Y VxI
Z relations
 Today’s lecture
• Three-phase balanced circuits
 Three-phase voltages and currents

• Power in three-phase AC circuits

 Apparent, active and reactive
 Power factor
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

• Analysis of three-phase balanced circuits

MODSEP 4
 Three-phase circuits
Rotational operator

a  1120 
120o

120o
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

120o Vˆa  V v

Vˆb  a 2Vˆa  V v  240

Phase sequence
ABC MODSEP
Vˆc  aVˆa  V v  120 5
 Three-phase circuits
Definitions

ˆ
Va  V0 

Vˆb  V  120

Vˆc  V120
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Phase A

Phase sequence Phase B

ABC Phase C
MODSEP 6
 Three-phase circuits
Definitions
Phase sequence ACB (or CBA)

Vˆa  V0 120o

120o
ˆ
Vb  V120 

ˆ
Vc  V  120 

120o
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆa  Vv Phase A

Vˆb  aVˆa  V v  120 Phase C

Phase B
Vˆc  a 2Vˆa  V v  240 MODSEP 7
 Three-phase voltages and currents
Balanced circuit
Seq.
ABC
120o
120o
120o 

120o 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

120o
120o
MODSEP 8
 Three-phase circuits
Introduction
• Two types of load connections
 Star (Y) and Delta (Δ)

• Voltages and currents are different according to the

connection type
 Y-connection What are the currents
 and voltages in each
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Δ-connection
case?

MODSEP 9
 Three-phase circuits
Important concepts

GENERATION
TRANSMISSION LOAD
LINE

Network A Network B
(Active) (Passive)
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

MODSEP 10
 Y connection
Voltages TRANSMISSION
LINE
LOAD

Voltages
vline ≠ vphase

Vˆan
Vˆab
Vˆca
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆbn
Vˆcn
Vˆbc
MODSEP 11
 Y connection
Currents TRANSMISSION
LINE
LOAD

Currents
Iˆa iline = iphase

Iˆa
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆb
Iˆb Iˆc
Iˆc
MODSEP 12
 Δ connection
Voltages TRANSMISSION
LINE
LOAD

Voltages
vline = vphase

Vˆaf
Vˆab
Vˆca Vˆcf
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆbc
Vˆbf 13
 Δ connection
Currents TRANSMISSION
LINE
LOAD

Currents
Iˆa iline ≠ iphase

Iˆab
Iˆca

Iˆbc
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆb
Iˆc
14
 Three-phase circuits
Y connection – Line voltages

Vˆab  Vˆa  Vˆb

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆbc  Vˆb  Vˆc

Vˆca  Vˆc  Vˆa 15
 Three-phase circuits
Relations between phase and line voltages (ABC seq.)
ˆ
Va  V0  V  j 0


ˆ 3
Vb  V  120  0.5V  j

V
2
ˆ 3
Vc  V120  0.5V  j

V
2
3
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

ˆ ˆ ˆ
Vab  Va  Vb  1.5V  j V  3V30 

2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
Vbc  Vb  Vc  0  j 3V  3V  90 

ˆ ˆ ˆ 3
Vca  Vc  Va  1.5V  j V  3V150 16
2
 Three-phase circuits
Phasor diagram (Vab) (ABC seq.)

Vˆa  V0
ˆ
Vb  V  120 

Vˆa  V0
 Vˆb  V60
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆab  Vˆa  Vˆb

ˆ
Vab  V 330 
Vˆab  Vˆa  330 
 17
 Three-phase circuits
Phasor diagram (Vbc) (ABC seq.)

Vˆb  V  120 Vˆbc  Vˆb  330 


ˆ
Vc  V120 

ˆ
Vb  V  120

 Vˆc  V  60
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆbc  Vˆb  Vˆc

ˆ
Vbc  V 3  90 

18
 Three-phase circuits
Phasor diagram (Vca) (ABC seq.)

Vˆc  V120
Vˆa  V0

ˆ
Vc  V120 

ˆ
 Va  V180 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆca  Vˆc  Vˆa

Vˆca  V 3150  Vˆca  Vˆc  330 


19
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase voltages (ABC seq.)

