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</head>

<body lang=RU style='tab-interval:35.4pt'>

<div class=WordSection1>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span


style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Реферат на
тему:<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<h1 align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:


"Times New Roman"'>Термометры<o:p></o:p></span></h1>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br>


<br clear=all style='mso-special-character:line-break;page-break-before:always'>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New


Roman"'>План:<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:


"Times New Roman"'>Введение<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l7 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>1 История изобретения<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l7 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>2 Методы измерения температуры<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l7 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>3 Жидкостные термометры<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l7 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>4 Механические термометры<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l7 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>5 Электрические термометры<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l7 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>6 Оптические термометры<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l7 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>7 Погрешности<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l7 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>8 Статьи<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>

<h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New


Roman"'>Введение<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p><b>Термо́метр</b>&nbsp;— прибор для измерения температуры воздуха, почвы,


воды и так далее. Существует несколько видов термометров:</p>

<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>жидкостные<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>механические<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>электрические<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>оптические<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>газовые<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;


mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Термометры
сопротивления<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;


mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Термоэлектрические
термометры<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;


mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Оптические
термометры<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;


margin-left:36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;


mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:RU;mso-fareast-
language:
RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:always'>
</span></b>

<h2><span id=link1><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1.


История изобретения</span><o:p></o:p></h2>

</span>

<p>Изобретателем термометра принято считать Галилея: в его собственных


сочинениях нет описания этого прибора, но его ученики, Нелли и Вивиани,
засвидетельствовали, что уже в 1597&nbsp;г. он устроил нечто вроде
термобароскопа (термоскоп). Галилей изучал в это время Герона Александрийского,
у которого уже описано подобное приспособление, но не для измерения степеней
тепла, а для поднятия воды при помощи нагревания. Термоскоп представлял собой
небольшой стеклянный шарик с припаянной к нему стеклянной трубкой. Шарик слегка
нагревали и конец трубки опускали в сосуд с водой. Через некоторое время воздух
в шарике охлаждался, его давление <span class=GramE>уменьшалось</span> и вода
под действием атмосферного давления поднималась в трубке вверх на некоторую
высоту h. В дальнейшем при потеплении давление воздуха в шарике увеличивалось и
уровень воды в трубке понижался при охлаждении же вода в ней поднималась. При
помощи термоскопа можно было судить только об изменении степени нагретости
тела: числовых значений температуры он не показывал, так как не имел шкалы.
Кроме того, уровень воды в трубке зависел не только от температуры, но и от
атмосферного давления. В 1657&nbsp;г. термоскоп Галилея был усовершенствован
флорентийскими учеными. Они снабдили прибор шкалой из бусин и откачали воздух
из резервуара (шарика) и трубки. Это позволило не только качественно, но и
количественно сравнивать температуры тел. Впоследствии термоскоп был изменен:
его перевернули шариком вниз, а в трубку вместо воды налили спирт и удалили
сосуд. Действие этого прибора основывалось на расширении мер, в качестве
«постоянных» точек брали температуры наиболее жаркого летнего и наиболее
холодного зимнего дней. Изобретение термометра также приписывают лорду Бэкону,
Роберт Фладду, Санкториусу, Скарпи, Корнелию Дреббелю (<i>Cornelius Drebbel</i>),
Порте и Саломону де Каус, писавшим позднее и частью имевшим личные сношения с
Галилеем. Все эти термометры были воздушные и состояли из сосуда с трубкой,
содержащего воздух, отделённый от атмосферы столбиком воды, они изменяли свои
показания и от изменения температуры, и от изменения атмосферного давления.</p>

<div>

<div>

<div>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Ртутный


медицинский термометр<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div>

<div>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New


Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<div>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New


Roman"'>Термометр
Галилея<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal>Термометры с жидкостью описаны в первый раз в 1667&nbsp;г.


«Saggi di naturale esperienze fatte nell’Accademia del Cimento», где о них
говорится
как о предметах, давно изготовляемых искусными ремесленниками, которых называют
«Confia», разогревающими стекло на раздуваемом огне лампы и выделывающими из
него удивительные и очень нежные изделия. Сначала эти термометры наполняли
водой, и они лопались, когда она замерзала; употреблять для этого винный спирт
начали по мысли великого герцога тосканского Фердинанда II. Флорентийские
термометры не только изображены в «Saggi», но сохранились в нескольких
экземплярах до нашего времени в Галилеевском музее, во Флоренции; их
приготовление описывается подробно.<span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<p>Сначала мастер должен был сделать деления на трубке, соображаясь с её


относительными размерами и размерами шарика: деления наносились расплавленной
эмалью на разогретую на лампе трубку, каждое десятое обозначалось белой точкою,
а другие чёрными. Обыкновенно делали 50 делений таким образом, чтобы при таянии
снега спирт не опускался ниже 10, а на солнце не поднимался выше 40. Хорошие
мастера делали такие термометры настолько удачно, что все они показывали одно и
то же значение температуры при одинаковых условиях, однако такого не удавалось
достигнуть, если трубку разделяли на 100 или 300 частей, чтобы получить большую
точностью. Наполняли термометры посредством подогревания шарика и опускания
конца трубки в спирт, заканчивали наполнение при помощи стеклянной воронки с
тонко оттянутым концом, свободно входившим в довольно широкую трубку. После
регулирования количества жидкости, отверстие трубки запечатывали сургучом,
называемым «герметическим». Из этого ясно, что эти термометры были большими и
могли служить для определения температуры воздуха, но были ещё неудобны для
других, более разнообразных опытов, и градусы разных термометров были не
сравнимы между собою.</p>

<p>В 1703&nbsp;г. Амонтон (<i>Guillaume Amontons</i>) в Париже усовершенствовал


воздушный термометр, измеряя не расширение, а увеличение упругости воздуха,
приведённого к одному и тому же объёму при разных температурах подливанием
ртути в открытое колено; барометрическое давление и его изменения при этом
принимались во внимание. Нулём такой шкалы должна была служить «та значительная
степень холода», при которой воздух теряет всю свою упругость (то есть
современный абсолютный нуль), а второй постоянной точкой&nbsp;— температура
кипения воды. Влияние атмосферного давления на температуру кипения ещё не было
известно Амонтону, а воздух в его термометре не был освобождён от водяных
газов; поэтому из его данных абсолютный нуль получается при −239,5° по шкале
Цельсия. Другой воздушный термометр Амонтона, выполненный очень несовершенно,
был независим от изменений атмосферного давления: он представлял сифонный
барометр, открытое колено которого было продолжено кверху, снизу наполнено
крепким раствором поташа, сверху нефтью и оканчивалось запаянным резервуаром с
воздухом.</p>

<p>Современную форму термометру придал Фаренгейт и описал свой способ


приготовления в 1723&nbsp;г. Первоначально он тоже наполнял свои трубки спиртом
и лишь под конец перешёл к ртути. Нуль своей шкалы он поставил при температуре
смеси снега с нашатырём или поваренной солью, при температуре «начала
замерзания воды» он показывал 32°, а температура тела здорового человека во рту
или под мышкой была эквивалентна 96°. Впоследствии он нашёл, что вода кипит при
212° и эта температура была всегда одна и та же при том же стоянии барометра.</p>

<p>Окончательно установил обе постоянные точки, тающего льда и кипящей воды,


шведский физик Цельсий в 1742&nbsp;г., но первоначально он ставил 0° при точке
кипения, а 100° при точке замерзания, и принял обратное обозначение лишь по
совету М. Штёрмера. Сохранившиеся экземпляры термометров Фаренгейта отличаются
тщательностью исполнения. Однако более удобной оказалась «перевернутая» шкала,
на которой температуры таяния льда обозначили 0 С, а температуру кипения 100 С.
Таким термометров впервые пользовались шведские ученые ботаник К. Линней и
астроном М. Штремер. Этот термометр получил широкое распространение.</p>

<p>Работы Реомюра в 1736&nbsp;г. хотя и повели к установлению 80° шкалы, но


были скорее шагом назад против того, что сделал уже Фаренгейт: термометр
Реомюра был громадный, неудобный в употреблении, а его способ разделения на
градусы был неточным не добным. После Фаренгейта и Реомюра дело изготовления
термометров попало в руки ремесленников, так как термометры стали предметом
торговли.</p>

<div>

<div>

<div>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New


Roman"'>Советский
ртутный термометр<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal>В 1848&nbsp;г. английский физик Вильям Томсон (лорд Кельвин)


доказал возможность создания абсолютной шкалы температур, нуль которой не
зависит от свойств воды или вещества, заполняющего термометр. Точкой отсчета в
«шкале Кельвина» послужило значение абсолютного нуля:&nbsp;— 273, 15 С. При
этой температуре прекращается тепловое движение молекул. Следовательно,
становится невозможным дальнейшее охлаждение тел.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<h2 style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0cm;mso-pagination:
none;page-break-after:avoid;mso-list:l8 level2 lfo4;tab-stops:list 35.45pt 49.65pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-
family:
Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.1<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New
Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><i><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Методы</span></i><i><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><i><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>измерения</span></i><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><i><span style='font-
size:12.0pt'>температуры</span></i><i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></
i></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:


normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Methods for measuring temperature</span></b><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'>We will consider the next methods of
taking temperature : volume, manometric, thermistor (method of
thermoresistance), thermo-electric and pyrometric.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The by volume method of taking
temperature is based on thermal expansion (change of volume) different to the
bodies. On this principle solid-expansion, bimetallic and liquid thermometers
are built.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US


style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The manometric method of taking temperature is
based on; thermal change of pressure of gas (pair) into the reserved volume.
Gas</span><span lang=EN-US> </span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>and</span><span lang=EN-US> </span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-
language:
EN-US'>vapour</span>-<span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>liquid</span><span
lang=EN-US> </span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>thermometers</span><span
lang=EN-US> </span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>operate</span><span
lang=EN-US> </span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>under</span><span
lang=EN-US> </span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>this</span><span
lang=EN-US> </span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>method</span>.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'>The thermistor method of taking
temperature is based on the thermal change of electric resistance explorer or
semiconductors.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'>The thermo-electric method of taking
temperature is based on the origin of pin potential between two contacting
inter se heterogeneous explorers (or by semiconductors) at the difference of
temperatures of free and worker of ends of these explorers.</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'>The top limit of measureable temperatures,
determined mainly by the thermostability of thermoelectrodes, arrives at for
chromel-copel thermocouples </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>+ 800° </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>С</span></
b><span
lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'>, platinum-platinum-rhodium </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>+1600°
</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>С</span></b><span lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:
UK'>, tungstenmolibdenic to </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2400° </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>С</span></
b><span
style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK
style='mso-ansi-language:UK'>and </span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>so on.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The optical method of taking
temperature is based on dependence of the energy radiated by the heated body,
from it temperature. The brightness of radiation is estimated by sight by means
of optical devices or transformed in an electric signal by means of photo-electric
sensors. The devices built on this method name the pyrometers of radiation.
Distinguish the pyrometers of total-radiation (radiation), pyrometers of
partial radiation (brightness) and pyrometers colour (spectral
correlation).</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'>On aircrafts the
thermoresistant sensors of temperature (thermoresistance) and thermo-electric
sensors (thermocouples) found prevailing application due to the simplicity,
stability of descriptions and possibility of transformation of temperature
directly in an electric size.</span><span lang=EN-US style='letter-spacing:
-.9pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:UK'>Thermo-resistors and
thermocouples are used both as perceiving devices of the systems of automatic
control and management and as sensors of the electric controlled from distance
thermometers.</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:UK'>On modern to </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>aircraft
</span></b><span
lang=UK style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:UK'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>the most frequent use was found by the
thermometers of resistance and thermo-electric thermometers.</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New


Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;


mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-
language:
RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:always'>
</span></b>
<h2><span id=link2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2.
Жидкостные термометры</span><o:p></o:p></h2>

</span>

<p><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>Жидкостные термометры основаны на принципе


изменения объёма жидкости, которая залита в термометр (обычно это спирт или
ртуть), при изменении температуры окружающей среды.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>В связи с запретом применения ртути во многих


областях деятельности ведется поиск альтернативных наполнений для бытовых
термометров. Например, такой заменой может стать сплав
галинстан.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New


Roman"'>Термометр
жидкостный (реже — жидкостный термометр), прибор для измерения температуры,
принцип действия которого основан на тепловом расширении жидкости. Т. ж.
относится к термометрам непосредственного отсчёта.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"


