COVID 19 Royal Book Format

ISBN: 978-93-5473-518-9
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COVID -19, Human Health
and Nutrition
How to Strengthen Your Immunity During

The Coronavirus Pandemic
Ms. Prerna Verma,

Assistant Professor, Vivek College of Education, Bijnor
Abstract:
During the novel coronavirus pandemic, it’s more important
than ever to incorporate positive lifestyle habits that can help
you stay healthy and boost your immune system, the body’s
complex system that fights infection and disease. A strong body
immunity acts as a shield against some deadly viruses around
the world that are found everywhere in day-to-day life whereas
a weak immune system is somewhat like a magnet to viruses
and illnesses. So it has become a necessity to boost your
immunity during COVID-19 pandemic to be safe and healthy.
You need to take action to protect the body with the right
habits, diet, and exercise to battle the infection. Currently
Covid-19 pandemic is a leading challenge across the globe. It is
mandatory to attain and maintain good nutritional status to
fight against virus. Nutritional status of individual is affected
by several factors such as age, sex, health status, life style and
medications. Nutritional status of individuals has been used as
resilience towards destabilization during this COVID-19
pandemic. Optimal nutrition and dietary nutrient intake
impact the immune system, therefore the only sustainable way
to survive in current context is to strengthen the immune
system. There is no evidence found that supplement can cure
the immune system except Vit C, which is one of the best way
to improve immune system. A proper diet can ensure that the
body is in proper state to defeat the virus. However along with
the dietary management guidelines the food safety
management and good food practices is compulsory. This
article explores the importance of nutrition to boost immunity
and gives some professional and authentic dietary guidelines.
1 Responsibility of contents of this paper rests upon the authors and not
upon the Editor & Publisher.
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and Nutrition
There are many ways to keep your immune system functioning

optimally, which can help to keep you healthy and give you a
sense of control in an uncertain time. These include proper
hand washing, maintaining good nutrition, being physically
active, meditating and managing stress and getting adequate
sleep.
Here I’ll focus on your diet, to help yourself.
Begin by filling your plate with immune-boosting nutrients.

One of the best ways to stay healthy is to eat a nutritious diet.
That's because our immune system relies on a steady supply of
nutrients to do its job. For a starter dose of immune-boosting
vitamins, minerals and antioxidants fill half of your plate with
vegetables and fruits. Here are some key nutrients that play a
role in immunity, and food sources of them:
1 Vitamin A, which is essential for a strong immune system. It

works by helping antibodies respond Good sources of beta
carotene include sweet potatoes, carrots, mangoes, apricots,
spinach, and broccoli.
2 C increases blood levels of antibodies and helps to
differentiate lymphocytes (white blood cells), which helps the
body determine what kind of protection is needed, Some
research has suggested that higher levels of vitamin C (at
least 200 milligrams) may slightly reduce the duration of
cold symptoms. You can easily consume 200 milligrams of
vitamin C from a combination of foods such as oranges,
grapefruit, kiwi, strawberries, sprouts, red and green
peppers, broccoli, cooked cabbage and cauliflower.
3 D regulates the production of a protein that "selectively kills
infectious agents, including bacteria and viruses," Good food
sources of vitamin D include fatty fish, including canned
fish like salmon and sardines; eggs, fortified milk and plant
milk products; cheese, fortified juice, tofu and mushrooms.
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4 Zinc helps cells in your immune system grow and

differentiate Sources of zinc include beans, chickpeas,
lentils, tofu, fortified cereals, nuts, seeds, wheat germ,
oysters (including canned), crab, lobster, beef, pork chop,
dark meat poultry and yogurt.
5 Protein is a key building block for immune cells and
antibodies and plays a crucial role in helping our immune
system do its job. Protein comes from both animal and
plant-based sources and includes fish, poultry, beef, milk,
yogurt, eggs and cottage cheese, as well as nuts, seeds,
beans and lentils.
 Probiotics and prebiotics help boost the health of the

micro biome, which in turn supports our immune
system, Sources of probiotics include fermented dairy
foods such as yogurt and kefir, and aged cheeses, as
well as fermented foods such as, miso, tempeh and
sourdough bread. Sources of prebiotics include whole
grains, bananas, onions, garlic, leeks, asparagus,
artichokes and beans.
 Don’t smoke: Smokers have an increased risk of
catching infections and suffering severe complications
from those infections.
 Adequate sleep: Sleep is important for health in
general, and as a bonus it may also benefit our immune
function. Again, the science in this area may not be
robust, but when it comes to overall health, proper
sleep helps. In times like these, you should prioritize
sleep hygiene.
 The right amount of exercise: Observational studies
show that those who exercise tend to suffer fewer
infections than those who do not.
 Stress management:
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 Turmeric- Turmeric is a spice commonly used in Indian

and Asian cuisine, including curries. It contains a
bright-yellow compound known as curcumin, which
emerging research suggests might enhance immune
function.
 Garlic- Garlic, a popular and pungent herb with a
characteristic aroma, is widely believed to have
antibacterial and antiviral effects, including helping to
fight the common cold.
The Best Ways to Cook Veggies to Boost Nutrition

 To preserve water-soluble vitamins and minerals, wait
to wash until right before you cut. You want those
nutrients to stay locked in.
 Avoid soaking your vegetables, as that can remove key

nutrients, such as vitamin C. Be sure to cut them into
large, uniform pieces that will cook evenly.
 Use methods like steaming are better than boiling; the

answer depends on the vegetable. As a general rule,
keep cooking time, temperature and the amount of
liquid to a minimum when cooking vegetables.
 Use microwaving uses little to no water, and can heat

the vegetable quickly, thus preserving nutrients such as
vitamin C that break down when heated.
 Sauteing in a bit of healthy cooking oil, such as extra-

virgin olive oil, is a great way to cook many vegetables.
Not only does it maximize flavor, but the addition of
olive oil appears to increase the absorption of
phytonutrients like phenols and carotenes.
 Roasting and baking is another healthy way to fix your

vegetables. Again, adding some healthy fat such as olive
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oil is a great idea, many of the vitamins and nutrients

in vegetables are fat soluble, meaning your body
absorbs them better in the presence of fat.
Build Healthy Eating Habits

 Eat a variety of vegetables, especially dark green, red,
and orange vegetables (3 or more servings a day).
 Eat a variety of fruits (2 or more servings a day).
 Eat whole-grain, high-fiber breads and cereals (3 to 6

servings a day). Reduce or eliminate refined or
processed carbohydrates; most of the grains in your diet
should be whole grains.
 Drink fat-free or low-fat milk and eat low-fat dairy

products.
 Choose from a variety of low-fat sources of protein —

including eggs, beans, poultry without skin, seafood,
lean meats, unsalted nuts, seeds, and soy products. If
you eat meat, eat white meat at least four times more
often than red meat.
 Reduce intake of saturated fats and trans-fats (such as

partially hydrogenated oil) as much as possible. Use
vegetable oils (like olive or canola oil) instead of solid
fats.
 Reduce daily intake of salt or sodium. Reduce to less

than 1,500 mg. per day if you are older than 50, or have
hypertension, diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
 Restrict or eliminate "junk food" — foods that contain

refined white flour, solid fats or trans fats, added
sugars, and are high in sodium.
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 Restrict or eliminate sodas and other sugar-added

drinks that are high in calories and contain few or no
nutrients.
 If you drink alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation.

Drink only when it doesn't put you or anyone else at
risk.
References
https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/coronavirus/10-
tips-to-boost-your-immunity-during-covid-19
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.narayanahealth.org/blo
g/boost-immune-system-against-coronavirus-covid-19-
infection/
https://www.mdlinx.com/article/how-to-boost-your-immune-
system-during-the-covid-19-
pandemic/6GxvKGdUM347AWRCTr4UAb
https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-
boost-your-immune-system
https://www.beaumont.org/health-wellness/blogs/tips-to-
boost-your-immune-system-during-the-covid-19-pandemic
https://docmode.org/how-to-boost-your-immunity-during-the-
covid-19-pandemic/
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and Nutrition
Corona Virus: History, Classification,

Structure and Transmission
Keshav Shukla1 , Adarsh Pandey2

Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University Bareilly-
243001, (UP) India
Department of Botany, SS College Shahjahanpur 242001,(UP)
India
Abstract
Novel strain of coronavirus out broken in the end of year 2019
became a lethal threat to human kind recently , of which two
subsequent waves caused a heavy toll on human life and
proved itself as one of the most damaging pandemic in human
life concern. Causative agent of this this respiratory disease
belongs to the coronoviridae family and is a kind of RNA virus
with specific surface projections which gives it a particular
shape. Its pathogenecity is too high and regularly modifying
surface antigens makes it lethal and very difficult to develop
vaccine but after a dedicated effort vaccines are developed via
different methods.
Key words: Covid 19, coronoviridae, RNA, Antigens.
Introduction
Coronaviruses should be considered as a category which
consist a group of associated RNA viruses. As for its
proliferation it uses soft tissues lying on the respiratory tract in
warm blooded animals especially so it severely causes the
various kinds of such infections in there. These infections and
their symptoms development lies on several factors including
immunity etc so the range of these respiratory infections varies
from mild to fatal. Initial symptoms mimics the common cold
or flu like which sometimes confuses it with infection of
influenza, rhinoviruses etc. While respiratory infections due to
the SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 could be lethal sometimes.
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Coronavirus belongs to Orthocoronavirinae subfamily and

Coronaviridae, Nidovirales or Riboviria family. Corona virus
consist 26 to 32 kb positive single strand RNA genome which is
encapsulated in a nucleo-capsid.
In physical appearance it consists spikes all over the surface

which is similar to the solar corona and the so its name is
given after that.
Etymology
The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona,
meaning "crown" or "wreath," which is itself borrowed from the
Greek term "uronavirus" or "garland" or "wreath." [1] The name
corona was given by June Almeida and David Tyrrell, these
were the persons to first identify and study this virus in human
being. [36] In 1968 a paper was published in journal nature by
some virology scholars, in which the term was used very first in
literature as a new family of viruses. [5]
The electron microscopic studies of the virus showed that there

are some surface projections all over the viron, which gives it
an appearance just like the solor corona. [5] [36]
In actual the surface proteins are basically responsible for this

exclusive morphological appearance of the corona virus, the
spikes are made of proteins which have various further
classification and this protein envelope is also being reported to
be variable just like the influenza which makes it really difficult
to correctly identify and to be used for medical approaches.
In 1971, the name Corona virus was officially approved by the

International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses. [21]
With the evolution genome varied a lot and four genera have
been established to accommodate the corona gene pool that
was Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus and
Gammacoronavirus in a study occurred in 2009. [8]
orthocoronavirinae is a subfamily of virus consisting all the
corona gene pool derivative virion. [14] From 2020 onwards, 45
species are formally accepted. [2]
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History
In late 1920s a severe respiratory infection was reported in the
poultry of North America which could be considered the most
recent event of corona outbreak before 2019. [12] [13] later on
in 1933, Leland David Bushnell and Carl Alfred Brandly
isolated the virus and gave it the term IBV. [7] [11] in 1940s
two more variants were discovered that causes brain disease
(murine encephalitis) and hepatitis in mice. [25]
In two different studies, going on almost in parallel in US and

UK the Corona virus infection in human being was very first
revealed in 1960. [18] [27] Later on in 1961, E.C. Kendall,
Malcolm Bynoe, and David Tyrrell isolated a unique common
cold virus at British Medical Research Council and termed it
B814. [30] Which was dissimilar to the other previousy known
common cold viruses viz rhinoviruses, adenoviruses etc. again
in further studies In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe successfully
isolated this novel virus by culturing it on the soft tissues of
human embryonic trachea. [36]
This novel virus when administered via intra-nasal pathway to

the subject the subject developed cold and when it got
neutralised on treating with ether which suggested the outer
envelope could be made up of lipid. [17]
In 1967, June Almeida and Tyrrell, compared the structures of

IBV and B814 with Using electron microscopy, and observed
the morphological similarities in their general form specially
the spike projections on the envelope. [4][6] Similar findings
were also obtained by other researchers in OC43 (OC for organ
culture) in same year. [26]
In 2003 SARS Co V , and now Covid-19 in 2019 are identified.

[39]
Structure
Coronaviruses are large, nearly spherical particles with specific
surface projections. [16] Their size is highly variable with
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average diameters between 80 and 120 nm. [23] On average,

the total molecular weight is 40,000 kDa. [21] The lipid bilayer
envelope, the membrane protein, and the nucleocapside secure
the virus while it is outside the host cell. [29]
The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer in which the

membrane (M), the envelope (€) and the spike (S) structural
proteins are anchored. [20]
The E and M proteins are structural proteins that interact with

the lipid bilayer to form the viral envelope and preserve its size.
[15] S proteins are required to interact with host cells; with
exception of NL63 of which protein M has a binding site for the
host cell. [28] The M protein is of 218-263 amino acid forming a
layer of 7.8 nm thickness so determines the overall form and
also involves in the assembly, budding, enveloping and
pathogenesis phases of the life cycle of the virus.[31] E proteins
are compact structural proteins that are extremely variable, 8.4
to 12 kDa in size and consist of 76 to 109 amino acids;
responsible for the assembly of virion, intracellular trafficking
and morphogenesis (budding).[24] The spikes areexclusive
morphological feature and by an average approximately 74
found on the viral surface.This may be up to 20 nm long and
are homo trimers of the S protein. [29] The S1 subunit forms
the spike head and has a receptor-binding domain (RBD) so
they determine the host cell specifity. The two S2 subunitsform
the stem that anchors the spike in the viral envelope and
enables the activation of the protease. [21]
Nucleoprotein
Within the envelope is a nucleo-capsid composed of several
copies of the nucleo-capsid protein (N) phosphoprotein of 43-50
kd rich in basic amino acids attached to the positive-sense
single-stranded RNA genome in a continuous bead-on-string
conformation of genome size 26.4 to 31.7 kb with 5′ methylated
cap and 3′ poly-adenylated tail. [15]
The main open reading frames 1a and 1b, which cover the first
two thirds of the genome, encode the polyprotein replicate
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(pp1ab). Replicasepolyprotein is self-contained to form 16 non-

structural proteins (nsp1–nsp16). Other reading frames encode
four main structural proteins: pulse, envelope, membrane, and
nucleocapside. [33]
Life Cycle
Entry and attachment
When the viral spike protein binds the host cell protease to its
complementary host cell receptor and activates the receptor-
attached spike protein. Depending on the available host cell
protease, cleavage and activation allows the virus to reach the
host cell by endocytosis or direct fusion of the viral envelope
with the host membrane. [32]
Genome translation
Viral particle is uncoated after entering the host cell, and the
genome reaches the host cell cytoplasm. Since it has a 5′
methylated cap and a 3′polyadenylated tail, it mimics like an
RNA messenger and converts into host cell machines.
Translation of overlapping ORF1a and ORF1b results in two
major overlapping polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab. Polyproteins
have their own proteases, PLpro (nsp3) and 3CLpro (nsp5),
which bind polyproteins to various unique sites. Cleavage of
polyprotein pp1ab yields 16 non-structural proteins (nsp1 to
nsp16). Product proteins include various replication proteins
such as RNA-dependent polymerase RNA (nsp12), RNA helicase
(nsp13) and exoribonuclease (nsp14). [15]
Replication
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase specifically mediates the
synthesis of negative-sense genomic RNA from positive-sense
genomic RNA. This is accompanied by a replication of the
positive-sense genomic RNA of the negative-sense genomic
RNA. [15]
Recombination
The replicase-transcriptase complex is known to be a
recombinant agent, although the precise mechanism of
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recombination in coronaviruses is unknown, but is likely to

include template flipping during genome replication. [34]
Assembly and release

The repeated positive-sense genomic RNA is the nucleus of the
progeny viruses. The mRNAs are gene transcripts of the last
third of the virus genome after the initial overlapping frame.
These mRNAs are converted into structural proteins and a
variety of accessory proteins by the host ribosomes. [15]
Translation of the RNA happens within the endoplasmic

reticulum. Viral structural proteins i.e. S, E, and M travel down
the secretive pathway into the Golgi intermediate compartment.
There, the M proteins guide most protein-protein interactions
necessary for the assembly of viruses after binding to the
nucleocapsid. Progeny viruses are then released from the host
cell by exocytosis through secretory vesicles. Once released, the
viruses can infect other host cells. [15]
Transmission
Infected carriers are in a position to unleash viruses into the
atmosphere. The association of the coronavirus spike protein
with its complementary cell receptor is central to the
determination of the tissue tropism, infectivity, and species
range of the released virus. [9]
Coronaviruses are specifically aimed at epithelial cells. They

are spread from one host to another host by aerosol, fomite, or
faecal-oral pathway, depending on the coronavirus type. [11]
Human coronaviruses infect epithelial cells in the respiratory
tract, while animal coronaviruses typically infect epithelial cells
in the digestive tract. [10]
For e.g., SARS coronavirus infects human epithelial cells in the

lungs through the aerosol route by binding to the angiotensin-
converting enzyme 2 receptor. [22] Transmissible
gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) infects the digestive tract
epithelial cells of the pig through the fecal-oral route by binding
to the alanine aminopeptidase (APN) receptor. [11]
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Classification
Coronaviruses comprise the Orthocoronavirinae sub-family,
and is one of two sub-family members of the Coronaviridae
family, the Nidovirales family, and the Riboviriafamily. [14]
They are classified into four genera, Alphacoronavirus,
Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus.
Furthermore, alphacoronavirusesand betacoronaviruses infect
mammals while gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses
mainly infect birds. [37] Follow-up.
Genesis
The just previous ancestor of the nowadays corona virus is
believed to inhabited since 8000 BCE and in other reports the
suggestions regarding the existence of this virus is long way
back like more than fifty million year ago. It is supposed to
evolve in parallel with the evolution of Chiroptera and birds.
[37] As a most convincing common ancestors of corona virus
i.e. alpha, beta gamma, deltas are supposed to be existed in
between 2400 BCE to 3300 BCE. Chiroptera and avians are
reported consistently as a feasible carrier of the corona virus
genes. These are also considered the basic cause of worldwide
distribution of this gene pool due to their high divertible
existence in nature. [38]
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MS, Mallucci L, McIntosh K, Tyrrell DA (November
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Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung.
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642-65775-7_3. ISBN 978-3-642-65775-7.
26. McIntosh K, Becker WB, Chanock RM (December
1967). "Growth in suckling-mouse brain of "IBV-like"
viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract
disease". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America. 58 (6): 2268–
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73. Bibcode:1967PNAS...58.2268M. doi:10.1073/pnas.58.

6.2268. PMC 223830. PMID 4298953.
27. Monto AS (1984). "Coronaviruses". In Evans AS (ed.). Viral
Infections of Humans. Viral Infections of Humans:
Epidemiology and Control. Springer US. pp. 151–
165. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4727-9_7. ISBN 978-1-
4684-4727-9.
28. Naskalska A, Dabrowska A, Szczepanski A, Milewska A,
Jasik KP, Pyrc K (October 2019). "Membrane Protein of
Human Coronavirus NL63 Is Responsible for Interaction
with the Adhesion Receptor". Journal of
Virology. 93 (19). doi:10.1128/JVI.00355-
19. PMC 6744225. PMID 31315999.
29. Neuman BW, Kiss G, Kunding AH, Bhella D, Baksh MF,
Connelly S, et al. (April 2011). "A structural analysis of M
protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology". Journal
of Structural Biology. 174 (1): 11-
22. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2010.11.021. PMC 4486061. PMID 2
1130884.
30. Richmond C (2005-06-18). "David Tyrrell". BMJ : British
Medical Journal. 330 (7505):
1451. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7505.1451. PMC 558394.
31. Schoeman D, Fielding BC (May 2019). "Coronavirus
envelope protein: current knowledge". Virology
Journal. 16 (1): 69. doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1182-
0. PMC 6537279. PMID 31133031.
32. Simmons G, Zmora P, Gierer S, Heurich A, Pöhlmann S
(December 2013). "Proteolytic activation of the SARS-
coronavirus spike protein: cutting enzymes at the cutting
edge of antiviral research". Antiviral Research. 100 (3):
605–
14. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.028. PMC 3889862. P
MID 24121034.
33. Snijder EJ, Bredenbeek PJ, Dobbe JC, Thiel V, Ziebuhr J,
Poon LL, et al. (August 2003). "Unique and conserved
features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an
early split-off from the coronavirus group 2
lineage". Journal of Molecular Biology. 331 (5): 991–
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1004. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00865-
9. PMC 7159028. PMID 12927536.
34. Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai AC, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y,
Gao GF (June 2016). "Epidemiology, Genetic
Recombination, and Pathogenesis of
Coronaviruses". Trends in Microbiology. 24 (6): 490–
502. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003. PMC 7125511. PMID
27012512.
35. Tyrrell DA, Bynoe ML (June 1965). "Cultivation of a Novel
Type of Common-Cold Virus in Organ Cultures". British
Medical Journal. 1 (5448): 1467–
70. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5448.1467. PMC 2166670. PMID 1
4288084.
36. Tyrrell DA, Fielder M (2002). Cold Wars: The Fight Against
the Common Cold. Oxford University Press.
p. 96. ISBN 978-0-19-263285-2.
37. Wertheim JO, Chu DK, Peiris JS, Kosakovsky Pond SL,
Poon LL (June 2013). "A case for the ancient origin of
coronaviruses". Journal of Virology. 87 (12): 7039–
45. doi:10.1128/JVI.03273-
12. PMC 3676139. PMID 23596293.
38. Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CS, Lau CC, Tsang AK, Lau JH,
et al. (April 2012). "Discovery of seven novel mammalian
and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus
supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of
alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian
coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus
and deltacoronavirus". Journal of Virology. 86 (7): 3995–
4008. doi:10.1128/JVI.06540-
11. PMC 3302495. PMID 22278237.
39. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al.
(February 2020). "A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with
Pneumonia in China, 2019". The New England Journal of
Medicine. 382 (8): 727-
733. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017. PMC 7092803. PMID
31978945.
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Impact of Corona virus on the Sustainable

Development Goals of the World: A Review
for a Practical Approach for futuristic
Planning
1Dr Preeti Sharma, 2Ms Mamta Rawat, 3Dr Bharti Jaiswal,
4Shreya Bhardwaj,
1,2,3 Assistant Professor, Department of Home Science,
Government P.G.College, New Tehri.
4Research Scholar, School of Management, Doon University,
Dehradun, (Uttarakhand)
Abstract: The paper envisions to highlight the impact of COVID

on the Sustainable Development Goals- SDGs specially with
respect to Himalayan State of Uttarakhnad. The ambitious
SDGs which aimed at transforming the world by 2030 has
actually been subdued with a threat to the entire mankind
named as Corona. The energies of the entire world has were
focused on combating the threat which not only shook and
ruined the whole world’s economy but also all the unseen
dimensions. Countries like India were doubly hit not only on
the Health front but also on the front of economy and other
social aspects. The authors who hail from various fields in the
education field have tried to compile the Impact of COVID on
various important SDGs and has suggested various action
strategies which could be undertaken by the economies and
societies to evolve out. The UN thus needs to now focus more
diligently on 17 SGDs with 169 Targets to promote economic
development with social responsibility in all the major fields of
development saga.
The mission of the united forum of the world envisioned the

very importance of the need of broad and compendious
development which founds it roots in the tag line “No one
should be left behind”. The new sustainable development goals,
and the broader sustainability agenda, go much further, for
ensuring economic development with social responsibility. The
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2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development also states to

decrease poverty day by day. However the ambitious SDGs
which aimed at transforming the world by 2030 has actually
been subdued with a threat to the entire mankind named as
Corona. The energies of the entire world has were focused on
combating the threat which not only shook and ruined the
whole world’s economy but also all the unseen dimensions.
Countries like India were doubly hit not only on the Health
front but also on the front of economy and other social aspects.
The impact of the SDGs and the proactive approach that can
be undertaken is been compiled as under.
SDG 1: No Poverty: In effect, the corona virus pandemic and

the economic consequences of an extended business shut
down could swell the ranks of India's poorest to 915 million. As
per United Nations University 104 million more people could
fall below the poverty line of %3.2 a day. A new International
Labour Organisation (ILO) report projects that almost 24.9
million approx. jobs could be lost worldwide and labours could
lose some US$3.4 trillion in income by year's end. Lockdowns
will affect mainly low-income households, casual workers and
the poor, especially when the social protection system is either
non-existent or seriously inadequate. Workers in the untaxed
economy do not have the luxury of staying at home without
paid sick leave. People living in poverty seeks cash in hand for
small purchases too.
Action Strategy: A sustainably managed environment is a

prerequisite for socio-economic development and poverty
reduction. The nature supplies ecosystem goods and services
that provide income, support to create new jobs, poverty relief,
contribute to safeguard and reduce inequity.
SDG 2: No Hunger : Over the long cofinement causing

distruption in agriculture production due to unavailability of
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agriculture labour and distruptions including hampering the

movement of agriculture and food industry workers and
extending border delays for food containers ,result in the
spoilage of perishables and increased the food waste.
Action Strategy: The world health crises shows how the food
and health sectors are important to help to develop the people
immunity system. Some investment should be planned in the
concept of safe and healthy farming as Uttarakhand
perspective an emphasis on organic farming should be made.
while reducing the quantity of meat production as several
disease pass from the animal to the humans.
SDG 3: Good Health and Well Being : India which has a

population of 1.3 billion wants to preempt such a situation
from developing. Its fragile healthcare infrastructure are not
able to cope with such an outbreak.
Action Strategy: developing a healthcare system able to fight

against the world pandemic ,taking precaution for the
population at health risk or weak immunities. Medicinal and
aromatic plants (MAP) and AYUSH sector is a focus area for the
state in the future and has enormous export potential.
SDG 4: Quality Education : Schools around the world have

closed their doors because of the pandemic ,leaving more than
1.5 billion children stuck at home. A nationwide lockdown
means that Indias school age population of around 300 million
is suddenly having to home educate.
Action Strategy: the implementation of the on-line education

system is the option to help the children Google and KMPG
estimated in a 2017 report that India's online education market
would be around $2 billion in 2021.those numbers may need
significance revision because the current closures will not only
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boost online learning but will help to reset India's education

system.
SDG 5: Gender Equality : The challenge of the emergency really

puts additional strain on existing inequalities. It will be women
who are responsible for remote school ,for ensuring there's
bread and butter, for coping with this crisis. Domestic violence
cases has also increased in confinement
Action Strategy: empowering the women to the health issues so

they can educate their children to the good actions of
prevention. Joint family system could protect domestic
violence.
SDG 6: Clean and Water Sanitation : As the coronavirus crisis

spreads throughout the world, it is clear that people with the
least access to essential services like water will draw the
adverse effects. Major health organisations advise washing
hands more frequently to prevent the outbreak. Yet 3 billion
people ,40% of the world's population ,lack access to basic
hand washing facilities in their homes.
Action Strategy: The WASH( Water, Sanitation and Hygiene)

services needs to taken care and implemented. Basic WASH
services specially with respect to health care sector needs to
implemented upto the grass-root level. It has to be understood
that water supply, sanitation, health hygiene in schools and
college is need of an hour. We need to strengthen all the
sectors of the economy and society. National Institutes of
repute and platform forum for policy development needs to be
in synchronized for prevention of hazardous diseases like
CORONA. The relative preparedness hence should be thus
executed.
SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy : India will consider

extending deadlines for completing solar energy projects to
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shield developers from stiff penalties after the corona outbreak

hit component supplies from China. India buys about 80% of
its photovoltaic cell from China.
Action Strategy: It is probably one of the best opportunities for