Vˆab
Vˆca
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆbc 20
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase voltages (ABC seq.)
ˆ
Vˆab  Vˆa  330 
 ˆ
Va 
V ab

3
  30

  Vˆ
ˆ ˆ
Vbc  Vb 330 ˆ
Vb  bc
  30 

3
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

ˆ
Vˆca  Vˆc  330

 ˆ
Vc 
V ca

3
  30 

21
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase voltages (CBA seq.)
Vˆbc

Vˆab
Vˆca
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆab  V 3  30 Vˆbc  V 390 Vˆca  V 3210

Vˆab  Vˆa  3  30  Vˆbc  Vˆb  3  30  Vˆca  Vˆc  3  30  22

 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase voltages (CBA seq.)
ˆ
Vˆab  Vˆa  3  30 
 ˆ
Va 
V ab

3
30 

ˆ
Vˆbc  Vˆb  3  30 
 ˆ
Vb 
V bc

3
30 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

ˆ
Vˆca  Vˆc  3  30 
 ˆ
Vc 
V ca

3
30 

23
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase voltages (CBA seq.)

Vˆbc
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆca Vˆab

24
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase currents (ABC seq.)
Let us assume a pure
resistive load

Iˆa Z   Z0

Iˆab
Vˆab
Iˆca
Vˆca Z Z
Iˆbc
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆb
Vˆbc Iˆc Z
25
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase currents (ABC seq.)

Balanced
ˆ
ˆI ab  ab  V0  I0  I  j 0

V currents
Z  Z0

Vˆ V  120 
3
ˆI  bc   I  120  0.5 I  j

I
Z0
bc 
Z 2
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆ V120 
3
ˆI  ca   I120  0.5 I  j

I
Z0
ca 
Z 2

MODSEP 26
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase currents (ABC seq.)

ˆI  Iˆ  Iˆ  1.5 I  j 3 I
a ab ca
2
Iˆa  I 3  30

ˆI  Iˆ  Iˆ  1.5 I  j 3 I
b bc ab
2
Iˆb  I 3210
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆc  Iˆca  Iˆbc  0  j 3I

Iˆc  I 390
MODSEP 27
 Three-phase circuits
Phasor diagram Ia (ABC seq.)

ˆI  I0
ab

Iˆca  I120 
ˆI  Iˆ
a 
ab 3  30

Iˆab  I0
 Iˆca  I  60
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆa  Iˆab  Iˆca

Iˆa  I 3  30
MODSEP 28
 Three-phase circuits
Phasor diagram Ib (ABC seq.)

ˆI  I  120
bc

ˆI  I0
ab

ˆI  I  120
bc

 Iˆab  I180
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆb  Iˆbc  Iˆab

Iˆb  I 3210
b
MODSEP bc
ˆI  Iˆ 3  30  29
 Three-phase circuits
Phasor diagram Ic (ABC seq.)

ˆI  I120
ca

ˆI  I  120
bc

ˆI  I120
ca

 Iˆbc  I60
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆc  Iˆca  Iˆbc

Iˆc  I 390
MODSEP
Iˆc  Iˆca  3  30

 30
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase currents (ABC seq.)

Iˆc
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆb Iˆa
31
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase currents (ABC seq.)

ˆ
ˆI  Iˆ
a ab 
3  30
 ab
I
ˆI  a 30
3
ˆ

ˆI  Iˆ 3  30
b bc  bc
I
ˆI  b 30
3
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 
ˆ
I
Iˆc  Iˆca 3  30
 ˆI  c 30
ca
3
MODSEP 32
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase currents (CBA seq.)

Balanced
ˆ
ˆI ab  ab  V0  I0  I  j 0

V currents
Z  Z0

Vˆ V120 
3
ˆI  bc   I120  0,5I  j

I
Z0
bc 
Z 2
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆ V  120
3
ˆI  ca   I  120  0,5I  j

I
Z0
ca 
Z 2

MODSEP 33
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase currents (CBA seq.)

