Div 06 Woods Plastics PDF

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01
DIVISION 06
WOODS & PLASTICS
E D I T E D B Y A R . M A R C E M I L V. M I R A N D A , U A P
F O R D O N H O N O R I O V E N T U R A S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y
D E PA RT M E N T O F A RC H I T E C T U R E
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED:
D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

6.1
WOOD MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION

Photo source: merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/lumber-word-history-lombard
For Educational Purposes only intended for Student Visuals
6.A
Woods are generally classified into:

WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
SOFTWOODS HARDWOODS
Eastern
hemlock Red
tree spruce Sugar
tree pine
tree
tangile
Tree
kalumpit
Tree
Western bangkal
larcht Tree
tree
betis
Bald Tree Narra
cypress Tree
Sequoia tree
tree Sitka spruce kamagong
tree Tree
come from the conifers (evergreens) From the broad-leaved or

which have needles instead of deciduous trees. Most Philippine
leaves, e.g. pine timber are of this latter kind
Photo source: Google Images, Getty Images, Shuttlecock Photos, & Forest Foundation Philippines
6.A
The terms “SOFTWOOD” and “HARDWOOD”

are often
misleading
because they
have no direct
relation to the
actual physical
hardness or
softness of the
wood, so that a
hardwood may
be softer than a
softwood.
6.A
The terms “SOFTWOOD” and “HARDWOOD”

are often
misleading
because they
have no direct
relation to the
actual physical
hardness or
softness of the
wood, so that a
hardwood may
be softer than a
softwood.
6.B
STRUCTURE OF WOOD

Illustration courtesy of A Visual Dictionary in Architecture 2nd Edition by Francis D.K. Ching
6.C Wood that is used in
construction is called LUMBER.
❑ classified by its size or dimensions measured in inches, ex. 2 x 4”.

4 available classifications of lumber
AT LEAST 8 ”
LESS THAN 8 ” & ABOVE LESS THAN 5 ” 5 ” OR MORE
LESS THAN 2 ” LESS THAN 2 ” MORE THAN 2 ” 5 ” OR MORE
Strips Board Lumber Dimension Lumber Timbers

Lumber less than Pieces less than Pieces more than Pieces 5” or more
2” thick and less 2” thick and at 2” and less than 5” on the smallest
than 8” wide. least 8” wide. in any dimension. dimension.
6.C It is important to realize that the
stated size of lumber is not its
actual finished size.
8”
Nominal size of lumber
❑ Nominal size is the size of lumber when it is
7½ ”
dressed size of lumber
cut from the log. After cutting, the lumber is
dried and then planed on all four sides to
1½ ” 2 ”
achieve smoothness.
❑ The finished size is therefore smaller.
Board Lumber Nominal vs. Actual size Dimension Lumber Nominal vs. Actual size
AT LEAST 8 ”
& ABOVE Nominal Size Actual Size LESS THAN 5 ”
Nominal Size Actual Size
1 x 4” ¾ x 3½” 2 x 4” 1½ x 3½”
1 x 6” ¾ x 3½” 2 x 6” 1½ x 3½”
1 x 8” ¾ x 3½” 2 x 8” 1½ x 3½”
1 x 10” ¾ x 3½” 2 x 10” 1½ x 3½”
1 x 12” ¾ x 3½” 2 x 12” 1½ x 3½”
LESS THAN 2 ” MORE THAN 2 ”

6.C Lumber is sold in lengths from 6’
up to 20’ in increments of 2’.
Special lengths greater than 20’
are also available but cost more

per board foot than the standard
lengths.
❑ Lumber measure is the board foot which
may be described as the measure of a
piece of wood 1” thick, 12” (or 1’) wide
and 12” (or 1’) long.
Board Feet = Thickness (in.) x Width (in.) x Length (ft.)
12
❑All lumber is sized according to its rough dimensions as

it comes from the saw. Its size, however, is reduced after
being surfaced or dressed by a planer.
❑Thus, for example, 2 x 4 surfaced on four sides (S4S) will only be 1-3/4
x 3-3/4. Dressed lumber costs slightly more than rough.
6.C Moisture has a big influence on
the behavior and properties of
wood. While water has been in wood
since its formation, yet after a tree is cut,

water becomes detrimental to it. It
makes wood liable to the attack of
insects and fungi and unfit for use.
❑When all free water is removed but all
absorbed water remains, the so-called
“fiber-saturation point” (approximately
30% moisture content (M.C.) for all
species) is reached.
❑This condition of dryness of the wood is
called “equilibrium moisture content”
(E.M.C.) and in the Philippines this is
equivalent to from 12 to 16 percent
moisture content.