Indian companies to invest in sectors such as solar cell,
module and inverter manufacturing.
SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth : India's economic

growth could take a hit up to half a percentage point in FY21
because of the disruptions caused by the Covid-19 outbreak,
early estimates by the government suggests. Many sectors are
impacted by this world health crisis, such as transports, the
energies ,tourism, communications, and all other activities that
are not the first priorities . Most of the investments go to
solving health crisis and many sectors unfortunately suffer.
Action Strategy: Need to take a conversion towards the on-line

economy .India may not suffer s much, given that it has a
smaller exposure to the global economy. Exports of services
and goods are only a fifth of thee total economy. Lower oil price
will provide the boosting to government revenue .Need to take a
conversion towards the on-line economy.
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure : this world

health crisis shows the lack of health infrastructures,
equipments for safety and lack of anticipation of the health
planning by the countries. The Infrastructure pertaining the
Health needs to taken care-of and investments can be done in
this field.
Action Strategy: The health infrastructures need to be re-

dimensioned to respond to the worst conditions.
SDG 10: Reduced Inequality : As the pandemic spreads all over

the world ,it is deepening the consequences of inequality.
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Research suggests that those in lower demographic strata are

likelier to catch the disease. According to World Bank data,
76% of India's workforce lies in the vulnerable employment
category.
Action Strategy: 1. Progressively achieves and sustain revenue

growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a rate higher
than the National Average. (2.) Entitle and promote the social,
Economic, and Political insertion of all irrespective of age, sex,
disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other
status. (3 ) Adopt Policies, especially Fiscal, wage and social
protection policies and sequentially achieve greater equality.
SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities : There is a

strong correlation between the quality of life in cities and how
cities rely on and uses of the natural resources. To date, the
trend towards citified has been accompanied by increased
pressure on the environment and accelerated demand for basic
services, infrastructure, jobs, land, and affordable housing,
particularly for the nearly 1 billion federal poverty people who
live in shanty towns.
Action Strategy: Due to their dense cluster of people,

infrastructures, housing and economic activities, cities are
particularly at risk to climate change and natural disasters
impacts. Building urban repurpose is crucial to avoid human,
social and economic losses while improving the sustainability
of urbanization processes is needed to protect the environment
and mitigate disaster risk and climate change. Resource
efficient cities combine greater productivity and innovation with
lower costs and reduced environmental collision, while
providing increased opportunities for consumer tastes and
viable lifestyles.
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SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production:

Consumption pattern needs to be
Action Strategy: Sustainable consumption and production is

about promoting resource and energy efficiency, sustainable
infrastructure, and providing access to basic services, green
and decent jobs and a better quality of life for all. Its
implementation helps to achieve overall development plans,
reduce financial costs, environmental and social costs,
strengthen competitive mercantilism and reduce poverty.
Action Strategy: The consumption pattern needs to promote

sustainability especially with respect to combat waste
management which has turned out to be a major threat.
SDG 13: Climate Change: During the Covid period the Climate
change got a positive affirmations which can be taken in accord
in the future.
Action Strategy: Since March 25, India has shut down offices,
schools, malls ,markets and non essential services due to the
spread of covid-19 ,air quality of Delhi and other metropolitan
and tier 2 cities are in healthy zone.
SDG 15:Life on Land: An unplanned grand experiment is

changing the Earth. As people across the globe stay home to
stop the spread of the corona virus ,the air quality has cleaned
up. Smog has stopped choking . Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution is
down .People are noticing animals in places and at times they
dont usually. Its showing how mess we had made our planet.
In period of crisis ,each little action that damage the
environment can become a threat for health of all.
Action Strategy: In period of crisis ,each little action that

damage the environment can become a threat for health of all.
SDG 16: Peace Justice and Strong Institutions: The covid -19
pandemic is an unprecedented global shock that magnifies the
impact of inequality, hitting the poor the hardest. In developing
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countries where already struggling workers will not have the

benefit of social safety nets and stimulus packages.
Action Strategy: The poor, the vulnerable needs to more

protected as the crime rate at domestic front has risen.
SDG 17: Partnerships: The international organisations, like

United Nations and WHO are the ones that study the data .In
the absence of treatment options and the overwhelming scale of
people affected by CORONA, it was clear that a purely clinical
response to the epidemic was not sufficient. Relatives, faith-
based organizations and alliances of people affected by COVID
19 stepped in to do what they could to help people to safe.
Action Strategy: Each private organisations and civil society

can enter the UN partnership to help develop innovative
solutions, inform about the effects of the corona virus and
undertake measures of prevention, information. The principle
of a shared responsibility by all to manage the pandemic is
necessary. Embracing and expanding the concept of
partnership was revolutionary, not for EPIDEMIC Disease but
also in the broader development sphere. Partnerships continue
to be central to the CORONA response. Coordination and
collaboration across a wide range of scientists, research
Organisation, Pharma industry and social workers (Corona
Warriors), helps to identify and use expertise more effectively,
overcome barriers more quickly and allocate resources more
efficiently. Partnerships increase awareness and knowledge
and create a critical mass of power and support that help to
influence policy-makers and spur stakeholders to take action.
References
GNDR (2013). Views from the Frontline. accessible at
http://www.globalnetworkdr.org/ programmes/views-from-
the-frontline/vfl-2013.html
https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/1080150-
socio-economic-impact-of-covid-19-on-Women’s-%20retrieved-
2020
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/coronavirus-
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gender-inequality-india-6414659/-retrieved-2020
Mysick, J (2015). Targeting the world efforts to cut
back disaster risk. Review of surroundings, Energy & Economic
Science.
UNISDR (2014). Implementation of the HFA: 2007-2013,
UNISDR. Accessed from accessible at
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/32916
implementationofthehyogoframeworkfo.pdf.
Des.uk.gov.in
Uk.gov.in
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Effect on Food Supply Chains for COVID-19

Pandemic
Debolina Banerjee
Guest faculty, Environmental Studies Department
University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal
Mail id: debolina014@gmail.com
Abstract
The pandemic situation started from March of 2020 and with it
the lockdown was also started. Due to this situation the Food
Industry faces many problems as well as the food supply chain
also. Economically vulnerable situations are created. But this
situation has some positives. So, the pandemic situation plays
two types of roles upon food supply chains.
Keywords Pandemic; Food supply chain; Food security; Food

sustainability
SARS-nCoV-2 spread rapidly to six continents of the world and

the situation became pandemic from March 11, 2020 and it
was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). So, a
question arises: what is SARS-nCoV-2? It’s a novel
coronavirus. The Indian government announced a strict
lockdown on March 24, 2020. First lockdown period was
continued for 21 days, but it was not only for 21 days, it was
extended with 14 days for 3 times.
Due to lock down issue drops of food arrivals were observed.

Food availability related to consumer accession. In the food
industry four major issues noticed for the pandemic situation.
Not only food industries but also food supply chains were
affected. Like–People relatively depended upon healthy foods to
maintain the immune system. So, the demand for healthy
foods increased. Second, food safety plays a crucial role in
preventing the transmission of coronavirus among food related
communities including producers, retailers, and consumers
too. Thirdly, another major issue was food security. Lastly, food
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sustainability problems are other issues. So, in the pandemic

era the main key factors were employee’s health, hygiene, using
personal protective equipment including helmets and gloves,
sanitizer and the working environments, safe handling followed
by preparation and final delivery of foods, and maintaining
social distancing etc. In this context, packaging units of meat
and processing plants of food, also the farm and production
facilities were affected. As well as workers are also affected.
Many working personnel lost their jobs or got half rupees
respect of their full remuneration. There are other problems
too. Which persons are continuing their work on pandemic
situations, and the majority facing health issues for COVID-19.
As well as high mortality rates were observed. Altogether 19
countries already had taken protective measures in COVID-19
outbreak to prevent imports-exports that are also related to 27
food products.
If we consider food, large numbers of egg consumption

increased and related to sales of eggs surprisingly rose. Until
now the future of food supply chains is considerably unclear
and full of uncertainty. Most urban and rural consumers now
depend on markets. Especially meat and poultry processing
industries were going through a critical and difficult
infrastructure. We all know that if one factory closes, a certain
number of people who worked at these factories have the large
potential to die of starvation, but if processors and distributors
are infected, all general people or customers will be under risk
conditions. Therefore, economically vulnerable customers are
noticed. However, to resolve the situation the price of food
increases rapidly. The COVID infections extensively not only
affects humans, its damaged intensive infrastructure.
COVID-19 affects all people from rich to poor. So, in this view,
COVID-19 breaks all status barriers. Alternatively, the addicted
people did not get a chance to buy alcoholic which is also a
good sign. It is mentioned earlier that due to the pandemic
many people become jobless, so a large number of business
mentalities or chances of alternative livelihoods up to the
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mark. It is also noticed that the customers' food consumption

behaviour has changed a lot and the tendency to buy healthy
foods is gradually increasing to fight against Covid-19. Many
people have perceptions that healthy foods are always costly.
However, it is not true. The healthy and nutritious food price
does not exceed our common budget and these are essential
and should be in our necessary products. Now customers'
choices are also willingly connected to olive oil, legumes etc.
Customers are worried about their mental fitness due to the
pandemic, that’s why customers prefer to buy the product that
improves mental health and in these times consumption of
supplements were raised in the context of other’s years.
Because a large number of people are facing mental and health
problems. In this time, due to lockdown and spreads of
pandemic more online marketing was observed than offline
shopping. As a result, many shopping centers are closed.
So the COVID-19 situation plays both a positive and

negative role in the food supply chain.
References
Aday S. and Aday M. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the
food supply chain. Food Quality and Safety, 2020, 4, 167–180.
doi:10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa024
Barman A., Das R. and De P. K. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 in
food supply chain: Disruptions and recovery strategy. Current
Research in Behavioral Sciences 2. doi:
10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.10017
FAO Big Data tool on Covid-19 impact on food value chains
(2021). http://www.fao.org/home/en
Food Supply Chains and COVID-19: Impacts and Policy
Lessons (2020). OECD
Lowe M. and Roth B. N. (2020). India’s Food Supply Chain
during the Pandemic. C-19 Note ERG 6661.
Reardon T., Bellemare M.F. and Zilberman D. (2020). How
COVID-19 may disrupt food supply chains in developing
countries. Supply Chains.
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Nutritional Need to Cope With Covid 19

Aina Chaudhary
Assistant Professor, Department of Home Science, Vivek
College of Education, Bijnor
Abstract
The coronavirus, also known as Covid-19, has infected more
than 5.8 million people with over 351,000 deaths around the
world. India is one of the faster-infected countries where
tentatively 89,000 active cases, 86,000 discharged or cured
and 5150 deaths reported as per the Indian Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare by the end of May 2020. People of India are
already beyond their all extreme capacities, and patience due
to phase-wise lockdown imposed more than two months, i.e.
since 24 March 2020. They are now waiting to rejoin in their
work and resume their suspended services from 8 June (unlock
phase-1). COVID-19 infections and death affected not only
people's physical and mental health but also the entire
economy as well as per capita income due to closures of almost
all industries. In this review article, we are concern about
essential nutrition through the daily average staple meals
based on a much lower budget than usual due to financial
troubles in the middle-class families and other classes as well.
The only option to be healthy is by adding immunity-
boosting foods which are not only cheap and best but
readily available in our daily diet. In this COVID-19 phases,
Indian people can exclusively rely on traditional foods as
immunity elevator such as spices, citrus fruits, some
vegetables, herbal tea, honey etc. The article, therefore,
provides an overview of the home-based simple practice of diet
based on online searches of relevant literature available in
NCBI, Embase, other useful databases including Google
scholar. The study overall reviews the values of Ayurveda,
nutrition, yoga and their health benefits by protecting and
boosting immunity.
Keywords: Nutrition, diet, immunity-boosting foods, Covid-19

diet, traditional medicines, exercise.
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Introduction
The world is severely affected by the novel coronavirus, i.e.,
COVID-19 pandemic, and that has become a serious concern
worldwide for the survival of human beings. In last year
December, several patients were reported with pneumonia of
an unknown aetiology and admitted to hospitals in Wuhan,
Hubei, China. India’s complete lockdown has caused
unnecessary disruptions in the food supply chain, with the
scarcity of labour making it even worse. A sharp decline in
demand is imminent with the financial sector being in a freeze
and incomes having shrunk for everyone, except for the small
salaried class. Consumer sentiment and business outlook on
recovery are bleak. While ensuring the free movement of
essential goods and availability and safety of labour can
mitigate the immediate disruptions in the supply chain,
unclogging the financial sector and restoring optimism in the
market will take time and heroic efforts from the government.
On 23 March 2020, the Government of India declared a
complete lockdown for three weeks in response to the COVID-
19 outbreak. All enterprises, except essential ones, have been
closed and 1.4 billion people are confined to their homes for 21
days. Even the trains are not running. This is an
unprecedented shock to the economy. As the second-most
populous country in the world, India’s ability to cope with the
COVID-19 outbreak is likely to have a significant impact on the
future of this global pandemic. At the time of writing, the
Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare had confirmed a
total of 586,956 cases and 17,417 deaths, although it is
anticipated that the true number of infections is far higher due
to low levels of testing. The government took early action,
imposing an initial 3-week lockdown on March 25, which was
further extended until late May. There is hope that these
measures will help limit the health crisis, however, the sudden
and complete shutdown of almost all economic activity is likely
to give rise to financial crisis and an increased poverty rate,
impacting the livelihoods of citizens. In a country where GDP
growth was already slowing prior to the outbreak, where 81 per
cent of employed persons work in the informal sector
(International Labour Office, 2018) and where livelihoods are
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notably precarious, the resulting shocks are likely to be so

intense and long-lasting that it will be impossible to address
these solely through absorptive capacities or a simple
adaptation of the system (Giovannini et al., 2020, p. 3).
Comprehensive food security and social safety nets are
urgently needed, helping people build the necessary resilience
capabilities to move forward. The COVID-19 virus spreads
through the contacts human to the human just because of
close contact with an infected person. The persons who are
having issues like sneezing, coughing may spread the virus
through respiratory droplets or aerosols, and these aerosols
can enter mainly in the lungs by inhalation. Further,
people who are having weak immunity or other comorbidities
such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cancer also more
prone to the infection. SARS-CoV-2 pathogen mainly targets
the respiratory system of the human body by using
angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2 ) receptors and
angiotensin receptor, which are having a high susceptibility
to COVID-19. The data showed that usually, the cause of
death was due to severe atypical pneumonia in China but
later proved other internal infections or comorbidities might
welcome this deadly virus. As a protective and preventative
measure, the Indian government ordered a nationwide
lockdown, the severity of which is rated >80 in the global
stringency index, from 25th March, 20203 affecting the economy
including agriculture. The agriculture sector registered positive
growth post-pandemic (3.4% FY 2020–21 Quarter 1: April to
June) but less than its immediate past quarter growth (5.9%
FY 2019–20 Quarter 4: January to March) witnessing a decline
by 2.5% point due to the impact of COVID-19. Quarter 1 (FY
2020–21) positive growth in agriculture, although attributed to
a bumper crop harvest coupled with relaxation in agriculture
related activities during the lockdown, has not witnessed a
significant increase in the farm income but registered an
inflation of 2.3% (ET, 2020). The reverse labour migration led
to scarcity of labour which affected harvesting of the winter
(November–March) crops like wheat and pulses adversely in the
intensively cultivated north-western plains of India (Dev, 2020).
Secondly, the restrictions on movement disrupted the supply
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chains, hampering the uninterrupted flow of inputs for and

outputs of agricultural activities (Barrett, 2020; Carberry and
Padhee, 2020). Supply of perishable commodities were affected
more, challenging the food and nutritional security of the
vulnerable sections of the society (Harris et al., 2020). Huge
buffer stocks of rice and wheat supplemented by a record
harvest in 2019–20 crop season enabled the Indian food
system to tackle the pandemic.
Effect on Mental and Behavioural Health

COVID-19 outbreak not only affecting physical health but also
mental health, whether rich or poor and male or females. Some
developing countries, including India, are suffering more due to
population, poverty, and ignorance. Therefore, coping with
situations is highly challenging for them during this crisis
period. Phase-wise lockdown since 24th March 2020 has
devastated the economy due to closures of all industries
resulting almost nil per capita income. Daily wages
labourers and other below poverty line.
(BPL) people in India are severely affected, which is perhaps
never seen in Indian history. Further, middle-class people are
also struggling to survive during the crisis phases because of
loss of jobs, closures of shops, and other freelance
earnings.
Need of Nutrition
Foods, cloths, and shelter are the basic needs of any human
being anywhere in the world to live or even survive under
any situation. During this crisis, poor people are mainly
facing challenges to get minimum foods to meet their hunger,
whether staying at their cottage or returning home from the
workplace. However, foods give energy and help a person
active and live all time. Unfortunately, there is also a food
security issue despite several governmental plans and
projects to save lives.
Immunity booster Foods:

Rich or poor, all need foods to survive at least through the
primary level nutrition. In this crisis, nutrition plays a vital
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role by building up immunity against any foreign invasion

in any human body. Several studies showed that the
nutritional status of an individual always determines the
right body functions and also directs their appropriate
psychological wellbeing. Therefore, to maintain the physical
and mental wellbeing of an individual and community
amid the COVID-19 pandemic, this review article has drawn
essential overviews of the importance of diet and nutrition.
The objective of this article is to review and analyze the
readily available foods by identifying their proper uses. As
per traditional culture in India, so many fruits, vegetables,
spices are helpful for immunity boost up that overall
provide the best nutrition to fight against coronavirus as
well as other infections. The article, therefore conducted
through the information that was gathered from published
research and review articles. Literature was searched in
PubMed (NCBI), Google Scholar and other important
databases including some government portals like the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Government of
India), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and World
Health Organisation (WHO) etc. COVID-19, coronavirus,
immunity-boosting foods, balanced diet, traditional foods,
yoga, and exercise etc. t he food you eat plays a key aspect in
determining your overall health and immunity. Eat low carb
diets, as this will help control high blood sugar and
pressure. A low carb diet will help slow down diabetes and
focus on a protein-rich diet to keep you in good shape. And
regularly consume vegetables and fruits rich in Beta carotene,
Ascorbic acid & other essential vitamins. Certain foods like
mushrooms, tomato, bell pepper and green vegetables like
broccoli, spinach are also good options to build resilience in the
body against infections.You can also eat supplements rich in
omega 3 & 6 fatty acids for your daily dose, if stepping out to
buy groceries is not an option during social distancing. Some
natural immunity supplements include ginger, gooseberries
(amla) and turmeric. Some of these superfoods are common
ingredients in Indian dishes and snacks. There are several
herbs that help in boosting immunity like garlic, Basel leaves
and Black cumin. Certain seeds and nuts like sunflower seeds,
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Flax seed, pumpkin seeds and melon seeds are excellent

sources of protein and vitamin E.Probiotics like Yoghurt,
Yakult and fermented food are also excellent sources to
rejuvenate the composition of gut bacteria, which is important
for nutrient absorption by the body. These are good options for
the older generation too.
Don’t Compromise on Sleep

Good snooze time for 7-8 hours is the best way to help your
body build immunity; lesser sleep will leave you tired and
impair your brain activity. The lack of sleep will prevent the
body from resting and this will impair other bodily functions
that will have a direct impact on your immunity. Lack of sleep
adversely affects the action of the flu vaccine.
Nutrition and Dietary Intake

Dietary intake forms a significant link between an
individual's immunity level and their capability to fight many
diseases, including viral infections like COVID-19. The role
of specific nutrients or a combination of nutrients in the
overall health maintenance of the immune system is not
something unprecedented. Nutrients modulate an individual's
immunity by regulating the production of signalling
molecules and gene expression. Hence immune cell activity
becomes much better. Therefore, it is essential to have an
adequate amount of dietary intake of vitamins and minerals for
enhancing the immune system, so that it can combat any
diseases, including COVID-19. In nutrition, carbohydrate,
protein and fat, minerals and multivitamins have vital roles to
boost up and also retain immunity. A study showed that one of
the fat-soluble vitamin D, which reduces the viral replication
rates that can lead to lung injury-causing pneumonia by
reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. This way vitamin D
helps in not only the musculoskeletal system but also the
respiratory system. Besides, Vitamin A, E, B6, and B12,
iron, and zinc are also very crucial for building a healthy
immune system. On the other hand, Vitamin C is one of the
best-known antioxidants that is required to balance the
damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ultimately
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protecting the body from oxidative stress. Vitamin C (also

called Ascorbic acid) provides a significant contribution to
maintain a healthy immune system on the frame against any
viral infection by positively regulating the T-lymphocytes
and NK (Natural Killer) cells (22). It has been well reported
that any viral infection manifests its effect by decreasing
vitamin C levels within the body, and the patient's requirement
of vitamin C depends on the severity of the disease (21, 22).
Hydration and Immunity: In India, according to the Ministry
of AYUSH, dehydration is another reason for low resistance.
Hence, it is essential to keep oneself hydrated by having
either an adequate amount of plain water or other
dietaryliquids. The dietary liquids are readily available like
lemon or saltwater, glucose solutions, clear low-calorie fruits
juices extracted from mosambi or orange. As per AYUSH,
sometimes warm water is necessary for respiratory health or
other health issues. In a survey-based study in West Bengal
showed that an average direct drinking water consumption
for adult males is 3.95 L/day, females 3.03L/day and children
(age <15 years) 2.14 L/day depending upon BMI, humidity,
activities and other conditions. Water added with lemon, rock
salt, iodized salt, apple cider vinegar, berries, aloe vera can
also be consumed to keep the body hydrated and
immunized in general or during the humid season. Older
adults or patients who are suffering from any types of
diabetes or CKD or other chronic diseases must avoid salt
and sugar except for a few cases as per medical advice by a
doctor.
Ayurveda in Nutrition: India is the top producer cum exporter

of various spices. Spices are not only used for taste, flavour,
palatability but also as medicines as per traditional Ayurveda
therapeutic systems. Since old age, Garlic, Clove, Cumin,
Turmeric, Coriander and other spices available either dust
or leaves which play a crucial role in building immunity in a
human body. Haldi (Turmeric) popularly known as golden
milk in India, can also be consumed with any types of
milk daily. It is recommended to consume Chyavanprash
for boosting immunity since a few generations. However, a
diabetic person should only consume sugar-free
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Chyavanprash or avoid altogether unless very necessary or

doctor's advice. In addition to that, herbal tea which is a
decoction of dry Ginger, Black pepper, Cinnamon, Basil, and
Raisin etc. altogether is recommended as per schedule dosages
for refreshments and also in lethargy. In Ayurveda, if a person
has a sore throat, then it is advisable to have honey with
clove powder mixed up to 2-3 times a day. The study
reviewed that India is such a country where almost 40%-
50% of people are vegetarian (in dietary term 'vegan'). The
vegan people do not get animal protein but having other
nutritional sources to meet their daily nutrition.
Mind Setup
The need for the crucial phases is to stay positive-minded,
always alert, and ready to eat healthy foods. These are the
tools that always keep human active and healthy. A lot of
green vegetables, fruit and water along with some physical
exercise and sound sleep are the essential requirements for
daily practise during these crucial days, as advised by
World Health Organization (WHO) and health authorities.
Since there is no vaccine or specific drug to treat COVID-
19; so a person's healthy immune system and a sharp mind set
up synergistically may help to face these COVID phase. The
excellent health signifies not only physical health but also
psycho-behavioural wellbeing.
Lifestyles Changes
Measures taken to curb the spread of this pandemic viral
infections, SARS-CoV-2 infection are social distancing, and
that has been made possible by nationwide lockdown
resulting in disease containment. However, such measures
have a massive impact on the diet of an individual because of
the sudden change of lifestyle and less physical activity in
lockdown period. Less physical activity results in low-calorie
expenditure affect the health of an individual. Further,
fear, anxiety related to the uncertainty of the
surroundings, also impact the psychological wellness, and
that has a profound effect on individual physiology too.
Therefore, regular physical exercise or yoga asana,
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pranayama and meditation not only help to keep organs and

muscles active but also balance the level of hormones.
Biologically, these hormones help in the keeping overall
maintenance of an individual's body systems, including
psycho-behavioural health.
Conclusion
COVID-19 infections can only be managed or reduced by
maintaining social distancing, personal hygiene and immunity-
boosting functional foods. Any pathogen mainly virus can
quickly enter by the contamination and gradually affect the
organs, including the death of a person. Anyways that would
be difficult if there is a secure immunity system .Immunity
system of a human body works through a defence
mechanism which may be susceptible and vulnerable
because of the low level of protein, vitamins, minerals and
other essential nutrients. Here, foods play a significant role by
providing the proper nutrition which helps not only to
maintain all functions of all the systems of a human body
but also strengthen immunity system to fight against any
foreign particles like COVID-19. As per India's indigenous
cultures and traditional medicinal systems, foods are
medicines having almost nil side effects and available in
nature in the form of spices, fruits and vegetables. Hence,
foods as medicines as practical cum natural approach by
protecting the total human health.
References
1. Cucinotta, D, & Vanelli, M. (2020). WHO declares
COVID -19 a pandemic. Acta Biomedica, 91(1), 157–
160. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397.
2. Coronavirus very likely of animal origin, no sign of lab
manipulation: WHO. Reuters. 21st April 2020. Retrieved
16th May 2020Lau SK, Luk HK, Wong AC, Li KS, Zhu L, He
Z, et al. (April 2020). "Possible Bat Origin of Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2". Emerging
Infectious Diseases. U.S. (CDC). 26 (7).
DOI:10.3201/eid2607.200092.
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3. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media

briefing on COVID19-March 2020. World Health
Organisation (WHO). Retrieved on 28th May 2020.
4. Q. Li, X. Guan, P. Wu, X. Wang, L. Zhou, Y.Tong, et al.
(2020) Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China,
of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med.
5. Yin, Y., and Wunderink, R.G. (2018). MERS, SARS and
other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology
23: 130–137.
6. Naja, F, and Hamadeh, R. (2020). Nutrition amid the
COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-level framework for action.
Eur J Clin Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-
0634-3.
7. Rico-Mesa, J. S., White, A., & Anderson, A. S. (2020).
Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19 Infection Taking
ACEI/ARB. Current cardiology reports,
22(5),31.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-020-01291-4
8. Bogoch, II., Watts, A., Thomas-Bachli, A., Huber, C.,
Kraemer, M.U., and Khan, K. (2020). Pneumonia of
unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for
international spread via commercial air travel. J. Travel
Med. 272: 1–3.
9. Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J.,
Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma,
X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G.F., and Tan, W.
(2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with
pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 382: 727–33.
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Psychological Impact of COVID-19 During

The Pandemic
Dr. Chitra Singh Tomar

Associate Professor
Department of Education, S. N. SEN B. V. P. G. COLLEGE
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Abstract
As the coronavirus pandemic rapidly sweeps across the world,
it is inducing a considerable degree of fear, worry and concerns
in the population at large and among a certain group in general
and pin particular, such as old adults, care providers and
people with underlying health condition.
In public mental health terms, the main psychological impact

to date is elevated rates of stress or anxiety. But as new
measures and impacts are introduced – especially guanine and
its effect on many people’s usual activities, routines or
livelihoods – level of loneliness, depression, harmful alcohol
and drug use, and self-harm or suicidal behavior are also
expected to rise.
Key words: Suicidal –behaviour, pandemic, anxiety
Introduction
Due to covid pandemic the world wide population is already
heavily affected, such as Lombardy in Italy, issues of service
access and continuity for people with developing or exiting
mental health conditions are also now a major concern, along
with the mental health and well-being of frontline workers.
As pact of its public health response, WHO has worked with

partners to develop a set of new material on mental health and
psychological support aspect of Covid-19.
The outbreak of covid-19 has been least concerned with the

impact on one’s mental or psychological health. And yes,
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indeed, people behavior has been greatly affected with different

dynamics of pandemic. The sudden outbreak of the disease
disbalanced the equilibrium as well as lock-down in all walks
of life made a very worse impact on the behavior and mental
state of an individual during the pandemic. This article has
tried to give a perspective of the impact of covid-19 on people’s
mental health.
Economic researchers have thrown light on the traumatic

disorders and stress, anxiety, depression and other symptoms
after and during covid-19.
The social distance and security affected the relationships

among people in different ways. Empathy and apathy both
were occurred by the traumatic effects of the pandemic on
individuals. While telepsychology and other devices decreases
the negativity began to grow during the pandemic. On the other
way their tools present many advantages as well as improvise
psychological treatment of people online and offline, such as
from home and from workplace rather which saved not only
time and money but also improve trust between patient and
therapist.
Telepsychology is a good device which irradicate easily mental

sufferings caused by pandemic and implementing the
chronicity of the disease. The two focuses impacts are (I) the
prolonged stress generate anxiety, depression, and the inability
to manage traumatic and negative emotion. Consequently, the
chaos regarding the mental health affects daily life and leads
social isolation which changes the relationship in human life.
There are some elements related to pandemic that affects a

large number of populations so far as psychological effect are
concerned, they were not limited up to quarantine or the fear of
contracting the virus. Some elements that affect more the
population such as separation from loved ones, losses of
freedom.
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Uncertainty about the advancement of disease and the feeling

of helplessness, which might lead towards dramatic
consequences such as: -
- Rise of suicides
- Living in isolation
- Fear of disease
- Feeling of anger
In such a way effect of pandemic develops at the risk of

anxious symptoms. Such as
- Difficulty in concentration
- Boredom 54%
- Irritability 40%
- Restlessness 39%
- Nervousness 37%
- Sense of loneliness 38%
- Uneasy 30.4%
- Worries 31%
In order to reduce anxiety and depression signs and to help

offset negative behavior many efforts can be made.
The psychological state of individual that contributes towards

the community health varies from person to person and
depends on his background and professional and social
standing.
People from all walks of life and all ages had different
psychological impact after a sudden outbreak of their routine.
Even the kids felt anxiety and social isolation which was shown
in dramatic irritation of unusual behavior of kids. Unusual
headache, drowsiness, lack of concentration, worry, depression
and excessive crying and irritating attitude were in their
behavior.
Their eating habits were changed, their routine schedules were

destroyed totally.
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Elderly people were more prone to covid-19 due to clinical and

social reasons, they were because clinically threatened they
were in danger as having weaker immunity. Even if they are
medically good as the medicine experts says and socially
because physical distance from their family and friends could
have drastic negative effect on their mental health of the elderly
and disabled individuals.
Physical isolation at home among family members can put the

elderly and disabled people at risk. And they are kept in
nursing home. They have serious mental health issues which
results in anxiety, stress and depression among them.
Behavior change among them are as following:

1. Irritating and shouting behavior
2. Change in their sleeping pattern and eating habits
3. Emotional outburst
Health workers as doctors, nurses and paramedics as frontline

force to fight the covid-19 outbreak may be more susceptible to
develop mental health symptoms.
- Fear of catching disease

- Long working hours
- Unavailability of protective gear and supplies, patient
load
- Unavailability of effective covid-19 medication
- Social distancing and isolation from their family and
friends all towards a negative toll on mental health
The working efficiency of health workers may decrease

gradually as the pandemic prevails and the reason is that
health worker should take a short break between their working
hours and deal with situation.
The widespread social isolation may result in safety measures

the experience of loneliness affects mental and physical health
as well.
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Throughout the pandemic, anxiety, depression sleep disruption

and suicidal thoughts increased.
For the students, closure of colleges, institutions, transition of

work from remote area and loss of income and employment
also contributed to poor mental health and mental disbalance.
The pandemic has both long term and short-term implication
of mental health disorders and disruption. But now covid-19
vaccination is taking place across the country perhaps
signaling that the end of the pandemic is on the horizon.
However, many of the stressful conditions employed to imitate
the spread of coronavirus are likely to spread and to persists
the near future, given the show and troubled sellout of
vaccination across the country, instances of people to continue
taking existing precautions to mitigate the outbreak.
Preventions – according to all this, the prevention from

psychological impact of covid-19 must be:
Telepsychology: Training and Promotion of Psychological
Well-Being
In order to reduce anxiety and depression symptoms widespread
among the population, the World Health Organization (2019) and
the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) proposed
specific guidelines on the correct use of health protection with the aim
to minimize the distress associated with health-care professions.
At the same time, as a consequence of the emerging issues,

psychotherapists provided psychological support online, addressing
the technological challenge. In line with the technological progress,
professional organizations promoted specific guidelines and policies
related to customer protection, privacy, screening, evaluation, and
development of self-help products. Technological development in
mental health foreshadows future trends that include “smart” mobile
devices, cloud computing, virtual worlds, virtual reality, and
electronic games in addition to the traditional psychotherapy tools. In
this perspective, it is important to help future generations of
psychologists and patients to collaborate in the potential growth
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areas, through education and training on the benefits and

effectiveness of telepsychology.
One of the future goals of public and private psychological

organizations should be the promotion of specific training for
psychologists and psychotherapists, with the following aims: (1)
developing the basic skills in managing the effects of a pandemic and
of emergency situations; and (2) sensitizing patients to online
therapeutic relationship, providing the main rules and benefits of the
process.
Online psychological services provide several advantages,

especially in the current situation of pandemic. First of all,
online services help people in a short period of time, reducing
the risk of contagion and the strong feeling of anxiety in both
psychotherapists and patients, who feel uncomfortable in doing
traditional psychotherapy due to the pandemic.
Furthermore, Petrissa et al. (2015) identified some of the main
advantages of telepsychology, such as the decrease in waiting
for the consultation, because it takes place from home or from
the workplace, saving time and expense, less travel and rental
costs for the office, for those who provide the service and for
those who use it. As reported by the authors, online
psychological services facilitate access to people who struggle
to find support close to their social environment, avoiding
difficulties related to mobility. Also, online services help people
who have less confidence in psychotherapy. Indeed, mostly
online psychotherapy takes place in one’s comfort zone,
facilitating the expression of problems and feelings.
According to the situations, online services could provide a
different medium. For instance, the chat is a useful tool to
establish a first assessment of a person who feels
uncomfortable in using video. Indeed, the online psychotherapy
is perceived as more “acceptable.”
Sciences for the study of human relations and technology. “We

live increasingly in a human–machine world. Anyone who
doesn’t understand this, and who is not struggling to adapt to
the new environment—whether they like that environment or
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not—is already being left behind. Adapting to the new, fast-

changing, technologically enhanced context is one of the major
challenges of our times. And that certainly goes for education”
References
Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age.
Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52, 15-27
Ardelt, M. (1998). Social Crisis and individual growth: The
long-term effects of the Great Depression, Journal of Aging
Studies, 12, 291-314
Athos, A. G. and Coffey, R. E. (1968). Behaviour in
organization: A Multidimensioanl view. Englewood Cliffs, NJ,
Prentice-Hall.
Baltes, Paul, B., Jacqui Smith, Ursula M. Staudinger and
Doris, Sowarka (1990). “Wisdom: One Facet of Successful
Aging?” Late-Life Potential, edited by M. Perlmutter.
Washington, DC: Gerontological Society of America.
Bigger, S., ed., (1989). Creating the Old testament: the
emergence of the Hebrew Bible Oxford, Blackwell
Bigger, S. (2000). ‘Religious Education, Spirituality and Anti-
racism’, in Leicester et al, (2000), 15-24
Chickering, A., and Reisser, L. (1993). Education and Identity
(2nd Ed.) San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Davis Kingsley (1962). “Urbanization in India – Past and
Future”, in Turner, R. (ed.) India’s Urban Future, University of
California Press, Berkley.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal
pursuit: Human needs and the self-determination of behaviour.
Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective wee-being. Psychological Bulletin.
95, 542-575.
England, George, W. (1967). Personal Value Systems of
American Managers. Academy of Management Journal. March,
53-68.
Hannah Arendt (1958). The Human Condition (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press), 50.
Hourad, A. (1974). International Encyclopaedia of Psychology,
(24). 288-193.
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Mohanty, J. and Mohanthly, N. (2011). Promoting wellness

amonf school children. EDUTRACTS, 10(11), 11-12.
Spranger, E. (1928). Types of men: The psychology and ethics
of personality. New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation.
Tali, B. (2010). Impact of Well-Being on prospective Teachers in
Relation to their learning and Decision-Making Styles.
EDUTRACTS, 9(11), 27-30.
http://www.fibre2fashion.com
http://www.scribd.com/ritesagarwall /d/19269071-Human-
Resource-Mgmt
http://www.slideshare.net/birubiru/emerging-challenes-in-
hrm-7623957
http://www.citeman.com/12486factorsinfluencingthepersonalf
unction
http://www.ripublication.com
http://www.google.com
http://www.citehr.com
http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/fs1239/
http://wellness.ucr.edu/seven_dimensions.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7361582/
https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-
emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/publications-and-technical-
guidance/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health-and-
covid-19
https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/113/8/531/586084
1
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/510752
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Psychological Impact of Coronavirus on

Human Health
1Anukriti , 2Seema Rani

1Researchscholar and Member Upsssc (Lucknow)
2Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow
anukritibbau03@gmail.com, drseemarani@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Sleep and immune system are directly related. It is critical to
physical health and effective working of the immune system.
It’s also a key promoter of emotional well-being and mental
health, helping to beat back strain, depression, and anxiety.
Sleeplessness and other related disorders can take a heavy toll
on your physical and mental health. Inadequate quality sleep
can impact your energy, focus, and ability to function during
the day, especially if you have the added pressure of trying to
work from home or home school your kids. A lack of quality
sleep can also make you moody and short-tempered, cause
severe symptoms of anxiety and despair, and even lower your
immune system.
Keywords- Stress, insomnia, immune, anxiety, cranky and

grumpy.
Introduction
As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
outbreak in Wuhan (China) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a state of socio-
economic crisis and mental agony rapidly occurred worldwide.
Although social events have been restricted in most countries,
almost all not essential individual movements were banned due
to quarantine, while the local hospitals received suddenly
thousands of critically ill COVID-19 patients and were required
to implement their emergency protocols. In this situation, the
overall population and most of the front-line healthcare
workers became susceptible to the emotional impact of COVID-
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19 infection1 due to both the pandemic and its consequences

worldwide.2,3
Many psychological problems and important consequences in

terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression,
frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged
progressively.4 Common psychological responses related to the
mass quarantine which was imposed in order to weaken the
COVID-19 spread are generalized fear and prevalent
community anxiety which are typically related with disease
outbursts, and increased with the growth of new cases together
with insufficient, anxiety-aggravating information which was
provided by media.5 The psychological reactions to COVID-19
pandemic may vary from a panic behaviour or collective
frenzy6 to pervasive feelings of hopelessness and desperation
which are associated with negative outcomes including suicidal
behavior.2 Importantly, other health measures may be
compromised by unusually elevated anxiety.7
Sleep Stages
There are two major phases of sleep:
• Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
• Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
SLEEP STAGES
Non-rapid eye Rapid eye

movement sleep movement sleep
N1
N2
N3
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Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

Sleep Stage 1 (N1)
• the transition period from being awake to being asleep

• lasts around 5 - 10 minutes
Sleep Stage 2 (N2)

• the onset of sleep
• drop in body temperature
• heart rate slows down
• the-brain produces sleep spindles
• people are hardly aware of their surroundings
• lasts around 20 minutes
Sleep Stage 3 (N3)
• also known as the slow-wave sleep (SWS)
• muscles relax
• blood pressure drops
• breathing rate drops
• the deepest sleep occurs
• people are less responsive
• sounds and activity in the nearby setting may fail to
generate a response
• the intermediate period between light sleep and very
deep sleep
• REM sleep
• the brain becomes more active
• the body becomes calm and immobilized
• dreams occur
• eyes move swiftly
Sleep occurs once during a 24-hour circadian rhythm. During

this period, sleeplessness progresses cyclically to NREM sleep
and then to REM sleep. There are short periods of stimulation
or awakening after a REM sleep period. The cycle of NREM to
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REM sleep lasts for about 80 - 110 minutes over the course of
the night. Typically, humans will have four to six of these
cycles in a sleep period [8]
Sleep challenges during a pandemic

Increasing stress, anxiety, and worry. You may be concerned
about your own or your loved ones’ health, stressed about
money and the economy, or worried about what the future
holds. Whatever the cause, when your body produces more of
the stress hormone cortisol it can keep your body awakened,
your mind turning, and lead to uneven sleep and insomnia.
Disrupting your daily schedule. In many setups, offices,

schools, universities and gyms are still closed, your social life
has been curtailed, and your normal daily routines are an aloof
memory. If you’re out of work and limited to home, you have no
set time to get up each day, have meals, or get dressed. This
can interrupt the body’s natural sleep-wake cycle or circadian
rhythm, so does spending less time outside in sunlight each
day.
Creating feelings of isolation. Social distancing, lockdowns,

quarantine can cut you off from family and friends and trigger
symptoms of despair and a variety of sleep related issues.
Prompting you to spend more time on screens. Whether

you’re working on a computer at home, video chatting with
friends, or bingeing on Prime or Netflix shows, you’re probable
spending more time in front of a screen than ever before. The
blue light emanated by your phone, tablet, computer, or TV
disturbs the body’s production of melatonin at night, a
hormone that helps regulate your sleep-wake cycle.
Leading you to consume more alcohol. During these

distressing times, you may be drinking more than usual
Alcohol to relieve stress and boredom, or to help you sleep at
night. But while alcohol may help you to fall asleep, it inhibits
your sleep cycle, causing you to wake up many times during
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the night, leaving you feeling tired and unrested in the

morning.
Promoting unpleasant dreams. Several people have reported

intense, troubling dreams and nightmares during this
pandemic. In some of the extreme cases, anxiety can prompt
disturbing dreams, but for most of the people, vivid dreaming is
down to stress increasing how much you recall of your dreams.
The more fragmented your sleep and the more often you wake
from REM (dreaming) sleep during the night, the more likely
you are to remember your dreams. [9]
Ways COVID-19 Affects Sleep

• People are sleeping longer.
• People are going to bed later.
• People are not setting alarms.
• People are experiencing bizarre and intense dreams.
• People are experiencing a lack of sleep.[10]
Challenges to Sleep during the COVID-19 Pandemic

• Disruption of daily life
• New daily schedule or even lack of schedule
• Keeping track of time with no typical events such as arriving
at the office, dropping and picking kids from school
• Spending more time at home with very low intensity of
natural light may diminish light-based indications for sleep
and wakefulness
• Sleeping more - oversleeping
• Anxiety and Worry • fear of contracting the virus
• fear for family and friend’s health who are at higher risk
• economic concerns
• vagueness about the disease and the consequences thereof
• Depression and Isolation • grief
• Greater family and work stress • cancelled trips
• isolation from friends
• being cooped up at home
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• Keeping up with work as well as home responsibilities,

managing the kids, online classes etc.
• Excess screen time [14] • following news on the phone
• Zoom meetings with family and colleagues
• binge-watching television
• Screen time towards the evening has a negative impact on
sleep as it excites the brain and keeps it from slowing down.
The production of melatonin gets supressed because of the
blue light from screens.
• Stress-related fatigue • chronic stress from living through a
pandemic
• physical symptoms including memory laps, headaches and
digestive issues
Importance of Sleep during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Sleep is very important during the COVID-19 pandemic
because of its huge benefits for both physical and mental
wellbeing.
These include:
• Strengthening the immune system
• Improves brain function, overall mental health
• Enhances mood
• Stay updated - Listen to advice and recommendations from
your local and national authorities. Follow reliable news
channels, including local, national and radio broadcasts and
by following WHO on social media.
• Have a routine- Follow the daily routines as far as possible,
or make updated routines based on the changes.
• Get up and go to bed at fixed times.
• Keep up with personal hygiene.
• Eat healthy meals at regular times.
• Exercise regularly.
• Allocate time for working and resting.
• Make time for hobbies and things you enjoy.
• Minimize newsfeeds- Try to reduce how much you watch,
read or listen to news that makes you feel anxious or
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distressed. Check the latest update at specific times of the day,

but not too much.
• Social contact is important- Keep in regular contact with
people close to you by phone and online channels specially if
your movements are restricted.
• Alcohol and drug use. Restrict the alcohol consumption or
limit the amount of alcohol you drink. Don’t start drinking
alcohol if you have not drink alcohol before. Avoid using
alcohol and drugs as a way of dealing with fear, anxiety,
boredom and social isolation.
There is no evidence of any shielding effect of consuming

alcohol for viral or other infections. In fact, the harmful use of
alcohol is associated with increased risk of infections and
worse treatment outcomes. Alcohol and drug use may also
prevent you from taking adequate precautions to protect
yourself again infection, such as compliance with hand and
overall hygiene.
• Screen time. Be mindful of the time you spend in front of a

screen every day. Make sure that you take regular breaks from
on-screen activities.
• Video games. Be sure to keep the right balance with off-line
activities in your daily routine. While video games can be one of
the ways to relax, it can be tempting to spend more time on
them than usual which should be avoided.
• Social media. Use your social media accounts to promote
positive and hopeful stories. Correct misinformation wherever
you see it.
• Help others. Only if you are able to, offer support to needy
people in your community by helping them with food and
shopping.
• Support health workers. Make sure to take opportunities
online or through your community to thank your health-care
workers, task force and all those working to respond to COVID-
19.
For healthcare professionals, sleep has been a public health

and safety issue. Inadequate sleep has been linked to mental
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and physical health issues and results in stress and anxiety. It

is also a work-related health hazard in the context of
healthcare where so many healthcare professionals are already
in an exhausted state and overworked during the COVID-19
pandemic. [16]
Immunology and Sleep

There is a direct two-way link between sleep and the immune
system. Proper sleep strengthens the immune system.
• Sleep is changed by immune system initiation and the

distinctive and adaptive immune systems are affected as well.
• Depending on the extent and timing of an inflammatory
response stimulated by the immune system, sleep can be
increased in duration and intensity but also interrupted.
• Sleep is often recommended as being “the best medicine.” An
infection makes us tired and increases the desire to sleep.
• It has also been observed that prolonged sleep loss weakens
the body’s immune system and leaves it prone to colds or other
infections. There is strong evidence supporting that sleep
enhances immune function and helps the body to heal faster.
Neuroimmune Interactions
Sleep is important for the proper functioning of the immune
system. The communication between sleep regulatory networks
in the central nervous system and the cells and tissues of the
immune system is bidirectional. In order to understand the
relationship between the nervous system and the immune
system, there are certain neuroimmune interactions based on
specific anatomical and physiological conditions: [15]
1. Neurons and immune cells share similar intercellular signals

such as hormones, neurotransmitters and modulators,
cytokines and chemokine’s
2. Some of the common signals can cross the blood-brain
barrier in both directions
3. Immune cells traffic to all sites in the body and they come
into close contact to nerve endings and the brain
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4. Lymphatic tissues (both primary (thymus and bone marrow)

as well as secondary (spleen, lymph nodes)) are innervated by
sympathetic and partly by sensory nerves
5. Endocrine and autonomous nervous systems regulate

immune function directly via hormones and neural intervention
as well as indirectly through influences on blood flow, blood
pressure and lymph flow
These theoretical borders between hormones, cytokines,

neurotransmitters and chemokines are indistinct and multi-
functional (e.g., norepinephrine is a hormone released from the
adrenal glands and a neurotransmitter in the central nervous
system).
Key players in the Immune System
Leukocytes (white blood cells) are the cellular important

players in the immune system. Leukocytes can be
distinguished according to their:
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• development as part of the distinctive or adaptive immune

system
• site of maturation (bone marrow - B cells; thymus - T cells)
• site of the primary action
• antigen specificity
• function
• cytokine profile
These cells aid immune defence and are accountable for the
discovery and removal of molecules and cells bearing foreign
antigens and/or altered self-antigens. This indicates in a
broader sense, cellular impairment and therefore danger. [14-
15] (In the COVID-19 pandemic this antigen may be SARS-
CoV-2)
Adaptive Immune Response to Infection
The most significant steps of an adaptive immune response to

an infection are:
1. The attacking antigen is taken up by cells such as

macrophages, B cells or dendritic cells (DC), These cells are
attracted to the intrusion site by “danger signals” (these are
signals released in the vicinity due to tissue damage).
2. These cells then migrate to the draining lymph node via
afferent lymphatics.
3. The antigen is then presented to Th cells with the respective
T cell receptor to form the “immunological synapse.”
4. The cells become activated and they proliferate and
differentiate into Th1 or Th2 cells.
5. Thereby a progeny of thousands of antigen-specific Th cells
is produced.
6. These Th cells help the B-cells to become antibody-
producing plasma cells and leave the lymph node after several
days to support macrophages in eliminating the pathogen
(SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19).
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Some of these cells related to antigen survive and they

represent the immunological memory which helps in a faster
and more operative immune response if the antigen is ever re-
encountered.
Conclusions
Our research and findings can aid design such interpositions
so that people who have seen their mental and emotional
health weakened during the pandemic can better manage with
this difficult situation in different countries. Considering this
current health catastrophe will most likely have long lasting
effects (Liu et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2020), follow-up studies are
needed to gain a clear picture of the extent of the psychological
impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Those who negatively suffer the
most are women, young people, and those who consider
themselves to be in the risk-population group because of the
comorbidities and age factors.
References
1. Xiang YT , Yang Y , Li W , Zhang L , Zhang Q , Cheung T , et
al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel Coronavirus
outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:228–9
2. Thakur V, Jain A. COVID 2019-suicides: a global
psychological pandemic. Brain Behaviour Immune 2020;
S0889-1591:30643–7.
3. Zhai Y, Du X. Loss and grief amidst COVID-19: a path to
adaptation and resilience. Brain Behaviour Immune 2020;
S0889-1591:30632.
4. Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people
affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;
7:300–2.
5. Maunder R, Hunter J, Vicent L, Bennett J, Peladeau N,
Leszcz M, et al. The immediate psychological and occupational
impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital.
CMAJ 2003; 168:1245–51
6. Barbisch D, Koenig KL, Shih FY. Is there a case for
quarantine? Perspectives from to Ebola. Disaster Med Public
Health Prep 2015; 9:547–53.
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7. Rubin GJ, Wessely S. Coronavirus: the psychological effects

of quarantining a city. BMJ Opinion 2020; 368:m313.
8. https://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/sleep-problems-
during-coronavirus.htm
9. https://www.physio-pedia.com/COVID-19_and_Sleep
10. Besedovsky L, Lange T, Haack M. The sleep-immune
crosstalk in health and disease. Physiological reviews. 2019 Jul
1; 99(3):1325-80.
11. Besedovsky L, Lange T, Born J. Sleep and immune
function. Pflügers Archive-European Journal of Physiology.
2012 Jan 1; 463(1):121-37.
12. Irwin MR. Sleep and inflammation: partners in sickness
and in health. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2019 Nov;
19(11):702-15.
13. Mattress Clarity. What Are Sleep Cycles? - Everything You
Need To Know! Published on 9 October 2019. Available from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ut6UOTRdBw. (last
accessed 15 Dec 2020)
14. World Economic Forum. Sleep. Published on 26 Nov 2020.
15. National Sleep Foundation. Sleep Guidelines during the
COVID-19 Pandemic. (28 nov 2020)
16.Who.int/campaigns/connecting-the-world-to-combat-
coronavirus/healthyathome/healthyathome---mentalhealth
17. Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., et al.
(2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19
outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter.
Psychiatry Res. 287:112921. doi:
10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921
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Role of Good Nutrition in Covid-19 and

Healthy Life
Anamika Chauhan
Assistant professor, Dept. of Home Science
Chamanlal P.G. College, landaura
Haridwar, Uttarakhand
*anamikachauhan1615@gmail.com
Abstract – Now days the outbreak of Covid-19 is increasing

because it is only necessary for human beings to pay attention
to their nutrition to avoid its harmful to human. This research
paper presented shows the relationship between nutrition and
Covid-19. In this paper show human can avoid covid-19 by
using nutrition and increase their immunity, and explain the
guidance and provided by WHO as well as the nutritionist. This
paper mainly focused about all the nutrition that are necessary
to avoid covid-19.
Keywords- Nutrition , Covid-19, Health
Coviddisease (COVID-19) is an irresistible infection brought

about by a newfound Covid. Covid is an outsized gathering of
RNA (Ribonucleic corrosive) infections that have consistent
ideas among well evolved mammals and birds. It causes
respiratory and, once in a while, intestinal diseases.
Respiratory manifestations brought about by it may go from
cold or influenza like side effects to extreme pneumonia. In
December 2019, a substitution kind of Covid was presented
that causes pneumonia and death in Wuhan, China; this new
Covid was named SARS-CoV-2 since it's hereditarily practically
like the SARS-CoV that caused the 2002 flare-up of intense
respiratory diseases (ARDS). SARS-CoV-2 is that the seventh
known human Covid. In any case, SARS-CoV-2 is new to the
human framework so there was no regular protection against
it. This is frequently likely why SARS-CoV-2 has spread so
quickly. SARS-CoV-2 contaminates respiratory epithelial cells
causing the side effects depicted above, and in serious cases
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requires air support. More established individuals, particularly

those with existing sicknesses like diabetes, a heart condition,
respiratory ailment, and high essential sign, are more
powerless against serious manifestations and demise, than
individuals with exhausted insusceptible frameworks. There is
presently no treatment for SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19. Current
techniques mean to downsize the spread of the infection by
forestalling correspondence between individuals. The search for
inoculations against SARS-CoV-2 and progressing
antiretroviral treatment is continuous. Meanwhile, measures to
ensure that the human framework is very much upheld should
be taken. Nourishment ought to be a need thesely.
Immunity
In science, immunity is the capacity of multi-cell life forms to
oppose destructive microorganisms. The framework includes
certain pieces of the body. Undefined qualities go about as
boundaries or different antibodies to infections regardless of
their antigen development. A few segments of the framework
adjust to each new disease they create and may deliver
antibodies that are explicit to the infection.
The framework is regularly characterized as a luxurious

arrangement of living things that are invested with the ability
to recognize and endure whatever's not yours and to
comprehend and dismiss outer (non-yours).
The perspectives incorporate (1) the contrast among normal

and bought security and the manner in which it relates; (2)
hypotheses of lucidity and memory of the insusceptible
framework; (3) here and there clashing ideas of personality and
hazard; and (4) all in all communicated perspectives on the
antigen and its receptor. This content will not ensure the
microbiologist, not the archive, the customary motivation
behind the reference book, yet on comprehension on which
you'll peruse the great self-preservation books.
The word 'resistance' springs from the Latin Lutunitas, the

authority status of the Roman city realms given to the
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framework in Rome or individuals excluded from city

obligations; root munis towards change and (ex) advancing
resources. this is regularly a prompt wellspring of the authority
meaning of 'security from mistreatment, be that as it may, by
the essential century, Lucan (De Bello Civile) had utilized the
term metaphorically to clarify the North African Psylli as
unprotected by venomous snakes. The framework can target
insusceptible frameworks, similar to the framework found in
skin contaminations, the enactment of common executioner
cells (NK) in tainted cells, or the rodent's regular protection
from diphtheria harming because of the lack of a receptor for
that poison. The framework likewise can change state however
not found, as inside the instance of a framework brought about
by openness to RNA (focused on abandoned RNA). At long last,
security from specific germs is frequently acquired during a
person's lifetime through disease or immunization.
Nutrition
Nutrition is characterized on the grounds that the interaction
by which a creature or plant enters and uses food items.
Fundamental supplements incorporate proteins, starches, fats,
nutrients, minerals, and electrolytes. Commonly, 85% of day by
day energy utilization comes from fats and sugars and 15%
from protein. In people, nourishment might be a significant
piece of the strategy for placing food in our mouths, biting, and
gulping. The predetermined measure of fundamental
supplements fluctuates predictable with age and wellness, for
instance, actual work, existing sicknesses (bladder malignancy,
bosom or bone disease - alluded to as osteoporosis), medicine,
pregnancy, and lactation.
For what reason is nourishment significant?

Nourishment is significant for development and advancement,
wellbeing, and prosperity. The sound eating regimen adds to
forestalling future ailments and improving quality and life
span. The nourishing status might be a condition of your
wellbeing as controlled by diet. There are a few different ways
to survey healthful status, including anthropometric, diet, and
substance measurement.
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How does the framework function?

Your weight list (BMI) might be a decent marker of your dietary
status. It thinks about your weight and stature and mixes well
with absolute muscle versus fat communicated as a level of
weight. Mating relies upon age, with the absolute best changes
found in 26–55 years and low in youthful and old. In case
you're taking your weight in pounds and gap it by your tallness
by a square meter, the figure you get is your BMI.
The fact of the matter is very covered up. As of late featured by

the planet Health Organization, a solid way of life improves
every single substantial capacity, including the framework.
Having a sound eating routine, including numerous foods
grown from the ground, perhaps a critical component of a solid
way of life and assumes an essential part in supporting a
productive and viable framework to help forestall
contaminations and different sicknesses.
The framework is one of the chief complex insusceptible

frameworks, with an organization of cells, atoms, tissues, and
organs all cooperating to monitor the body.
This intricacy implies it can't be totally supplanted with some

very sound eating regimen. All things being equal, adherence to
a solid eating regimen offers proceeded with help for the
framework and should defer the framework.
Would nutrition be able to help your insusceptible framework?