ˆI  Iˆ  Iˆ  1.5 I  j 3 I
a ab ca
2
Iˆa  I 330

ˆI  Iˆ  Iˆ  1.5 I  j 3 I
b bc ab
2
Iˆb  I 3150
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆc  Iˆca  Iˆbc  0  j 3I

Iˆc  I 3  90
MODSEP 34
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase currents (CBA seq.)
Iˆb

Iˆa

Iˆc

Iˆa  Iˆab  Iˆca Iˆb  Iˆbc  Iˆab Iˆc  Iˆca  Iˆbc

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆa  I 330 Iˆb  I 3150 Iˆc  I 3  90


Iˆa  Iˆab 330  
Iˆb  Iˆbc MODSEP
330  Iˆc  Iˆca  330  35
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase currents (CBA seq.)

ˆ
ˆI  Iˆ
a ab 
330
 ab
I
ˆI  a   30
3

 
ˆ
I
ˆI  Iˆ 330 ˆI  b   30
b bc bc
3
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

ˆ
Iˆc  Iˆca  330

 ca
I
ˆI  c   30
3
MODSEP 36
 Three-phase circuits
Line and phase currents (CBA seq.)

Iˆb Iˆa
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆc
MODSEP 37
 Three-phase circuits
Example 1
• A balanced delta-connected load has a resistance of 12
Ω on each side in series with a capacitive reactance of
16 Ω. The circuit has sequence ABC and line voltage ab
equals 115/12° V.
• Determine:
 Phase currents
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 Line currents
Iˆab  5.7565.13 A Iˆa  9.9635.13 A
Iˆ  5.75  54.87  A Iˆ  9.96  84.87  A
bc b

Iˆc  9.96155.13 A
Iˆca  5.75185.13 A MODSEP 38
 Three-phase circuits
Example 1 Data given:
Iˆa
Z  12  j16 
Iˆab
Vˆab Z Z Vˆab  11512 V
Seq. ABC
Z

Vˆ 115 12 
115 12 
Phase current ab Iˆab  ab  
(12  j16)  16
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Z 122  ( 16) 2  arctan

12
11512
  5 . 7565 . 13
A
20  53.13

MODSEP 39
 Three-phase circuits
Example 1
Iˆa a
Iˆca
Vˆab Z Z a
Iˆbc
a
Z ABC

Phase currents bc
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

and ca

Iˆbc  a 2 Iˆab  (1240 )  (5.7565.13 )  5.75  54.87  A

Iˆca  aIˆab  (1120 )  (5.7565.13 )  5.75185.13 A

MODSEP 40
 Three-phase circuits
Example 1

Iˆa
Line currents

Iˆa  Iˆab ( 3  30 )  (5.7565.13 )  ( 3  30 )  9.9635.13 A

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆb  Iˆbc ( 3  30 )  (5.75  54.87  )  ( 3  30 )  9.96  84.87  A

Iˆc  Iˆca ( 3  30 )  (5.75185.13 )  ( 3  30 )  9.96155.13 A

MODSEP 41
 Power in three-phase balanced circuits
Introduction
• In single-phase AC circuits, the complex power is
defined as:

ˆ ˆ
S V  I *

• In three-phase balanced circuits:

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 Power supplied = power absorbed in the three phases

ˆ ˆ * ˆ ˆ * ˆ ˆ
S3  V phaseA  I phaseA  V phaseB  I phaseB  V phaseC  I phaseC
*

MODSEP 42
 Power in three-phase balanced circuits
Introduction

• For a three-phase balanced circuit, with seq. ABC and

phase a voltage and current expressed by:

Vˆa  Vv Iˆa  Ii

• The corresponding three-phase power is:
ˆ ˆ * ˆ ˆ * ˆ ˆ
S3  Va  I a  Vb  I b  Vc  I c
*
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