6.C
AIR-DRYING KILN-DRYING
❑ in which the lumber is exposed ❑ in which warm moist air or

to the air superheated steam is used to
heat the wood and drive out
moisture.

6.C
K I L N - D R Y I N G Advantages over A I R - D R Y I N G
❑ Greater reduction in weight.
❑ Control of moisture content to any desired value.
❑ Reduction in drying time.
❑ Killing of any fungi or insects.
❑ Setting the resins in resinous wood.
❑ Less degrade (Degrade is the loss in quality during
seasoning of the lumber through unequal shrinkage which
causes checks and loosening of knots, warping).

6.D
WOOD BENDINGS
WOOD BEDINGS AND DECAYS

6.D
WOOD DECAYS

6.D

Illustration courtesy of homedepot.com/c/ab/types-of-lumber
6.E
WOOD DETERIORATION & PRESERVATION
DECAY INSECTS
Subterranean termites Non-Subterranean termites
Carpenter Ants and Powder-Pest Beetles

Photo source: Google Images, Alamy Stock Photo & Pinterest
6.F
OIL-TYPE WOOD PRESERVATIVES WATER-BORNE WOOD PRESERVATIVES

Photo source: Google Images, Alamy Stock Photo, Shuttlestock & Pinterest
6.G
There are two methods of treating wood to increase its fire-resistance:

Covering the wood with a Impregnating the wood
compound or material with a chemical

6.H
Wood Composites are

those products made from
a mixture of wood and
other materials. Most
wood composites are
produced in large sheets,
usually 1220mm (4’) x
2440mm (8’).

6.H
Plywood vs. Plyboard

Made by stacking and gluing Made of Wooden Strips at its core
several layers of wood veneers and thin veneer panels at its skin
into one sheet

6.H
PLYWOOD
❑The most common wood
composite. It gets its name from
its construction: it is made of
several thin plies, or veneers, of
wood that have been glued
together.
❑Each ply or veneer is glued so

that its grain is at right angles to
the grain of the previous ply.

Photo source: buildersmerchant.com/product/hardwood-plywood
6.H
PLYWOOD
Plywood is commonly available in:
➢ 3’ x 6’ (900mm x 1800mm) and
➢ 4’ x 8’ (1220mm x 2440mm)
Standard Thk: Uses:
➢ 3/16” (4.5mm) For double wall partitions
and ceilings
➢ ¼” (6.0mm) For double wall partitions
➢ 3/8” (10.0mm) For drawers and shelves
➢ ½” (12.0mm) For drawers and shelves
➢ ¾” (19.0mm) For drawers, shelves,
cabinet and closet doors
➢ 1” (25.0mm) For cabinet and closet
doors, and sub-floors

Photo source: buildersmerchant.com/product/hardwood-plywood
6.H
PLYWOOD TYPES
Ordinary Form Marine Plywood – Fancy

Plywood Plywood waterproofed Plywood
6.H
HARDBOARD
❑This is a paneling material
made by reducing and refining
wood chips into small,
threadlike fibers, and then
pressing them under heat in
hydraulic pressure into dense,
smooth, and very rigid panels.
❑Hardboards are a cheaper

option than plywood where
strength is not required.

Photo source: indiamart.com
6.H
HARDBOARD T Y P E S
LAWANIT LAWANEX MASONITE

standard and panel standard, panel and
tempered boards boards tempered hard board
6.H
CHIPBOARD
❑Chipboard is made by bonding
together wood particles with an
adhesive under heat and
pressure to form a rigid board
with a relatively smooth
surface, often faced with
veneer.
❑It is made by binding phenolic

resin or urea formaldehyde
glue.