In light of the COVID-19 pestilence British Dietetic Association
as of late distributed an articulation:
"Basically, you can't' support 'your framework with food, and

no particular eating regimen or supplement will keep you from
getting COVID-19/Coronavirus. Cleanliness stays the least
difficult on account of forestalling disease. "
There are numerous supplements required inside the ordinary

working of the framework, which is the reason keeping a sound
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eating routine is that the best gratitude to supporting body

work. The significant antibodies for the framework are:
Copper
Iron
Selenium
Zinc
Nutrients A, B6, B12, C, and D
No eating routine is recommended over another and eating a

spread of food sources will help keep a sound eating regimen.
Invulnerable security of a significant number of those
supplements relies upon their cancer prevention agent capacity
(oxidation substance responses which will harm cells) lost
when abused.
It is essential to counsel an enlisted dietician prior to rolling

out any significant improvements in eating regimen.
Cancer Prevention Recommendations are the first successful

preventive measures in supporting the framework, including
COVID-19, and malignant growth counteraction:
Have a solid weight
Be actually solid
Eat grains, organic products, vegetables, and beans
Cutoff nutriment
Diminish meat and prepared
Cutoff sweet beverages
Diminish liquor utilization
Try not to accept supplements
Breastfeed infant
Insurance from COVID-19, consistence with cleanliness
guidelines is significant. It is likewise critical to ask sufficient
rest and abstain from smoking.
Certain variables like way of life, age, wellbeing status, sex, and
medications influence a person's nourishing status 3. During
the COVID-19 pandemic, human sustenance has been utilized
as a proportion of solidness in stabilization 1 and nutritious
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food sources inside the eating routine influence the framework

through hereditary qualities, cell capacity, and flagging atomic
alteration also, different supplements are factors that decide
the arrangement of microorganisms and consequently shape
the body's safe reaction3. The accessible proof, subsequently,
proposes that the sole reasonable because of getting by inside
the current framework are to reinforce the framework.
Satisfactory admission of zinc, iron, and nutrients A, B 12, B6,
C, and E is significant for keeping a solid body. Inside the
current setting, COVID-19 postures new human difficulties to
keeping a sound eating regimen. Confinement, congestion, and
social detachment are significant strides in controlling the
infection bend, albeit these actions have expansive
consequences for human wellbeing. The demonstration of being
bound to one's home highlights a significant impact on one's
wellbeing, remembering changes for dietary patterns, dozing
propensities, and actual work. It can advance persistent mental
and actual medical issues and cause the risk of corpulence.
Dread and uneasiness likewise can cause changes in dietary
patterns that cause undesirable eating designs and less craving
or less delight during dinners.
A solid eating regimen will guarantee a hearty framework that

will help withstand any contamination. There is presently no
proof that any enhancement can 'improve' our framework and
treat or forestall any infection contamination, with the
exception of nutrient C7.Nutrient C is one of the fundamental
segments of water-dissolvable nutrients that will in general
shape the framework more grounded. The suggested every day
admission of nutrient C is 90mg/d for men and 75mg/d for
women. Inside the current setting, it's imperative to
comprehend certain food sources which will improve our
framework to battle COVID-19. Here are some functional and
powerful dietary rules for COVID-19:
Sustenance prompts during the COVID-19

Sustenance and hydration are significant. Individuals that eat
a sound eating routine will in general be better with a more
grounded framework and a lower hazard of ongoing sicknesses
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and contaminations. So you should eat a spread of new and

natural food varieties daily to ask the nutrients, minerals,
dietaryfibre, protein, and cancer prevention agents that your
body needs. Drink sufficient water. Keep away from sugar, fat,
and salt to essentially diminish your danger of heftiness,
stoutness, a heart condition, stroke, diabetes, and such
disease.
Eat new and natural food daily: Eat natural products,

vegetables, vegetables (lentils, beans), nuts, and entire grains
(natural corn, sorghum, oats, wheat, rice, or boring vegetables
or roots like potatoes, sweet potato, taro, or cassava), and
creature feed sources (eg meat, fish, eggs, and milk).
Consistently, eat 2 cups of organic product (4 servings), 2.5

cups of vegetables (5 servings), 180 g of grain, and 160 g of
meat and beans (red meat are regularly eaten 1−2 1 time each
week, and chicken multiple times 3 times each week).
For snacks, pick crude vegetables and new organic products as

opposed to food sources high in sugar, fat, or salt.
Try not to overcook vegetables and organic products as this will

cause a deficiency of fundamental nutrients.
*Drink plenty of water in a day :Water is essential to live, It

conveys supplements and synthetic compounds into the
circulatory system, directs your blood heat, eliminates garbage,
and greases up seat joints.
Drink 8-10 cups of water day by day.

Water is ideal, however you'll likewise utilize different drinks,
natural products, and vegetables that contain water, for
example, juice (weakened with water and sugar), tea, and
infrequent. Yet, take care to not eat an extreme measure of
caffeine, and keep away from sweet natural product drinks,
syrups, organic product juices concentrate, bubbly and still
beverage since everything contains sugar.
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*Eat a reasonable measure of fat and fat: Utilize

unsweetened fats (fish, avocados, nuts, olive oil, soy, canola,
sunflower, and corn oil) rather than soaked fats (found in lean
meat, spread, copra oil, cream, cheddar, ghee, and choice).
Pick red meat (chicken) and fish, typically low in fat, not meat.
Stay away from handled meat since it's high in fat and salt.
Where conceivable, pick low-fat or low-fat dairy and dairy
items. Keep away from mechanical evaluation oils. These are
frequently found in handled food sources, inexpensive food,
snacks, singed food varieties, frozen pizza, pies, treats,
margarine, and spreads.
*Eat less salt and sugar: When preparing constantly food,

decrease the amount of salt and toppings with high sodium
(soy and fish sauce). Lessen your every day salt admission too
however 5 g (around 1 teaspoon), and utilize iodized salt. Keep
away from food sources (tidbits) that are high in salt and sugar.
Breaking point your admission of nostalgic beverages or soft
drinks and other sweet beverages (organic product juices,
organic product smash thinks with syrups, fragrant milk, and
yogurt drinks). Pick new natural product as opposed to
heavenly desserts like treats, cakes, and chocolates.
Try not to eat out

Eat at home to downsize your contact with individuals and
decrease your odds of openness to COVID-19. We suggest that
you just keep a distance of at least 1 meter among you and any
individual who hacks or sniffles. That doesn't generally occur
in packed public spots like eateries and bistros. Drops from
contaminated individuals can rest in the spaces and on
individuals' hands (clients and staff), and with a significant
number of us traveling every which way, you can't tell if hands
are washed routinely, and regions are cleaned and sanitized
rapidly enough.
References
1.www.covit-d.org
2.www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3.web.archive.org
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4.www.ramauniversity.ac.in
5. www.intechopen.com
6. https://healthengine.com.au/info/nutrition-( Nutrition and
women | HealthEngine Blog
7.https://www.rxpharmacykerala.com/products/nutrition(
Nutrition - Rx. Pharmacy)
8.https://www.wcrf.org/int/blog/articles(Links between
coronavirus, nutrition and the immune system .Apr 8, 2020 )
9.https://yourshealthydiet.wordpress.com (Nutrition and Food
in times of COVID-19,Sep8,2020 )
10.https://www.healthdcam.com/en/nutrition-during-covid-
19(Nutrition during COVID-19 outbreak | Health.D
Cam,Dec2,2020)
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and Nutrition
Role of Plants in Boosting Immunity During

Covid-19 Pandemic Situation
Soniya Singh
Assistant Professor (Botany)
Motherhood University, Roorkee
E-MAIL-soniyachaudhry123456@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
At present time the whole world face a very serious problem. It
is a very critical time to survival for the people with their health
and economical problem. The life of every people stopped due
to covid-19. It is a very pandemic situation, which effect the
survival of people. To break down the chain of corona virus
infection, the several rules we can apply in our daily wife. In
India, the Ayurveda system is famous from ancient time.
Ancient people use the plants to cure the several disease.
Indian Ayurveda help to increase our immunity during this
critical period of covid-19. People grow many herbal plants at
their home and used them in daily life routine i.e., tulsi,
azwayan, turmeric, aloe-vera, ginger, moringo, neem, giloy,
lemon grass, etc. these plants have many medicinal value and
they help to improve our immunity and protect us from all
infections. WHO declared that covid-19 spread rapidly and
cause the multiple infections. So, it is a pandemic situation of
whole world. In Uttarakhand state, there are several medicinal
plant occur which have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-
viral and immuno-modulatory. During this pandemic year,
people eat the plant waste food rich in vitamin C, D and E,
minerals like mg, zinc and drink plenty of water throughout the
day. Adapt better life style, simple food promote the health and
developed the immunity to fight against the disease.
Keywords: Pandemic, Immuno-modulatory, Immunity,

Medicinal value, Anti-oxidant, Infections
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Introduction
From ancient time, all people used herbs and many other
plants as medicine. 90% population of world increase their
immunity with the help of ayurvedic medicines, which is
obtained from the plants. Plants are the source of natural
immune booster which are used against corona virus infection.
According to Ayurveda our body is made up of seven layers i.e.,
Rasa, Mamsa, Rakta,Medha, Majja, Asthi and Shukra, when
these layers are strong and working together with equal
proportion help to boost up the immunity. The situation is very
critical at the present time. The whole world face the pandemic
situation due to covid-19. Corona virus is spread rapidly which
is very dangerous for the health. It create several health issue
all over the world. Corona virus attack respiratory system and
cause death. People of worldwide are infected from this virus.
For the survival of life in this bad situation for the survival of
life it is necessary to boost up our immune system with the
help of medicinal plants used in their routine life. Some other
tools like sanitizer and wearing the mask preventing us from
spread of disease. We should proper social distancing from
each other. The plant based food plays an important role to
improve the health immunity of people. An accient time, people
use plant extract and other parts of plant are used as
medicine.
Relation between healthy food & Health:

There are very complex relation between food & health. Eat the
balanced diet ,take sufficient sleep and do yoga, meditation,
exercise regularly improve our health and wellness. In this
pandemic situation COVID-19 we have to increase our
immunity. So we should eat the food which contain high
immune boosting nutrients . As well known said , “Prevention
is better then cure”. Our body absorb the nutrients efficiently
from the food source like fruit and vegetables then the other
food supplement. Drink plenty of water per day to avoid
dehydration.
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Nine Immune Boosting plant beat COVID-19:

1. NEEM: Neem tree is cultivated all over the World. It keep a
high esteem in Indian Mythology. From Ancient time people
used the all parts of plants like roots, leaves, fruit & bark of
treat various infection . It purify the blood also. It have the
several properties like antibacterial, antibacterial, antiviral ,
anticancer and immune-modulatory.
2. TULSI: Tulsi is most important medicinal and holy herb . It

is also cultivated in tropical climate of the country and also
grow in kitchen garden . According to Indian Mythology it is
known as holy herb . Tulsi have a great medicinal value
which used the treatment of respiratory disease , digestive
and skin disease . At present time during COVID19
pandemic period Tulsi used in daily life routine in our
kitchen for preparation for tea and kadha. It help to increase
the immunity.
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3. GILOY: Giloy is known one of the best medicine in

Ayurveda. Giloy is known as Amrit plant in Sanskrit which
means, “root of immorality”. Giloy is highly effective because
it contain high Nutritional content & Alkaloid present .
Roots , stem and leaves are used as medicine . Giloy
Has bitter taste. It help to remove Vata and Kapha dosha from
the body. Giloy is mostly used in the form of Kadha or in juice
form. During this COVID-19 pandemic period most of the
people used Giloy in daily routine in the form of liquid juice to
improve immunity.
4. GINGER : In whole world people used dried or fresh ginger

in cooking and medicine from Ancient time. Most of people
take ginger supplement for the possible health benefits.
Ginger have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-viral
and anti-oxidents properties. People used ginger in several
ways for the treatment of arthritis, inflammation, dibeties,
cancer and other health problems like stomach pain,
nausea. Ginger is a good source of anti-oxidants which is
increase the immune system of body.
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5. TURMERIC: Turmeric is yellow coloured spice obtain from

the root of plants. Turmeric used in the form of powder used
as spices in the kitchen. Turmeric plant root mainly used in
medicine. Its roots contains a yellow coloured chemical
called curcumin . it colour the food and cosmetic . Turmeric
boost our Immunity against SARS-CO-2 virus. From ancient
time people used turmeric as anti-septic , anti-inflamatory,
character. It is also used in hayfever, depression ,and high
cholesterol.
6. AMLA: Indian gooseberry or amla is used in herbal medicine

from ancient time. Amla is rich in vitamin-C . the taste of
Amla is described as sour , bitter and astringent. The
complete plant include fruit , leaves, seeds is utilized in
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traditional Indian medicine . it help to increase the immune

system of our body. It also help to treatment cancer,
antiaging, heartburn , blood sugar level ,control hair fall and
for eyes.
7. GARLIC : it is also known as T- cell booster. It contain the

compound Allicin which help to stimulate the production of
T-cell in our body. T-cells are fight against the germs and
regulate the immune system of our body. it also help to
reduce the stress and boost our immunity.
8. CLOVES: cloves has sweet and aromatic smell. The flower

buds of clove plants used as ingredient as spices . cloves
has some medicinal properties. It contain a compound
eugenol which have anti oxidant properties. In help to stop
the growth of micro organism.clove oil is used in toothache.
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9. LEMONGRASS: Lemon grass is commonly known as sea

grass. Lemon grass is mostly used in tea. But it contain
some compounds like chlorogenic acid , iso-orientin and
swertiajapona which fight against the inflammation .
lemongrass boosting the oral health. Lemongrass is used to
treat several disease like high B.P. , cough, vomiting, fever,
headache, abdominal pain and also used in aromatherapy
for muscles pain.
Role of Nutrients To Increase Immunity During COVID-19:

1. VITAMIN- C: vitamin –C help to increase immune system. It
is found in citrus fruits like Strawberry, Oranges, Broccoli,
Grapes, Kale, Redpepper and Kiwi fruit. It increase the
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production of W.B.C. and cure all infection cause by micro-

organism. It help to develop the immune system at this
pandemic period.
2. VITAMIN-A: it is a fat soluble vitamin. It contain a
compound Beta carotene. Vit-A is anti-inflamatory vitamin
which decrease the toxicity of body. Vitamin-A fight against
the disease causing viruses and bacteria . Carrot , spinach,
kale, apricot, sweet potato are the beta carotene rich fruits
and vegetables. Beta carotene is convert into Vitamin-A.
Carrot and Spinach are the best immunity boosting
vegetables.
3. VITAMIN-E: Vitamin –E is a fat soluble vitamin. It is present
in nuts, seeds and green vegetables. It helps to regulate and
support the immune system function.
4. VITAMIN-D: We can get vitamin-D from the sun light. Three
times in a week sit in sunlight for 13-15 minutes our body
synthesize the Vitamin-D . it is present in the fish , egg yolk
and mushrooms. It is essential to regulate the immune
response of the body.
5. VITAMIN-B6: Vitamin –B6 help to build up the lymphatic
system of the body and help to increase the production of
RBC (Red Blood Cells). Lymphatic nodes are present in all
parts of the body and made our immune system. Vitamin-
B6 is found in Fish, Chicken, Chick peas, Bananas and
germinating breakfast cereals and nutritional yeast.
6. ANTIOXIDENTS: Green tea is the best example of anti-
oxidants beverages. It contain Amino acid and produce T-
Cells in our body. T-cells help to reduce the inflammation
from the body. It also help to increase the immunity. Help to
loose weight.
7. WATER: Water is very essential element to the body. So
drink plenty of water through out the day to avoid
dehydration. At this time we should eat the food which
contain more water in it such as watermelon , muskmelon,
cucumber and lemon water. These are known as power
house beverages for the immune system. Give proper
hydration to the body increase the immunity.
8. ZINC: Zinc is the mineral which are not produced and
stored in the body. Zinc is necessary mineral to boost up the
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immunity. Oyster is the highest zinc content food. Crab

,chicken, red meat and beans contain zinc and it is also
found in fortified cereals breakfast. It is come from animal
based food.
Follow Some Important Rules And Precaution To Defeat

the COVID-19:
1. Wash your hand three times in the day.

2. Cover your nose and mouth with the help of mask.
3. Drink warm water through out the day.
4. Do yoga, meditation and exercise regularly per day.
5. Drink warm turmeric milk per day.
6. Made kadha with the help of tulsi, giloi,cloves,and mix
honey and take it daily.
7. Sanitize the things which come from outside the house.
8. Eat balanced diet ,take rest and live a disciplain life
which improve your health physically and mentally.
9. When any one is not feeling well, isolate themselves
immediately and contact with doctor and follow the
precautions .
Conclusion
In this pandemic situation every body increase their immunity.
Because our immune system play an important role to beat
corona virus infection. We change our daily life routiene. Eat
balanced diet and take proper sleeping to feel fresh and
healthy. We should take immune system boosting fruits and
vegetables in daily life. Avoid to eat junk food. Drink plenty of
water through out the day. Nutition rich food increase our body
strength internally , which increase the immunity .when we are
mentally and physically strong then easily fight the disease
causing micro-organism like bacteria, virus and other
infections. Ayurvedic medicine and kadha play an important
role to cure the several infection. 90% population of world
depend on the ayuervedic system of medicine because it has no
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side effect and boost up our immunity also. In this difficult

situation think positive and beat this bad situation easily.
References
1.Alschuler, L.; Weil, A.; Horwitz, R.; Stamets, P.; Chiasson,
A.M.; Crocker, R.; Maizes, V. Integrative considerations during
the COVID-19 pandemic. Explore 2020, in press. [CrossRef]
[PubMed] "COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems
Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University
(JHU)"
2. Boost your immunity against the Coronavirus-COVID-19,
Risks of Infection | Narayana Health
3. Coronavirus disease 2019; (COVID-19)—Symptoms and
causes.
4. "COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science
and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)".
5. CarddockJC, Neale EP, People GE, et al. Vegetarian-based
dietary patterns and their relation with inflammatory and
immune biomarkers: A systematic review and metaanalysis.
Adv Nutr. 2019; 10:433-451
6. Eichelmann F, Schwingshackl L, Fedirko V, et al. Effect of
plant-based diets on obesity-related inflammatory profiles: a
systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials.
Obes Rev. 2016; 17:1067-1079.
7. Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi, et al. Role of Vitamin A in the Immune
System. J Clin Med. 2016; 7:258.10.
8. Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, et al. The continuing 2019-
nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health-
The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China
2020.
9. https://pharmeasy.in/blog/9-immunity-boosting-herbs-to-
beat-covid-19
10. Rasmussen LB, Kiens B, Pedersen BK, et al. Effect of diet
and plasma fatty acidcomposition on immune status in elderly
men. Am J ClinNutr. 1994; 59:572-577.
11. Rinninella E, Cintoni M, Raoul P, et al. Food components
and dietary habits: keys for a healthy gut microbiota
composition. Nutri. Published online October 7. 2019; 1-23.
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12. Schellhorn HE. New developments and novel therapeutic

perspectives for vitamin C. J Nutr 2007;137:2171-84. PubMed
abstract
13. SoldatiL, Di Renzo L, Jirillo E, et. al. The influence of diet
on anti-cancer immune responsiveness. J Transl Med. 2018;
16:75- 93.
14. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media
briefing on COVID-19. World Health Organization (WHO) (Press
release.2020).
15. Wood LG, Attia J, Mceldu FM P, et al. Assessment of
dietary fat intake and innate immune activation as risk factors
for impaired lung function. Eur J ClinNutr. 2010; 64:818-825
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and Nutrition
Role of Underutilized Legumes of Central

Himalaya in Food and Nutritional Security
Pooja Pandey¹, Research Scholar

Rekha Naithani2, Professor
Department of Home Science
Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, B.G.R.
Campus, Pauri
Mobile No: 9756602775, E-mail Address:
pooja.pandey69pp@gmail.com
Abstract
Legumes as a staple food are a beneficial part of human diet
contributing to health. Legumes as a crop have a significant
role in food and nutritional security of a large population of our
country suffering with malnutrition and micronutrient
deficiencies. The underutilized legumes are like a basket full of
nutrients such as high protein, carbohydrates, essential amino
acids, with low lipid content, good amount of iron, phosphorus
and B-complex vitamins such as carotene, thiamine, riboflavin,
niacin and vitamin C. It has a crucial role in food security; it is
also helpful in improving the soil fertility by fixing atmospheric
nitrogen. There are handful of various conventional legumes of
Central Himalaya which are playing crucial role in combating
the problem of protein-energy malnutrition. Apart from
nutritional prominence, legumes are known to have various
non-nutritive bioactive constituents with metabolic and
physiological effects and thus, associated with the reduced
chances of chronic noncommunicable diseases.
Keywords: Legumes, Protein- Energy Malnutrition, Food

Security, Nutritional Security
Introduction
Legumes are known to add importance to the daily dietary
needs of the Indian households. Legumes help to ensure food
and nutritional security during conditions such as drought,
famine and dry season, which is among the convincing issues
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specifically in traditional subsistence farming system. Soon

attention towards the unexploited Himalayan legumes is
needed for finding some substitute for dietary protein to
matchup the constantly growing need for vegetable protein. The
various underutilized or lesser known crops of hilly areas have
a great potential to support by providing income as well as food
and nutrition security.
There are handful of various conventional legumes of

Uttarakhand like Horse gram, Black soyabean which can play
a crucial role in combating the problem of protein-energy
malnutrition and also combat the issues of non-communicable
diseases, which is increasing at a fast pace in many developing
countries like India. Pulses and Legumes belong to one of the
most nutrient dense food groups with a good amount of dietary
proteins, carbohydrates, rich in dietary fibre, several vitamins
and minerals for the large group of people all across the world.
Horse gram and Black gram are among the known staple
legumes of Uttarakhand having the potential of reducing
nutrient deficiency disorders.
These legume crops are most suitable for the dried areas and
can be grown under moderate rainfall. It is also incorporated
into the soil as green manure to enrich the soil fertility which
makes it suitable as drought resistant and thus, requires less
irrigation facility. Leguminous crops in India are primarily
grown on light sandy soils, red loams, black cotton soils and
gravels. However, certain factors such as water logging and
excess alkalinity in soils are known to have detrimental effect
on these food crops.
Nutritional Security and Food Security through Legumes

Consumption
Efforts need to be put-forth in order to ensure increment in the
consumption of regional legumes of Himalayan region. In view
of this, processing and value addition of local pulses and
legumes have been considered important. Legumes are high in
nutrient density with good amount of dietary fibre, rich amino
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acids content, and mineral content and also the phytochemical

components present in it.
Black soybean botanically referred as Glycine Max used both as

a pulse and as an oilseed. It is commonly known as kalabhat or
bhat, which is very well adaptable to many cultivated lands
and climatic conditions. Soyabean also called ‘miracle bean’
have sought high protein content about 43% which is
characterized by a good balance of all essential amino acids
except methionine and cysteine, therefore used for
supplementing rice which is deficient in lysine and its fat
content is about 19- 22 percent., better than any of the other
common vegetable sources of protein. It is also rich in many
minerals viz., calcium, phosphorus, and iron, therefore said to
have potential to be used as functional food.
Horse gram (Dolichus uniflorus)/ Macrotyloma uniflorum

commonly known as Gahat is a traditionally unexploited
tropical grain legume, which is a good source of plant protein
and have an ample amount of minerals such as calcium, iron,
zinc (Bhokre et al., 2012). Horse gram has almost 18-29 per
cent of protein, therefore considered on par with other pulses
(Sundarraj and Thulsidas, 1986). Besides good protein content,
horse gram has a good amount of minerals (3.2 g per cent) with
calcium (287 mg/100 g), iron (8.4 mg/100 g) and crude fibre
(5.3 g per cent), carbohydrate (57.2 g per cent), energy (321
Kcal/100 g). Horse gram has good vitamin content such as
thiamine - 0.42 mg/100g, riboflavin - 0.2 mg/100g, niacin- 1.5
mg/100g and vitamin - C 1.0 mg/100g (Gopalan et al., 2007).
Horse gram is among the abundant traditional food crops of
Uttarakhand, which is extremely drought-resistant, for which
moderately warm and dry climate is suitable for its optimum
growth with difficulty in growth due to cool and wet climate.
This crop is generally grown on lateritic soil (poor in fertility).
Although the crop can be cultivated on broad variety of soils
varying from light to heavy, but the soil must be free from
alkalinity. Therefore, farming legume crops is extremely
adaptable for drought prone areas because of these crops have
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low water consumption ability and these crops can be grown in

soils with low fertility.
Effect of Intercropping for Improved Production

Intercropping is a far more efficient crop based system than
mono-cropping, being practiced in Himalayan region and all
over the world. Inter-cropping is said to be useful in terms to
minimize the possibility of crop decline associated with adverse
effects of pests, it also enhance the soil fertility, reduces the
chances of soil erosion thus, increasing yield stability and cost
effectiveness of crops involved (Maikhuri et al., 1996; Jensen,
1996; Anil et al., 1998; Dapaah et al., 2003; Chandra, 2007;
Chandra et al., 2009). The use of diverse crops and the
prevailing cropping systems worked in the Central Himalayan
regions due to its distinct geographical, large ecological and
cultural diversity, has led to the varied cropping patterns.
Frequently people in the Garhwal hills of the central Himalayas
are engaged in subsistence agriculture (Maikhuri et al., 2001).
Land holdings are usually narrow with fragmented and
terraced slopes. Major parts of Himalayan agricultural land are
rainfed, while the associated valley areas are mostly irrigated.
The advantage of inter-cropping patterns involving non-

leguminous crops with a legume crop proved to provide
climbing support to the latter crop, it reduces chances of
disease invasion, facilitates weed management. Inter-cropping
system is well-known to reduce the harmful impacts of
continuous and intensive cereal cultivation on soil fertility and
productivity. The ever expanding population and the urge to
avail diverse food crops, farmers in Central Himalayan regions
have been associated in inter-cropping legumes with millets.
Millets which are popularly known for its high mineral content
while legumes for good protein content. Intercropping approach
would be advantageous since combing leguminous crop with a
non-legume ensuring nitrogen fixation by the legumes and
increasing soil fertility.
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Conclusion
The study disclosed extensive possibility of Himalayan
cultivated legumes in inter-cropping technique. Inter-cropping
approach seems to be a favorable approach to capture the
decline in soil fertility, also increasing the productivity,
availability and accessibility of nutrients to a broad range of
population. Uttarakhand (India), a mesmerized and stunning
beautiful state has been bestowed with a wide range of pulses
and legumes having surplus amount of nutritional value in
combination with the naturally occurring phytochemical
constituents. Taking into account, the nutritious, healthful and
bioactive facets of legumes like horse gram and black
soyabean, these can be said to have a great potential for
further utilization as nutraceuticals, forage and food for
malnourished areas of the world. Legumes can go a far way in
eliminating malnutrition, which is one of the major threats in
fostering development. It will assist to accomplish the agenda
of sustainable development goals (SDGs) such as to end
hunger, attain better food security and improved nutrition
status and to promote sustainable agriculture. Legumes can be
an indigenous answer to the big question of protein-energy
malnutrition arising and increasing its pace across worldwide.
References
1. Anil, L., Park, J., Phipps, R.H., Miller, F.A. 1998. Temperate
intercropping of cereals for forage: a review of the potential
for growth and utilization with particular reference to the
UK. Grass and Forage Science, 53, 301–317.
2. Chandra, A. 2007. Traditional agrodiversity management in
central Himalayan village ecosystem. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
3. Chandra, A., Sharmila, P., Pardha Saradhi, P., Rao, K.S.,
Saxena, K.G., Kandari, L. S., Payal K.C., Maikhuri, R.K.
2009a. Assessment of Biological Yield of Some Selected
Vigna sps. with Native Rhizobial Strain in Traditional
Agroecosystem of Central Himalaya. Proceeding of
International Conference on Changing Environmental
Trends and Sustainable Development, Hisar. 217-221.
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4. Dapaah, H.K., Asafu-Agyei, J.N., Ennin, S.A., Yamoah, C.Y.