*
     
S3  Vˆa  Iˆa  a Vˆa  a Iˆa  aVˆa  aIˆa
2 2 * *

MODSEP 43
 Power in three-phase balanced circuits
Introduction

     
xx xx
S3  Vˆa  Iˆa  a Vˆa  a Iˆa  aVˆa  aIˆa
* 2 2 * *

S3  Va  I a  1240 Va  1  240 I a  1120 Va  1  120 I a

ˆ ˆ  ˆ  ˆ *  ˆ  ˆ *
*

• Logo:
ˆ ˆ * ˆ ˆ * ˆ ˆ * ˆ ˆ
S3  Va  I a  Va  I a  Va  I a  3 Va  I a
*
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

S3  3 Vv  Ii   3  (Vv )  ( I  i )

*

S3  3  V  I( v  i )  S3  3  V  I

Angular shift due to the impedance Ф MODSEP 44
 Three-phase complex power
Apparent, active and reactive power

S3  3VI  3VI (cos   jsen )

S3  3VI cos   j 3VIsen  P3  jQ3
Total power Produces Does NOT
Apparent work produce work
power Active power Reactive power
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

ACTIVE power P3  3VI cos   Re[ S3 ] [W]

REACTIVE power Q3  3VI sen   Im[ S3 ][var]
Line currents and voltages
MODSEP
may also be used 45
 Three-phase complex power
Y-connected load Vline Vl
V phase  V 
3 3
S3  3  V  I I line  I phase  I  I l

Vl Vl
S3  3   I l   3 3   I l 
3 3
S3  3 Vl  I l 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

S3  3Vl I l cos   j 3Vl I l sen

P3ф MODSEP Q3ф 46
 Three-phase complex power
Δ-connected load Vline  V phase  V  Vl
I line Il
S3  3  V  I I phase 
3
I
3
Il Il
S3  3  Vl    3 3  Vl  
3 3
Irrespective of the

S3  3 Vl  I l 
connection! (MAGNITUDE)
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

S3  3Vl I l cos   j 3Vl I l sen

P3ф MODSEP Q3ф 47
 Three-phase complex power
Expressions
Using line quantities Caution with
the phases!

S3  3Vˆl Iˆl S3  3Vl I l cos   j 3Vl I l sen

*

LEGEND: Vl e Il = Line voltages and currents, respectively

Using phase quantities

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

S3  3VˆIˆ* S3  3VI cos   j 3VI sen

LEGEND : V e I = Phase voltages and currents, respectively
Use this expression preferably!
MODSEP 48
 Three-phase complex power
Power triangle and power factor

S3  P3  jQ3 | S3 | 

Rectangular Polar

Power factor
Imaginary
axis PF  cos 
3ф loads may be
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Relation represented by S3ф

between
P3ф and S3ф PF correction
Real
axis
MODSEP 49
 Three-phase circuits Leading or lagging?
Without further information it is
Example 2 impossible to determine

• A three-phase motor connected to a three-phase system

can be considered as a balanced Y-load. The motor
draws 5.6 kW when the RMS line voltage is 220 V and
the RMS line current is 18.2 A. Determine the motor
power factor.
PF
Given: P3  3  Vl  I l  cos 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vl  220 V P3  3  Vl  I l  PF
I l  18.2 A
P3 5600
P3  5.6 kW FP    0.8075
3  Vl  I l 3  220 18.2
MODSEP 50
 Three-phase circuits
Example 3
• A given balanced three-phase load, with inductive
power factor equal to 0.8, draws 20 kW from a
symmetrical balanced three-phase system, ABC
sequence. If the line voltage ab is equal to 380/0° V,
calculate the line currents.