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<p><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<h2><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";


font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Широко применяется
в технике и лабораторной практике для измерения температур в диапазоне от –200
до 750 °С. Т. ж. представляет собой прозрачный стеклянный (редко кварцевый)
резервуар с припаянным к нему капилляром (из того же материала). Шкала в °С
наносится непосредственно на толстостенный капилляр (так называемый палочный Т.
ж.) или на пластинку, жестко соединённую с ним (Т. ж. с наружной шкалой, рис.,
а). Т. ж. с вложенной шкалой (рис., б) имеет внешний стеклянный (кварцевый)
чехол. Термометрическая жидкость заполняет весь резервуар и часть капилляра. В
зависимости от диапазона измерений Т. ж. заполняют пентаном (от -200 до 20 °С),
этиловым спиртом (от -80 до 70 °С), керосином (от -20 до 300 °С), ртутью (от
-35 до 750 °С) и др.<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<h2><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";


font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h2>

<h2><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";


font-weight:normal'>Достоинство:<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<h2><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";


font-weight:normal'>Наиболее распространены ртутные Т. ж., так как ртуть
остаётся жидкой в диапазоне температур от -38 до 356 °С при нормальном давлении
и до 750 °С при небольшом повышении давления (для чего капилляр заполняют
азотом). Кроме того, ртуть легко поддаётся очистке, не смачивает стекло, и её пары
в капилляре создают малое давление. Т. ж. изготавливают из определённых сортов
стекла и подвергают специальной термической обработке («старению»), устраняющей
смещение нулевой точки шкалы, связанное с многократным повторением нагрева и
охлаждения термометра (поправку на смещение нуля шкалы необходимо вводить при
точных измерениях). Т. ж. имеют шкалы с различной ценой деления от 10 до 0,01
°С. Точность Т. ж. определяется ценой делений его шкалы. Для обеспечения
требуемой точности и удобства пользуются Т. ж. с укороченной шкалой; наиболее
точные из них имеют на шкале точку 0 °С независимо от нанесённого на ней
температурного интервала. Точность измерений зависит от глубины погружения Т.
ж. в измеряемую среду. Погружать Т. ж. следует до отсчитываемого деления шкалы
или до специально нанесённой на шкале черты (хвостовые Т. ж.). Если это
невозможно, вводят поправку на выступающий столбик, которая зависит от
измеряемой температуры, температуры выступающего столбика и его высоты.
<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<h2><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";


font-weight:normal'>Недостатки:<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<h2><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";


font-weight:normal'>Основные недостатки Т. ж. — значительная тепловая инерция и
не всегда удобные для работы габариты. К Т. ж. специальных конструкций относят
термометры метеорологические, метастатические термометры, медицинские и др.
Медицинские ртутные Т. ж. имеют укороченную шкалу (34—42 °С) и цену деления
шкалы 0,1 °С. Действуют они по принципу максимального термометра — ртутный
столбик в капилляре остаётся на уровне максимального подъёма при нагревании и
не опускается до встряхивания термометра.<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml
1]><v:shape
id="Рисунок_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1086" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="unnamed"
style='width:433.8pt;height:320.4pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image005.jpg" o:title="unnamed"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=723 height=534
src="Термометр.files/image008.jpg" alt=unnamed v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_6"><!
[endif]></span><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:
normal'><o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;


mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:RU;mso-fareast-
language:
RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:always'>
</span></b>

<h2><span id=link3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>3.


Механические термометры</span><o:p></o:p></h2>

</span>

<div>

<div>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New


Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

</div>

</div>

<h2 style='margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:17.25pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222'>История</
span><span
style='font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#222222'><o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p style='margin-top:11.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:.1em'><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Изобретателем
термометров был Галилео Галилей. Еще в 1706 году он занимался созданием
астрономических и физических приборов, но основной его целью было
усовершенствование термометра. Со временем он изобрел и разработал систему
измерения
температуры с помощью шкалы, разделенной на градусы от 0 до
100.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:11.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:.1em'><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Механические
приборы по измерению температуры появились намного позже. Такой вид термометра
работает по принципу изменения металлической спирали. Приборы оснащены стрелкой
и внешне похожи на стрелочные часы. Используются они на панелях автотранспорта
и разнообразной спецтехнике.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:11.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:.1em'><i><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Основными
их преимуществами являются прочность и надежность.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;


font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<h2 style='margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:17.25pt;vertical-align:baseline;
text-rendering: optimizelegibility;orphans: 2;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px;
text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-
color: initial;
word-spacing:0px' id="h2_616173"><span style='font-size:16.5pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Виды и их принцип работы<o:p></o:p></span></h2>

<p style='margin-top:11.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:.1em'><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Принцип
работы механических термометров заключается в изменении металлической спирали
или ленты из биметалла и способности расширения металлических тел при нагреве.
Они отличаются максимально точными данными и легкостью в
использовании.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:
.1em'><strong style='font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;
font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;
font-family:"inherit",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm'>Данные механические приборы
разделяются на два вида: биметаллические и стержневые.</span></strong><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></
span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;


font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml
1]><v:shape
id="Рисунок_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_i1085" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://stroy-
podskazka.ru/images/article/thumb/718-0/2019/11/mehanicheskij-termometr-istoriya-
opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-6.jpg"
style='width:464.4pt;height:235.2pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image007.jpg" o:title="mehanicheskij-termometr-
istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-6"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=774 height=392
src="Термометр.files/image010.jpg"
alt="https://stroy-podskazka.ru/images/article/thumb/718-0/2019/11/mehanicheskij-
termometr-istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-6.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_12"><![endif]></span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:
.1em'><strong style='font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;
font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;
font-family:"inherit",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm'>Действие
стержневых&nbsp;</span></strong><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>видов
основывается на разнице линейного расширения двух тел, которые имеют разные
температурные растяжения. Латунная трубка оказывается элементом, в котором
находятся 2 спирали из сплава железа с никелем. Они приводят к сокращению
расстояния, настраиваемого при регулировании в зависимости от нужного значения
заданной температуры. Для того чтобы передать данные с таких приборов на
дистанцию более 50 м, применяют электрические системы
передач.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:11.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:.1em'><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>С их
помощью прямые и угловые данные, полученные посредством работы
термочувствительных элементов, превращаются в электрические
сигналы.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;


font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml
1]><v:shape
id="Рисунок_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1084" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://stroy-
podskazka.ru/images/article/thumb/718-0/2019/11/mehanicheskij-termometr-istoriya-
opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-7.jpg"
style='width:405pt;height:235.8pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image009.jpg" o:title="mehanicheskij-termometr-
istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-7"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=675 height=393
src="Термометр.files/image012.jpg"
alt="https://stroy-podskazka.ru/images/article/thumb/718-0/2019/11/mehanicheskij-
termometr-istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-7.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_11"><![endif]></span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:
.1em'><strong style='font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;
font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;
font-family:"inherit",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm'>Биметаллический
градусник</span></strong><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>&nbsp;работает
по принципу сжатия и расширения твердых тел. Они отличаются высокой прочностью,
способны устоять перед температурами за границами измеряемого диапазона,
применяются в промышленности.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:11.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:.1em'><i><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Если
температура выходит за пределы шкалы, то это значит, что прибор подвергается
действию самых высоких или низких отметок.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p style='margin-top:11.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:.1em'><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Работает
такой прибор при помощи стрелки и шкалы, с которых ведется отсчёт
данных.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;


font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml
1]><v:shape
id="Рисунок_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1083" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://stroy-
podskazka.ru/images/article/thumb/718-0/2019/11/mehanicheskij-termometr-istoriya-
opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-8.jpg"
style='width:345.6pt;height:234.6pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image011.jpg" o:title="mehanicheskij-termometr-
istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-8"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=576 height=391
src="Термометр.files/image014.jpg"
alt="https://stroy-podskazka.ru/images/article/thumb/718-0/2019/11/mehanicheskij-
termometr-istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-8.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_10"><![endif]></span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:
.1em'><strong style='font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;
font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;
font-family:"inherit",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm'>Биметаллические термометры
бывают трех видов: спиральные, геликоид, с многоступенчатой
спиралью</span></strong><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>.
Спиральные имеют элементы в форме спирали. Когда они нагреваются, то
приобретают способность раскручиваться, но иногда могут и закручиваться.
Элемент меняется в зависимости от температуры. При ее повышении он нагревается
и распрямляется, двигая стрелку в сторону увеличения данных, при снижении –
наоборот, закручивается, и стрелка движется в сторону низких данных по шкале.
Скручивание и раскручивание спирали происходит в соответствии с изменением
температуры. Благодаря большому ходу стрелки данные о температуре очень
четкие.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:11.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:.1em'><i><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Спиралевидные
элементы занимают мало места, поэтому используются чаще, чем стержневые с
прямой формой.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;


font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml
1]><v:shape
id="Рисунок_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1082" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://stroy-
podskazka.ru/images/article/thumb/718-0/2019/11/mehanicheskij-termometr-istoriya-
opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya.gif"
style='width:342.6pt;height:166.2pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image013.jpg" o:title="mehanicheskij-termometr-
istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=571 height=277
src="Термометр.files/image016.jpg"
alt="https://stroy-podskazka.ru/images/article/thumb/718-0/2019/11/mehanicheskij-
termometr-istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya.gif"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_9"><![endif]></span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:11.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:.1em'><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Когда
спиральные приборы оказываются неподходящими для применения в промышленности
из-за своей формы, используют удлиненный элемент под названием геликоид. При
нагревании он раскручивается и продвигает ось в область более высоких данных, а
при остывании скручивается и направляет стрелку к наименьшим показателям
шкалы.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:11.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;word-spacing:.1em'><span
style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>У
термометров с многоступенчатой спиралью принцип работы такой же, как и у
унифилярной, но они имеют другое строение. В ней находится два и более
концентрических витка. Она занимает еще меньше места и предоставляет больший ход
стрелки, а значит, более точные данные.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;


font-family:"inherit",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1081"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://stroy-podskazka.ru/images/article/cropped/337-
253/2019/11/mehanicheskij-termometr-istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-9.jpg"
style='width:252.6pt;height:189.6pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image015.jpg" o:title="mehanicheskij-termometr-
istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-9"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=421 height=316
src="Термометр.files/image018.jpg"
alt="https://stroy-podskazka.ru/images/article/cropped/337-253/2019/11/
mehanicheskij-termometr-istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-9.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_8"><![endif]></span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;
font-family:"inherit",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p></o:p></
span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;


font-family:"inherit",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1080"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://stroy-podskazka.ru/images/article/cropped/337-
253/2019/11/mehanicheskij-termometr-istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-10.jpg"
style='width:252.6pt;height:189.6pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image017.jpg" o:title="mehanicheskij-termometr-
istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-10"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=421 height=316
src="Термометр.files/image088.jpg"
alt="https://stroy-podskazka.ru/images/article/cropped/337-253/2019/11/
mehanicheskij-termometr-istoriya-opisanie-i-princip-dejstviya-10.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_7"><![endif]></span><span style='font-size:1.0pt;
font-family:"inherit",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p></o:p></
span></p>

<h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>4. Электрические


термометры</span></h2>

<div>

<div>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New


Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<div>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New


Roman"'>Медицинский
электрический термометр<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>

</div>

</div>

<p>Принцип работы электрических термометров основан на изменении сопротивления


проводника при изменении температуры окружающей среды.</p>

<p>Электрические термометры более широкого диапазона основаны на термопарах


(контакт между металлами с разной электроотрицательностью создаёт контактную
разность потенциалов, зависящую от температуры).</p>

<p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

<div>

<div>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New


Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<div>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Домашняя


метеостанция<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<p>Наиболее точными и стабильными во времени являются термометры сопротивления


на основе платиновой проволоки или платинового напыления на керамику.
Наибольшее распространение получили PT100 (сопротивление при 0&nbsp;°C&nbsp;—
100Ω) PT1000 (сопротивление при 0&nbsp;°C&nbsp;— 1000Ω) (IEC751). Зависимость
от температуры почти линейна и подчиняется квадратичному закону при
положительной температуре и уравнению 4 степени при отрицательных
(соответствующие константы весьма малы, и в первом приближении эту зависимость
можно считать линейной). Температурный диапазон −200&nbsp;— +850&nbsp;°C.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:


"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:


"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p>Отсюда, <i>R<sub>T</sub></i> сопротивление при <i>T</i> °C, <i>R</i><sub>0</sub>


сопротивление при 0&nbsp;°C, и константы (для платинового сопротивления) —</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:


"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;


mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:RU;mso-fareast-
language:
RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:always'>
</span></b>
<h2><span id=link5><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>5.
Оптические термометры</span><o:p></o:p></h2>

</span>

<p>Оптические термометры позволяют регистрировать температуру благодаря


изменению уровня светимости, спектра и иных параметров (см.
Волоконно-оптическое измерение температуры) при изменении температуры.
Например, инфракрасные измерители температуры тела.<o:p></o:p></p>

<h2><span id=link7><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6.