2003. Yield stability of cassava, maize, soybean and cowpea
intercrops. The Journal of Agricultural Science Cambridge
140, 73–82.
5. Jensen, E.S., 1996. Grain yield, symbiotic N2 Fixation and
interspecific competition for inorganic N in peabarley
intercrops. Plant and Soil, 182, 25–38.
6. Maikhuri, R.K., Rao, K.S., Saxena, K.G. 1996. Traditional
crop diversity for sustainable development of Central
Himalayan Agroecosystems, International Journal of.
Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 3, 8–31.
7. Maikhuri, R.K., Rao., K.S., Semwal, R.L. 2001. Changing
scenario of Himalayan agroecosystems: loss of
agrobiodiversity, an indicator of environmental change in
Central Himalayas. The Environmentalist 21, 23-39.
8. R.K. Maikhuri, Divya Dangwal, Vikram S. Negi, L.S. Rawat.
2016. Evaluation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing ability of
legume crops in Central Himalaya, India. Rhizosphere.
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and Nutrition
To Study Corona Virus Morphology,

Epidemiology, Precaution and Status of
Vaccine
1Mr. Rajkumar Tukaram Rathod, M.A.,M.Ed., SET, Ph.D

Scholar, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,
Aurangabad, (M.S.).
2Dr. Satish Uttamrao Patil, M.A.,M.Ed.,Ph.D, Guest Faculty,
Centre for Disaster M and Trainer
Abstract
COVID-19 a viral infection first identified in Wuhan city, Hubei
province in China. The most notable symptoms of covid-19 are
fever, dry cough, sneezing nose, soreness throat, loss of taste,
smell perceptions, body pain, headache, viral infection in lung
and respiratory failure. In India, on 30 May 2021 Total
number of patients are 2,78,94,800, cured patients are
2,54,54,320, active covid 19 cases are 21,14,508 and total
number of deaths due to covid 19 are 3,25,972. In
Maharashtra On 30 may, 2021 Total number of patients are
5713215, cured patients are 5339838, and total number of
deaths due to covid 19 are 94030. Indian citizen vaccinated
10%. Now a days Vaccine is not available properly in India. In
Laul no.1 Tal Majalgaon 9.34 % peoples have completed 1 st
dose vaccination and 2.7% peoples have both 1 st and 2nd dose
of vaccination in Laul No. 1 , Tal Majalgaon. Conclude that
vaccination rate is very low in Majalgaon Taluka, Vaccine is not
available in proper in number at PHC. Only above 45 age
person have vaccinated.18 to 44 age group people vaccinated
only 0.2%.
Keywords: Vaccine, Covid-19, respiratory failure.
Introduction
COVID-19 a viral infection first identifieg in Wuhan city, Hubei
province in China. occording to evidence corona virus is
transmittes between people through respiratory droplets and
contact rule. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced
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a nation wide lockdown on 24 march 2020 in India. The most

notable symtoms of covid-19 are fever, dry cough,sneezing
nose,soreness throat, loss of taste, smell perceptions, body
pain,headach , viral infection in lung and respriratory failure.
To wash your hand regularely using soap or hand wash or
alcohole based sanitizers.Avoid frequent touching of eyes,nose
and mouth.Maintaining social distance of about 1 meter
between people who are coughing and sneezing.Wearing face
mask when in contact with another people.Cleaning and
sanitizing home and workplaces. In India , on 30 May 2021
Total number of patients are 2,78,94,800, cured patients are
2,54,54,320, active covid 19 cases are 21,14,508 and total
number of deaths due to covid 19 are 3,25,972.In Maharashtra
On 30 may, 2021 Total number of patients are 5713215,
cured patients are 5339838, and total number of deaths due to
covid 19 are 94030. Indian citizen vaccinated 10%.Now a days
Vaccin is not available properly in India. In Laul no.1 Tal
Majalgaon 9.34 % peoples have completed 1st dose vaccination
and 2.7% peoples have both 1st and 2nd dose of vaccination in
Laul No. 1 , Tal Majalgaon.Conclude that vaccination rate is
very low in Majalgaon Taluka, Vaccin is not available in proper
in number at PHC. Only above 45 age person have
vaccinated.18 to 44 age group people vaccinated only 0.2%.
Many people not wearing mask.
Objective
1.) To Study Corona virus history, morphology,epidemiology.
2.) To know about corona virus cases.
3.) To suggest COVID-19 precaution and waste management
Do’s and Don’ts.
4.) To discuss the status of vaccination.
COVID-19 a viral infection first identifieg in Wuhan city, Hubei

province in China. The morphology of corona viruses are
enveloped positive senses of RNA ranging from 60nm to 140
nm in diameter. Corona virus have crown shaped.It can see
under electronic microscope.Corona virus is in molecular
structure.Corona virus spread through close interaction
between the peoples in crowds are prone this
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infections.Scientific reason is that infected person breathes or

cough during his interactions the tiny droplets spit out in air
has an immense probability of being inhaled and ingested by
the healthy person in proximity.occording to evidence corona
virus is transmittes between people through respiratory
droplets and contact rule. The life cycle of corona virus is
divided into four phases 1. entry and attachment 2.replicase
protein expression 3. Replication and transcriptions 4.
Assemble and release. The most notable symtoms of covid-19
are fever,dry cough,sneezing nose,soreness throat, loss of
taste, smell perceptions, body pain,headach , viral infection in
lung and respriratory failure.These symptoms appear after 2-
14 days of infection.Transmission of COVID-19 by direct
contact of infected people and indirect contact with surfaces in
immediate environment and object used by infected people.
If you comes in contact with infected people with novel

corona virus then follows some rules:
1. Do not come contact with anybody for next 14 days
2. Sleep in separate room.
3. Wash your hand frequently using soap and water.
4. Cover your nose and mouth with N 95 or cottan double
layer mask or handkerchief.
5. Keep social distance of minimum 3 feet.
Healthcare workers should be provided with fit tested N
95 respirators, protective suits and goggles.keeping 6
feet safe distance during interaction.Regular hand
washing with alcohole bsed sanitisers.
Lockdown: Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a

nation wide lockdown on 24 march 2020 in India. Everything
closed except the essential services like medical services. To
slow down the rate of transmission. Districts have been
categorized into green, yellow and red zones based on risk
profiling.
Prevention of COVID-19 individuals follows some rules:

1. To wash your hand regularely using soap or hand wash
or alcohole based sanitizers.
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2. Avoid frequent touching of eyes,nose and mouth.

3. Maintaining social distance of about 1 meter between
people who are coughing and sneezing.
4. Wearing face mask when in contact with another
people.
5. Cleaning and sanitizing home and workplaces.
Mortality rate of COVID-19 is reduced by following ways:

1. Keep social distancing.
2. Physical and mental helth awareness.
3. Proper medical management support.
4. More number of covid 19 RTPCR or Antigen or other
tests and hospitalization at early stage.
5. Social support is very important.
6. Economical security to marginal people.
7. Everyone has take responsibility.
8. Mission Zero Death Survey.
9. Future oriented professional risk management plan.
10. Vaccination
11. To increase your immunity power
In India , on 30 May 2021 Total number of patients are
2,78,94,800, cured patients are 2,54,54,320, active covid 19
cases are 21,14,508 and total number of deaths due to covid
19 are 3,25,972.In Maharashtra On 30 may, 2021 Total
number of patients are 5713215, cured patients are 5339838,
and total number of deaths due to covid 19 are 94030.
Status of Vaccine
Pan –coronavirus vaccin is very effective vaccine. This vaccine
is called mother of all vaccine.Pan-coronavirus vaccine is
developed by North Carrolina Duc University America.now a
day vaccine test is challenges.On April 2021 , 16 Vaccins are
authorized by at least one national regulatory authority for
public.Pfizer, Sputnic 5 ,covishield, covaxin, EpivacCorona,
RBD-Dimer, WIBP-CorV, CoronaVac, CoviVac, Minhai-Kangtai,
QazVac, Convidecia, Johnson and Johnson, Sputnik light,
Oxford astrazenka, BBIBP-CorV. On 21 March 2021, 308
vaccine candidates are in various stages of development. As a
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report of national helth agencies on 27 May 2021 , 1.81 billions

doses of covid 19 vaccine have been administrated worldwide.
The Oxford – astrazenca two vaccine candidate known as

Covishield in India And Covaxin developed by Bharat biotech in
collaboration with ICMR. Covaxine has an efficacy rate of 81%.
India is supplying the vaccine to several countries in what is
being widely described as “ vaccine diplomacy”. Sputnik 5 has
an efficacy rate of 92%.Vaccine are a critical new tool in the
battle against COVID-19. Cummulative Coverage Report of
COVID 19 vaccination as on 11 March, 2021 are beneficiaries
vaacinated in India 1st dose 2,10,34,481, 2nd dose 46,50,530
Total doses have given 2,56,85,011. In Maharashtra benificiries
vaccinated 1st dose 19,81,629, 2nd dose 3,36,067 Total doses
have given 23,17,696.On 30 May, 2021 total number of
vaccination in India are 21,20,66,614 and in Maharashtra
57,13,215. Indian citizen vaccinated 10%.Now a days Vaccin is
not available properly in India.
DRDO Government of India developed 2DG medicine

powder.This medicine will be game changer against covid-19.
Covid 19 Survey : I have take survey in Laul No.1 , Tal

Majalgaon Dist Beed. Sample of my this research are 742
family and 3883 person from 10 April to 10 May 2021 period.
In Laul No.1 In first Round 32 covid-19 patient, In second
round 14 covid-19 patient and in third round 6 covid 19
patient founded. 172 people have diabetis, BP, paralisis any
other diseases. In laul no.1 village 20 peoples have deaths due
to covid19. In Nitrud village 58 people deaths due to covid 19
in May 2021. Vaccination of Covishield and covaxin In first
round 128 people have completed 1st dose and 37 people have
completed 2nd dose, Upto second round 192 people have
completed 1st dose and 44 people have completed 2nd dose,
Upto third round 252 people have completed 1 st dose and 73
people have completed 2nd dose. Above 18 age 2697 peoples are
eligible for vaccination.9.34 % peoples have completed 1st dose
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vaccination and 2.7% peoples have both 1st and 2nd dose of
vaccination in Laul No. 1 , Tal Majalgaon. Conclude that
vaccination rate is very low in Majalgaon Taluka, Vaccin is not
available in proper in number at PHC. Only above 45 age
person have vaccinated.18 to 44 age group people vaccinated
only 0.2%. Many people not wearing mask.
Conclusion
1. The morphology of corona viruses are enveloped positive
senses of RNA ranging from 60nm to 140 nm in diameter.
Corona virus have crown shaped.
2. Transmission of COVID-19 by direct contact of infected
people and indirect contact with surfaces in immediate
environment and object used by infected people.
3. To wash your hand regularely using soap or hand wash or
alcohole based sanitizers.Avoid frequent touching of
eyes,nose and mouth.Maintaining social distance of about
1 meter between people who are coughing and
sneezing.Wearing face mask when in contact with another
people.Cleaning and sanitizing home and workplaces.
4. In India , on 30 May 2021 Total number of patients are
2,78,94,800, cured patients are 2,54,54,320, active covid
19 cases are 21,14,508 and total number of deaths due to
covid 19 are 3,25,972.In Maharashtra On 30 may, 2021
Total number of patients are 5713215, cured patients are
5339838, and total number of deaths due to covid 19 are
94030.
5. Indian citizen vaccinated 10%.Now a days Vaccin is not
available properly in India.
6. In Laul no.1 Tal Majalgaon 9.34 % peoples have completed
1st dose vaccination and 2.7% peoples have both 1st and
2nd dose of vaccination in Laul No. 1 , Tal
Majalgaon.Conclude that vaccination rate is very low in
Majalgaon Taluka, Vaccin is not available in proper in
number at PHC. Only above 45 age person have
vaccinated.18 to 44 age group people vaccinated only
0.2%. Many people not wearing mask.
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7. DRDO Government of India developed 2DG medicine

powder.This medicine will be game changer against covid-
19.
References
1. Rathod Rajkumar(May 2021), Mission Zero Death
Survey, Laul No.1 Tal Majalgaon.
2. https://www.mygov.in/information/covid-19
3. Danik Pudhari (18 May,2021) page no.4
4. Public helth department of Maharashtra state covid 19
vaccination as on 11 March 2021.
5. www.wikipedia.org
6. Danik Lokmat,19 May 2021
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Impact of Covid-19 on eating behavior
Komal Jajora
Research Scholar
Mahatma Jyoti Rao University
komalkumawat6666@gmail.com
Abstract
Nutritional and lifestyle changes resulting from the
implementation of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) curfew
could have detrimental effects on individuals' nutritional
health. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19
curfew on eating habits, food intake, and weight according to
food security. This paper will also be beneficial for the readers
in order to enhance immunity by eating and choosing adequate
food habits to stay healthy in this pandemic situation.
Keywords: Pandemic, curfew, nutritional health.
Introduction
SARS-COV2 which is the causative agent of Covid-19 is a
single stranded RNA virus. Commonly spread by respiratory
droplets and human to human contact. The Covid-19
pandemic has compromised the eating habits of individual's
makings them vulnerable to food insecurity and triggering
eating disorders in individuals at risk of these disorders
causing severity or relapse.
Extreme quarantine measures because of Covid-19 pandemic

have also contributed to the increase in the severity of eating
disorder and altered eating habits thus; we review the
implications of covid-19 on eating habits this study would
serve as a foundation for further research on covid-19 and its
implications on healthy eating habits.
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe

acute respiration syndrome coronavirus-2 (SAR S-COV-2) was
first reported in Wuhan, a city in china in December. 2019,
and have spread fast around the world making global ceramic
(SARS COV-2) which is a single stranded ribonudeic acid (RNA)
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virus like the middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-COV)

and serve acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV)
share high percentage of nude tide identity with bat
coronaviruses (Covid-19). which is a respiratory illness is
commonly. Spread via respiratory droplets or by human
contact. About 20% - 30% of patients ingested with covid-19
require mechanical ventilation and are admitted into intensive
care unit an average of 10% of infected patients die, with an
increase in mortality vote among. Those with underlying
disease conditions and older adults.
Fating habits during covid-19 and the effect of food insecurity
eating disorder and quarantine on eating habits, the studies
used in its requires are recent and were assessed for value and
quality.
Healthy Eating Habits

Good nutrition refers to the consumption of well balanced diet,
adequate intake of nutrients to meet body need crucial. to
achieve optimum health and development, According to the
dietary guidelines for Indians 2015-2020, healthy eating
includes intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy products such as low
fat milk or fat free mil, whole gains, and plant puoteing such as
eggs, fish nuts, reduced intake of saturated fats, trans fat,
sodium added sugars and cholesterol.
A Healthy diet helps in sustaining and imputing body health by

providing essential nutrients and adequate calories to the body
thereby protecting against all forms of malnutrition and
apronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.
A recent survey showed that about 34% of households with

children experienced food insecurity before the end of April,
2020. The household more vulnerable to food insecurity
especially during the pandemic, include low income household,
single mother household, household with <6 years, household
minority groups such as blocks and Hispanics and adults
living alone or with disabilities, Food insecure household are at
a high risk of morbidity and mortality resulting from chronic
diseases.
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Hifostyie habits, such as the eating habits of most indiniduols

hve been altered during the quarantine hinited access to food
due to restriced store hours and store running out of food
quickly them they can be replaced has affected the eating
habits and food intake of fast food and packaged food and
redacted intake of fronts and vegetables causing weight gain
increased consumption of four its and vegetables has been
attributed to an increase in antioxidant status resulting in
weight loss and increased resistance to diseases. The
progression of the Covid-19 pandemic has impacted people
with calling disorders due to social isolation resulting in
increased severity of the disorder and lack of sufficient
psychdogical treatments as the pandemic advanced. Anorexia
nervosa, which is also a common eating disorder requires
intensive treatment and dose observation in patients with the
disorder due to lot of focus on patients with covid-19 and
reduction in hospital visit as well as emergency ferries, lots of
patients with the eating disorder are at high risk of security
and relapse. Anorexia nervosa also predisposes individuals to
covid-19. Due to their increased susceptibility to disease and
something low body weight covid-19 has a major effect on
individuals with anorexia nervosa when compared with other
individuals of the same age group.
In Conclusion, an increase in the rate of unemployment,

limited access to food and an increase in the price of food
products predispose individuals to food insecurity, Extreme
quarantine measures in response of the covid-19 pandemic has
been observed to trigger bring. Eating order Anorexia Nervosa
and individuals at risk of these eating disorders. The eating
habits of most people have also been compromised resulting in
increased with a decreased consummating of healthy foods rich
in fruits and vegetables because of covid-19 pandemic.
References
1. Grace Bennett, Elysia yomg, Isabel butler Shelly
2. Central for Nutrition and health department of Health
science.
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3. Oxford Brooks University.

4. Google scholar and science direct database.
5. Clekin KJ. Fried JA, Raikehkar J, Sayer G, GRiffin JM. et al
"Covid-19 and cardiovascular disease" circulation /4/(2020)
1648-1655
6. paules CL, Marston HD, Fauci AS "Coronavirus infection -
more than just the common cold" Jama 323(2020) 707-708
7 Https://www.who.int/health-topics/nutritions
8. Https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/current-dietary
guidelines/2015-2020. Dietory-guidlines
9. Https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/healthy
diet.
10. www.google.com
11. www.mdpi.com
12. www.news medical.com
13. pubmed.ncbi.n/m.nih.gov
14. www.uncef.org
15. Touyz S, Lac Cy H, Hay P. "Eating disorder in the time of
covid-19" (2020)
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Psychological Impact of Coronavirus on

Human Health
Shakuntla Darji
Research Scholar
Mahatma Jyoti Rao University
Shaku7519@gmail.com
Abstract
As we all are well aware of the adverse impacts of Covid
pandemic on our social, mental, emotional as well as physical
health status. It is claimed that the coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) pandemic has had a negative impact on mental
health. However, to date, prospective studies are lacking.
Moreover, it is important to identify which factors modulate the
stress response to the pandemic.
Keywords: Pandemic, prospective studies, mental health.
Introduction
The behavior of an individual as a unit of society or a
community has marked effects on dynamics of a pandemic that
involves the level of severity, degree of flow and after effects
Rapid human to human transmission of SARS-COV-2 resulted
in the enforcement of regional lockdowns to stem the further
spread of the disease. Isolation, social distancing and closure of
educational institutes, workplaces and entertainment venues
consigned people to stay in their homes to help break the chain
of transmission.
However the restrictive measures undoubtedly have affected

the social and mental health of individuals from across the
board.
As more and more people are forced to stay at home in self-

isolation to present the further flow of the pathogen at the
societal level, government must take the necessary measures to
provide mental health support as prescribed by experts.
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The health systems worldwide are assembling exclusively to

fight the Covid-19 outbreak, which can drastically affect the
management of other disease including mental health, which
usually exacerbates during the pandemic.
The Psychological state of an individual that contributes

toward the community health varies from person to person and
depends on this background and professional and social
standings quarantine and self-isolation can most likely cause a
negative impact on one's mental health. The lancet said that
the separation from loved ones, less of freedom, boredom, and
uncertainty can cause deterioration in an individual's mental
health status.
Under the current global situation, both children and adults

are experiencing a mix of emotions. They can be placed in a
situation or an environment that may be new and can be
potentially damaging to their health.
The world health organization suggests that family member

should regularly check on older members of the family and
become involved in some of their daily routines if possible.
Understanding the effects of the covid-19 outbreak on the

mental health of various population are as important as
understanding its clinical features, transmission patterns, and
managements.
Spending time with family members, including children and

elderly people involvement in different healthy exercises and
sports activities, following a schedule/routine, and taking a
break from traditional and social media can all help to
overcome mental health issues.
Public awareness campaigns focusing on the maintenance of

mental health in the prevailing situation are urgently needed.
Stay connected and maintains your social network try as much
as possible to keep your personal daily routines or create new
routines. If circumstances change, if health authorities have
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recommended limiting your physical social contact to contain

the outbreak, you can stay connected via telephone, e-mail,
social media or video conference.
References
1. Nawaz Sharif medical college, university of Gujrat.
2. Int J Health Elann Manage 2020. June 22 10.1002/hpm
3. Jaued B. Sarwer A, Soto EB, Mashwani Z-R
4. https://www.epi.win.com/
5. world health organization 2020
6. www.ncbi.hlm.hih.gov
7. www.euro.who.int.
8. www.sciencedirect.com
9. Brooks. S.K, Webster. R.K, Smith L.E wesseley, S. Greenberg
Rabin, G.K (2020) The Psychological impact of quarantine
Google scholar
10. MOHFW (2020) the covid-19 India https://
www.mohfw.gov.in
11. www.unicef.org
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COVID -19 ERA & IMMUNE BOOSTING PLANT

Dr.Anamika
Assistant professor, Department of Botany,Vardhaman College,
Bijnor, U.P., India
Abstract
Life was very happy before CoVID-19, invisible enemy. This
virus create not only Global Health Crises but also disturb our
ontology and ethics. According to some researcher pneumonia
like infection has been identified in Wuhan, China(Wang et al
2020). Further it spread all over the world and become
pandemic. It effect not only our physical health but also mental
health too. Nobody can say about how long the pandemic will
continue? Incident of pandemic are not new to humanity. We
have used plant to overcome this problem since ancient time.
Plants are natural laboratories of many secondary metabolites,
work as our immune system booster but also inhibit the
growth of disease causal agent in human body.
Key words: Health crises, ontology, ethics, pandemic, natural

laboratories, secondary metabolites, immune system booster.
Introduction
CORONA virus cause pneumonia like disease in various type of
mammals and their symptoms may be mild or lethal.
Rhinovirus produce only mild symptoms while SARS, MERS
and Covid-19 shows mild to lethal symptoms. Lots of
depression creat in entire humanity by Covid-19 due to their
high spreading rate and lethality. People suffering from any
kind of disease like cancer, heart trouble etc. badly effected.
Senior citizen mostly have weak immune system so it becomes
a soft target of this disease. India is a country of diabetic and
heart patients. Poor sanitization, lack of education, dense
population, less awareness, weak social distancing , ignore
wearing mask etc. creat a critical atmosphere of survivability of
human being. If we want to overcome the challenges, it is
necessary to pay high attention on our immune system.
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Indian Ayurveda is also a good alternate to boost immunity for

people of any ages. It is a science of human being for human
culture. CHARAKA, SUSRUTA SANHITA are ancient books of
Indian culture regarding immunity. Healthy DINACHARYA and
RITUCHARYA are always remain important part of Indian life
style since ancient time. We can obtain lots of immunity if we
follow them. Yoga and Pranayam are also good tools to fight
against Covid-19.Daily practices gives better result. Flora
based remedies have high potential to work as antiviral agent
as well as immunity booster.
CoVID-19
Group of CORONA viruses are R.N.A. containing.Single Strand
of R.N.A envelope in proteinaceous capsid with spike known as
peplomeres. Electron microscopic study shows their crown like
structure that's why it known as CORONA, means CROWN like
structure.
Structure of Covid-19
SARS.CoV-2
Many type of CORONA viruses were isolated and identified by
different scientist time to time but Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-2 (SARS.CoV-2) is the highly risky and cause
Corona Virus Disease in 2019 so it called Covid-19
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Basically it transmitted through oral and nasal drop. It became

pandemic due to high spreading rate. It spread through cough
and sneezing of infected person or spray of droplet as far as 6
feet or touching or close contact. Evidences of air transmission
do not find but man to man transmission is possible.
Fever, short breath, fatique, chills, body ache, cough, loss of

smell or taste, abdominal pain, diarrhoea are some common
symptoms. Further these symptoms converts into pneumonia,
lungs failure, heart and lever problem, MOF(Multi Organ
Failure) and death in the end. If any person have some chronic
disease of kidney, pulmonary, Heart, Blood like Sickle Cell
anaemia, type 2 diabetes etc. shows high chance of serious
condition.Older people/weak immunity containing people are
on high risk.
Current status of CoVID-19.(Source -Aarogya setu app).
Vaccine
COVID-19 vaccine was launched on 16 january 2021.Bharat
Biotech developed COVAXINE in collaboration with
ICMR(Indian Council of Medical Research).National Institute of
Virology isolate CoVID-19 from patient body, were used in
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development of Vaccines at Bio-Safety level-3(BSL-3).

Indigenous, inactivated, whole Viron present in Covaxine.
Actually it contain dead virus who can't replicate as well as not
able to infect people. But capable to develop active acquired
immunity against specific pathogen in form of antibodies.
COVISHIELD is another vaccine, also use in India now-a-

dayas. It has weakened strain of adenovirus (similar to
CORONA virus) obtained from Chimpanzees. It developed by
AstraZeneca of Oxford University-Serum Institute of India
locally.
According to Government of India,both vaccines are safe and

second phase of vaccination is running. But recently AIIMS
director Dr.Randeep Guleria in an interview with NDTV told
about herd immunity and vaccination. According to him, herd
immunity is not true, it is a myth in India. Virus has immune
escaper mechanism so chances of reinfection is possible.
Member of Maharashtra's CoVID task, Mr.Shahshank Joshi
has been told to NDTV about pandemic. According to him,
more than 240 new strain of this virus has been known across
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India. One vaccine not sufficient to all strain. We can say that
person could be infected by the CoVID varient.
Hope to the Plant

Of course plants are good alternative solution in this critical
situation. Different traditional system already known for the
uses of plant to boost immunity. A strong immune system can
easily and successfully tackle this infection. Plant extract not
only gives power but strength also. Different layers of body like
Asthi, Majja, Medha, Rasa, Mansa, Rakta, Shukra can tackle
Covid-19 very easily. "OJAS" of body build as well as improve
our immunity. The ministry of Ayush of India release an
advisory for the use of KADHA (Decotion), GOLDEN MILK
(haldi+milk) etc.
Uses of plant derived drug and others were more safe and good
during first world war. It gave better result than synthetic
drugs. Approximate more than 50 phytochemicals are known
that have capabilities to inhibit replication of SARS-CoV-2.
Some Important Immunity booster plants
Ashwagandha.
Botanical name: Withania somnifera.
Family: Solanaceae.
Herb with simple leaf, pale-green flower. Fruits are red in

colour,multi seeded. Roots and leaves are very
important.Powder of roots is very important. It work as a
immunity booster. According a research study in Delhi IIT,
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is very important plant to
fight against CoVID-19.A natural compound WITHANONE,
found in Ashwagandha, can inhibit and interact the action of
protease or M-Pro that play important role in replication
ofCoVID-19.
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Fig:withania somnifera.
TULSI
Botanical Name: Ocimum sanctum.
Family. : Lamiaceae.
Aromatic, perennial plant. Branched, Erect with hairy stem.

Leaves are simple, green/purple, petiolate, reticulate, opposite-
decussate. flowers are purple in colour.
According to molecular docking study,3 probable inhibitors of

SARS-CoV-2Mprofound in Tulsi (Vicenin, disorienting 4-0-
glucoside 2"-0-p- hydroxybenzoagte and ursolic acid.
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Fig:Ocimum sanctum.
GILOY
Botanical Name - Tinospora cordifolia.
Family - Menispermaceae.
Climbing shrub with many elongated twining branches.Leaves

are green, heart shape, simple, alternate, long petiole. Fruits
are red in colour. Flowers are unisexual.
Leaves and stems are used as medicine. Giloy has tinocordiside

inhibitor of main protease enzyme of SARS-CoV-2Mpro..
Fig: Tinospora cordifolia.
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NEEM.
Botanical Name-Azadirachta indica
Family-Meliaceae.
Evergreen, fast growing tree. Leaves are opposite, pinnately

compound with short petiole. Flowers are white and fragrance
loaded, bisexusl. fruit is glabrous, look like olive drop.
Neem is broad-spectrum antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and

antomalarial. In Ayurveda, Neem is known as"SARVA ROGA
NIVARINI". It is a good blood purifier.
According to docking study, Neem leaves are known to have
100+compounds (Subramanian,2020).Neem leaves show high
inhibition against CovID-19 main protease. Neem has
antioxidant as well as immune booster property. It originate
body's ability to fight all type of infection.
Fig: Azadirachta indica.
AMLA.
Botanical Name- Phyllanthus emblica.
Family-Phyllanthaceae.
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Tree with simple leaves but look like pinnate leaves. Flowers
are green to yellow. Fruit is berry, spherical, hard, smooth
with 6 vertical rows, sour in taste, fibrous and astringent.
Fruits are rich in ascorbic acid.
Various minerals and vitamin C of fruit moist the skin, pulp

cleans the toxin of body and boost immunity. No doubt, Amla
is a super food, potential remedy and anti aging agent. Vitamin
C and A of amla provide good immunity. It is good antiviral,
antibacterial, antifungal, antipyretic, analgesic, antioxidant etc.
It increase no. of W.B.C. count which helpful in immunity
boosting. It improve mental power too.
Fig: Phyllanthus emblica.
ALOE
Botanical Name-Aloe vira.
Family -Liliaceae.
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Succulent ,ever green, perennial plant with cactus like

appearance. Grow in hot and dry climate and has Xerophytic
characters too. Leaves are thick, fleshy, green with serrate
margin and small teeth like spine. Flowers are in spike. Each
flower has yellow tubular corolla.
Leaves of Aloe have many useful phytochemicals in their gel.