ˆI  37.984  66.87  A
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Iˆb  37.984173.13 A
Iˆ  37.98453.13 A
c
MODSEP 51
 Three-phase circuits Given:
Example 3 PF  0.8 lag.
P3  20 kW
Line currents Seq. ABC
module
PF Vˆab  3800 V
P3  3  Vl  I l  cos 
P3 20000
P3  3  Vl  I l  PF  I l    37.984 A
3  Vl  PF 3  380  0.8
Shift between
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

voltage and current

   v  i  0
Lagging = Inductive    cos 1 0.8  36.87 

Load connection not specified  We can choose

Pabsorbed inMODSEP
Δ = Pabsorbed in Y 52
 Three-phase circuits
Example 3

Vˆab  3800 V Vˆan

Assuming Y
connection
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Phase voltage

Vˆ 3800
Vˆan  ab
  220  30
V
330 
330 

MODSEP 53
 Three-phase circuits
Example 3
Iˆa
Z Vˆan
Vˆab  3800 V
Line currents

Vˆ Z Z
Iˆa  an
Z
220   30 
Iˆa  | I l |   30    37.984  30  36.87 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

| Z | 
a Iˆ  37.984  66.87  A
Iˆb  a 2 Iˆa  37.984173.13 A
Iˆc  aIˆa  37.98453.13 A 54
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Introduction
• Once signals are modeled  two types of connections
for generators and loads
 Wye (Y) e Delta (Δ)

• Four possible combinations

 Balanced wye-wye connection (Y-Y) In the discussions
 Balanced wye-delta connection (Y-Δ) we shall consider
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 Balanced delta-delta connection (Δ-Δ) seq. ABC

 Balanced delta-wye connection (Δ-Y)

Solution of three-phase balanced systems  How to model the PS?

Procedure consists of deriving the equivalent Y system
55
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Introduction Important!
Generators representation
• Why transforming to Y?
 Possibility of evaluating the balanced circuit as single-phase
circuits
V Iˆa Z
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

If the system is balanced

Voltages and currents may be
obtained
It is sufficient to know V and I in just
one phase and the phase sequence 56
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Generators representation
• Ideally, the voltage produced by a generator is equal to
the voltage across its terminals
 Assuming no internal impedance

In practice there is
an internal
impedance! Vˆan  Vˆa
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆbn  Vˆb
Vˆcn  Vˆc
MODSEP 57
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Generators representation
• Due to the internal generator impedance (ZS)
 Voltage at terminals ≠ internal voltage

Using KVL
 Eˆ g  Z S Iˆ f  Vˆfn  0
Iˆa  Iˆ f
Vˆfn  Eˆ g  Z S Iˆ f Vˆan  Vˆfn
 Ê g
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆbn
Vˆcn
MODSEP 58
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Δ connection
• Ideal case (no internal impedance)
 Direct transformation from Δ line voltages into phase Y
voltages

Vˆab
Vˆca
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆbc
MODSEP 59
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Δ – Y transform for generators

How to transform a
generator from Δ to Y when
there is an internal
impedance?

Same procedures presented

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

so far
- Vline  Vphase
- ZΔ  ZY
Let us recall:
Transforms Δ-Y and Y- Δ
MODSEP 60
 Equivalent resistance
Δ – Y transform Must present the same
behavior!

a b a b
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

c MODSEP c 61
 Equivalent resistance
Δ – Y transform
R1 and R3 are in series
RB is in parallel with the series association between RA and RC

a b a b
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

c MODSEP c 62
 Equivalent resistance
Δ – Y transform
Ra c  R1  R3
RB ( RA  RC )
Ra c  RB //( RA  RC ) 
RB  ( RA  RC )
a b a b
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

c MODSEP
c 63
 Equivalent resistance
Δ – Y transform

RB ( RA  RC ) R1 
RB RC
R1  R3 
RB  ( RA  RC ) RA  RB  RC

RC ( RA  RB ) RA RC
R1  R2  R2 
RC  ( RA  RB ) RA  RB  RC
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

RA ( RB  RC ) RA RB
R2  R3  R3 
RA  ( RB  RC ) RA  RB  RC
MODSEP 64
 Equivalent resistance
Δ – Y transform

RB RC RA RC RA RB
R1  R2  R3 
RA  RB  RC RA  RB  RC RA  RB  RC

Resistance of the Y is equal to

the product of the resistances of
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

each two closest branches in the

Δ divided by the sum of the Δ
resistances

MODSEP 65
 Conversely
Y – Δ transform

R1R2  R1R3  R2 R3
RA 
R1

R1R2  R1R3  R2 R3
RB 
R2
Resistance of the Δ is equal to
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

the sum of the possible Y

R1R2  R1R3  R2 R3 combinations divided by the Y
RC  resistance opposite to the
R3 resistance sought
MODSEP 66
 Analysis of three-phase circuits Back to the generators…
Impedance transforms
ZΔ  ZY