Статьи</span><o:p></o:p></h2>

</span>

<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l4 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman"'>Термометр медицинский<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>

<h2 style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
49.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-35.45pt;mso-pagination:none;
page-break-after:avoid;mso-list:l8 level2 lfo4;tab-stops:list 35.45pt 49.65pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-
family:
Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.2<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><!
[endif]><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Термометры
сопротивления</span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></i></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:


normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Resistance thermometers</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-
family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<h3 style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:
36.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;letter-spacing:.2pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h3>

<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:35.45pt;line-height:
16.85pt;background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>Descriptions&nbsp;of&nbsp;wire&nbsp;and&nbsp;semiconductor&nbsp;thermo-
resistors</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>A
sensor of thermometer of resistance is a wire or semiconductor thermo-resistor
the size of that changes depending on a temperature (fig. 4.3.1).</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:UK'>Dependence
of electric resistance of wire thermo-resistor on a temperature (static
description) in the small range of temperatures is near to linear:</span><span
lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;


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width:49px;height:34px'>

<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>


<tr>
<td width=49 height=34 bgcolor=white style='vertical-align:top;background:
white'><![endif]><![if !mso]><span style='position:absolute;mso-ignore:vglayout;
left:0pt;z-index:251667456'>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div v:shape="Надпись_x0020_51" style='padding:3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt'
class=shape>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:-5.65pt;line-height:10.0pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>ε
%<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><![endif]><![if !mso & !vml]>&nbsp;<![endif]><![if !vml]></td>
</tr>
</table>

</span><![endif]><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape


id="Рисунок_x0020_30" o:spid="_x0000_i1079" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:97.8pt;
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<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image030.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=163 height=33
src="Термометр.files/image090.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_30"><![endif]></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:


-21.25pt;background:white'><span lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>where </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
11.0pt;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>0</span></sub></b><span lang=UK
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'> is resistance at </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>0° </span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></
b><span
lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>;<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;background:white'><b


style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>α</span></i></b><span lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> it is a temperature coefficient of
electric resistance; <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:2.0cm;text-align:justify;background:white'><b


style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>θ</span></i></b><span lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> it is a temperature in </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>°</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><span lang=UK
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>.</span><span lang=UK
style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:2.0cm;text-


align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=UK style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:35.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-
align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black'>Чувствительность</span><span style='color:black;mso-ansi-
language:
EN-US'> </span><span style='color:black'>терморезистора</span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US


style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>Sensitiveness
of thermo-resistor</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:35.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
background:white'><span style='color:black;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml
1]><v:shape
id="Рисунок_x0020_29" o:spid="_x0000_i1078" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:99pt;
height:28.2pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image032.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=165 height=47
src="Термометр.files/image091.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_29"><![endif]></span><span
style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='color:black;


background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>At the change of
temperature in wide limits dependence of <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>R</i></b> on <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>θ</i></b> nonlinear: </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow'>ε</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>= </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'><span style='position:relative;top:15.0pt;
mso-text-raise:-15.0pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1037"
type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:70.2pt;height:34.8pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image103.wmz" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=117 height=58
src="Термометр.files/image092.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037"><![endif]></span><!--[if
gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1037"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1701071326">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>%</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>,
</span></b><span
lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>where </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R</span></
i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>θ</span></sub></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></b><span lang=UK
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>is resistance at a temperature </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sup><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow'>о</span></sup></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sup><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></sup></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></
b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>;</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i>R</i><sub><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>20</span></sub></b></span><span lang=UK style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> is resistance at </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>20 </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><sup><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>о</span></sup></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sup><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></sup></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>At the
estimation of middle sensitiveness use the mean value of temperature
coefficient </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>α</span></b><sub><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>ср</span></b></sub><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> calculated
for the certain interval of temperatures, for example from <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'>0</b> to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>100° С.</b></span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>For making of wire thermo-resistors apply clean metals, as they have a
greater value of temperature coefficient, what alloys of metals. In a table.
4.3.1 descriptions over of the most widely-used materials of wire
thermo-resistors are brought.</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'>Характеристики</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'>материалов</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'>проволочных</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'>терморезисторов</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:127.6pt'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:


normal'><span lang=UK style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>Descriptions of
materials of wire thermo-resistors</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0


style='margin-left:40.85pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:
double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid
windowtext'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
<td width=122 rowspan=2 style='width:73.25pt;border:double windowtext 1.5pt;
border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Name of metal</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:center'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=182 rowspan=2 style='width:109.2pt;border-top:double windowtext 1.5pt;
border-left:none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:double 1.5pt;mso-border-
right-alt:
solid .5pt;mso-border-color-alt:windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:center'><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:UK'>Specific
resistance </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>Ом
мм<sup>2</sup>/м</span><o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:center'><span
lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=182 rowspan=2 style='width:109.4pt;border-top:double windowtext 1.5pt;
border-left:none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:double 1.5pt;mso-border-
right-alt:
solid .5pt;mso-border-color-alt:windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>Temperature
mid-coefficient of electric resistance for the interval of </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-
family:"Arial",sans-serif;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>0 ÷
100</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sup><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-
serif;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>о</span></sup></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>,</span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>1/</i></span><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow'>град</span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
</td>
<td width=325 colspan=2 style='width:194.7pt;border-top:double windowtext 1.5pt;
border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:double
windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-right-
alt:
double 1.5pt;mso-border-color-alt:windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>A temperature limit of measuring </span><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>в</span><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sup><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-
serif;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>о</span></sup></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
<td width=162 style='width:97.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-
align:center'>Нижний<span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:center'><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Lower</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=162 style='width:97.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-
align:center'>Верхний<span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:center'><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Upper</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
<td width=122 valign=top style='width:73.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:
solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-top-
alt:
double 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:double 1.5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-color-alt:windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Platinum</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=182 style='width:109.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>0,0981</p>
</td>
<td width=182 style='width:109.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>3.91
10<sup>–3<o:p></o:p></sup></p>
</td>
<td width=162 style='width:97.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>– 250</p>
</td>
<td width=162 style='width:97.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-bottom-
alt:
solid .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:double 1.5pt;mso-border-color-alt:windowtext;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>1250</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
<td width=122 valign=top style='width:73.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:
solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;padding:
0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-
language:
EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Copper</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=182 style='width:109.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>0,018</p>
</td>
<td width=182 style='width:109.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>4,26 10<sup>–3</sup></p>
</td>
<td width=162 style='width:97.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>– 150</p>
</td>
<td width=162 style='width:97.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>+ 180</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
<td width=122 valign=top style='width:73.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:
solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-
alt:
solid .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:double 1.5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:double 1.5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-color-alt:windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt
0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Nickel</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=182 style='width:109.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>0,12</p>
</td>
<td width=182 style='width:109.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>6,4 10<sup>–3</sup></p>
</td>
<td width=162 style='width:97.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>– 200</p>
</td>
<td width=162 style='width:97.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:2.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:2.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'>+300</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='color:black;


background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>At a copper thermo-resistor at the change of temperature from </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>– 50</span></b><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>до</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>+180° </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>linear
dependence of <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i>R</i></b> is saved on <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>θ</b>, thus </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>α</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> =
4·26·10 <sup>– 3</sup> <span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>1<i>/</i></span></span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>град</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</
span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>At a platinum thermo-resistor in the range of temperatures</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> from </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>–200</
span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>до</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>0° </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US


style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:center'><span


style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_28"
o:spid="_x0000_i1077" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:199.2pt;height:24.6pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image037.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=332 height=41
src="Термометр.files/image093.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_28"><![endif]></span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='background:


yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>and in a range from <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>0</b> to </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>+650</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sup><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>о</span></
sup></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;background:white'><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_27"
o:spid="_x0000_i1076" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:132.6pt;height:15.6pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image039.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=221 height=26
src="Термометр.files/image094.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_27"><![endif]></span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:35.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-
align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>where</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> А
=3,96847 10 <sup>–3</sup></span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>
1/<i>град;<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:2.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>В<i> = –</i></span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>5,847 10 <sup>–7</sup>
</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>1<i>/
град<sup>2</sup></i>;</span></b><i><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;background:yellow;mso-
highlight:yellow'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:2.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>С<i> = –</i></span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>4,22 10
<sup>–12</sup></span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-
style:italic'>1<i>1град</i><sup>4</sup>.</span></span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='color:black;


background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>For a nickel
dependence of </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R</span></i></b><i><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=UK style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>on </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>yet more difficult.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Semiconductor thermo-resistors (STR) have reverse dependence of R on θ:
with the increase of temperature resistance falls on an exponential law (see a fig.
4.3.1. 6) :</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:35.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-
align:center'><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_26"
o:spid="_x0000_i1075" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:70.8pt;height:27.6pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image041.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=118 height=46
src="Термометр.files/image096.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_26"><![endif]></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:35.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:47.75pt;
background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>where T is the absolute temperature;</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:


normal'><span style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>А</span></b><i><span style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>and
</span><span
class=GramE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>В</span></b></
span><i><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>are coefficients depending on material and sizes of
</span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>STR</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>.</span><span lang=UK
style='mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>Because
of essential non-linearity of static description the temperature coefficient of
</span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>STR</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> in large part depends on a
temperature:</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;
background:white'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Рисунок_x0020_25" o:spid="_x0000_i1074" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:139.8pt;
height:31.2pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image043.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=233 height=52
src="Термометр.files/image098.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_25"><![endif]></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:35.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;background:white'><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>In reference data usually led value </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R</span></i></b><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>and </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>α</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
letter-spacing:.2pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>at </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:-.55pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>20° </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
-.55pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.55pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:-.55pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='background:


yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>In a <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'>table. 4.3.2</b> descriptions over of some semiconductor
thermo-resistors are brought.</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:6.25pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:6.25pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:6.25pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:6.25pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:6.25pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:6.25pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:6.25pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:6.25pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>Характеристики некоторых
ПТР<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-


weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Descriptions</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>of</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>some</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>STR</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'><o:p></
o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:6.25pt;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0


style='margin-left:40.85pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid
windowtext'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
<td width=170 valign=top style='width:101.7pt;border:double windowtext 1.5pt;
border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Тип ПТР<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width=170 valign=top style='width:101.75pt;border-top:double windowtext
1.5pt;
border-left:none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:double 1.5pt;mso-border-
right-alt:
solid .5pt;mso-border-color-alt:windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R<sub>20
</sub></span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-
spacerun:yes'> </span>ком<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width=170 valign=top style='width:101.75pt;border-top:double windowtext
1.5pt;
border-left:none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:double 1.5pt;mso-border-
right-alt:
solid .5pt;mso-border-color-alt:windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Α</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>20</span></sub></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>
1/град<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width=170 valign=top style='width:101.75pt;border-top:double windowtext
1.5pt;
border-left:none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:double 1.5pt;mso-border-
right-alt:
solid .5pt;mso-border-color-alt:windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>В <sup>о</sup>К<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width=137 valign=top style='width:82.1pt;border:double windowtext 1.5pt;
border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm
5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>max<o:p></o:p></span></sub></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
<td width=170 valign=top style='width:101.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>ММТ-1;
ММТ-4,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>ММТ-5<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width=170 valign=bottom style='width:101.75pt;border:none;border-right:
solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-
left-alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-
alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>1÷200</p>
</td>
<td width=170 valign=bottom style='width:101.75pt;border:none;border-right:
solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-
left-alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-
alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>–(2,4 ÷ 3,4) 10<sup>–
2<o:p></o:p></sup></p>
</td>
<td width=170 valign=bottom style='width:101.75pt;border:none;border-right:
solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-
left-alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-
alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>2060 ÷ 2920</p>
</td>
<td width=137 valign=bottom style='width:82.1pt;border:none;border-right:
double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center
style='text-align:center'>120<sup>о<o:p></o:p></sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
<td width=170 valign=bottom style='width:101.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:
solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:3.0pt'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>КМТ-1,МТ-4<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width=170 valign=bottom style='width:101.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:3.0pt;text-
align:center'>20÷1000</p>
</td>
<td width=170 valign=bottom style='width:101.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:3.0pt;text-align:center'>–
(4,5
÷ 6,0) 10<sup>–2<o:p></o:p></sup></p>
</td>
<td width=170 valign=bottom style='width:101.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:3.0pt;text-
align:center'>3880
÷ 5150</p>
</td>
<td width=137 valign=bottom style='width:82.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:3.0pt;text-
align:center'>180<sup>о<o:p></o:p></sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>Using
tabular data, it is possible to define R at any temperature on a
formula</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;background:white'><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_24"
o:spid="_x0000_i1073" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:93.6pt;height:32.4pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image045.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=156 height=54
src="Термометр.files/image099.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_24"><![endif]></span></p>

<h3 style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:
36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l8 level3 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !
supportLists]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.2.1<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New
Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h3>

<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:35.45pt;line-height:
16.85pt;background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>Construction&nbsp;of&nbsp;thermometers&nbsp;ofresistance</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>On
aircrafts the compatible thermometers of resistance are used with the range of
measuring from </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>–70</span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> to </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>+150 °</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></
b><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>,
fuels oils intended for taking temperature, cooling liquid, outward air
</span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>and others.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='background:


yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>A device consists of the
sensor and pointer, united inter se on the chart<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'> of fig. 4.3.2., </b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>а</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>On
a fig. 4.3.3 the construction of the thermistor sensor included in the complete
set of compatible thermometer of resistance is shown. A heat-sensitive element
is executed from a nickeliferous wire by a diameter a 0,05 mm, winded on mica
пластинчатый framework and protected from mechanical damages by the thin-walled
cylindrical corps from stainless steel.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>For the best transmission of heat between the walls of
corps and nickeliferous wire the warm-conducting silver plates isolated from a
wire by thin mica gaskets are placed. The corps of sensor is provided with an
incrassate head screw-threaded, intended for fastening of sensor.</span><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span><span lang=UK style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>A plug socket and additional манганиновое
resistance included consistently with a nickeliferous puttee are located in the
head of sensor. Additional resistance is intended for bringing a temperature
coefficient over of sensor to the standard value with the purpose of providing
of interchangeability of sensors (because of considerable influence of
admixtures the temperature coefficient of electric resistance of nickel has too
large variation).</span><span lang=UK style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:35.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-
align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=UK style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></
span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:center;