Gel is very useful in many skin problems like rashes, burning,
dry skin, cold sores etc. It is very effective in heel wounds or
burn.
uice of Aloe support our immune system and helpful in female

genital problems. Cosmetic, food industry mostly use.
Fig: Aloe vira.
TURMERIC.
Botanical Name- Curcuma longa.
Family-Zingiberaceae.
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Perennial, herbaceous plant.Leaves are alternate and arranged

in two rows.False stem is form by leaf sheath while true stem is
form of rhizome.Flower is very beautiful and has yellow
colour.It is hermaphrodite and zygomorphic.
Rhizome is very important part used as coloring agent of

food,cloth etc.It has CURCUMIN.God flavoring agent.Turmeric
powder has specific aroma.W.H.O. approved it as a food
additive.
Turmeric has the capacity to improve immunity,even in those

people who has immune disorder.It has warm nature so it use
during cough and cold.It is a powerful antioxidant and help to
cure chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
Haldi or turmeric also useful in the form of GOLDEN MiLK.

Uncook turmeric also can take with water or tea. CURCUMIN
have anti inflammatory properties that boost our immunity
immediately. It is antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and
previous(promote healthy bacteria in our gut).It purifies our
blood and eliminate toxin also.
Fig: Curcuma longa.
Works Cited
1.Chan j.Yuan S,KOK K et al.A familial cluster of pneumonia
associated with the 2019 novel corona virus indicating person
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to person transmission.A study of family cluster Lancet 2020

dol:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9.
2.Chang-yeungM, XuRH. SARS:Epidemiology.Respirology
(Carlton,Vic) 2003; 8 (supply.:S9-14)
3. Salata C,Calistria A,Paravin C,Palu G(2020). Coronavirus:a
paradigm of new emerging Zoonotic disease.Puthog Dis
77(9):ftaa006.
4. Wikipedia
5. Pubmed
6. NDTV news channel.
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A Study of Gender-Based Issues Faced By

Female Employees amid Corona Virus
Pandemic Lockdown
Vivekanand V. Kadam1*
District Disaster Management Officer, District Disaster
Management Authority, Collector Office, Palghar (Maharashtra)
Contact: 09158760756, vivek91587@gmail.com
Sarika V. Kadam2
M. Phil Student, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur
University, Nagpur (Maharashtra)
Contact: 8329439902, sarikav.kadam1718@gmail.com
Abstract
During the Corona World War in Palghar district, women
employees from various departments of the district were not
behind in providing services. The total ASHA workers’ in
Palghar district is 2210, Anganwadi workers are 3183, and
ANM (Nurses) is 293, and female bus conductors are 70. At
present, these women are playing a dual responsibility. A
housewife and a warrior, these great warriors who contributed
to the Corona epidemic with risking their lives during the
Corona warfare has to face various problems while serving in
the field. They would have explored the difficulty in the
meadow. Many tribulations plague them in the workplace.
Total number of 3060 COVID positive patients have been
reported within 15th March to 23rd June 2020 into entire
district. However, the participation of female employees in the
corona war found to be mainly although, Women are more
vulnerable than men. The high vulnerability of this area and
disregarded woman can be considered as a pinch of the
research problem. COVID Worrier have been identified various
problems regarding women in this pandemic i.e. prejudices by
male, social harassment, less payments (income), shortage of
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), unfix working hours,
absence of family love, higher probability of getting affected by
COVID, traveling difficulties and unavailability of
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restroom/changing room at workplace. Fear factors patterns of

clothing and menstrual cycle.
In rural, educated, and mainly tribal areas most of people are

still unaware of COVID warrior's work. A sample of 100 women
participated focusing on the research problem. The study
objectives are to understand the problems faced by female
employees on duty during the lockdown period. To know about
the various problems facing by female employees on duty amid
the corona pandemic is the main reason behind this research.
The study will also motivate women for maximum
contributions to disaster risk management.
Keywords:- Gender, COVID-19, Worriers, female problems,

Coronavirus, Insecure Pandemic Worriers.
Introduction
The origin of the coronavirus appears in China's Wuhan
province in December 2019. The virus caused a global
outbreak. At present, this disease is known all over the world
as a pandemic in the world. The World Health Organization
announces the Public Health Mission for Health on January
30, 2020. And on March 11, 2020, announced that COVID -19
diseases had spread worldwide. Total number of 19.95 million
patients has been registered till Aug 8, 2020, in more than 213
countries and territories around the world. 368,000 have died
as a result. And 12.50 million Patients have been cured.
Demographically Palghar district is a tribal dominated district,

geographically it is in coastal area and economically it serves
the nation through Bhabha Atomic Research Center and
Tarapur Atomic Power Station. These circumstances made the
district highly vulnerable to disasters from natural and
technological hazards.
During the period of this lockdown, work is being done at

various levels in the corona affected countries of the world as
per the guidelines of the World Health Organization to fight
against the corona pandemic. One of the most important parts
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of that is all the Corona Warriors in the administration. Today,

employees of various departments like the Revenue
Department, Police Department, Health Department, and
Sanitation Department, public transport Department is serving
the people by forgetting the door in the epidemic against
Corona. The huge number of worriers is working on a contract
basis. And mostly this corona war is going on their strength.
That’s why all the fighting departments are stronger in this
situation. The contribution of women employees to service
providers from all walks of life is unparalleled.
But female employees serving in the workplace during the

coveted lockdown have to deal with a variety of issues. Facing
female employees during the lockdown period of the corona
pandemic in Palghar district.
Palghar Status within India and Maharashtra up to 8 August

2020
Variable India Maharashtra Palghar Palghar
(% as of
MH)
Total 2,088, 490,262 17,200 3.51
cases 611
Active 619,0 145,889 3,498 2.4
cases 88
Recovere 1,427, 327,281 13,363 4.08
d 005
Death 42,51 17,092 339 1.98
8
Case 2.04 3.49 1.97 -
Fatality
Rate
(CFR %)
Source:- Civil Surgeon Office, Palghar
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COVID 19 Positive Doctors, Police & Paramedical Staff

Information (Date: 07/08/2020)
Sr. HW
Total Positive Recovered Active Death
No. Positive
1 Doctors 45 34 11 0
Nursing
2 47 47 0 0
Staff
3 Other 56 45 09 0
Police
4 228 184 41 3
staff
Total 376 310 61 3
Palghar Rural Block wise Covid-19 Cases as on date 07-08-

2020
Total
Sr. No Block Death Discharge Active
Cases
1 Dahanu 665 8 482 175
2 Jawhar 183 2 172 9
3 Mokhada 57 0 46 11
4 Palghar 1732 35 1188 509
5 Talasari 134 1 89 44
6 Vasai 599 14 505 80
7 Vikramgad 176 2 143 31
8 Wada 470 4 395 71

Total 4016 66 3020 930
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The objective of the study

1. To understand the problems faced by female employees on
duty during the lockdown period.
2. To find out the reasons behind the tribulations faced by the
female employees on duty.
Research Design
Parameter Description
Type of Research Ex post facto descriptive type research
Population Women In Palghar District
Sample size 100
Sampling Method Simple random sampling
Research Method Survey Method
Research instrument Structured Questionnaire
Source of data Primary And Secondary data sources
Measurement Scales Nominal
Data analysis and interpretation:-

Meaning of lockdown.
“When a natural or human-made disaster or accident occurs in

a particular region, province, or continent. The imposition of
legal restrictions on people in the affected areas, provinces, and
continents not to leave their homes to protect themselves from
the disaster” that is called lockdown.
1. While you were providing services during COVID-19

lockdown did you face any difficulties? If yes, then please
explain.
While you were providing services during
COVID-19 lockdown did you face any
difficulties? If No
yes, then please explain.
7%
Yes
93%
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93 percent of female employees are said to face various

problems while serving during the Corona lockdown period as
the reasons are as follows.
Living difficulties, can't travel, mental stress, fear of corona

infection, the inconvenience of meals, not being able to rest,
not being able to pay attention to children as well as older
adults at home, visiting once a week to go home but people in
the community are not ready to take. There is no set time for
work; citizens have closed roads in their area. There is a
shortage of PPE kits and neglect of one's health.
2. What personal hygiene issues were noticed?

80
60
40
20
0
Menstural hygiene Washed clothes do all above
issues not meet daily use.
Seventy-five percent of female employees explained that

menstrual problems are one of the most common personal
hygiene issues. 15% of female employees say that they do
not meet to use washed clothes every day. According to 10
percent of female employees, all the above problems are
clear.
3. What were the difficulties you faced while working as a

frontline?
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What are the difficulties you faced while

working as frontliner
Dearth of PPE Direct Contact Desaimination Unexpected

with COVID by People answer
positive
Patients
Female employees face various problems while providing

services amid virus Lockdown in the field. 18% of female
employees say that there is a shortage of PPE kit. 34% of
women have experienced direct contact with a COVID
patient. People are disrespected when they work for
people. So 27 percent of female employees say they meet to
hear unexpected answers from people.
4. How long you had to work during COVID-19 Lockdown?

how long you had to work during COVID-19
Lockdown?
8 Hours 10 Hours 12 Hours No fixed

timing
While on duty during the Corona Lockdown, 87 percent of

female employees report that there is no set time to go
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home after work. So 13 percent of female employees say

they have to work at least twelve hours.
5. After returning hometown from work, did you received love

from husband/child? If No, then why?
After returning hometown from work

did you received love from
husband/child?If No, then why?
Yes
13% 87% 87%
No
Eighty-seven percent of female employees say that physical

pleasure and maternity pleasure do not meet after 8 to 10
days after returning home from work in the Corona
lockdown period. COVID has to stay out. Can't go home
there is an atmosphere of fear in the house. It is necessary
to keep a distance of at least one meter. Physical pleasure
is not obtained. Working in the containment zone does not
allow babies to get close. Because babies' probability of
coronavirus.
6. How much are the chances of getting affected by COVID-19

while you are working on the field?
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How much is the chances of getting affected by

COVID-19 you are working on the field ?
Low Medium High Can't Explain
About 60 percent of female employees feel that they are more

likely to be infected with corona while working in the
workplace. And forty percent of women feel like they can't say
anything about coronavirus infection.
7. Are you facing difficulties while traveling from home to work

and? If yes, then what are they?
Are you facing difficulties while traveling from
home to work? If Yes, then what are they?
Yes No
13%
87%
87% of female employees face difficulties while traveling

from home to work and from work to home. The reasons
for this are the lack of travel facilities because there are no
tools for travel. Most of the employees working in the field
are fourth class and third level. They don't have their
motorcycles. Daily travel becomes difficult. Due to the
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closure of village roads by the villagers, there are difficulties

in coming and going. Since public transportation is closed
they can’t be reached on time at home and in the
workplace.
8. Did you get time for your safety meantime for delivering
your job?
Did you gate time for yourself own safety
meantime delivering for your job?
Yes No
20%
80%
80 percent of female employees report corona lockdown

periods. He found that he was feeling physically and mentally
exhausted as he was they can't getting time to take care of
himself while providing services in the field. Working hours are
not fixed. Corona has to go to work even on holidays. You
have to pay attention to both home and work. The workload is
higher due to less staff.
9. Was there a restroom/changing room at your workplace? If

No, then how you were managing?
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Was there a restroom/changing room at your

workplace? If No, then how you were managing?
Yes No
20%
80%
During the pandemic lockdown period, 80 percent of women

explained that there were no changing rooms or washrooms in
a workplace where female employees were on duty. You have to
go somewhere, no sanitary napkins, no separate changing
room. You have to go to someone's house and make a request.
10. Did you face gender discrimination?
Did you faced gender discrimination?
Yes No
Everywhere in the field while working amid coronavirus

pandemic situation, hundred percent of female employees
say that they are facing gender discrimination.
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11. If you reach home late at night. Does your family doughty
on you?
If you reach home late at night. Does your family
dought on you?
Yes No
13%
87%
According to 87 percent of women, it is clear that the church at

home is suspicious if they come home late from work.
Conclusion
Studies have found that women who are battling coronavirus
(epidemic disease) take on all sorts of challenges with
appropriate high-quality service in epidemic conditions; Women
can manage disasters and save lives better. In the Palghar
district found in the study, Corona is ready to fight like Rani
Lakshmi Bai (Rani Lakshmi Bai was the queen of the princely
state of Jhansi, which is located on the northern side of India.
She was one of the most leading personalities of the first war of
India’s independence that started in 1857). Dduring the
lockdown period. But while working in the field during such
epidemics, various problems have plagued them. The main
points of some difficulty while performing duty on this occasion
is as follows.
Some women have difficulty in fieldwork due to menstrual

problems. Some women feel fieldworks are complex. The cloth a
changing room is not independent for women. It is essential for
women to take care of their children and the elderly; this
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should be considered in organizing the fieldwork duty to ensure

better participation of women, lack of toilet and sanitation
facilities. Amid pandemic, fieldwork is resident and held in
locations far away from home. Living difficulties, Can't
travel, mental stress, fear of corona infection, the
inconvenience of meals, not being able to rest, not being able to
pay attention to children as well as older adults at home,
visiting once a week to go home but people in the community
are not ready to take. There is no set time for work; citizens
have closed roads in their area. There is a shortage of PPE kits
and neglect of one's health. Corona has to go to work even on
holidays. You have to pay attention to both home and
work. And the workload is higher due to less staff. There are
no tools for travel. Due to the closure of village roads by the
villagers, there are difficulties in coming and going since public
transportation is closed.
Family financial problems and mutual feelings about society.

Loyalty to work, commitment, and determination to support
the administration in any situation increases his ability to fight
the corona.
Recommendations
1. Sanitary pads should be available at the workplace during
work on pandemic situations.
2. There should be a separate changing room/ washroom.
3. Consider engaging women/getting feedback from women in
designing the content of the fieldwork. Because identifying
what kind of problems they are faced amid corona
Pandemic.
4. There should be at least one mobile toilet for each
Containment zone during the fight the pandemic for
Pandemic Worrier.
5. There is a need to work into the challenges faced by the
Asha workers and Anganwadi workers to reach their
workplace late give to unavailability of vehicles or public
transport.
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6. Develop indicators to review the benefits of women in the

district suggesting issues solve they are having problems
during a lockdown of the pandemic in the field workplace.
7. Health Department, police department, Panchayati raj is
responsible for implementing the recommendations during
any kind of pandemic situation.
8. At least two hours in the day give relaxation from work
because they will be preparing for the next fight.
9. To give respect for their sacrifice in society. They are work
for a civilization in a pandemics situation.
10. Gender discrimination removes from the mind.
Bibliography
1. https://www.shethepeople.tv/home-top-video/meet-these-
two-women-doctors-frontline-corona-warriors/
2. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/what-it-means-to-
be-a-female-covid-warrior-coronavirus-1689089-2020-06-
15
3. https://www.dailyo.in/variety/covid-19-coronavirus-in-
india-corona-warriors-women-
empowerment/story/1/32836.html
4. https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-
pradesh/meerut/corona-warriors-female-constable-chaya-
in-muzaffarnagar-doing-her-duty-at-night-by-leaving-her-
one-and-half-month-son-at-home?pageId=1
5. https://www.rajexpress.co/india/central-india/madhya-
pradesh/khacharod-female-corona-warrior-regained-
indecency
6. https://www.bhaskar.com/women/news/meet-these-
women-who-are-working-selflessly-for-the-nation-and-
sacrifising-corona-warriors-women-working-in-frontline-
during-coronavirus-pandemic-127255979.html
7. https://www.lokmat.com/crime/corona-warrior-female-
doctors-should-not-remain-society-negative-treatment-
neighbors-swearing/
8. https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/22/
90-corona-warriors-catch-the-infection-in-rajasthan-
2133921.html
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9. https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/indias-covid-19-
gender-blind-spot/
10. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52279025
11. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-19-
what-you-need-to-know-today/story-
1ZWBASXO0hUeZIRsWTzF0H.html
12. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-
corona-warriors/article31544102.ece
13. https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/remember-the-women-
fighting-coronavirus/
14. https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/protect-india-
s-brave-health-workers/story-
neotzn2lprIIntB7Eu6uNP.html
15. https://thewire.in/women/coronavirus-women-economy
16. https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/covid19-corona-
warriors-are-facing-problems-army-police-rpf-soldiers-are-
getting-infected-fastly-by-coronavirus?pageId=1
17. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/web-
features/coronavirus/health-workers-are-frontline-soldiers-
against-covid-19-let%E2%80%99s-protect-them
18. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/gender-based-violence-
and-covid-19
19. https://en.unesco.org/news/mapping-online-articles-
covid-19-and-gender
20. https://www.firstpost.com/health/coronavirus-outbreak-
highlights-covid-19-india-cases-death-count-delhi-punjab-
up-maharashtra-lockdown-curfew-latest-news-today-
8241521.html
21. https://wideplus.org/2020/03/26/covid-19-crisis-from-a-
feminist-perspective-overview-of-different-articles-
published/
22. https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/how-
corona-warriors-are-saving-lives/ar-BB11vKLp
23. https://www.forbes.com/sites/marianneschnall/2020/04/
17/putting-a-gender-lens-on-covid-19-thought-leaders-
weigh-in/#69bbc5255b23
24. https://investinginwomen.asia/knowledge/gender-
equality-womens-issues-vietnam-vietnamese-woman-
warrior-poet/
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25. https://world360news.com/en/garima-helpline-1090-
women-corona-warriors-cm-ashok-gehlot-supports
26. https://www.womensweb.in/2020/05/ill-fitting-ppes-for-
women-healthcare-workers-not-period-friendly-
may20wk4sr/
27. https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/gender-analysis-
missing-from-india-s-coronavirus-strategy-823349.html
28. https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-
management-administration/the-top-10-challenges-facing-
healthcare-workers.html
29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7183244
30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7175897
31. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-
ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_741060/lang--en/index.htm
32. https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/in-
coronavirus-crisis-sporadic-attacks-on-doctors-social-
workers-police-surface-120040201117_1.html
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and Nutrition
A Study of The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic

on Women’s Lifestyle
Shreya Bhardwaj*, Prof. S.K. Sharma**, Dr Preeti Sharma***
* Research Scholar, School of Management, Doon University,
Dehradun, (Uttarakhand)
** Professor, Department of Commerce, HNB Garhwal Central
University Campus, Badshahithaul, Tehri Garhwal, 249199
(Uttarakhand). Email- drsksharma.in@gmail.com.
*** Assistant Professor, Department of Home Science,
Government P.G.College, New Tehri.
Abstract
This paper aims to study the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on
Women’s lifestyle. The Novel corona virus outbreak severely
affect the lifestyle of Women’s, who are the main pillar of the
family. In our study I have taken help of digital platform (google
form) for filling the questionnaire. The questionnaire contains
22 questions. The 100 questionnaires were sent to related
women but only 83 women responded. By using Mean &
Standard Deviation some positive and negative impact of
pandemic on Women’s lifestyle is shown. Along with, the
suggestions have been provided to overcome the problem.
Keywords: Pandemic, Outbreak, Women’s lifestyle.
Introduction
Women are not only the pillars for a family but also for the
society. Throughout all the era of civilization the status of the
Women’s in the society is significant. Most of the Women in
India are financially dependent on their male counter parts
(father, brother, husband) which is the major drawback for the
socio-economic development. In this difficult phase of COVID -
19 Pandemic, especially during lockdown phases Women are
the major losers in their major aspects. The Women had extra
responsibilities on their shoulders like cooking, taking care of
kids and families, other professional work (teaching online,
banking, software employees, webinars, and online seminars,
online exams etc. as in India complete lockdown was imposed
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on 22nd March 2020. In our study area too, the problems were
similar like, Women’s had to suffer a lot because their daily life
style effects to the great extent, they are over loaded with works
of their own along with their family and at the same time
Women are facing verbal or physical assaults by their male
counter parts. Women had been tortured by their husband’s
(mainly) because of alcohol banning, losing of jobs, poverty etc.
The phase of lockdown were so distressing that most of the
Women who were earning their livelihood from small jobs
(services), were force to earn their livelihood through informal
sectors (selling vegetables, flowers, fruits, handloom,
handicrafts) for their families and their living. Due to
educational pressure by the schools and colleges mother’s
responsibilities has been exploited (especially for small kids) at
the same time gender bias has also been increased as
guardian’s preference education for the boy child rather than a
girl child. Women represent a vital phase of the body of
workers. However, the present scenario of a large variety of
nicely certified women who due to diverse circumstances had
been unnoticed in their jobs desires to be addressed.
Accomplishing an amazing balance between work and own
family commitments is a growing problem for cutting-edge
personnel and corporations.
As per the research by Richmond Foundation, a mental health

organization, women are at higher risk due to virus because
psychological effect of the coronavirus is shoddier for Women
than on men. Women do dual jobs one from inside the house
and other outside house. Working Women during the lockdown
take care of their families and housekeeping along with their
study and jobs. Members of the family spend quality time with
each other as in their normal day to day life they do not have a
minute to sit and spend quality time with their families.
Women being backbone of the family took care of their needs
as most of their house help are in leave when COVID-19 is at
its boom. It was important for Women to know in order to live
happy life at the time of lockdown and to avoid conflicts, stress
and misunderstanding they should know how to balance
between work and home activities. Working and non-working
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both the women had to spend more time with family,

communicate with children and parents , and between spouse.
Review of Literature
Hall, (1990) In ancient times, the percentage of Women as
housewives were low and men as wage earners were high. But
now in current India, the percentage of double-earner couples
is rapidly increasing and changes in the workforce are going
along with changes in ethics and creating a new prominence on
the balance between family life and work-life.
Noponen, H. (1991) inspected the ratio of Women to household

profits. The researcher detected that, on average, total female
earnings accounted for 42 % of total household revenue, while
the corresponding figure for males was 48%.
Sonawane, M. (2016) work-life balance was an imprint which

include proper arrangement between “lifestyle” i.e. health,
leisure, family and “work” and desire i.e. career. It specifies
that stable family relationship significance of work-life balance
for a Women’s was sound.
Burki, T. (2020) Women were 1·5 times more likely than men to
have either quit their job or lost it during the lockdown in UK.
Pregnant Women are at the huge risk during covid.
(Kamraju, Ali, & Rahmati, 2020) the study is based on the

Hyderabad study which shows the affect of pandemic on life of
Women in a particular city the result concluded that majority
of private sector working Women lost their jobs, it also
concluded that most of them do not have livelihood support.
(Kansal, 2020) study shows extent of pressure of pandemic on

working Women. They are facing difficulty in handling their
duties along with their jobs. The paper focuses on the impact
of covid pandemic on Women and along with provides some
suggestion how to live balanced life.
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Objectives of the study

The objectives of the study are as under
1. To discuss the impact of the COVID-19 on Women’s
Lifestyle.
2. To provide the suggestion to overcome the impact of the
COVID-19 on Women’s Lifestyle.
Methodology
Research Design
The study follows descriptive research based on structured
questionnaire conducted through web based data collection
(google form) across India
Sample of the study

The sample of the study consist of 83 respondents consisting of
Working and Non-working Women.
Data Source
Primary Data -The data and information have been collected
from the primary source through structured questionnaire.
Secondary Data- The data and information have been collected

from the secondary sources i.e. journals, research papers,
research reports, conference proceedings, magazines,
newspapers and websites.
Research Analysis
All the respondents at my study were Women. In Fig-1 It is
interpreted that majority (61.4%) of the Women’s are Post
Graduate. (27.7%) are Under Graduate (7.2%) have other
qualification and rest are diploma holder.
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Fig-1
In fig-2 it is shown that Majority of Women’s (56.6%) in my

study are married. Other (43.4%) are unmarried.
Fig-2
Women’s are playing challenging part in today world Fig-3 in

my study shows (37.3%)Women’s are working , (61.4%) are
non-working, rest are retired (age above 60).
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Fig-3
Fig-4 The study shows majority (43.4%) of Women’s have 5

and more than 5 members in their family, (30’1%) have 4
members, (19.3%) have 3 members, (7.2%) have 2 members in
their family.
Fig-4
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Tabel-1
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimu Maximum Mean Std.
m Deviation
I have a house
help when covid- 82 1 2 1.74 .439
19 is at its boom?
If no, it is difficult
to manage things 82 1 5 3.16 1.202
on my own.
My Male
counterparts
(father/brother/h
82 2 5 3.83 .858
usband/child)
help me in
household Works
During the COVID
pandemic, I often 82 1 5 3.07 1.174
go to buy groceries
During the COVID
pandemic, my
82 1 5 3.80 1.159
workload
increased.
During the COVID
pandemic, I made
my family and 82 2 5 4.28 .805
friends eat
healthily
During the COVID
pandemic, I made
my family and
82 3 5 4.44 .630
friends intake
immunity-boosting
foods in the diet.
I am/was a
82 1 2 1.30 .463
working woman
If yes, it is difficult
for me to manage
82 1 6 3.71 1.535
work and
home/family.
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I spend quality
time with parents,
husband, kids,
and in-laws, 82 1 5 4.06 .822
having fruitful
conversations with
family members.
During the COVID
pandemic, I go
82 1 5 3.02 1.111
through stress and
anxiety
During the COVID
pandemic, my
82 1 5 3.67 .903
quality of sleep
changed
During the COVID
pandemic, my 82 1 5 2.90 1.213
savings increase.
Valid N (listwise) 82
Note. 5 strongly agree,4 agree, 3 neutral, 2 disagree, 1 strongly

disagree
The five-point Likert scale is considered an interval scale. The

mean is very significant. From 1 to 1.8, it means strongly
disagree. From 1.81 to 2.60, it means disagree. From 2.61 to
3.40, it means neutral; from 3.41 to 4.20, it means agree; from
4.21 to 5 it means strongly agree.
In the first statement of the table above, the mean is 1.74

hence it means that the majority of participant are strongly
disagree as to they do not have house help during COVID. The
mean of the second statement is 3.16 hence it means majority
of participants are neutral as, to whether it is difficult to
manage things on my own. The mean of third statement is 3.83
hence it means majority of participants are agreed to whether
Male counterparts (father/brother/husband/child) help me in
household Works. The mean of forth statement is 3.07 hence it
means majority of participants are neutral to whether During
the COVID pandemic, they often go to buy groceries. The mean
of fifth statement is 3.80 it means majority of participants are
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agreed to whether During the COVID pandemic, their workload

increased. The mean of sixth statement is 4.28 hence it means
majority of participants are strongly agreed to whether During
the COVID pandemic, they made my family and friends eat
healthily. The mean of seventh statement is 4.44 hence it
means majority of participants are strongly agreed to whether
During the COVID pandemic, they made my family and friends
intake immunity-boosting foods in their diet. The mean of
eighth statement is 1.30 hence it means majority of
participants are strongly disagreed to whether they are/were a
working woman. The mean of ninth statement is 3.71 hence it
means majority of participants are agreed to whether it is
difficult for them to manage work and home/family. The mean
of tenth statement is 4.06 hence it means majority of
participants are strongly agreed to whether, they spend quality
time with parents, husband, kids, and in-laws, having fruitful
conversations with family members. The mean of eleventh
statement is 3.02 hence it means majority of participants are
neutral to whether During the COVID pandemic, they go
through stress and anxiety. The mean of twelfth statement is
3.67 hence it means majority of participants are agreed to
whether During the COVID pandemic, their quality of sleep
changed. The mean of thirteen statement of Table-1 is 2.90
hence it means majority of participants are neutral to whether
during the COVID pandemic, their savings increase.
Conclusion and Suggestions