ZbZc
Z1 
Za  Zb  Zc
Z1
Zb Zc ZZ
ZY 
Z  Z  Z

Z 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Z3 Z2 ZY 
3Z 
Za
Z
ZY 
MODSEP 3 67
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Δ – Y transform for generators

Using KVL
+
-  Vˆab  Z Iˆab  Eˆ ab  0
+ Vˆab
Iˆab Vˆab  Eˆ ab  Z Iˆab
-
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

MODSEP 68
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Δ – Y transform for generators
Iˆa
-
+ Using KVL
+
Vˆab  Vˆab  ZY Iˆa  Eˆ a

+  Eˆ b  ZY Iˆb  0
Iˆb -
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

-

Vˆab  Eˆ a  Eˆ b  ZY Iˆa  Iˆb 

MODSEP 69
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Δ – Y transform for generators
Δ connection Y connection

Vˆab  Eˆ ab  Z Iˆab Vˆab  Eˆ a  Eˆ b  ZY Iˆa  Iˆb  

• Equating both:

Eˆ ab  Z  Iˆab  Eˆ a  Eˆ b  ZY Iˆa  Iˆb 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Eˆ ab  Eˆ a  Eˆ b 
Z  Iˆab  ZY Iˆa  Iˆb 
ÊabY Iˆa  Iˆab  Iˆca e Iˆb  Iˆbc  Iˆab
MODSEP 70
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Δ – Y transform for generators
Eˆ ab  Eˆ abY  
Z Iˆab  ZY Iˆab  Iˆca  Iˆbc  Iˆab 
ABC

Eˆ a 330 3Iˆab

ˆ ˆ
Eab  Ea 330 Z Iˆab  ZY 3Iˆab
ABC
ˆ
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

E Z
Eˆ a  ab   30 ZY 
3 3
Regular relation between
Regular Y-Δ
line and phase voltages
transform
Depends on the phase seq. MODSEP 71
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Δ-connected generators?
Less usual

Power generated at each

unit
Same as the Y

Generation @ line voltages

level
Increased insulation
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Increased dimensions

Increased costs
MODSEP 72
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Y – Y connection

Iˆa

Iˆb
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Eˆ a  V0 Iˆc Straighforward representation

ABC Eˆ b  V  120 of the equivalent single-phase
circuit!
Eˆ c  V120 MODSEP 73
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Y – Y connection

Iˆa

ˆ
Ea V0 
ˆI a  
Z S  Z L  ZY Z S  Z L  ZY
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

a ˆI  a 2 Iˆ
b a
ABC
a Iˆc  aIˆa
a MODSEP 74
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Δ – Δ connection

Iˆa

Iˆb
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

ˆ
Eab  V0 Iˆc
Need to perform Δ-Y
ABC Eˆ bc  V  120 transforms for the
generator and the load
ˆ
Eca  V120 MODSEP 75
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Δ – Δ connection

ZS
Iˆa Z
3
 ( Eˆ ab 3)  30 3

ˆ
Ea (V0 )[(1 / 3 )  30 ]
 
ˆI  
( Z S 3)  Z L  ( Z  3) ( Z S 3)  Z L  ( Z  3)
a
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

a ˆI  a 2 Iˆ
b a
ABC
a Iˆc  aIˆa
a MODSEP 76
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Y – Δ connection

Iˆa

Iˆb
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

ˆ
Ea  V0 Iˆc


Need to perform the Δ-Y

ABC Eˆ b  V  120

transform for the load
ˆ
Ec  V120 MODSEP 77
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Y – Δ connection

ZS Iˆa Z
3

ˆ
Ea V0 
ˆI a  
Z S  Z L  ( Z  3) Z S  Z L  ( Z  3)
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

a ˆI  a 2 Iˆ
b a
ABC
a Iˆc  aIˆa
a MODSEP 78
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Δ – Y connection