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lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The
construction of pointer of compatible thermometer of resistance is brought
around to a fig. 4.3.4. Ratiometer with a movable magnet (the same, as in the
electric controlled from distance manometers) and permanent resistances
included in the electric chart of thermometer of resistance (see a fig. 4.3.2)
is accommodated in the corps of pointer.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Calibration description of compatible thermometer of resistance in the
interval of temperatures from </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>+50</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>до</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>+300°
</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>driven to the table. <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>4.3.3.</b></span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:25.8pt;


margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:right;background:white'><b><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.35pt;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>Таблица</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.35pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> 4.3.3.</span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></
o:p></span></p>

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</span><![endif]><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;


color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></
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normal'><span lang=UK style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>Calibration description of
compatible thermometer of resistance</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
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UK'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

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<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:
36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:
l8 level3 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:
none'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.2.2<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New
Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>Основные погрешности
термометров сопротивления</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'><o:p></o:p></span></h3>

<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:35.45pt;line-height:
16.85pt;background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Basic&nbsp;errors&nbsp;of&nbsp;thermometers&nbsp;of
resistanc</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>e</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:17.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:35.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:35.45pt;
background:white'><span style='color:black'>Погрешности термометров
сопротивления складываются из погрешностей, вносимых датчиком, электрической
цепью и логометром.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='background:


yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The errors of thermometers of
resistance consist of the errors, brought in by a sensor, electric chain and
</span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>ratiometer</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>.</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:35.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:35.45pt;
background:white'><span style='color:black'>Датчику присущи методические
погрешности<a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn1' href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"
title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character:
footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-
family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-ansi-
language:
RU;mso-fareast-language:RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[1]</span></span><![endif]></
span></span></a>,
общие для термометров:<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>Methodical errors, general are inherent a sensor for thermometers:</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:49.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.2pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:list -117.0pt left 35.45pt
list 71.45pt;
background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !
supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='color:black'>Погрешность из-за
потерь от теплоизлучения и теплопроводности.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:49.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:35.45pt;
background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Error from losses from heat
radiation and heat conductivity.</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:49.65pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:


-14.2pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:list -117.0pt left
35.45pt list 71.45pt;
background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !
supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='color:black'>Погрешность от
неполного торможения газового потока.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:49.65pt;tab-stops:


35.45pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Error from the incomplete braking
of gas stream.</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:49.65pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:


-14.2pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:list -117.0pt left
35.45pt list 71.45pt;
background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !
supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='color:black'>Динамическая
погрешность.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:49.65pt;tab-stops:


35.45pt;background:white'><span style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>Dynamic error.</span><span
style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>In
addition, for thermistors sensors the error caused by heating of
thermoresistance by an aleak on it current is characteristic. A size of this
error is in the set mode.</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:


35.45pt;background:white'><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape
id="Рисунок_x0020_38"
o:spid="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:218.7pt;margin-top:1.1pt;width:108pt;height:35.25pt;
z-index:251663360;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;mso-wrap-distance-left:28.35pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:0;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:8.5pt;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:text;
mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;mso-width-relative:page;
mso-height-relative:page'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image064.png" o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="topAndBottom"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr>
<td width=371 height=0></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img width=180 height=59 src="Термометр.files/image114.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_38"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br
style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL>
<span style='color:black'>Для полупроводниковых </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'>ПТР</span></b><span style='color:black'> величина допустимого
тока, в зависимости от типа </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>ПТР,</span></
b><span
style='color:black'> лежит в пределах от долей до десятков
<b><i>ма.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>For
semiconductor </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>STR</span></b><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>
the size of possible current, depending on the type of </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-
family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>STR</span></b><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>, lies in limits from stakes to ten
of </span><b><i><span style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-
highlight:yellow'>ма</span></i></b><b><i><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></i></b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:35.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:35.45pt;
background:white'><span style='color:black'>Электрическая цепь обладает
температурной
погрешностью, выражающейся в изменении отношения токов </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>i</span></i><sub><span style='color:black;mso-bidi-font-
style:
italic'>1</span></sub></b><i><span style='color:black'>/</span></i><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>i</span></i><sub><span style='color:black;mso-bidi-font-
style:
italic'>2</span></sub></b><i><span style='color:black'> </span></i><span
style='color:black'>вследствие изменения сопротивления рамок логометра. Для
компенсации этой погрешности сопротивления </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R</span><sub><span
style='color:black'>3</span></sub><span style='color:black'>, </span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R</span><sub><span style='color:black'>4</span></sub><span
style='color:black'> </span></i><span style='color:black'>и </span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R</span><sub><span style='color:black'>7</span></sub><span
style='color:black'> </span></i>(см. рис. 4.3.2., <i>а</i><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>)</span></b><i><span style='color:black'>
</span></i><span
style='color:black'>выполняются из меди.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>An
electric chain possesses the temperature error expressed in the change of
relation of currents of </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>i</span></i></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>1</span></sub></b><i><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>/<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>i</b></span></i><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>2</span></sub></b><i><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>because of
change of resistance of scopes of </span><span lang=EN-US style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>ratiometer</span><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>.
For indemnification of this error of resistance of </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R<sub>3</sub>, R<sub>4</sub> </span></i></b><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>and
</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>R<sub>7</sub> </span></i></b><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>(see a fig. 4.3.2., <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>а</i></b>)
is executed from a copper.</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<h2 style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0cm;mso-pagination:
none;page-break-after:avoid;mso-list:l8 level2 lfo4;tab-stops:list 35.45pt 49.65pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-
family:
Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.3<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New
Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Термоэлектрические
термометры</span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></i></h2>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt'><b


style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-
family:"Arial",sans-serif;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Thermoelectric
thermometers</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></
span></b></p>

<h3 style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:
36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l8 level3 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !
supportLists]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.3.1<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New
Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif'>Характеристики
термопар</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></h3>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US


style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow'>Descriptions of thermocouples</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:319.9pt;
background:white'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>Чувствительный
элемент термоэлектрического термометра (<b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'>термопара</b>)
состоит из двух разнородных электродов </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>А</span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>и </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>В,</span></b><i><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'> </span></i><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt'>соединенных между собой путем спайки, сварки или
сплавления </span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-font-width:
86%'>(</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.1pt'>Рис. 4.4.1.</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'>,
а</span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-font-width:86%'>)</span><i><span
style='color:black'>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The
sensor of thermel (thermocouple) consists of two different-native electrodes
</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>А</span></b><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> and </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>В</span></b><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>, united
inter se by a joint, welding or meltback (Fig. 4.4.1., а).</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>Действие термопары основано на
зависимости контактной разности потенциалов, возникающей между проводниками
</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-bidi-font-
style:italic'>А</span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> и </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-bidi-font-
style:italic'>В,</span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>от </span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.2pt'>температуры места соединения и свободных
концов.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>The action of thermocouple is based on dependence of pin difference of
potentials, arising up between explorers </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>А</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> and </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>В</span></b><span lang=EN-US
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, from
the temperature of place of connection and free ends.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>Контактная разность потенциалов
возникает как между проводниками, изготовленными из металлов, так и между
полупро</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt'>водниками.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The
pin difference of potentials arises up both between the explorers made from
metals and between semiconductors.</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>Principle of action of thermocouple can be explained as
follows: energy of lone electrons is not identical in different explorers and
differently increases with the increase of temperature.</span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span><span
lang=UK style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>If along an explorer there is an overfall of temperature,
then electrons on a hot end acquire higher energies and speeds, what on cold.
As a result of it there is a stream of electrons from a hot end to cold and a
negative charge accumulates on a cold end.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
EN-US'>.</span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <span style='letter-spacing:-.9pt'>The process of
charge storage proceeds until the arising up falling of potential does not
create the meeting stream of electrons, equal to the primary stream caused by
distinction of thermal speeds. A difference of such falling of potential is in
two explorers, formative a thermocouple, and stipulates an origin thermo
–e.m.f.</span></span><span lang=EN-US style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;mso-ansi-
language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=UK style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;mso-ansi-language:


UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:UK'>Dependence
of pin difference of potentials on a temperature is unconnected with a form and
geometrical sizes of electrodes, and determined only by materials from that
they are made.</span><span lang=UK
style='mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span


style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_19"
o:spid="_x0000_i1068" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:391.8pt;height:88.8pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image066.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=653 height=148
src="Термометр.files/image115.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_19"><![endif]></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'>Рис. 4.4.1. Схема термопары</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'>: </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><i><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt'>а</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt'> –</span></i><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.15pt'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-
spacing:-.15pt'>разомкнутой;</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt'>б </span></i></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
-.15pt'>– замкнутой</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>Если замкнуть свободные концы
термоэлектродов </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.05pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>А</span></b><i><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt'> </span></i><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>и
</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-bidi-font-
style:
italic'>В,</span></b><i><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>
</span></i><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>то </span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.1pt'>образуется замкнутая цепь (<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>см. рис.4.4.1, <span style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>б</span></b><i>)
</i>с двумя контактными </span><span style='color:black;letter-
spacing:-.05pt'>соединениями.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>If
to lock the free ends of thermoelectrodes </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>А</span></b><i><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span></i><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>and
</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>В</span></b><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>,
then the reserved chain (</span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>see</span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> of
</span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>fig</span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>.4.4.1, б)
appears with two pin connections.</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black'>Если температуры мест соединений одинаковы (<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>θ<sub>1 </sub></b>= <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'>θ<sub>2</sub></b>), то суммарная <span style='letter-spacing:-.9pt'>э.д.с.
в контуре равна нулю и электрический ток в замкнутом контуре
отсутствует</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>If
the temperatures of places of connections are identical </span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1
</span></sub></b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>= </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2</span></sub></
b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>), </span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>then total </span><span lang=EN-US
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>e.m.f.</
span><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>. in
a contour equal to the zero and an electric current in the reserved contour is
absent.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black'>Если температуры мест соединений неодинаковые, <span
class=GramE>например</span> <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>θ<sub>1</sub></b>&gt;<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> θ<sub>2</sub>, </b>то в цепи возникнет
термоэлектродвижущая сила и по ней <span style='letter-spacing:-.9pt'>потечет
электрический ток.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>If the temperatures of places of connections are
different, for example </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1</span></sub></
b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&gt;<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b></span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2</span></sub></b><span lang=UK style='letter-spacing:
-.9pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>, then in a
chain there will be thermo-electromotive force and an electric current will
begin to flow on her.</span><span lang=EN-US style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black'>Место соединения проводников с более высокой температурой (<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>θ<sub>1</sub></b>) называется рабочим
спаем, а с более низкой (<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>θ<sub>2</sub></b>)
– свободным спаем (в практике измерений их называют также горячим и холодным
спаями).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The
place of connection of explorers with more high temperature (</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1</span></sub></b><span lang=UK style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>) is named a working shut,
and with more subzero (</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2</span></sub></
b><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>) -
by a free shut (in practice of measuring they are named also hot and cold
shuts).</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black'>Таким образом, термоэлектродвижущая сила зависит от
температур горячего и холодного спаев. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>Thus, thermo-electromotive force depends on temperatures hot and cold
shuts.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black'>Существует аналитическая зависимость <span
class=GramE>е(</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>θ<sub>1</sub></b>,<b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'> θ<sub>2</sub></b>), полученная методами квантовой физики. Однако эта
зависимость является весьма приближенной и на практике пользуются данными,
полученными экспериментально для различных металлов и сплавов. Они приводятся в
виде таблиц в справочниках физических величин. Для сокращения объема справочных
данных значения термо-э. д. с. обычно приводятся для различных металлов и
сплавов, соединенных в паре с нормальным термоэлектродом, в качестве которого
выбрана платина, причем температура холодного спая <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>θ<sub> 2</sub></b> принимается равной </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'>0°С.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>There is analytical dependence of е (</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1</span></sub></
b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>,<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b></span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2</span></sub></b><span lang=UK style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>) got the methods
of quantum physics. However this dependence is very close and in practice use
the data got experimentally for different metals and alloys. They over are
brought as tables in the reference books of physical sizes. For reduction of
volume of reference data of value thermo </span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>e.m.f</span><span lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>. usually led for the different
metals and alloys, united in a pair with a half-cell as that platinum is
chosen, thus temperature of cold shut </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
2</span></sub></b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>accepted by equal</span><span lang=UK
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>0°</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></
b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black'>Вычисление термо-э. д. с., развиваемой при температурах
горячего и холодного спая <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>θ<sub>1</sub></b>
и <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>θ<sub>2</sub></b> термопарой,
составленной из любых двух проводников </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>А</span></b><span style='color:black;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> и </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-bidi-font-
style:
italic'>В,</span></b><i><span style='color:black'> </span></i><span
style='color:black'>производится по формуле<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>e</span><sub><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>АВ</span></sub><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt'> </span></i><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>(</span><span
style='color:black'>θ<sub><span
style='letter-spacing:.15pt'>1</span></sub></span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.7pt'>,<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>
</b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black'>θ<sub><span
style='letter-spacing:.7pt'>2</span></sub><span style='letter-spacing:.3pt'>) =
</span></span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-
style:
normal'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>e</span><sub><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>АС</span></sub><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt'> </span></i><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>(</span><span
style='color:black'>θ<sub><span
style='letter-spacing:.7pt'>1</span></sub></span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.7pt'>,<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>
</b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black'>θ<sub><span
style='letter-spacing:.7pt'>2</span></sub><span style='letter-spacing:.3pt'>) –
</span></span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-
style:
normal'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>e</span><sub><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>ВС</span></sub><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt'> </span></i><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>(</span><span
style='color:black'>θ<sub><span
style='letter-spacing:.7pt'>1</span></sub></span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.7pt'>,<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>
</b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black'>θ<sub><span
style='letter-spacing:.7pt'>2</span></sub><span
style='letter-spacing:.3pt'>),</span></span></b><span
style='color:black'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>  </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='letter-spacing:.3pt'><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt'>где </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><i><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt'>е</span></i></
b><i><sub><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt'>АС </span></sub></i><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>(</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black'>θ<sub><span
style='letter-spacing:.15pt'>1</span></sub><span style='letter-spacing:.15pt'>,
</span>θ<sub><span style='letter-spacing:.15pt'>2</span></sub></span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt'>) и </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><i><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt'>е</span><sub><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt'>ВС </span></sub></i></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>(</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black'>θ<sub><span
style='letter-spacing:.15pt'>1</span></sub></span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>, </span><span style='color:black'>θ<sub><span style='letter-
spacing:.15pt'>2</span></sub></span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt'>) – значения э. д. с. при соединении
</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>проводников</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'> </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>А</
span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> и </span><span
class=GramE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>В</span></b><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-bidi-font-
style:
italic'> с</span></span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> </span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.3pt'>нормальным термоэлектродом </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.3pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>С</span></b><i><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt'> </span></i><span style='color:black;letter-
spacing:.3pt'>(плати</span><span
style='color:black'>ной).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:UK'>Calculation
thermo </span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>e.m.f</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>., developed at the temperatures of
hot and cold end </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1</span></sub></
b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>and </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2</span></sub></
b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>thermocouple made from any two
explorers </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>А</span></b><span lang=UK style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> and </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>В</span></b><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> is produced on a
formula<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>e</span></i></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><sub><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>АВ</span></sub></i></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>
</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>(</span><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>1</span></sub></b><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.7pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>,<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.7pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>2</span></sub></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>) = </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>e</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-
style:normal'><sub><span
lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>АС</span></sub></i></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'> </span></i></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>(</span><span style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.7pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>1</span></sub></b><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.7pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>,<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.7pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>2</span></sub></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>) – </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>e</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-
style:normal'><sub><span
lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>ВС</span></sub></i></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'> </span></i></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>(</span><span style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.7pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>1</span></sub></b><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.7pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>,<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.7pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>2</span></sub></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>),</span></b><span lang=UK style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'>  </span></span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>           
</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>where
</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>е</
span></i></b><i><sub><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;mso-
highlight:yellow'>АС</span></sub></i><i><sub><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></sub></i><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>(</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>1</span></sub></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, </span><span style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2</span></sub></
b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>) </span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>и</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>е</span><sub><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
-.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>ВС</span></sub></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><sub><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span></sub></i></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:
-.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>(</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>1</span></sub></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>,</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2</span></sub></b><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>) are
values of </span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>e.m.f</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>. at connection of explorers And and
In with a half-cell </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>С</span></
b><i><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>(by platinum).</span><span lang=UK
style='mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>В<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>
табл. 4.4.1.</b> приведены значения термо- э. д. с. для некоторых </span><span
style='color:black'>материалов в паре с платиной.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>In a table. 4.4.1.
values over are brought thermo – </span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>e.m.f</span><span
lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>. for some materials in a pair with platinum.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:16.75pt;


margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:right;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>Таблица 4.4.1.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>Значения
термоэлектродвижущей силы некоторых материалов в паре с
платиной<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:10.0pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.15pt'>при</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></b><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>θ</span></i><sub><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1</span></
sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> =
400</span><sup><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>о</span></sup><sup><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span></sup>С<span
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>и</span></b><span style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt'>θ</span></i><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2</span></sub><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>= 0</span><sup>о</sup><sup><span
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></sup>С<span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:10.0pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=UK style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>Values of thermo-electromotive force of some materials in a pair with
platinum<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:10.0pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=UK style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>at</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'> </span></b><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-
highlight:yellow'>θ</span></i><sub><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-
highlight:yellow'>1</span></sub><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>
= 400<sup>о </sup></span><span style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С
</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK style='font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>and</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> </span></b><i style='mso-bidi-font-
style:
normal'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></i><sub><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>2</span></sub><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span></i><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>= 0<sup>о </sup>С</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:10.0pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:
UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=825


style='width:495.0pt;margin-left:-.75pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:
0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:
.5pt solid windowtext'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:9.6pt'>
<td width=270 style='width:162.1pt;border:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:
solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-
alt:
solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:9.6pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'>Наименование материала<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Name of material</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=330 style='width:198.1pt;border-top:double windowtext 1.5pt;
border-left:none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:double 1.5pt;mso-border-
right-alt:
solid .5pt;mso-border-color-alt:windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:9.6pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'>Химический состав</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Chemical composition</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=225 style='width:134.8pt;border:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-left:
none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:9.6pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'>Термо</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>-</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>э</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'>д</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>с</span><span
lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Мв</span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Thermo-e.m.f.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:39.65pt'>
<td width=270 valign=top style='width:162.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:
solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-alt:
double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:39.65pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>Медь</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>Железо</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>Никель</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>Константан</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>Нихром</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>Хромель</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>Копель</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>Алюмель</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>Платинородий</p>
</td>
<td width=330 valign=top style='width:198.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-bottom-
alt:
double 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid .5pt;mso-border-color-alt:windowtext;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:39.65pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Cu</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Fe</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Ni</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Ni</span> – 40%, <span lang=EN-GB
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Cu</span> – 60%</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Ni</span> – 84,6%, <span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Cr</span> – 12,4%, <span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Fe</span> – 3%</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Ni – 89%, Cr – 10%, Fe –
1%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Ni – 45%, Cu –
55%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'><span lang=DE
style='mso-ansi-language:DE'>Ni –94%, Al – 2%, Mn – 2,5%, <span
style='letter-spacing:-.9pt'>Fe – 0,5%, Si – 1%<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>Pt -90%, Rh –
10%</p>
</td>
<td width=225 valign=top style='width:134.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:39.65pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>4,64</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>5,6</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>–5,45</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>–15,4</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>10,1</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>12,7</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>–18,3</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>–3,8</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify'>–3,23</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:


0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:
white'>На <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>рис. 4.4.2. </b>изображены
характеристики некоторых наиболее употребляемых термопар.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:


normal'><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>On a fig. 4.4.2</span></b><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>. descriptions of some most used
thermocouples are represented.</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>Для измерения высоких температур (<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>более </b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>1000<sup>о </sup>С</span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>) применяются термопары из
благородных металлов (платина, платинородий), которые являются более
теплостойкими, но обладают, однако, меньшей чувствительностью.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>For measuring of high temperatures (more </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1000</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sup><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>о</span></sup></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><sup><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></sup></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
-.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><span lang=UK
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>) thermocouples are used from noble metals (platinum,
platinum-rhodium), that are more heatproof, but possess, however, by a less
sensitiveness.</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black'>В авиационных датчиках температуры нашли применение <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>хром-копелевая </b>термопара, <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>хром-алюмелевая</b> термопара. </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>НК-СА</span><span style='color:black'>
</span></b><span
style='color:black'>(один электрод изготовлен из никель-кобальтового сплава,
другой – из специального алюмеля) и термопара </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black'>НЖ-СК</span><span style='color:black'> (</span></b><span
style='color:black'>один электрод из <span class=GramE>железо-никелевого</span>
сплава, другой – из специального копеля).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>A chrome-kopel thermocouple, chrome-alumel thermocouple, found application
in the aviation sensors of temperature. НК-СА (one electrode is made from a
никель-кобальтового alloy, other - from the special alumel) and thermocouple of
НЖ-СК (one electrode from an iron-nickel alloy, other - from special
cop).</span><span
lang=UK style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=UK style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

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<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-
serif'>Рис.
4.4.2. Характеристики некоторых термопар<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:
10.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'>1</b>
– хромель-копелевой; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>2</b> –
хромель-алюмелевой; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>3</b> –
железо-копелевой; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>4</b>
–медь-копелевой; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>5</b> –
золото-палладиевой; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>6</b> –
платино-палладиевой; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>7</b> – из
сплава <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif'>НК-СА;</span></b> <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'>8</b>
– из сплава <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif'>НЖ-СК</span></b></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr>
<td width=231 height=0></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img width=529 height=124 src="Термометр.files/image116.png"
alt="Надпись: Рис. 4.4.2. Характеристики некоторых термопар&#13;&#10;1 –
хромель-копелевой; 2 – хромель-алюмелевой; 3 – железо-копелевой; 4 –медь-копелевой;
5 – золото-палладиевой; 6 – платино-палладиевой; 7 – из сплава НК-СА; 8 – из сплава
НЖ-СК&#13;&#10;"
v:shapes="Надпись_x0020_37"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br
style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL>
<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_36"
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src="Термометр.files/image117.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_36"><![endif]></span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>Градировочные
характеристики этих термопар приведены в <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'>табл.
</b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>4.4.2.<o:p></
o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Grading of description of these
thermocouples is driven to the table. 4.4.2.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></
span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:34.75pt;
margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:right;tab-stops:504.0pt;
background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>Таблица</
span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-
family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
4.4.2.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;


background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-
spacing:-.25pt'>Значения</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>термоэлектродвижущей</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>силы</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
-.25pt'>некоторых</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-
spacing:-.25pt'>термопар</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-
family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></
b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:4.0cm'><b


style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK style='font-family:"Arial",sans-
serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>Values of thermo-electromotive force of some
thermocouples</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;
mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;


background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;
mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0


style='margin-left:42.8pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;
border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
<td width=142 rowspan=2 style='width:84.95pt;border:double windowtext 1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>Температура<o:p></
o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><sup><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>о</span></sup><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>
С<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Temperature</span><sup><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'> о</span></sup><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>
С</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></
span></p>
</td>
<td width=638 colspan=4 style='width:382.55pt;border-top:double windowtext 1.5pt;
border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:double
windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>Термоэлектродвижущая
сила в <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>мв<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Thermo</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>-</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>electromotive</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>force</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
<td width=164 style='width:98.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>Хромель-копель</
span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Chromel-Kopel</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=167 style='width:100.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>Хромель-алюмель</
span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Chromel-Alumel</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=163 style='width:97.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>НК-СА<o:p></o:p></
span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=UK
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>г</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-
spacing:-.25pt'>руппа
2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=144 style='width:86.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>НЖ-СК<o:p></o:p></
span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=UK
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>г</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;letter-
spacing:-.25pt'>руппа
2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
<td width=142 valign=top style='width:84.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext
1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>100<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=164 valign=top style='width:98.35pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>6,95<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=167 valign=top style='width:100.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>4,10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=163 valign=top style='width:97.55pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>0,00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=144 valign=top style='width:86.65pt;border:none;border-right:double
windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>0</span><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:
-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'>,</span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
-.25pt'>40<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
<td width=142 valign=top style='width:84.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>200<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=164 valign=top style='width:98.35pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>14,66<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=167 valign=top style='width:100.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>8,13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=163 valign=top style='width:97.55pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>0,00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=144 valign=top style='width:86.65pt;border:none;border-right:double
windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>1,40<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
<td width=142 valign=top style='width:84.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>300<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=164 valign=top style='width:98.35pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>22,91<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=167 valign=top style='width:100.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>12,21<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=163 valign=top style='width:97.55pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>0,38<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=144 valign=top style='width:86.65pt;border:none;border-right:double
windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>3,29<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
<td width=142 valign=top style='width:84.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>400<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=164 valign=top style='width:98.35pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>31,49<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=167 valign=top style='width:100.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>16,40<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=163 valign=top style='width:97.55pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>1,6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=144 valign=top style='width:86.65pt;border:none;border-right:double
windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>6,28<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>
<td width=142 valign=top style='width:84.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>500<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=164 valign=top style='width:98.35pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>40,16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=167 valign=top style='width:100.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>20,65<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=163 valign=top style='width:97.55pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>3,41<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=144 valign=top style='width:86.65pt;border:none;border-right:double
windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>10,78<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'>
<td width=142 valign=top style='width:84.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>600<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=164 valign=top style='width:98.35pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>49,02<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=167 valign=top style='width:100.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>24,91<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=163 valign=top style='width:97.55pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>5,36<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=144 valign=top style='width:86.65pt;border:none;border-right:double
windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>16,29<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>
<td width=142 valign=top style='width:84.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>700<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=164 valign=top style='width:98.35pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>57,77<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=167 valign=top style='width:100.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>29,15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=163 valign=top style='width:97.55pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>7,39<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=144 valign=top style='width:86.65pt;border:none;border-right:double
windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>22,17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'>
<td width=142 valign=top style='width:84.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext
.5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>800<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=164 valign=top style='width:98.35pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>66,42<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=167 valign=top style='width:100.0pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>33,32<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=163 valign=top style='width:97.55pt;border:none;border-right:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>9,41<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=144 valign=top style='width:86.65pt;border:none;border-right:double
windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>28,15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
<td width=142 valign=top style='width:84.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
double windowtext 1.5pt;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:
solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>900<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=164 valign=top style='width:98.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>–<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=167 valign=top style='width:100.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>37,37<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=163 valign=top style='width:97.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid
windowtext .5pt;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>11,42<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width=144 valign=top style='width:86.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:double windowtext 1.5pt;border-right:double windowtext 1.5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.25pt'>34,23<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:


0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;page-break-after:
avoid;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The thermocouples of </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.35pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>НК</
span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.35pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>-</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.35pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>СА</span></b><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.35pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span
lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>and </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.35pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>НЖ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.35pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>-</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.35pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>СК</span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.35pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>possess
descriptions of the special family with the zone of нечувстви-тельности (see a
fig. 4.2.) : thermo – </span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>e.m.f</
span><span
lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>. at a thermocouple </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>НК</
span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>-</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>СА</span></b><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span
lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>arises up only at the temperatures of exceeding
</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>300° </span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>, and at the
thermocouple of </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>НЖ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>-</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>СК</span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>- at
temperatures exceeding </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>100° </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><span lang=UK
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>. Due to this feature the change of temperature of free ends
(in connection with fluctuations in the temperature of surrounding air) does
not have influence on thermo – </span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>e.m.f.</span><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> that is
determined only taken temperature hot end. At the use of other types of
thermocouples it is necessary to compensate the errors caused by the change of
temperature free</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> ends.</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<h3 style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:
36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:
l8 level3 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:
none'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.3.2<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New
Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>Конструкция
термоэлектрических термометров</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'><o:p></o:p></span></h3>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt'><b


style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The design of thermoelectric
thermometers</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<div style='mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-height:15.1pt;mso-element-frame-
hspace:
1.9pt;mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;
mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:87.65pt;mso-element-top:
201.4pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'>

<table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 hspace=0 vspace=0 height=25>


<tr>
<td valign=top align=left height=25 style='padding-top:0cm;padding-right:
1.9pt;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:1.9pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white;mso-element:
frame;mso-element-frame-height:15.1pt;mso-element-frame-hspace:1.9pt;
mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;
mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:87.65pt;mso-element-top:
201.4pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><b><i><span
style='color:black'>а</span></i></b><b><i><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>)</span></i></b><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</div>

<![if !supportTextWrap]><br clear=ALL>


<![endif]>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>На летательных аппаратах
применяется несколько разновид</span><span style='color:black'>ностей
термоэлектрических термометров, отличающихся типом <span style='letter-spacing:
.05pt'>термопар. Термометр, предназначенный для измерения темпера</span><span
style='letter-spacing:.15pt'>туры головок цилиндров поршневых авиадвигателей
воздушного </span><span style='letter-spacing:.75pt'>охлаждения, рассчитан на
диапазон измерения от </span></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.75pt'>–50</span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.75pt'> </span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.75pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>до<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i> </i></b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'>+ 350° С</span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.1pt'> </span></b><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'>и
состоит из термопары и указателя, соединенных меж</span><span style='color:
black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>ду собой по схеме, представленной на </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.2pt'>рис. 4.4.3.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>On
aircrafts a few varieties are used of thermels, different the type of
thermocouples. The thermometer intended for taking temperature of heads of
cylinders of piston aero-engines of the air cooling is counted on the range of
measuring from </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.75pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>–50</span></
b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.75pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span></b><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.75pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>до</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.75pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>+ 350° </span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></b><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>and consists of the thermocouple and
pointer, united inter se on the chart presented on a fig. 4.4.3.</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<div style='mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-height:151.2pt;mso-element-frame-
hspace:
1.9pt;mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;
mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:145.75pt;mso-element-top:
.25pt'>

<table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 hspace=0 vspace=0 height=252>


<tr>
<td valign=top align=left height=252 style='padding-top:0cm;padding-right:
1.9pt;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:1.9pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-
height:
151.2pt;mso-element-frame-hspace:1.9pt;mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;
mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;
mso-element-left:145.75pt;mso-element-top:.25pt'><span style='mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_18" o:spid="_x0000_i1066"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:322.2pt;height:196.2pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image071.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=537 height=327
src="Термометр.files/image118.jpg"
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<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>


<tr>
<td width=49 height=49 bgcolor=white style='vertical-align:top;background:
white'><![endif]><![if !mso]><span style='position:absolute;mso-ignore:vglayout;
left:0pt;z-index:251677696'>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div v:shape="Надпись_x0020_35" style='padding:3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt'
class=shape>
<p class=MsoNormal><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>а)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><![endif]><![if !mso & !vml]>&nbsp;<![endif]><![if !vml]></td>
</tr>
</table>

</span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:


"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt'>Электрические схемы
термоэлектри</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>ческих
термометров</span></b><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>:</span><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The
construction of thermocouple for reciprocators is shown on a fig. 4.4.4.
thermoelectrodes made from a chromel and копеля, soldered in a copper puck 1,
that serves for fastening of thermocouple under the spark-plug of piston
aero-engine and the role of heat receiver plays. The ends of thermoelectrodes
unite tips 2 and 3 with multicore leads from the same material, what
thermoelectrodes. Leads of </span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>end</span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> by a plug
socket, into that подгоночное resistance (</span><span lang=EN-US
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>several</
span><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>
coils of manganine wire) by means of that constancy of total resistance of
thermocouple and leads (of wire is arrived at produced by different is
located</span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>).</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:


12.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span lang=UK
style='mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span


style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_17"
o:spid="_x0000_i1065" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:283.8pt;height:69.6pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image073.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=473 height=116
src="Термометр.files/image119.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_17"><![endif]></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span


style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_16"
o:spid="_x0000_i1064" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:283.8pt;height:79.2pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image075.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=473 height=132
src="Термометр.files/image120.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_16"><![endif]></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt'>Рис 4.4.4. Конструкция термопары для
поршневых дви</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>гателей:</span></b><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'><b


style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
-.15pt'>1</span></b><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt'>– шайба; <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>2,
3</span></b><i> </i>– наконечники; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>4, 5</span></b><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'> </span>– скоба; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>6</span></b><i> </i>– винт</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The
construction of pointer is shown on a fig. 4.4.5. In the corps of pointer the
magnetoelectric
galvanometer of homopolar type is mounted with the corner of scale 240°, and
also resistances 19 and 20 (</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>д</span></
sub></b><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>и</span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US>R</span></b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>тс</span></sub></b><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>), included in a chart that is
represented on a fig. 4.4.3, a. Thermal resistance 20 (Rтс) serves for
indemnification of the errors caused by the change of resistance of scope of
galvanometer at the change of ambient temperature. Additional термо-</span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>e.m.f</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>, arising up at the change of temperature of free ends of
thermocouple, compensated by means of bimetallic proof-reader 10, that sets the
pointer of pointer to the temperature of surrounding air. The type of scale of
thermometer of heads of cylinders is shown on a fig. 4.4.6,</span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>a.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The
thermels applied on ramjets are used for taking temperature of going out gases
to </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>900</
span><sup><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>о</span></sup><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow'>С</span><span style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'> <span lang=UK>and higher and consist of a few thermocouples (two or four)
and pointer, united inter se on the chart of fig. 4.4.3.</span></span><span
lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> </span><span style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>б</span><i><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></i><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='background:


yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The construction of
thermocouple for ramjets is brought around to a fig. 4.4.4.</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:116.9pt


191.5pt;
background:white'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_34"
o:spid="_x0000_s1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:90pt;margin-top:0;width:5in;height:193.55pt;z-index:-251657216;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-width-percent:0;
mso-height-percent:0;mso-wrap-distance-left:0;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;
mso-wrap-distance-right:0;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:text;
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mso-height-relative:page'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image077.jpg" o:title="" grayscale="t"/>
<w:wrap type="through"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=600 height=323
src="Термометр.files/image121.jpg" align=left v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_34"><!
[endif]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-left:27.0pt;text-align:center;


background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt'>Рис.
4.5. Конструкция указателя термоэлектрического
термометра:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:70.9pt;margin-bottom:


0cm;margin-left:108.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:
11.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>1</span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'> – магнит; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>2</span></b><i> </i>–
магнитопровод; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-
style:
italic'>3</span></b><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> </span>–
сердечник; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>4</span></b><i> </i>– пластина; <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>5</b>
– рамка; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>6</span></b><i> – </i>ось; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>7</b>
– пружины; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>8</span></b><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> </span>– консоль;
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-
style:italic'>9</span></b><i>
– </i>стрелка; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-
style:
italic'>10</span></b><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> <i>–
</i></span>биметаллический
корректор; </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt'>11</span></b><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.2pt'> – стойка; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>12</span></b><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'> </span>– циферблат; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>13, 18</span></b><span style='mso-bidi-font-
style:
italic'> </span>– экраны; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>14</span></b><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'> <i>– </i></span>основание; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>15</span></b><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'> <i>– </i></span>корпус; </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>16,
17</span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt'>– винты; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>19</span></b><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> </span>– термосопротивление; <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>20</span></b><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> </span>–<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>добавочное сопротивление; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>21</span></b><i> – </i></span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt'>кольцо<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>имеется вырез, пройдя который газовый
поток почти полно</span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>стью
тормозится, а затем уже выходит наружу через дополни</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>тельное отверстие. Коэффициент</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>торможения</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>равен</span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US>r</span></i><span
lang=EN-US> </span></b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>= 0,96</span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>при</span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.25pt'>числе</span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.25pt'>М</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> ≤</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'> </span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>1.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:


35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>Depending on the type of thermometer thermoelectrodes are
used a chromel is an alumel, НК-СА or НЖ-СК. Термоэлектроды are isolated from
each other by a ceramic tube and protected from mechanical damages by a
protective corps 1 from heatproof steel. Overhead part of corps ends with a
head 2, that together with a nut 3 serves for fastening of sensor. On a head a
triangle is fortified 4 with a flexible hose into that intermediate leads are
skipped 5, ending with terminal clamps 6 and 7. For the best transmission of
heat from gases to the термоэлектродам in an underbody protective</span><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>there is a cut, passing a that gas stream braked almost fully, and then
already goes out outside through the additional opening. A braking coefficient
is equal </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-
style:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>r</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>=
0,96</span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>at the
number of </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>М</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> ≤</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1.</span></
b><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>Поскольку температура в различных
точках реактивного соп</span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt'>ла
неодинаковая, термоэлектрические датчики располагаются в </span><span
style='color:black'>двух или четырех точках сопла и соединяются электрически
пос<span style='letter-spacing:.15pt'>ледовательно друг с другом (<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>см. рис. 4.</b></span></span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'>3</span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt'>,6</span></b><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.15pt'>). При таком соеди</span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'>нении
суммарная э. д. с. пропорциональна средней температуре газов в четырех
точках.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>As
a temperature in the different points of reactive nozzle is different,
thermo-electric sensors are situated in two or four points of nozzle and unite
electric consistently with each other (see a fig. 4.3,6). At such connection
total </span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>e.m.f</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>. proportional to the middle
temperature of gases in four points.</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-
language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.75pt'>Конструкция указателя аналогична
представленной на </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>рис. 4.4.</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'>5</span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.3pt'>,</span></b><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>
вид шкалы указателя приведен на <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>рис.
4.4.</b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'>6</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The
construction of pointer is analogical to presented on a fig. 4.4.5, the type of
scale of pointer is brought around to a fig. 4.4.6</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'>В случае применения термопары типа
</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'>НК-СА</span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'> или </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'>НЖ-СК</span></b><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.1pt'> изменение температуры свободных концов не вызывает
погрешнос</span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt'>тей и поэтому
биметаллический корректор в указателе не тре</span><span lang=UK
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'>бу</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'>ется (см. схему на <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'>рис. 4.4.3., б</b>).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>In
case of application of thermocouple of type of НК-СА or НЖ-СК the change of
temperature of free ends does not cause errors and a bimetallic proof-reader in
a pointer is not required (see a chart on a fig. 4.4.3., б).</span><span
lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

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<v:textbox>
<![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-no-proof:yes'><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_32" o:spid="_x0000_i1061"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:287.4pt;height:118.2pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image079.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>в</i>)</p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
<w:wrap type="square"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=529 height=220
src="Термометр.files/image122.png" align=left hspace=12 alt="Надпись: в)"
v:shapes="Надпись_x0020_33"><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;background:white'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-
family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></
span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:3.0pt;text-align:center;


background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>Рис.
4.4.6. Виды шкал термоэлектрических термометров:</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:14.2pt;margin-bottom:


12.0pt;margin-left:5.0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:11.0pt;mso-line-height-
rule:
exactly;background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>а</span></i></b><i><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'> </span></i><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt'>– шкала термометра головок цилиндров;<b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'> <i>б</i></b><i> </i>– шкала термометра выходящих </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>газов;<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'> <i>в</i></b><i> – </i>шкала сдвоенного термометра выходящих
газов</span></p>

<div style='mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-height:154.55pt;mso-element-frame-
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1.9pt;mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;
mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:112.15pt;mso-element-top:
40.45pt'>

<table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 hspace=0 vspace=0 height=258>