The examines of this research are an effort to comprehend the
impact of COVID19 on Women’s lifestyle. In country like India,
Women are infrequently given utmost importance to career
development/ jobs but mainly accountable for their family.
This study reveals that during lockdown working women do
work from home along with taking care of their house and
family. They sense load of excessive office and household work.
The leading factors affecting life balance of women are not to be
having time for themselves but fulfilling family expectations. As
a consequence, many Women’s do not enjoy family life because
they suffer high level of anxiety and stress. It is revealed that
those Women who had elastic work plan and husband or
family support relished better life balance. The positive and
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negative consequences of Women’s life balance is shown in the

above findings. Suggestion are provided to maintain vigorous
life balance during lockdown.
Women were mostly the main workers of their families, at the

time of pandemic this role increased. Taking care of parents,
kids, spouse along with household and office work increase
immense pressure within them. Nobody was allowed House
help at their place because of COVID-19 seriousness this
automatically doubled the workload on Women. This somehow
affect their health as well. It is finally concluded COVID-19
pandemic have an immense effect on Women’s lifestyle both in
negative and positive ways. Women should start the day with
some meditation and entertaining exercise, along with
spending some quality time with family. Effective division of
work with family priorities will help woman to make some time
for herself and dear ones. Women’s partners should help them
in some work which will help them to spend more time together
and reduce workload on women. To mitigate the pressure of
excess work, family members can arrange household work
within themselves so that the workload does not affect single
person only. To cope up with the problem, a sense of
belongingness with quality coordination in family is most
urgent.
References
Balaji, R. (2014). Work life balance of Women’s employees.
International Journal of Innovative.
Burki, T. (2020). The indirect impact of COVID-19 on Women’s.
The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(8), 904–905.
Hall, D. T. (1990). Promoting work/family balance: An
organization-change approach. Organizational Dynamics,
18(3), 5–18.
Helzi. (1991)"The dynamics of work and survival for the urban
poor: a gender analysis of panel data from Madras."
Development and change 22, no. 2 (1991): 233-260.
Kamraju, M., Ali, M. A., & Rahmati, F. (2020). A socio-
economic impact of covid-19 pandemic on Women’s: case study
of hyderabad city, (October).
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Kamraju, M., Ali, M. A., & Rahmati, F. (2020). A socio-

economic impact of covid-19 pandemic on Women’s: case
study of hyderabad city, (October). doi:10.35291/2454-
CITATIONS
Kansal, K. (2020). Qualitative Analysis of Covid-19 on Working
Women’s, 10(6), 41–44.
doi:10.29322/IJSRP.10.06.2020.p10208
Khillare, P. Y., & Sonawane, M. A. (2016). The Impact of Work-
Life of Women’s Domestic Workers on their Family-Life.
https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/1080150-
socio-economic-impact-of-covid-19-on-Women’s-%20retrieved-
2020
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/coronavirus-
gender-inequality-india-6414659/-retrieved-2020
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Boosting Health and Immunity During COVID

-19 by Nutrition and Diet
Shweta Patel1, Diwakar Chauhan2*, Monika Chauhan3 Ajay

Kumar4 and Arvind Kumar Jain2
1Department of Clinical Research, School of Bioscience and

Biomedical Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida
2Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied
Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201 (UP)

India
3Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic and Applied

India
4Department of Life Science, School of Basic and Applied

India
*Corresponding author: Chauhan.diwakar@gmail.com
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan turned into a public
health emergency of international concern. The presence of
carriers without obvious symptoms and traditional public
health intervention measures are significantly less effective.
The need is to look for the preventive care. This chapter
emphasizes on the role of diet and nutrition to cope up with the
deleterious effects of disease and its importance in prevention
of COVID-19 infection through boosted immunity. And while
nations are surrounded by the potential risks for humanity
posed by this virus, few key actions can be adopted by
individuals to combat this pandemic. Eating healthy diet along
with the regular physical activities may have promising results
in boosting immunity and the synergistic effects are not only
limited to immunity they have numerous other health benefits
as well. It is the time to take charge of our health by changing
life style. We need to eat healthier foods and exercise more to
control weight and lower the risk of severe illness and other
health complications.
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Key words: Diet, COVID-19, Nutrition, Physical Activity,

Immunity
Introduction
COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by a new coronavirus.
The most common symptoms are cough, cold, headache, flu-
like symptoms. Some of the cases with the mild infection get
recovers without any hospitalization and some of them
experiencing severe infection require immediate medical
attention may need ventilation as well. The incubation period is
14-24 days in most of cases symptoms appear in 5-6 days and
maximum can take up to 14-24 days. This disease which
started as an epidemic mainly limited to China was declared as
a pandemic on 11th March 2020 by the WHO.
India has witnessed a rapidly exploding pandemic of COVID-19

with the first case was confirmed in the state of Kerala on 30
January 2020 followed by new cases in New Delhi, Mumbai,
Bengaluru, Hyderabad, and Patna. According to the press
report by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) on
July 13, 2020, over 1.1 crore samples have been tested for
COVID-19 in collaboration with the facilities of government and
private laboratories. According to WHO, elder people as well as
those with chronic disease cardiovascular disease, neurological
disease, respiratory diseases, metabolic disease, and
immunological diseases are prone to develop coronavirus with
severe symptoms and therefore need medical intensive care.
(Vasundhra, 2020)
We all know the most important thing is prevention and

various measure for preventing the spread of disease are
cleaning practice, hand washing, sanitization, wearing a mask
to prevent droplet transmission. Immunity is important in the
prevention and control of illness.
Diet and Immunity

Boosting the immune system is one of the most significant
ways to strengthen longevity. Typically, there is a direct
correlation between decreasing immune levels. The strong
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immunity protects from infections and enables us to respond to

various challenges to our healthy homeostasis. The less
effective the immune system is, the more body is susceptible to
inflammation.
In deciding the general health and immunity of a person, the

food we consume plays an important role. Eating a low
carbohydrate diet will help in controlling high blood pressure
and a spike in insulin levels. A diet rich in low carbs and
protein helps to remain in good health and resolve weight
issues.
Regular ingestion of fruits and vegetables, as well as foods like

tomatoes, oranges, bell peppers, and green vegetables like
broccoli and spinach, are all healthy options for developing
resilience to infections in the body. Supplements high in omega
3 and 6 fatty acids could also be taken. Several natural
immune additives include ginger, gooseberries (amla), and
turmeric. Any of these super-foods are popular ingredients in
Indian food. Garlic, Basil leaves, and black cumin are several
herbs that have been shown to improve immunity. Sunflower
seeds, flax seeds, pumpkin seeds, and melon seeds, are good
sources of protein and vitamin E. Yoghurt, Yakult, and
fermented foods are all healthy sources of probiotics, which
help to rejuvenate the intestinal bacteria composition, which is
necessary for nutrient absorption.
Diet in combination with exercise has multiple health benefits,

the need of this corona era is to emphasize more on preventive
health care system than curative, the drug therapy is the gold
standard for the recovery of infection in case of the curative
healthcare system. Thus, this strategic combination can help to
minimize the risk of corona infection at a different level by
increasing immunity, managing weight, increasing metabolic
health. Building an immune system is the front line of the
Revolution against Aging and Death.
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Relationship between food and healthy gut

Diets are a better place to start because the stomach holds 80
percent of the body's immune system, meaning a healthier gut
would have a higher level of resistance, according to health
experts. The Mediterranean diet is a well-balanced approach
that emphasizes fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fatty
fish, almonds, and olive oil. Real foods contain a variety of
nutrients, including vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, C, D, and E.
(Mishra and Patel, 2020). It also includes antioxidant-rich
foods including zinc, iron, and selenium, as well as other plant-
based minerals and cancer prevention agents. According to the
WHO recommendations, diets rich in fruits and vegetables
available locally on the market that improves the immune
system should be eaten, such as orange, grapes, banana and
apples, root vegetables such as carrot, beetroot, and turnips,
etc. According to new studies, elderly people who ate a
Mediterranean diet and took a 400 IU/day vitamin D
supplement had a higher number of healthy T cells after a
year, indicating a beneficial impact on immunity. For a
balanced gut microbiome, fiber and lentils should also be
consumed. (Mishra and Patel, 2020). There is also evidence
that diet and other modes of living influence the immune
ability and vulnerability to infectious diseases. It's unknown if
these steps have an impact on COVID-19 sensitivity or the
progression of the disease.
Benefits of healthy habits with nutrition and exercise

Regular exercise and eating nutritious food along with lifestyle
changes can bring improvement in overall physical, mental,
and emotional wellbeing. Some of the major benefits are:
1. Control weight and obesity
2. Maintain cardiovascular health
3. Increases mental wellbeing thereby reduces stress,
anxiety, and depression by increasing the release of
various neurotransmitters such as dopamine and
serotonin and increases synaptic plasticity.
4. Combat diseases such as hypertension, diabetes,
stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, immunological
disorders, cancer, etc.
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5. Boost immunity and energy, eating the right food along

with some physical exercise can give rise to immunity
as well as energy.
6. Improves longevity, several studies have proven 30 min
exercise 4-5 days a week can improve quality of life.
Role of Macronutrients in boosting Immunity

The risk of developing chronic disorders gets increased due to
an imbalance between adequate levels of macronutrients.
Macronutrients are defined as chemical agents or substances
needed in large amounts to maintain the function of the body
and to carry out day-to-day life.
Table 1: Importance of vitamins and trace elements to

promote immunity
Epithelial Cellular immunity Antibody
barriers production
Vitamin A Vitamin A Vitamin A
Vitamin E Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12
Vitamin C Vitamin C Vitamin E
Zinc Vitamin E Vitamin D
Vitamin D Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 Copper
Iron Selenium
Copper Zinc
Zinc
Selenium
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the three most important

macronutrients for maintaining health, healing, reproduction,
and the immune system. Deficiency and increase in the
quantity of any of these macronutrients may alter these
processes resulting in poor health. Macronutrients are also
called energy-giving nutrients; produce 4 kcal of protein, 9 kcal
of lipid, 4 kcal of carbohydrate per gram.
Carbohydrate - (CHO) is an essential fuel in the cell to support immunity,

generally providing 50% to 60% calories. Carbohydrates present in the food
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules. They are classified as
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simple and complex carbohydrates; simple carbohydrates are present in

processed sugar and fruits which break down rapidly within the body and
providing quick energy. On other hand, complex carbohydrates found in
potatoes, rice, pasta, wheat take a longer time to break down and releases
energy in a longer period. After ingestion under the bloodstream
carbohydrates gets converted into glucose which is available to provide
energy. A stored form of glucose is called glycogen which is present in the
liver and muscle cells. However, hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose
level) increases the secretion of cortisol which is a stress hormone resulting
in reduced immunity by reducing immune cell function. Excess sweets and
sugar intake can reduce 50% of neutrophil activity (Xiu, 2014).
Carbohydrates are the most effective fuel, suitable consumption decreases the
intensity of infection by decreasing the number of cells bound to apoptosis,
making it a key component of immunity (Cobb and Kasper, 2005).
Protein - It is essential for building and repairing body tissues,

it also helps in fighting infections thereby regulating the
immune system. Antibodies rely on protein and deficiency of
protein in the diet may lead to the symptoms such as
weakness, poor immunity, fatigue, and apathy. Food rich in
protein such as seafood, lean meat, nuts and seeds, lentils,
egg, beans, peas, soy products, should be included in the diet
in appropriate proportion to keep the immune system strong
and fulfill the nutritional need of a body. As per the study,
immunomodulatory properties to control various life-
threatening diseases have been attributed to protein intake and
notably to several amino acids such as arginine, glutamine,
taurine, and sulfur-containing amino acids. Due to protein
deficiency in diet the decline in both adaptive (specific) and
innate (non-specific) immunity has been reported (Li, 2007).
Polyunsaturated fats- Help in lowering blood cholesterol level.

The rich sources are almond, corn oil, fish, sunflower oil,
walnuts, soybean oil, etc. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and its
derivative contribute to maintaining cellular functions such as
omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) which influences immune
cell functions (Gleeson M 2013). Lack of protein causes atrophy
of lymph organs and hinders T lymphocyte production
(Vasundhra, 2020).
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Role of micronutrient in boosting immunity

Deficiencies of micronutrients have a less direct effect on the
functioning of immune cells. Micronutrients indirectly affect
the immune cell function by reducing the cell mass and the
number of T-helper cells (Thurnham, 1997).
Figure 1: Role of micronutrients in supporting the defense

system of the body (Vasundhra, 2020)
The integrated immune system takes part in an essential role

at every stage of the immune response and needs multiple
micronutrients, along with vitamins A, D, C, E, B6, and B12,
folate, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium (Gombart, 2020). An
adequate quantity of micronutrients is essential for optimum
immune function and deficiency in some nutrients has shown
the impairment of the immune system. (Figure 1).
Vitamin A - It has a crucial role in the maintenance of vision,

body development, immune function, and reproductive health.
It helps to strengthen the immunity and guard against
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infections by maintaining the liver, intestines, and respiratory

system; it is referred to as the 'anti-inflammation vitamin'.
There are two forms of vitamin A are available in the human
diet: preformed vitamin A (retinol and its esterified form, retinyl
ester) and provitamin A carotenoids. Preformed vitamin A is
found in foods from animal sources, including dairy products,
fish, and meat (especially liver). Other carotenoids found in
food, such as lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, are not
converted into vitamin A.
Vitamin B – To preserve normal blood homocysteine levels, B

vitamins are needed, including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin,
folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, biotin, and pantothenic acid.
Vitamin B deficits have been associated with compromised
immune responses such as T and B lymphocytes or
macrophages and have impaired the capacity to adhere to
microorganisms (Kjer-Nielsen, 2012). Many vitamin B-rich
foods present in diets vary from whole grains, dairy products,
green leafy vegetables, meats, and alternatives. Folic acid
insufficiency can also harm immunity by impeding the
development of new immune cells. To strengthen their immune
function, individuals with symptoms of COVID-19 should take
Vitamin B supplements (Folkers, 1993; Jee, 2013).
Vitamin C- In wound healing and as an antioxidant, vitamin C

plays an essential function, possibly shielding cells against
oxidative harm induced by free radicals. It enhances the role of
antibodies as well as white blood cells (leukocytes,
lymphocytes, T cells) and macrophages; it can induce the
release of the interferon signaling molecule, which is involved
in virus protection (Vasundhra, 2020). Vitamin C is present in
a variety of fruit and vegetables. Good sources are citrus fruit,
such as oranges and orange juice, peppers, strawberries,
blackcurrants, broccoli, brussels sprouts, potatoes, etc.
Spirulina and curcumin can be eaten by older adults, as they
are very rich in vitamin C and minerals (Erol, 2020).
Vitamin D- It works with T cells, the body’s natural killer cells,

to fight off infection. According to the study, it has shown a
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significant correlation with a mild protective effect against

respiratory tract infections. It stimulates the maturation of
cells, including immune cells, and thereby, immune cells
convert 25(OH)D3 into 1,25(OH)2D3, its active form (Sassi,
2018).
Vitamin E- By defending cell membranes from attack by free

radicals, vitamin E serves as a strong antioxidant. As a
consequence of biochemical mechanisms such as
immunological reactions and the effects of environmental
stimuli, free radicals exist in the body. By acting on mast cells
(mastocytes), belonging to the leukocyte community, vitamin E
can activate the immune system, thereby playing a role in
wound healing and preventing pathogens (Mocchegiani, 2014).
Various sources are fortified cereals, sunflower seeds, almonds,
vegetable oils (such as sunflower or safflower oil), hazelnuts,
and peanut butter.
Zinc- Zinc, a protector of immune activity, is involved in the

modulation of intracellular signaling processes in adaptive and
innate immune cells. Zinc is also implicated in inflammation
and its depletion contributes to humoral and cell-mediated
immunity dysfunction and raises the risk of mortality and
morbidity due to infection. (Tuerk, and Fazel, 2009). A higher
concentration of intracellular zinc with zinc-ionophores
including pyrithione will effectively inhibit RNA virus
replication. A lower concentration composite of zinc and
pyrithione prevents SARS coronavirus replication. (SARS-CoV)
(te Velthuis, 2010). Lean meat, poultry, fish, milk, whole grain
products, beans, seeds, and nuts are all popular sources.
Lifestyle and Immunity

Lack of sleep is detrimental to the immunity of the body. Lesser
sleep increases the stress level of the body and impairs its
immune function (Kamdar, 2012). Improper sleep interferes
with the functioning of cytokines, such as interleukin-1 and
TNF. Stress induces the release of a hormone called cortisol,
which ultimately weakens the immune system thereby making
the body more susceptible to catch infections (Salleh, 2008).
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Exercise is considered to have a significant effect on immune

function, decreases the risk of infection. It helps to boost the
antibodies and WBC which helps in fighting against infections.
Exercise is vital for improving muscle mass, strength, and
endurance after a serious illness. Regular exercise can help
prevent blood clots, a symptom in certain persons that have
contracted COVID-19.
By drinking at least 8 - 10 cups of water every day, remaining

hydrated also prevents illness at bay. Water is important
because it transfers blood nutrients and compounds, controls
body temperature, reduces waste, lubricates and cushions
joints.
Daily intake of fermented dairy products, such as yogurt or

kefir, can improve intestinal immune defenses. The latest study
findings show that yogurts made with such bacteria (probiotics)
may have a beneficial outcome on the immune system.
References
 Cobb, B. and Kasper, D. (2005). Coming of age:
carbohydrates and immunity. European Journal of
Immunology. 35(2):352-356.
 Erol, A. (2020). COVID-19: A Shortcut to Surveillance
Capitalism? COMe IN. (101).
 Folkers, K., Morita, M. and Mcree, J. (1993). The Activities
of Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin B6 for Immune Responses.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.
193(1):88-92.
 Gleeson, M., Calder, P.C. and Yaqoob, P. (2021). Diet,
Immunity and Inflammation- 1st Edition. Elsevier.com.
(2021). Available from:
https://www.elsevier.com/books/diet-immunity-and-
inflammation/calder/978-0-85709-037-9.
 Gombart, A., Pierre, A. and Maggini, S. (2020). A Review of
Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in
Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Nutrients.
12(1):236.
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 Jee, J, Hoet, A, Azevedo, M, Vlasova, A., Loerch, S. and

Pickworth, C. (2013). Effects of dietary vitamin A content
on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated
intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus
vaccine. American Journal of Veterinary Research.
74(10):1353-1362.
 Kamdar, B., Needham, D. and Collop, N. (2011). Sleep
Deprivation in Critical Illness. Journal of Intensive Care
Medicine. 27(2):97-111.
 Kjer-Nielsen, L., Patel, O., Corbett, A., Le Nours, J.,
Meehan, B. and Liu, L. (2012). MR1 presents microbial
vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells. Nature.
491(7426):717-723.
 Li, P., Yin, Y., Li, D., Woo, J., Kim, S. and Wu, G. (2007).
Amino acids and immune function. British Journal of
Nutrition. 98(2):237-252.
 Mishra, S. and Patel, M. (2020). Role of nutrition on
immune system during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of
Food Nutrition and Health, 3(2): 300-307.
 Mocchegiani, E., Costarelli, L., Giacconi, R., Malavolta, M,
Basso, A. and Piacenza, F. (2014). Vitamin E–gene
interactions in aging and inflammatory age-related
diseases: Implications for treatment. A systematic review.
Ageing Research Reviews. 14:81-101.
 Salleh, M.R. (2008). Life event, stress and
illness. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 15(4): 9-18.
 Sassi, F., Tamone, C.D. and Amelio, P. (2008). Vitamin D:
Nutrient, Hormone, and Immunomodulator. Nutrients,
10(11):1656.
 te Velthuis, A., Van Den Worm, S., Sims, A., Baric, R.,
Snijder, E. and Van Hemert, M. (2010). Zn2+ inhibits
Coronavirus and Arterivirus RNA Polymerase activity In
Vitro and Zinc Ionophores Block the Replication of These
Viruses in Cell Culture. PLoS Pathogens. 6(11): 1001176.
 Tuerk, M., Fazel, N. (2009). Zinc deficiency. Current
Opinion in Gastroenterology. 25(2):136-143.
 Turnham, D. (1997). Micronutrients and immune function:
some recent developments. Journal of Clinical Pathology.
50(11):887-891.
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 Vasundhra, C. (2020). Nutrition as a Key Weapon in

Strengthening Immune System Relative to Pandemic Novel
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Review “International
Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 10(8): 201-207.
 Xiu, F., Stanojcic, M., Diao, L. and Jeschke, M.G. (2014).
Stress Hyperglycemia, Insulin Treatment, and Innate
Immune Cells. International Journal of Endocrinology,
486403.
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Boosting Health and Immunity during COVID-

19 by Using Wild Food Plants as a Food and
Food Supplement
Tara Devi
Assistant Professor. Department of Botany, Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel. Cluster University, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.
E-mail: stara1982@gmail.com
Abstract: Five wild herbaceous food plants from Himachal

Pradesh (300 22' 40" to 330 12' 40" N Latitudes and 750 45' 55"
to 790 04' 20" E Longitudes) North West Himalaya are
documented in this study which are rich in medicinal and
nutritive value and locally used to cure cough, cold, fever and
act as a body cleanser. Literature review shows that plant are
used to cure many aliments from ancient times and are
important ingredients of many modern medicine. These plants
can be used as a food and food supplement to boost immunity
and fight COVID-19. Traditional knowledge of using these
plants is on sharp decline and their acceptability as a
medicinal edible herb, food plants or food supplement is need
of hour to combat challenges of pandemic COVID-19.
Keywords: Wild food plants, COVID-19, Indigenous uses,

Harvesting, Immunity,
Introduction: Food plants that grow naturally in our

surroundings without any human care are called wild food
plants. These plants are found growing in variety of natural
habitat like in forests, wilderness, edges of farmlands, barren
fields, along roadside, pathways and water bodies. Wild food
plants can be further categorized as wild vegetables, wild fruits
and food supplements. From ancient time plants have been
used as a source of food, shelter, clothing, medicine, fibre,
gum, resin, oil, etc. and different part of the wild edible plants
such as roots, tubers, rhizome, stems, leaves,
inflorescence/flowers, fruit/seeds are consumed either raw,
roasted, fried, cooked, boiled or in the form of oil ,spice,
seasoning material, jams, pickles etc. currently their use is
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limited to certain communities/areas in spite of their

medicinal, nutritional and economic potential in local, national
and international demand, markets and value (1). The
indigenous knowledge and practices of using these plants
revolve around traditional practices. These wild plants also act
as an important source of food in the time of scarcity and their
use offers many advantages over commercial food plants, like
they give variety to our food plate, are free source of nutrients
for local people; are relatively hardier, more resistant to
diseases, insect and pests; free from use of harmful chemical
fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides, so play important role in
boosting our immune system. In most cases these are
multipurpose type, so offer many other uses except food. These
plants have immense potential to act as an important source of
food at time of scarcity and some of them like Achyranthes
aspera, Centella asiatica and Urtica dioica are excellent
immunity booster which can be employed as a food and food
supplement in our day-to-day life. Food preparation from these
herbs can be entered in the menu of different restaurants,
hotels, private hotels, resorts, local restaurants & Dhabas
running across HP and adjoining states to boost immunity and
fight COVID-19 (2).
Main objectives of present study are

1. To know habit, habitat, distribution, indigenous uses and
role of Achyranthes aspera in boosting immunity and fight
COVID-19.
role of Centella asiatica in boosting immunity and fight
COVID-19.
role of Kalanchoe pinnata boosting immunity and fight
COVID-19.
role of Galium aparin in boosting immunity and fight
COVID-19.
role of Urtica dioica in boosting immunity and fight COVID-
19.
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6. Future recommendation.
Methodology
Study is based on both primary and secondary data. Rapid
survey and sampling were done and information on wild food
plants helpful in boosting immunity, their attitudinal range,
habit, habitat (s), method of extraction, availability and
utilization pattern was gathered by Interviewing knowledgeable
persons through questionnaire.
Identification of samples was done with the help of local and

regional floras (3) (4)(5)(6). Plants rich in antioxidant, Vitamin A
&C, minerals like Zn, Ca, P , K and which are used to cure
cough, cold and fever traditionally are analysed for their
potential of boosting immunity and fight COVID-19.
Study Area
Present study has been conducted in Himachal Pradesh (30 0
22' 40" to 330 12' 40" N Latitudes and 750 45' 55" to 790 04' 20"
E Longitudes) North West Himalaya. Altitudinal Range of
Himachal Pradesh is 350- 6816 m and temperature ranges lies
between -13.80 C to 44.70 C. It covers approximately 55, 673
Km2 areas, and comprises 3226 Panchayats, 20, 690 villages
with 14, 83, 280 households and 6,864,602 human
populations. Total livestock population is 11, 04, 476. It
supports diverse habitats, species, communities and
Ecosystems. The vegetation mainly of sub- tropical and
temperate types and mostly dominated by broad leaved
deciduous and evergreen and coniferous types. (District
Economic and Statistical Department, Mandi, H.P)
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Fig. 1. Google Map of HP
Result & Discussion

1. Achyranthes aspera L
1.1 Distribution, habit & habitats:
Achyranthes aspera belongs to family Amaranthaceae,
commonly known as Devil’s Horsewhip and locally as
Puthkanda, Aung, Lalatjeera, Latjeera in different patys of HP.
It is an annual to perennial plant with herbaceous stem that
can become woody. Plant succeeds best in fertile soil and is
very frequently seen growing in waste places, grassland, and
roadsides up to an altitude of 2000 meter.In past its seeds
were used as an emergency food when nothing good was
available.
1.2 Harvesting practice, indigenous traditional and modern

edible uses
Leaves and seeds of this plant are edible and eaten cooked.
Leaves are used as potherb with orher available greens, while
seed are cooked in milk to make pudding (kheer) and
considered highly nutritious. Leaves are best harvested from
spring season to pre-winter, while seeds can be collected from
rainy to autumn season of the year Ripe fruits are collected
and ground into flour manually or with mixer. Seed powder is
separated by sieving. This powder can be used in our day to
day life by simple addition to any flour or in Kheer, oats, or
dalia making, As powder is bitter in taste so better to use it as
a food supplement. Leaves can be used as spinach substitute
and usually cooked along with other potherbs of rainy season
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as a leafy vegetable saag or kachru (like chilla). kheer made

from seeds is considered very nutritious and it is belived that
by consuming it one can live for 5 days without any hunger
symptom.
Fig.1 Harvesting and edible use of Achyranthes aspera
Medicinal and nutritive value

Medicinal uses and nutritive value of Achyranthes aspera is
tremendous (Table. 1). powdered seed can be used to boost
immunity, reduce weight and fight COVID-19.
Table. 1: Medicinal and nutritive value of Achyranthes

aspera
Food Value Medicinal Value

Plant contains Local Uses Fresh or dried stem and roots
moisture 4.05%, are used as toothbrush by locals. They
proteins 20.54%, use dried one in off season, Whole plant is
fats 0.903%, ash useful in treatment of dropsy, piles, boils
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20.25%, whooping cough and skin problems.

carbohydrates Uses In Literature:
54,26% and energy So, far in India plant is known as
294 Kcal. Vitamin diuretic, febrifuge, abortifacient,
profile was found germicidal, tonic and potherb and for
to be B(1) asthma, antifertility in women, boils,
0.27mg/100g, B(2) bronchitis, cold, colic, child birth, cough,
0.28mg/100g, B(3) debility, dropsy, dysentery, ear
0.58mg/100g, B(6) complaints, eye complaints, headache,
0.27mg/100g and hydrophobia, insect- bite, laxative,
B(9) 39μg/100g. leuoderma, liver complaints, pain in ribs
The content of and body, piles, pneumonia, reducing
sodium, calcium, hunger, renal complaints rheumatism,
magnesium, scabies, scorpion- bite, skin diseases,
potassium, snake- bite, sore, stomachache, syphilis,
chloride and toothache whooping cough, wounds; and
phosphorus was also to expel placenta, worms and word
found to be off ghosts (6),(8),(9),(10),(11).
1119.67, 5385.23,
5446.08, 1343.6,
675880.73 and
1447.5mg/kg
respectively and
trace metals i.e.
iron, copper, zinc,
manganese and
aluminum were
detected as
283.05, 8.062,
48.37, 16.12 and
9.853 mg/kg
respectively (7).
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.