Iˆa

Iˆb
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

ˆ
Eab  V0 Iˆc


Need to perform the

ABC Eˆ bc  V  120

generator Δ-Y transform
ˆ
Eca  V120 MODSEP 79
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Δ – Y connection

ZS
Iˆa
3 ZY
 ( Eˆ ab 3)  30

ˆ
Ea (V0 )[(1 / 3 )  30 ]
 
ˆI  
( Z S 3)  Z L  Z Y ( Z S 3)  Z L  Z Y
a
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

a ˆI  a 2 Iˆ
b a
ABC
a Iˆc  aIˆa
a MODSEP 80
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Three-phase loads in parallel
• In real circuits, it is quite common to find three-phase
parallel loads
Y connection

n
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

MODSEP 81
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Three-phase loads in parallel
• In real circuits, it is quite common to find three-phase
parallel loads
Δ connection
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

MODSEP 82
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Procedure
• To calculate the three-phase equivalent load of the
parallel association:
 1) Choose a connection type (Y or Δ)
 2) Convert all loads into the chosen connection type
 3) Calculate the equivalent impedances using the well-
known expression
1 1 1 1
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

   ... 
Z eq Z1 Z 2 Zn
 4) Calculate currents using the discussed procedures (load
currents  current divider)
MODSEP 83
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Procedure
• Another option is to work with the load powers
(power triangle)
 1) Sum the active powers
 2) Sum the reactive powers
o + reactive power from inductive circuits
o - reactive power from capacitive circuits
 3) Calculate currents in the equivalent load (iline) and in the
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

individual loads

In this procedure, the load connection is not important, since it

is already expressed in terms of complex power.
It can be assumed Y or Δ
MODSEP 84
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Procedure
Inductive load 1
Equivalent
load

| S eq | Qeq

Inductive load 2
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Peq

MODSEP 85
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Procedure
Inductive load 1 Equivalent
load
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Capacitive load 2 | S eq | Qeq

Peq

MODSEP 86
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Example 4
• A three-phase delta-connected generator has a per-phase
impedance equal to j0.6 Ω and is connected to a transmission
line with impedance per phase 0.2 + j0.4 Ω. The other end of
the transmission line is connected to two balanced three-phase
loads, in parallel: the first, in Y, has an impedance of 2 + j1 Ω per
phase; the second, in delta, has an impedance of 6 Ω per phase.
It is known that the internal voltage of the generator is 380 V
RMS. Assume the ABC phase sequence and determine the
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

currents in the transmission line.

Iˆa  145.6  63.55 A

Iˆb  145.6  183.55 A
Iˆ  145.656.45 A
c MODSEP
MODSEP 87
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Example 4

System is balanced  Δ-Y transforms

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

It is known:
Seq. ABC
Vˆab  3800 V, Vˆbc  380MODSEP
  120 V, Vˆca  380120 V 88
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Example 4

Model of the Y generator

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Z S ,
j 0.6
Z S ,Y    j 0.2 
3 3
ˆ
E 3800
Eˆ a  ab
  220  30
V
330 
330 
MODSEP 89
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Example 4

Model of the Δ load in Y

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Two balanced Y loads, therefore we can

Z C , 6 perform the parallel association
Z C ,Y    2
3 3
1 1 1
   Z eq ,Y  1.059  j 0.235  1.08512.53 
Z eq ,Y 2 2  j1
MODSEP 90
 Analysis of three-phase circuits
Example 4

Iˆa

Eˆ a 220  30
Iˆa  
Z S ,Y  Z L  Z eq ,Y j 0.2  (0.2  j 0.4)  (1.059  j 0.235)
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 145.62  63.55 A
Iˆb  a 2 Iˆa  145.62  183.55 A

Iˆc  aIˆa  145.6256.45 A

MODSEP 91
 Universidade de Brasília – UnB
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica – ENE
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica – PPGEE

QUESTIONS?

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Brasília,
MODSEP2022