<tr>
<td valign=top align=left height=258 style='padding-top:0cm;padding-right:
1.9pt;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:1.9pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-
height:
154.55pt;mso-element-frame-hspace:1.9pt;mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;
mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;
mso-element-left:112.15pt;mso-element-top:40.45pt'><span style='mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_15" o:spid="_x0000_i1063"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:262.8pt;height:168pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image081.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=438 height=280
src="Термометр.files/image123.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_15"><![endif]></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</div>

<![if !supportTextWrap]><br clear=ALL>


<![endif]>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>There
are the doubled pointers (for control of two engines), two galvanometers are
mounted
in the general corps of that. The type of scale of the doubled pointer is shown
on a fig. 4.4.6.,в.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<div style='mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-width:331.0pt;mso-element-frame-
height:
62.85pt;mso-element-frame-hspace:1.9pt;mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;
mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;
mso-element-left:235.75pt;mso-element-top:134.5pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'>

<table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 hspace=0 vspace=0 width=555 height=105>


<tr>
<td valign=top align=left height=105 style='padding-top:0cm;padding-right:
1.9pt;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:1.9pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
0cm;margin-left:90.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-54.0pt;line-height:10.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:90.0pt;
background:white;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-width:331.0pt;
mso-element-frame-height:62.85pt;mso-element-frame-hspace:1.9pt;mso-element-wrap:
no-wrap-beside;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-
horizontal:
page;mso-element-left:235.75pt;mso-element-top:134.5pt;mso-height-
rule:exactly'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
.1pt'>Рис. 4.4.7.</span></b><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'> <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Конструкция термопары для реактивных
</b></span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black'>двигателей:</span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:90.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
line-height:10.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:90.0pt;background:
white;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-width:331.0pt;mso-element-frame-height:
62.85pt;mso-element-frame-hspace:1.9pt;mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;
mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;
mso-element-left:235.75pt;mso-element-top:134.5pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
-.15pt'>1</span></b><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt'> –
корпус; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>2</span></b><i> – </i>головка; <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>3</span></b><i> – </i>гайка; <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>4</span></b><i>
– </i>угольник; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>5</b> – промежуточные
соединительные провода; <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>6, 7</span></b><span style='mso-bidi-font-
style:
italic'> –<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span>зажимы</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</div>

<![if !supportTextWrap]><br clear=ALL>


<![endif]>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:36.0pt;


background:white'><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>Для </span><span style='color:black;letter-
spacing:.2pt'>электрических
</span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt'>дистанционных
термометров определяются</span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt'>
статические и динамические характеристики</span><span lang=UK style='color:
black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'>: </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt'>в </span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.2pt'>начале определяются соответствующие характеристики
составных частей прибора – датчика, электрической цепи и указателя, </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.3pt'>а затем их совместным решением
определяют характеристики </span><span style='color:black;letter-
spacing:.1pt'>прибора
в целом.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>For the electric controlled from distance
thermometers static and dynamic descriptions are determined: corresponding
descriptions of component parts of device are determined at the beginning -
sensor, electric chain and pointer, and then descriptions of device determine
their joint decision on the whole.</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<h2 style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0cm;mso-pagination:
none;page-break-after:avoid;mso-list:l8 level2 lfo4;tab-stops:list 35.45pt 49.65pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-
family:
Arial;color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.4<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New
Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black;
letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Основные погрешности
термоэлектрических термометров</span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><o:p></o:p></span></i></h2>

<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt;
line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>Basic&nbsp;errors&nbsp;of&nbsp;thermoelectric
thermometers</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US


style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<h3 style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:
36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:
l8 level3 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:
none'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.4.1<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New
Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Общие методические
погрешности
датчиков температуры</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'><o:p></o:p></span></h3>

<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt;
line-height:16.85pt;background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>General&nbsp;methodical&nbsp;errors&nbsp;of&nbsp;sensors&nbsp;of
temperature</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='color:#333333;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>To
the mechanical and electric sensors of temperature, contiguous with an
environment the temperature of that is measured (the pyrometers of radiation do
not enter here), next methodical errors are peculiar.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:49.65pt;text-align:justify'><u><span


lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Error&nbsp;from&nbsp;losses&nbsp;from&nbsp;heat
radiation&nbsp;and&nbsp;heatconductivity.</span></u><span lang=EN-US
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span><span
lang=UK style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK;mso-fareast-language:UK'>This error is conditioned by that the temperature
of walls of pipeline differs from taken temperature gas or liquid, current on
this pipeline. As a result along with an useful heat exchange between an
environment and sensor there is a harmful heat exchange between a sensor and
walls of pipeline because of лучеиспускания and heat conductivity (because of
outflow of heat to the place of fastening of sensor).</span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span><span
lang=UK style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK;mso-fareast-language:UK'>It results in that the temperature of sensor
differs from the temperature of environment and arises up methodical error. For
reduction of this error it is necessary to increase length of the submerged
part and perimeter of sensor, diminish the thickness of walls, теплоизолировать
the internal surface of pipeline, not submerged part of sensor and place of it
fastening.</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:49.65pt;text-align:justify'><u><span


lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>Error&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;incomplete&nbsp;braking&nbsp;of&nbsp;gasstream</
span></u><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:17.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK;mso-fareast-language:UK'>In the thermometers intended
for measuring of veritable temperature of Т of meeting blast, there is an error
reason of that is an increase of temperature of sensor from passing to the heat
of kinetic energy of blast at it braking by a sensor.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:17.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:49.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt'>Температура датчика вследствие неполного
торможения потока не достигает температуры полного
торможения.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:49.65pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The temperature of sensor because of the
incomplete braking of stream does not arrive at the temperature of the complete
braking.</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:49.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt'>Относительная</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt'>погрешность</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt'>измерения</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt'>истиной</span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.25pt'>температуры</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:49.65pt'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>Relative error of measuring truth of
temperature</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:49.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
background:white'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.7pt'><span
style='position:relative;top:5.0pt;mso-text-raise:-5.0pt'><!--[if gte vml
1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1055" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:16.8pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image133.wmz" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=15 height=28
src="Термометр.files/image124.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1055"><![endif]></span><!--[if
gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1055"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1701071327">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><span style='position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-
7.0pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1056" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:19.2pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image135.wmz" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=25 height=32
src="Термометр.files/image125.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1056"><![endif]></span><!--[if
gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1056"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1701071328">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]-->= <span style='position:relative;top:12.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-12.0pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1057" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:37.8pt;height:31.8pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image137.wmz" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=63 height=53
src="Термометр.files/image126.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1057"><![endif]></span><!--[if
gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1057"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1701071329">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]-->= <span style='position:relative;top:12.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-12.0pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1058" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:28.2pt;height:33pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image139.wmz" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=47 height=55
src="Термометр.files/image127.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1058"><![endif]></span><!--[if
gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1058"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1701071330">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]-->.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:49.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black'>Эта погрешность может быть учтена введением поправки. В
навигационных вычислительных устройствах эта поправка вводится
автоматически.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:49.65pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>This error can be taken into account by introduction
of amendment. In</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>navigation</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>computing</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>devices</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>this</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>amendment</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>is</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>entered</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>automatically</span><span style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>.</span><span
style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:49.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black'>В термометрах, предназначенных для измерения температуры
заторможенных газов, погрешность возникает из-за неполного торможения потока
датчиком.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:49.65pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>In the thermometers intended for taking temperature of the put on the
brakes gases, an error arises up from the incomplete braking of stream a
sensor.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:49.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.2pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8;tab-stops:36.0pt;background:white;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;letter-spacing:
-.7pt'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New
Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><u><span style='color:black'>Динамическая
погрешность.</span></u><span style='color:black'> Эта погрешность обусловлена
тем, что тепло передается от среды к чувствительному элементу с некоторым
запаздыванием вследствие конечной скорости передачи тепла, зависящей от
материала. Массы и поверхности термопатрона.<span style='letter-
spacing:-.7pt'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:49.65pt;text-align:justify'><u><span


lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Dynamic error.</span></u><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> This error is conditioned by
that a heat is passed from an environment to the sensor with some delay because
of eventual speed of transmission of heat, depending on material. The</span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>masses</span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>and</span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>surfaces</span><span lang=EN-US
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span lang=EN-US
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>of</
span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'> </span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>thermowell</span><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>.</span><u><o:p></o:p></u></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:49.65pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:UK'>Fundamentally
it maybe to carry out transformation of temperature to the electric size by
means of electromechanics sensors, consisting of the mechanical
теплочувствительного element (dilatometric, bimetallic, liquid, gas </span><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>etc.</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>) connected with the electric transformer of moving (by a
potentiometer, индуктив-ным transformer </span><span lang=EN-US
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>etc.</
span><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>).
However from the presence of movable parts the electromechanics sensors of
temperature yield cleanly electric on виброустойчивости, exactness and
reliability and on the aircrafts of applications have not received.</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<h3 style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:
36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:
l8 level3 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:
none'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-
list:Ignore'>4.4.2<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt'>Основные погрешности термоэлектрических
термометров</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></h3>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:


normal'><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Basic errors of thermoelectric thermometers</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:320.4pt;


background:white'>Погрешности термоэлектрических термометров складываются из
погрешностей, вносимых датчиком, электрической цепью и гальванометром.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The
errors of thermels consist of the errors, brought in by a sensor, electric
chain and galvanometer.</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:319.45pt;
background:white'>К погрешностям, вносимым датчиком, можно отнести:</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='background:


yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>To the errors brought in by a
sensor, it is possible to take:</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:54.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:54.0pt;background:white;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-
list:Ignore'>1.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Погрешность
из-за потерь от теплоизлучения и теплопроводимости.</p>

<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:49.65pt;line-height:
16.85pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>Error&nbsp;from&nbsp;losses&nbsp;from&nbsp;heat-
radiation&nbsp;and&nbsp;heat-conducting.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:#333333;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:53.85pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:


-17.85pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:54.0pt;
background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !
supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-
list:Ignore'>2.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Погрешность
от неполного торможения газового потока.</p>

<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:49.65pt;line-height:
16.85pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>Error&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;incomplete&nbsp;braking&nbsp;of&nbsp;gasstream.</
span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:53.85pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:


-17.85pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:54.0pt;
background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !
supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-
list:Ignore'>3.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Динамическую
погрешность.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:49.65pt'><span style='background:yellow;


mso-highlight:yellow'>Dynamic error.</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-
language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:14.2pt
319.45pt;
background:white'>Эти три погрешности являются общими для всех датчиков
температуры<span lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'>.</span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='background:


yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>These three errors are
general for all sensors of temperature.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:14.2pt
319.45pt;
background:white'>Погрешности, вносимые электрической цепью, специфичны для
термоэлектрического метода измерения:</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:35.45pt'><span lang=UK style='background:


yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>The errors brought in by an
electric chain are specific for the thermo-electric method of measuring
:</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:54.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo10;tab-stops:30.0pt list 54.0pt left
315.1pt;
background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !
supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-
list:Ignore'>1.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Погрешность
от изменения температуры <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>θ<sub>2</sub></b><i>
</i>свободных концов. Уменьшение этой погрешности достигается применением тех
или других температурных компенсаторов, измеряющих температуру<span
style='mso-ansi-language:UK'> </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'>θ<sub>2</sub></b><i>
</i>и вносящих автоматически поправку в выходной сигнал. Устранение этой
погрешности достигается применением термопары из сплавов <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>НК-СА</span></b>
или <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>НЖ-СК.</span></b></p>

<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-
height:16.85pt;background:white'><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>Error&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;change&nbsp;of&nbsp;temperature&nbsp;</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>2</span></sub></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>&nbsp;free&nbsp;ends.&nbsp;Reduction&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;error&nbsp;is&nbsp;
arrived&nbsp;at&nbsp;by&nbsp;application&nbsp;of&nbsp;those&nbsp;orother&nbsp;tempe
rature&nbsp;scraies,&nbsp;taking&nbsp;temperature&nbsp;</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>2</span></sub></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>&nbsp;andinserting&nbsp;amendment&nbsp;automatically&nbsp;in&nbsp;an&nbsp;outpu
t&nbsp;signal.&nbsp;Theremoval&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;error&nbsp;is&nbsp;arrived&nb
sp;at&nbsp;by&nbsp;application&nbsp;ofthermocouple&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;alloys&n
bsp;of&nbsp;</span><span
style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>НК</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>-</span><span style='color:#333333;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>СА</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;or&nbsp;</
span><span
style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>НЖ</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>-</span><span style='color:#333333;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>СК</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:54.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo10;tab-stops:35.5pt list 54.0pt;
background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !
supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-
list:Ignore'>2.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Погрешность,
вызванная влиянием паразитных термо- э. д. с. Эта погрешность имеет место в том
случае, если температура в точках присоединения термоэлектродов <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>А</span></b><i> </i>и <span
class=GramE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>В</span></b><i>
</i>к</span>
соединительным проводам <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>С</span></b> и <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>Д</span></b><i> </i>неодинаковая
(<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>рис. </b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'>4.5.1.</span></b><span
lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'>)</span>, а также, если неодинаковая
температура в точках соединения проводов с нагрузкой.</p>