Photo source: nscad-art-supply-store.mybigcommerce.com
6.H
FIBERBOARDS and MEDIUM

DENSITY FIBERBOARDS (MDF)
❑MDF is a type of hardboard
which is made from wood fibers
glued under heat and pressure.
MDF has many qualities that
make it an ideal alternative to
plywood or chipboard.
❑It is dense, flat, stiff, has no
knots and is easily machined.
Its fine particles provide a
material without a recognizable
"grain".
Photo source: lexusindustrial.com.ph/rawboards
6.H
GYPSUM BOARDS
❑This is a non-combustible
building board with a gypsum
core enclosed in tough, smooth
paper.
❑It is designed to be used

without addition of plaster for
walls, ceilings or partitions. It is
extensively used in “Dry-wall”
construction, where plaster is
eliminated

Photo source: mtrefurbishing.com/different-types-of-gypsum-boards-and-its-applications
6.H
FIBERCEMENT BOARDS
❑Fiber-reinforced cement
board is comprised of:
➢ 72% Portland Cement,
➢ 20% mineralized cellulose

fibers derived from
recycled materials, and
➢ 8% calcium carbonate.

6.H
PARTICLE BOARD
❑Particleboard is made of
small wood chips and base
materials including cotton
stalk, rice straw, bagasse,
conventional wood chips
and sawdust that have been
pressed and glued together.

Photo source: britannica.com/technology/particleboard
6.H
MILLWORK
❑Millwork consists of finished
lumber which is further cut
and processed at a lumber
mill.
❑Millwork includes doors,

windows, moldings, trim and
other ornamental forms of
wood.

Photo source: saroyanhardwoods.com/moulding-millwork-in-livermore-ca
6.2
PLASTIC MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION

6.I
CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS
ACRYLIC
❑Popular brands are “LUCITE”
and “PLEXIGLASS”, this material
combines the transparency of
glass (but not scratch-proof
quality) with plastics’
shatterproof quality.
❑Used principally for skylights,

skydomes, safety glass, paints,
adhesives, finish hardware
lighting fixtures.

Photo source: centrufficiostore.it/en/schermo-divisorio-in-plexiglass-da-scrivania
6.I
POLYETHYLNE (PE)
❑Ziegler PE is a hard,
strong, tough and
rigid thermoplastic for
household and
industrial applications

Photo source: indiamart.com/proddetail
6.I
POLYSTYRENE
❑One of most important
thermoplastics inspite of its
sensitivity to solvent action
because of its excellent
transparency, rigidity and
moldability.
❑It is non-water absorbent, it is
found in colorful, but brittle wall
tiles.
❑An important thermal insulator.
Also found in paint for
concrete.
Photo source: benchmarkfoam.com/about/news/2012-news
6.I
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)

❑is a largely amorphous,
rigid, tough, solvent-
resistant, flame-resistant
thermoplastic.
❑Used for resilient floor

tile, films, pipes, and for
paint lacquers,
adhesives and safety
glass.
Photo source: polymersolutions.com/blog
6.I
POLYCARBONATES
❑A family of linear polyesters, is
a white, substantially
amorphous, very tough and
strong material with good heat
resistance up to 150°C and
excellent dimensional stability.
❑It is injection-molded to
produce plates, rods, gears,
and other shaped parts that
advantageously replace die-
cast metal parts.
❑Used for skylights.
Photo source: crs-sheeting.co.za/Information/Cape-Roof-Sheeting-News-Blog
6.I
NYLONS
❑The term nylon refers to a
family of polymers called linear
polyamides.
❑It is desired for the following

properties: exceptionally
strong, elastic, abrasion
resistant, easy to wash,
resistant to damage from oil
and many chemicals, can be
precolored or dyed in wide
range of colors, and resilient .

6.I
FLUOROPLASTICS
❑Are a class of paraffinic
polymers. The fluoroplastic
group is characterized by
excellent chemical resistance,
excellent heat resistance,
good electrical properties, and
excellent wear resistance.
❑However, despite these

attributes, perhaps the most
desired characteristic of this
group of plastics is their ability
to resist abrasion.