<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-
height:16.85pt;background:white'><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-
US'>Error&nbsp;caused&nbsp;by&nbsp;influence&nbsp;parasite&nbsp;thermo&nbsp;e.m.f.&
nbsp;Thiserror&nbsp;takes&nbsp;place&nbsp;in&nbsp;case&nbsp;that&nbsp;temperature&n
bsp;in&nbsp;points&nbsp;joining&nbsp;of
thermoelectrodes&nbsp;</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>А</span></b><i><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span></i><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>and&nbsp;</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>В</span></b><i><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span></i><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>to&nbsp;leads&nbsp;</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><span style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <span lang=EN-US
style='color:#333333'>and&nbsp;</span></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>Д</span></
b><i><span
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span></i><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>different(fig.4.5.1.<span class=GramE>),and</span>
also ,is different
&nbsp;temperature&nbsp;in&nbsp;pointsconnection&nbsp;of&nbsp;wires&nbsp;with&nbsp;l
oading.</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:314.15pt;


background:white'>Для уменьшения этих погрешностей концы соединитель проводов <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif'>С</span></b> и <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>Д</span></b><i> </i>должны располагаться поблизости друг от друга с
тем, чтобы они находились в одинаковых температурных условиях.<span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>    </span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>For
reduction of these errors ends connector of wires </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><span style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>and </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>Д</span></b><i><span style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>must be situated nearby from each
other with that they were in equal temperature terms.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:54.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo10;tab-stops:29.05pt list 54.0pt;
background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !
supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-
list:Ignore'>3.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>Погрешность,
вызванная изменением электрических сопротивлений термопары, соединительных
проводов и рамки гальванометра при изменении температуры окружающей среды.
Основное влияние оказывает изменение сопротивления рамки, поскольку это
сопротивление значительно больше сопротивлений термопары и проводов.</p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:2.0cm;text-


align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=UK style='color:#333333;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK;mso-fareast-language:UK'>Error caused by the change of electric resistances
ofthermocouple, leads and scope of galvanometer at thechange of ambient
temperature. Basic influence renders thechange of resistance of scope, as this
resistance considerablyanymore resistances of thermocouple and wires.</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:#333333;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'>Компенсация этой погрешности осуществляется по одной из схем, показанных
на <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>рис. 4.5.1.</b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'>В схеме на <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>рис. 4.5.1.,
<i>а</i></b><i>
</i>добавочное сопротивление <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-
language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>R</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><sub><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>Д</span></sub></b><i> </i><span style='letter-spacing:
-.9pt'>выполняется из манганина, а шунт </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
letter-spacing:-.9pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>R</
span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.9pt;mso-bidi-font-
style:italic'>Ш</span></sub></b><i><span
style='letter-spacing:-.9pt'> </span></i><span style='letter-spacing:-.9pt'>–
из никеля.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'>Условие температурной компенсации для этой схемы выглядит следующим
образом: </p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>Indemnification of this error comes true on one of the charts shown on a
fig. 4.5.1.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>In a chart on a fig. 4.5.1., and additional resistance of </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>R</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>Д</span></sub></b><i><span style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>is executed
from a manganin, and shunt of </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;letter-spacing:
-.9pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>R</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><sub><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.9pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>Ш</span></
sub></b><i><span
style='letter-spacing:-.9pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>- from a nickel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>The condition of temperature indemnification for this chart looks like the
following:</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;


margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='position:relative;top:16.0pt;mso-text-raise:-16.0pt'><!--[if gte vml
1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1059" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:24pt;height:34.8pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image141.wmz" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=40 height=58
src="Термометр.files/image128.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1059"><![endif]></span><!--[if
gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1059"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1701071332">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>= <span
style='position:relative;top:15.0pt;mso-text-raise:-15.0pt'><!--[if gte vml
1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1060" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:19.8pt;height:34.2pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image143.wmz" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=33 height=57
src="Термометр.files/image129.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1060"><![endif]></span><!--[if
gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1060"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1701071333">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>– 1<o:p></o:p></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'>В схемах на <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>рис. 4.5.1<span
class=GramE>.,б</span> </b>и <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>в</span></b><i> </i>компенсация
осуществляется с помощью полупроводниковых терморезисторов <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-
serif'>(ПТР).<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>In
charts on a fig. 4.5.1.,and in indemnification comes true by means of
semiconductor thermo-resistors (</span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>STR</span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>).</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_31" o:spid="_x0000_s1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:278.25pt;margin-top:13.8pt;width:167.5pt;height:109.35pt;
z-index:251660288;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text;mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;
mso-width-relative:page;mso-height-relative:page'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image095.jpg" o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="square" side="left"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=279 height=182
src="Термометр.files/image130.jpg" align=right hspace=12
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_31"><![endif]><span
style='color:black'>В схеме на <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>рис.
4.5.1., б</b> в качестве добавочного сопротивления </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>R</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>1</span></
sub></b><span
style='color:black'> используется </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>ПТР,</span></
b><span
style='color:black'> сопротивление которого при нормальной температуре
соизмеримо с сопротивлением компенсируемого элемента (рамки гальванометра),
температурный коэффициент <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>α<sub>1</sub></b>
сопротивления </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-
language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>R</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><sub><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>1</span></sub></b><span
style='color:black'> в среднем равен по абсолютной величине, но противоположен
по знаку температурному коэффициенту <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'>α<sub>2</sub></b>
сопротивления компенсирующего<span style='letter-spacing:.1pt'> элемента.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>In
a chart on a fig. 4.5.1., as additional resistance </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>R<sub>1</sub></span></b><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>is used </span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>STR</span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>, resistance
of that at a normal temperature commensurably with resistance of the
compensated element (scopes of galvanometer), the temperature coefficient </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>α</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1</span></sub></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:UK'>resistance
of </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-
style:italic'>R<sub>1</sub></span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>on the average is equal on an
absolute value, but opposite on a sign to the temperature coefficient </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>α</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2</span></sub></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:UK'>resistances
of compensative element</span><span lang=UK
style='mso-ansi-language:UK'>.</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><b


style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>Fig. 4.5.1. Charts of indemnification of temperature errors of thermel
:</span></b><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>а</span></b><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>
</span><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>- with a shunt and additional
resistance; </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-
highlight:yellow'>б</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>, </span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>в</span></b><i><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>- with additional resistances with a negative temperature coefficient;
</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:
-.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>А</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>, </span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>В</span></i></b><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'> are thermoelectrodes; </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-
highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>, </span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>Д</span></b><i><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'>are leads</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></
span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>STR</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'> made from a carborundum and феррокремния (so-called силит)
satisfies these terms. Temperature descriptions of elements of chart at using
of силита as resistance of R1 are brought around to a fig. 4.5.2., and. Because
of non-linearity of temperature description силита indemnification turns out
incomplete.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>In
a chart on a fig. 4.5.1.,in as additional resistance of </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R<sub>1</sub></span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=EN-US
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>STR</
span><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> is
used with a large negative temperature coefficient </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>α</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-
style:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1</span></sub></i></b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>shunted by
манганиновым resistance of </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>R</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2</span></sub></
b><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>.</
span><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>A shunt is intended for smoothing out to non-linearity of temperature
description of </span><span lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>STR</span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>, and also for indemnification of
influence of technological variation of parameters of </span><span lang=EN-US
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>STR</
span><span
lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>.
For indemnification of resistance of r made from a copper wire with the temperature
coefficient </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-
style:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>α</
span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>Т</span></sub></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><sup><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></sup></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>≈ 4-10 <sup>–3</sup></span></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> </span><span lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>in the range of temperatures from </span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>–<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> 60</b></span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>до</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>+50° </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>,
resistance of thermo-resistor is taken equal </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>R<sub>1</sub> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>=
</span></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(0,4 ÷ 0,8</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>)</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.2pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> r</span></i></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>,</span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>, and
resistance of shunt of </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>R<sub>2</sub> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>= 0,439<i><span
style='letter-spacing:.2pt'> </span></i></span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><i><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>r</span></i></b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>+ 0,27 <span
style='letter-spacing:.05pt'>R<sub>1.</sub></span></span></b><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>These
formulas are applicable at the use of </span><span lang=EN-US style='background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>STR</span><span lang=UK
style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> with by the
size of parameter In, lying within the limits of </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>2250 – 2650</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><sup><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>о</
span></sup></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>К</
span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> <span style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>Thus the error of
indemnification does not exceed </span></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>±3%</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>of mean value of total resistance of chain in all
range of working temperatures.</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<div style='mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-height:12.7pt;mso-element-frame-
hspace:
1.9pt;mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;
mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:90.3pt;mso-element-top:
194.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'>
<table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 hspace=0 vspace=0 height=254>
<tr>
<td valign=top align=left height=254 style='padding-top:0cm;padding-right:
1.9pt;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:1.9pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:
white;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-height:12.7pt;mso-element-frame-hspace:
1.9pt;mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;
mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:90.3pt;mso-element-top:
194.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><b><i><span
style='color:black'>а)</span></i></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</div>

<![if !supportTextWrap]><br clear=ALL>


<![endif]>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt'>На <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'>рис.
4.5.2<span class=GramE>.,б</span></b> приведены температурные характеристики
</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt'>элементов схемы <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'>рис. 4.5.1., в</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt'><span


lang=UK style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>On
a fig. 4.5.2.,temperature descriptions over of elements of chart of fig. are
brought 4.5.1.,</span><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;mso-
highlight:yellow'>в</span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:UK'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=UK style='mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<div style='mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-width:369.0pt;mso-element-frame-
height:
163.3pt;mso-element-frame-hspace:2.0pt;mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;
mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;
mso-element-left:135.0pt;mso-element-top:20.2pt'>

<table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 hspace=0 vspace=0 width=7418 height=3266>


<tr>
<td valign=top align=left height=3266 style='padding-top:0cm;padding-right:
2.0pt;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:2.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-right:9.0pt;text-align:center;
mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-width:369.0pt;mso-element-frame-height:
163.3pt;mso-element-frame-hspace:2.0pt;mso-element-wrap:no-wrap-beside;
mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;
mso-element-left:135.0pt;mso-element-top:20.2pt'><span style='mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Рисунок_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_i1062"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:369.6pt;height:181.8pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="Термометр.files/image097.jpg" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=616 height=303
src="Термометр.files/image131.jpg"
v:shapes="Рисунок_x0020_14"><![endif]></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</div>

<![if !supportTextWrap]><br clear=ALL>


<![endif]>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;background:


white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:center;


background:white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt'>Рис.
4.5.2.</span></b><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt'> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Температурные
характеристики элементов:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-


weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.15pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Fig. 4.5.2. Temperature descriptions of <span class=GramE>elements
:</span></span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-
family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></b></
p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:70.9pt;margin-bottom:


0cm;margin-left:89.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:
white'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>а</span></b><span style='color:black;mso-bidi-font-
style:
italic'> </span><span style='color:black'>– схемы на <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'>рис.</b> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>4.5.1., б</b>; <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>б</b> – схемы на <b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'>рис. 4.5.1., <span style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>в</span></b><span
style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:92.15pt'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:


normal'><span style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>а</span></b><span style='color:black;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>
</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>–are charts on a fig.4.5.1.,<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>б</span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>; </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>б</span></b><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> – are charts on a fig<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>4.5.1., </b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'>в</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>:</
span><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-
style:italic'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:70.9pt;margin-bottom:


0cm;margin-left:89.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:
white'><span lang=UK style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:UK;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:92.15pt;tab-stops:474.9pt'><span lang=UK


style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:UK'>1 are descriptions of the compensated chain; 2 is
description of silithic scray; 3 are ideal (required) descriptions of scray; 4
is the real description of device on the whole; 5 are ideal (required)
descriptions of device on the whole; 6 are descriptions of the compensated
chain.; 7 is description of </span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>STR</span><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>; 8 is description
of shunt; 9 is description of scray (</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>STR</span><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'> with a shunt); 10
is the real description of device on the whole; 11 is ideal (required)
description of device on the whole; </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:normal'><span
style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>min</span></sub></
b><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></sub><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>– </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>max</span></sub></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:
black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
–</span><span
lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:
yellow;mso-ansi-language:UK'>is a range of ambient temperatures; </span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='color:black;background:yellow;
mso-highlight:yellow'>θ</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><sub><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>r</span></sub></b><span lang=UK style='color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
UK'> is a temperature</span><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:
-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:70.75pt;margin-bottom:


0cm;margin-left:90.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:
white'><span lang=UK style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:
UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify'><span


lang=UK style='color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-
language:
UK'>The errors of thermel, brought in by a galvanometer, have the same
character, what the errors brought in by logometer, but the errors caused by
influence of ambient temperature on magnetic induction in the working gap of
permanent magnet and on the module of resiliency of counteractive springs are
added yet to them. These two errors are approximately equal on an absolute
value, but opposite on a sign, due to what they almost fully are mutually
compensated (the resultant temperature error of galvanometer does not exceed
</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:
yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>1% </span></b><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-
highlight:yellow'>на</span><span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>100°</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:
.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>С</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-
weight:
normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>).</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;


margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=UK style='color:black;mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;


margin-left:36.0pt'><span lang=UK style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:UK'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote-list'><![if !supportFootnotes]><br clear=all>

<hr align=left size=1 width="33%">

<![endif]>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn1>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify'><a


style='mso-footnote-id:ftn1' href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !
supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:RU;mso-fareast-
language:
RU;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[1]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a> <span
style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Общие
методические погрешности </span><span style='color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>датчиков температуры смотри в разд. Х.х.х.</span></p>

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