Photo source: adtech.co.uk/about/news/fluoroplastics-why-use-them
6.I
ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS)

❑ ABS exhibits high gloss, low
shrinkage, and good dimensional
stability, is widely used in
injection molding of appliances,
furniture, and automotive parts.
❑ ABS also has high melt strength
suitable to produce extruded
sheet, some of considerable size
and thickness.
❑ Applications include panels for
large appliances and
thermoformed items such as hot
tubs and recreational vehicle
parts.
6.I
MELAMINE and UREA

❑hard, durable and
dimensionally stable, these
similar plastics are resistant
to chemicals, electric
potential, and heat.
❑Melamine is well known for

its use in molded dishes,
while urea is useful for
incandescent light diffusion
and for baked enamels.

Photo source: indiamart.com/proddetail/melamine-glossy-clear-for-wood-finishes
6.I
PHENOLIC
❑used for paints, baked
enamels, adhesives,
impregnating resins for
paper and wood, and
finish hardware.

Photo source: mavinewyork.com/compact-laminate-phenolic-plastic
6.I
EPOXY
❑used in buildings for its
remarkable adhesive
qualities.
❑It may also be used for
special paints that are
chemically resistant and
for special caulking
compounds.

Photo source: millzhouse.com/floor-coatings-process-styles
6.I
POLYESTER
❑the plastic most used in
large glass-fiber
reinforced translucent
panels that are strong,
rigid, and impact-resistant.
❑Also used for
impregnating paper and
wood, as laminating
material, and for contact
adhesive
6.I
URETHANES
❑used in paint
coatings, and
as foams, are
self-adhesive.

Photo source: tcpglobal.com/products/rsp-au1508-kit-m
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Printed Materials:
❑ Architectural Building Materials by 3rd
Edition by George A. Salvan © JMC Press Inc.
❑ Illustrated 5th Edition by Francis D.K. Ching ©
2014 by Wiley & Sons Inc.
❑ Additional Bits of Information from Estimating
Bill of Materials by Vicente A. Tagayun, pia ©
by Tagayun Associates Inc.
❑ Additional Bits of Information from Francis D.
K. Ching “A Visual Dictionary in Architecture”
2nd Edition © 2012 by by Wiley & Sons Inc.
Online References:
❑ Additional Images / Illustrations courtesy of
Google Images & Pinterest


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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

Woods are generally classified into:

come from the conifers (evergreens) From the broad-leaved or

The terms “SOFTWOOD” and “HARDWOOD”

The terms “SOFTWOOD” and “HARDWOOD”

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

❑ classified by its size or dimensions measured in inches, ex. 2 x 4”.

LESS THAN 2 ” LESS THAN 2 ” MORE THAN 2 ” 5 ” OR MORE

Strips Board Lumber Dimension Lumber Timbers

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

are also available but cost more

❑All lumber is sized according to its rough dimensions as

since its formation, yet after a tree is cut,

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

❑ in which the lumber is exposed ❑ in which warm moist air or

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

Subterranean termites Non-Subterranean termites

Carpenter Ants and Powder-Pest Beetles

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

OIL-TYPE WOOD PRESERVATIVES WATER-BORNE WOOD PRESERVATIVES

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

There are two methods of treating wood to increase its fire-resistance:

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

Wood Composites are

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

Plywood vs. Plyboard

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

❑Each ply or veneer is glued so

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

Ordinary Form Marine Plywood – Fancy

❑Hardboards are a cheaper

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

LAWANIT LAWANEX MASONITE

❑It is made by binding phenolic

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

FIBERBOARDS and MEDIUM

❑It is designed to be used

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

➢ 72% Portland Cement,

➢ 20% mineralized cellulose

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

❑Millwork includes doors,

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

❑Used principally for skylights,

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)

❑Used for resilient floor

❑It is desired for the following

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

❑However, despite these

D I V I S I O N 0 6 | WOODS AND PLASTICS

ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS)

MELAMINE and UREA

❑Melamine is well known for