Distribution, habit, habitat, morphology & Indigenous uses
Centella asiatica belongs to family Apiaceae and known by its
common names Gotu Kola, Mandukaparni, Manduk Parani,
Mandukig, Marsh Penny, Indian Pennywort and by local names
Brahmi, Handu -malu, Katorni, Ghodsumbi, Surpmukhi in
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different parts of HP. It is a perennial. Trailing herbaceous

small, evergreen, that can be killed off in extreme cold winters.
It is prominently seen growing along water channel, in fields,
around the base of old stone walls, rocky sunny places in
lowland hills, in grass thickets and in shady damp and wet
places such as paddy fields. Plant succeeds well in moist to wet
soil in full sun or partial shade and is found growing upto an
altitude of 1500 m.
Harvesting practice, indigenous traditional and modern

edible uses
Leaves are edible, they are used both raw and cooked. Dried
leaf powder of is used by local people as a very useful tonic.
Leaves are also ingredient of many medicinal preparations and
often traded locally, nationally and internationally. Leaves are
usually harvested from wild as source of food and medicine
both for local as well as commercial purposes. It can be
harvested at any time of the year and is used fresh or dried,
but best way to harness its medicinal potential is to use it
when fresh. Leaves are slightly bitter in flavour in spite of that
they are eaten as vegetable along with other greens and can be
an addition to salads, curries, soups and stews. Leaves can
also be used to make a local dish kachru, parantha and
refreshing summer drink by diluting the leaf juice with addition
of water and some natural sweetener or sugar. Finely chopped
tender leaves can be garnish / A tonic tea is also made from
the finely dried leaves. Powdered leaves can be an excellent
addition to many modern dishes e.g. in smoothies, nut milks,
raw cakes, raw crackers, etc.
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Fig. 2 Harvesting and edible use of Centella asiatica
Medicinal and nutritive value:

As this plant is rich in antioxidant and helpful to improve
immunity (Table. 2) so it can play important role in fighting
COVID-19 by strengthening immune system.
Table. 2: Medicinal and nutritive value of Centella asiatica
Nutritive value Medicinal value

Plant is rich in Plant is alterative, cardio-depressant,
antioxidants, including hypotensive, weakly sedative and
beta-carotene & B- tonic. It is a rejuvenating diuretic
complex vitamins; herb that clears toxins, reduces
Energy 32 kcal; dietary inflammations and fevers, improves
fibre 2.0 gm; protein 1.6 healing and immunity, improves the
gm & small quantities of memory and has a balancing effect on
niacin, riboflavin, the nervous system (13), (14)
thiamine and ascorbic
acid. (12),
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Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers

Kalanchoe pinnata belongs to family Crassulaceae. It is known
by many common names like Mother of Millions, Air Plant,
Donkey Ears, Life Plant, Leaf of Life, Resurrection Plant.
Canterbury Bells, Cathedral Bells. Miracle leaf, live leaf, live
leaf plant due to tremendous health benefits. Local name of
this plant are patharkhar, patharchatta, patharchur, parnabija
given for its potential to cure kidney stone. It is a succulent
perennial herb found growing wild up to an altitude of 900 m
but can be cultivated up to an altitude of 1200 m. It is
commonly seen growing on slopes of hills, waste lands,
roadsides, open woodlands, forests and forest margins in
different parts of HP.

edible uses
Leaves can be harvested round the year, but plant become
more or less leafless when in full bloom. Plant roots can be
harvested at any time of year but best to harvest after flowering
and fruiting is over to ensure sustainable harvesting. It is a
widely used divine or miracle herb to treat a wide spectrum of
ailments. Traditionally this plant is considered very helpful to
cure kidney stone.
Plant is mainly used as a medicinal herb and very few people

use this plant as a dietary supplement. But leaves, stem and
roots are edible and can be taken in the form of herbal tea,
condiment or nutrient supplement. Leaves can be an excellent
addition to various food items (usually which are eaten as
snack) in small amount like pakoras, pakora curry, Kachru and
potato fingers as a green. Pounded root ican be used as a
condiment. Plant is harvested from wild habitat as a source of
food and medicine.
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Fig. 3. Harvesting and edible use of Kalanchoe pinnata
Medicinal and nutritive value

Plant is profusely medicinal. It has strong antimicrobial
properties and rich in nutrient so it can be used as a food
supplement in day-to-day life to fight COVID-19 (Table.3.)
Table. 3: Medicinal and nutritive value of Kalanchoe pinnata

Plant ontain Plant is a widely used divine herb
(1.21 ± 0.07 and having antibacterial, antiviral,
0.8 ± 0.03%) ash, antimicrobial, antifungal, antihistamine
(72.92 ± 1.08 and anaphylactic properties. It is used in
and 4.46 ± variety of ailments such as
0.52%) inflammations, ulcers, fungal, viral and
carbohydrate, microbial infections, an impaired
(1.38 ± 0.06 and immune system, diabetes mellitus,
1. 15 ± 0.05%) spasms and insect bites. It is good for
fat, (6.02 ± 1. 06 almost any ailments like high blood
and 0.95 ± pressure, headaches, abscess, and
0.06%) fibre, (5. swellings. Tea made from stem and
38 ± 0.10 and leaves is used for menstrual cramps,
1.61 ± 0.02%) asthma and helps with sinus issues and
protein, and in increasing energy levels. It is also
(13.01 ± 1.03 consumed to clean the bladder and get
and 91.03± rid of harmful toxins from the intestines.
0.55%) moisture Plant is helpful in treatment of kidney
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in dry and fresh stones, urinary disorders, leukaemia,

samples vaginal disorders, headache,
respectively. leucorrhoea, piles, grey hair, jaundice,
Potassium weight management, cold and coughs (16)
(3.49±0.01and
3.74 ±0.04 %)
and calcium
(4.99±0.01 and
6.82 ± 0.04 %)
are the major
minerals (15)
Galium aparin L.
Galium aparin belongs to ffamily Rubiaceae. It is ccommonly
known as Goosegrass and llocally as Kuri or Dhanpatri. It is a
annual branched herb found trailing and climbing around
support in wastelands, crop fields, around hedges and in
meadows, up to an altitude of 3000 m in different parts of HP.

edible uses
Plant is harvested from wild habitat as a source of food, fodder,
medicine and material. Its leaves are best harvested from late
winter to spring season and seeds from early summer to
autumn season of year.
Tender shoot tips and young leaves are edible and used as
potherb with other available greens. Leaves are used in
making tea and are also an excellent addition to soup,’ kachru’
and ‘chutneys’. Dried and roasted seeds are good substitute of
coffee and known as poor men coffee.
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Fig. 5. Harvesting and edible use of Galium aparin
Medicinal value
Plant is an excellent cleanser and is helpful to boost immunity
to fight COVID-19 (Table.4).
Table. 4. Local and documented medicinal uses of Galium

aparin
Local Uses Uses in Literature
Locally plant is considered So, far it is known in India as an

a blood cleanser. it is good aperient, diuretic, refrigerant and
for tightening the skin antiscorbutic, and as a substitute
and reducing sign of for coffee. The juice and the
aging. Dried and infusion are also taken for kidney
pulverized one is used in stones and other urinary problem
cough and urinary (17) (18), (19).
disorders. It is taken 1-3 g

twice a day for 5-7 days.
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Urtica dioica L.
Distribution, Habit, habitat, morphology & Indigenous uses
of Urtica dioica.
Utica dioica comes from botanical family Uricaceae, commonly
known as nettle or stinging nettle and locally as Koogas,
Koogsi, Bichu booti and Bichu ghas in different parts of HP. It
is a widespread perennial herb found growing all over the HP
mostly in Mandi, Shimla, Solan, Kinnor, Kangra, Hamirpur &
Bilaspur district at moist sites along with streams, in open
forests, on mountain slopes, ditches and in disturbed areas
such as roadsides and old fields. It causes itching and
inflammatory effect on body when touched. So, it is also called
as “stinging nettle, stinger and common nettle” in English. This
is the reason that people especially kids afraid to go nearby to
this plant. People frequently use this plant to teach lesson to
their children, so it is often known and used as children
teacher. In spite of its luxuriant growth, rich medicinal and
nutritive values it is totally ignored plant in HP till date and
only very few people (mostly living in hills) use this plant as a
food, medicine and fodder.

edible uses of Urtica dioica:
As spines are present on leaf and stem surface of this plant
which causes itching and inflammatory effect on body when
touched. Very few people know that in spite of its itching
nature, leaves and shoot terminals of nettle are edible, as older
leaves can be laxative, so relatively younger leaves and tender
terminals are preferred for cooking. To protect skin from
itching and inflammatory effect a special care is needed during
its harvesting and cooking.
Harvesting
People cover their hands with gloves or by wrap cloth around
hands while collecting the leaves. Most convenient method is to
collect young leaves with tong. The leaves lose their stinging
property after the these are soaked in water. The stinging effect
completely vanishes after cooking.
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Traditional Dishes
Traditionally nettle is cooked into leafy vegetable (saag), kachru
and chutney. Most common preparation from it is saag (cooked
leaves). But sometimes chutney and kachru or masoru are also
prepared. Nettle saag is a quite popular in the hills and is a
seasonal delicacy in winters. Local people of hills mainly eat
nettle saag along with maize roti for its warming effect on body,
while People in plains prefer its chutney more as compare to
saag. Addition of souring agent like anardana (Dried Punica
granatum seeds) in chutney neutralize its warming effect.
People also intake nettle leaves as tea for weight reduction
program (Fig.2.).
Traditional Dishes with modern twist

Plant can also be cooked as nettle-paneer, nettle- aalu, nettle
sepubadi as a substitute of spinach and it can be an excellent
addition to soup. parantha. missi roti etc. (Fig.6.).
Fig. 6. Harvesting and edible use of Urtica dioica
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Medicinal and nutritive value of Urtica dioica

Medicinal value
Traditional practice of treating diseases by employing
indigenous knowledge and herb has reduced to a significant
amount. So a huge gap exist between theoretical and practical
uses of most of medicinal plants which are used as a source of
medicine. But this gap is meagre for nettle and it is still
practised by most of local people residing in villages (Table.5).
Table. 5. Medicinal value and chemical Constituents
Chemical Medicinal Value

Constituents
Flavnoids,
Local Use: Local medicinal use of this plant is
amines,
it helps in healing burns, swelling, fracture,
glucoquinone,
sprain with external application of leaf paste.
minerals, plant
Leaf and root paste is employed for the
sterols,
treatment of fractures and dislocations. Leaves
phenols (9).
and inflorescences are use as tonic and as a
cleaning agent after parturition. A decoction of
its leaves relive asthma and bronchitis. It is
also given in fevers.
Uses in literature: Fresh nettle juice in doses
of from 1 to 2 table spoonful’s is a most
serviceable remedy for all sots of bleeding,
whether from the nose, the lungs, or some
internal organ. Also, the decoction of the leaves
and stalks taken moderate quantise is capital
for many of the minor skin maladies. .Diuretic,
tonic, astringent, prevents haemorrhaging,
anti- allergenic, increase breast- milk
production, reduces prostate enlargement .
Nettle is a good source of vitamin A, C and
minerals its decoction is used as diuretic,
astringent and anthelmintic. It has been found
useful to cure jaundice. Tea made from the
young tops is a cure for Nettle rash. Nettle tea
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and Nettle tincture are curative of feverish gout

as well as of intermittent fever and promote a
speedy extrication of gravel through the
Kidneys (11) (13) (19) (20),(21),(22).
Food Value: Nettle is rich in food value and ia an excellent

source of minerals, proteins, vitamins and fibres. Being rich in
antioxidents and having warming effect on body it can act as
shield from COVID-19 (Table.6.).
Table. 6: Food Value of fresh or dried nettle leaves:
Dried nettle leaves Fresh nettle leaves

Nettle powder contains high !00 g of fresh nettle contains:
amount of protein (38%), water: 90,proteins;
crude fiber (9%), total ash 8.9,ashes:18.9, carbohydrates:
(16.2%), calcium (0.17%), iron 16.5, lipids: 2,fibers:
(0.23%), and relatively low in 5.3,calories (kcal/100g)
carbohydrate (37%) (23) 99.7(16) (17) (18). Fresh Lf are also
Minerals present in 100 g of excellent source of Vitamin
dry nettle are Ca: 5090, Mg: A,C, K, B6, Riboflavin, Mg, Fe, K, P, Ca,
3560, P: 75, K: 917.2, Mn fibres, Folate, Niacin
Na:16 and trace elements are &Thiamine (27).
Co:0.018, Cu: 1.747, Fe
:30.30. Mn: 5.784, Mo:
0.4265. Ni: 0.0732; Se:
0.0074, Zn: 3.033 (24) (25) (26).
Conclusion
Traditional knowledge of using wild plant as a source of food,
vegetable and medicine has declined in recent few years and is
at the verge of extinction among youth due to modernization,
urbanization and westernization resulting into many lifestyle
diseases like depression, diabetes, high blood pressure and
present threats of COVID -19. So, need of hour is to document
traditional knowledge and involve wild growing edible herbs in
our day-to-day life. This can be done by making traditional
recipes with some modern twist, so that young generation
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accept these food items readily. It will definitely be helpful to

keep present and coming generation happy and healthy as
these food plants are free from chemical fertilizers, pesticides,
insecticides and also rich in medicinal and nutritive values so
they can play important role in boosting our immunity, fighting
COVID-19 and to combat other lifestyle diseases like
depression, thyroid, obesity, diabetes & BP etc.
Recommendation
1. Wild food plants need to be involved in day to day life
with some modern twist in recipes,
2. Awareness among inhabitants for sustainable use and
harvesting of wild food plants.
3. Cultivation of food plants in community and forest land.
4. Promotion of wild plant recipes in hotels and
restaurants run by government and private
entrepreneurs.
Acknowledgement
Author is highly indebted to the inhabitants of Mandi area for
providing valuable information regarding above mentioned food
plants. Sincere thanks also go to Dr S.S. Samant, Dr. Chiranjit
Parmar, Dr, Sanjeet Singh, Bhavana Bhardwaj, official of
district statistical department, botany department of Vallabh
degree college Mandi for their encouragement, support and
cooperation. A special thanks to Ashutosh Sharma for his
immense help and co-operation in taxonomic identification and
providing photographs. Author is also highly thankful to DEST
Himachal Pradesh for providing funds to carry on this
research.
References
1. Samant, S. S. & Dhar, U. (1997): Diversity, endemism and
economic potential of wild edible plants of Indian Himalaya,
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Ecology, 4, 179-191.
2. Tara Devi, Vijay Sen (2020): "Role of Wild Food Plants in
Culinary Tourism Development of District Mandi Himachal
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Pradesh," International Journal of Scientific Research in

Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.6, pp.14-38.
3. Chowdhary, H. J., & Wadhwa, B. M. (1984): Flora of
Himachal Pradesh Analysis. Vol. I. Botanical Survey of India,
Calcutta.
4. Collett, H. (1902): Flora Simlensis.Thacker Spink & Co
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(Himachal Pradesh) Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh,
Dehradun.
6. Singh, P.B. (1918); Flora of the Mandi District Himachal
Pradesh North West Himalaya Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal
Singh, Dehradun. ISBN: 9788121109628.
7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25176360.
8. Jain, S. K. (1991). Dictionary of Indian folk medicine and
ethnobotany. Deep publications.
9. Karnick, C. R., Tiwari, K. C., Majumdar, R., & Bhattacharjee,
S. (1981). Newer ethnobotanical and folklore studies of some
medicinal plants of Gauhati and surrounding areas. Nagarjun,
24(11), 240-245.
10. Tiwari, A. K. (1979). Singular Products of Distributions.
Mathematische Annalen, 240, 39-40.
11. Purohit SS, Sharma AK, Prajapati ND, Kumar T. (2009); A
handbook of medicinal plants: a complete source book. 2:352-
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12. The Wealth of India(1997): A Dictionary of Indian Raw
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3, (Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi),
Rev Ser, (Ca-Ci), 1992, 428-430.
13. Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C (1982):
Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research, New Delhi.
14. Bown. D.(1995): Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses.
Dorling Kindersley, London. ISBN 0-7513-020-31!
15. Nwali, B. U., Okaka, A. N. C., Offor, C. E., Aja, P. M., &
Nwachi, U. E. (2014). Proximate and Mineral Compositions of
Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaves. American Journal of
Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, 2(3), 286-289.
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16. Kamboj, A., & Saluja, A. (2009). Bryophyllum pinnatum

(Lam.) Kurz.: phytochemical and pharmacological profile: a
review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 3(6), 364.
17. Sood SK and Thakur S. (2004): Ethnobotany of Rewalsar
Himalaya. Deep Publications.
18. Ambasta, S. S. (1986). The useful plants of India (p. 650).
CSIR, New Delhi, India: Publications & Information Directorate.
19. Kirtikar & Basu, 1935, Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. III,
Bishan Singh Mahedra Pal Singh, Dehradun.
20. Chevallier. A. (1996); The Encyclopedia of Medicinal
Plants. Dorling Kindersley. London, ISBN, 9-780751-303148.
21. Grieve, M. (1984):Tansy. A Modern Herbal. Penguin Books
Ltd, Middlesex, Great Britain, 789-790.
22. Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. (1985); Medicinal Plants of
China reference Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-917256-20-4
23. Adhikari, B. M., Bajracharya, A., & Shrestha, A. K. (2016):
Comparison of nutritional properties of Stinging nettle (Urtica
dioica) flour with wheat and barley flours. Food science &
nutrition, 4(1), 119-124.
24. Pradhan S, Manivannan S, Tamang JP(2015): Proximate,
mineral composition and antioxidant properties of some wild
leafy vegetables. J Sci Ind Res ; 74:155-9.
25. Rutto LK, Xu Y, Ramirez E, Brandt M (2013): Mineral
properties and dietary value of raw and processed stinging
nettle (Urtica dioica L.). International journal of food science.
26. Kavalali GM, editor. Urtica( 2003 ): The genus urtica. CRC
Press;Jul 24.
27. Basic report (2018.): Stinging nettles, blanched (Northern
Plains Indians35205, ) (April 2018. ):
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Change of Food Habits During Covid

Pandemic
1Sibalal
Panda, 2Dr. Debasmita Das
1Lecture in English,Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya, Badakia,
Balasore, Odisha
2Asst. teacher, Januganj Nodal School, Balasore, Odisha
Abstract
Food is very vital for every living organism. It is required for a
healthy life. We take different types of food in our daily life. But
during a Pandemic situation like Covid 19, the choice and type
of food become more meaningful and important. so we have to
think wisely while taking food during this critical situation.
This article has described about some changes people have
made in selecting the type of food during Covid Pandemic. A big
focus is on boosting immunity. The information and statement
present in the article are according to the changing food habit
of some people of a particular region.
Keywords: Pandemic, Covid-19, immunity
“In the days and weeks ahead, we expect to see the number of
cases, the number of deaths, and the number of affected
countries climb even higher. ...Covid-19 can be characterised
as a Pandemic. Pandemic is not a word to use lightly or
carelessly.”
These are the lines of WHO in a media briefing in the month of

March, 2020 in the wake of Covid pandemic. The statement
made at that point of time was enough to assess the severity of
novel coronavirus that gripped the globe in the early part of
2020. Each word told here rang the alarmed bell. Because
Corona pandemic made a world which no one even dreamt of.
It created a world filled with hopelessness, uncertainty,
despair, fear, stress and gloom. With the days moving, the
human race entered into a certain uncertainty. History
witnessed many calamities and pandemic that wrecked the
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entire world. But covid pandemic surpassed the previous ones.

This is the biggest and deadliest threat to the human race in
the ongoing century. The virus didn’t discriminate between rich
and poor or educated and uneducated. Starting from tech-rich
USA, Italy and Germany to resource-rich UK, the developing
and undeveloped countries, everyone came in its control. The
new virus brought an unprecedented situation in the life of
people in almost every country. This was also a change agent
for many things. Many new things and siuations came up with
the outbreak of corona pandemic. Amid many the lifestyle and
food habit of the people saw different new aspects. A big
change was seen in the eating habits of people as human race
entered into a world scourged by coronavirus.
In the early days of 2020, the first case of covid-19 was

reported in India. As the cases and casualties soared day by
day, fear ruled everywhere. The incessant flow of covid related
news items in the mass media made even common man more
informative though, people felt a continuous threat to their life
because there was no medicine or fixed treatment to check the
infection. The ways to minimise and check infection were to
enhance body immunity, breaking the corona chain etc. This
threat actually brought a big change in the food habit of many
people. Like necessity is the mother of invention, people
started experimenting and doing many new things as regard to
their food habit to lessen the covid threat. This change was
seen in the lives of villagers to city dwellers. Some traditional
methods of food preparations, certain spices, some fruits and
vegetables known to be immunity enhancer etc. intruded the
life of the people. Everyone strived to be fit and immune to
covid threat. Boosting immunity became a mantra for many
educated people. As good nutrition is key for immune system to
fight against virus, eating healthy, fresh and variety food
became a priority. The people in the villages also were not
behind in the mission. They tried everything available within
their reach. In short, a necessity-driven change was visible
clearly in the food menu of the people. It is said that every
Indian is a doctor. Especially, during covid pandemic people
proved it. People living even in rural areas found out some
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herbs to boost immunity. Many also included fruits in their

diet.
During covid days doctors and health experts stressed on

maintainig good health and building immunity. This prompted
the people to opt for home-cooked food instead of taking food
from outside. Further, the shutting down of roadside food stalls
due to lockdown and shutdown compelled them to do so. As
hotels and restaurants were closed down, the practice of taking
outside food and fast food stopped totally. Food items like
chowmein, pokoda, panipuri, dahi vada etc. taken from outside
by many were out of the plate. Outside-home-eating habit was
replaced by home-cooked food. The items people generally ate
outside were prepared at home in a more hygienic process.
People browsed on internet the various spices and foods that
enhance immunity of the body. In this context, the use of
mustard oil for cooking increased a lot. As this oil has many
healthy effects on human body including boosting immunity
and remedy for cold, more people opted it for their kitchen. As
told by a neighbourhood shopkeeper in our locality, people
bought more mustard oil than sunflower or other cooking oils
during peak days of covid infection. Similarly, olive oil also
made entry to many kitchens for the first time during those
days.To limit the total fat intake people prerfered steaming and
grilling to frying foods. Many avoided trans fats also.
Like oils, many spices popular in kitchens in earlier days

returned with huge attention during covid days. Cloves,
cinnamon, corriander, garlic, ginger, black pepper etc. were
widely used for food preparation because of their many
medicinal properties. Though people were using these spices
even before covid infection, during pandemic more focus was
on these items. As immunity boosting was one of the ways to
combat covid infection,people used these in many dishes.
People also prepared kadha out of some of these spices and
sipped in the morning and evening. The fact is that these
spices were not new to the Indians, but its wide use to fight
covid infection was the talking point. Basically, garlic received
more attention as it has many health benefits. City and town
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dwellers also started buying organic food materials and cooking

items. As per the information collected from a shopping mall,
organic items were sold in big numbers despite its high price.
During corona pandemic, people opted for vegetarian food

though many also concentrated more on fish and egg. Green
leafy vegetables were added to the daily menu. Earlier also
people consumed these. But the point is, in order to stay
healthy during covid days, people consumed more and variety
of vegetables. Use of vegetables like carrot, broccoli, tomato,
red, yellow and green capsicum, pepper and leafy greens like
spinach, kale etc. were used more than the earlier days. Many
also included green salad to their meals. To increase the
consumption of fibre, pulses and wholegrain foods were added
in all meals. Other than vegetables, people added egg, fish and
meat to their menu. Since some fish have good amount of
protein, omega 3 fatty acids, vitamin D and B2, iron, zinc etc.
and are sources of unsaturated fats people included this in
their daily diet.
During covid period the fruit and nut-eating habbit of common

man increased. Many rich and highly health-conscious people
use this in their menu even before corona days. But for the
common people, the regular fruit intake habit was irregular.
But to stay healthy and boost immunity, a big number of
people consumed some fruits and nuts on regular basis during
covid days. This idea was supplemented by the advice of
doctors and health experts in mass media. People in large
opted for the fruits rich in vitamin C and helpful for fighting
covid infection. Ripe papaya, strawberry, lemon, orange, kiwi
fruit etc. in large number became a part of people’s daily diet
though other fruits were also in the list. Before covid
pandemic, there were fixed market places for fruits and
vegetables. But during covid pandemic, as people didnot opt for
going distant places for shopping, vegetables and fruit shops
came up at different places of the cities and towns. Even in the
villages, vendors sold these items at doorsteps. The demand of
orange and papaya in particular, became very high. At one time
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the availability of orange was felt short and the price of ripe
papaya and lemon went very high.
Covid pandemic changed not only the food habit of the people
but made them consciuos regarding the time for taking food.
During lockdown and shutdown going outside home was
restricted. The emergency departments only were functioning
with limited staff. People working in private and public sectors,
either worked from home or didnot attend offices in the wake of
covid pandemic. Since they remained indoor, the habit of
taking food in time became a practice. Besides, the numbers of
taking food also increased. Some people didnot skip breakfast
as they were doing earlier under pressure of reaching at the
work places in time. For many people, drinking fruit juice and
sipping soup became priority.
Among many things which corona pandemic made popular,

Ayurveda was one. That does not mean that Ayurveda was not
popular earlier among Indians. In fact, Ayurveda is a part of
Indian life. Even a person with very little knowledge can say
some Ayurvedic remedies for some ailments. The fact is that
during covid period, more and more people from cities, towns
and villages included Ayurveda as a very vital part of their life.
As it is easily available and safe to use, people relied on it more
for symptoms like cold or fever. Many people consumed certain
plants or leaves to boost immunity. In the wake of corona,
Ministry of Ayush issued some guidelines regarding type of
food practice and lifestyle to boost immunity. According to the
information collected by the writer from people, many followed
these tips to stay healthy. Popular names like Guduchi
(Tinospora Cordifolia), Amla(Indian Gooseberry) and
Ashwagandha became a part of people’s life. These things were
widely used for enhancing immunity. Either by making kadha
or in tablets, people consumed Guduchi. Similarly, Amal and
Ashwagandha were also parts of people’s food. Besides,
Tulsi(Basil leaves) and turmeric(Haldi) known as immunity
enhancer were included in the food list. People chewed tulsi
with a little amount of honey in the morning or sipped water
processed with it. In the rural areas these two were widely
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practised because these were easily available there. In many

places, people gurgled with warm water mixed with turmeric
powder. Besides different food, another practice developed
among people was to drink luke warm water.
According to the tips and advice made by some doctors and

nutritionists on TVs and in newspapers, many people
minimised the daily intake of salt and sugar.Except in cooking,
many people did not use extra salt in their meals.Similarly, to
lessen the consumption of free sugar, people used fruit juices
and dried fruits with no added sugar.
What experiment people did in cooking or food and beverages

duing covid days was only to stay healthy and immune to covid
virus. The fruits and vegetables they consumed for this reason
were also used earlier. But during corona pandemic, some of
the known and common names of fruits, vegetables and herbs
caught more attention because of their immunity boosting
properties and ingredients. In fact, Corona didnot make a total
new food habit in particular but some general food items were
used more in particular.
Reference
 https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-
prevention/nutrition/news/news/2020/3/food-and-
nutrition-during-self-quarantine-what-to-choose-and-how-
to-eat-healthily
 https://www.who.int/director-
general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-
remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-
2020
 https://www.ayush.gov.in/ayush-guidelines.html
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Corona Virus- History, Morphology,

Epidemiology, Precaution and Status of
Vaccine
Shivam Dwivedi¹, Monika Chauhan1* Ajay Kumar2, Diwakar
Chauhan3 and Arvind Kumar Jain3
¹Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic and Applied

India
2Department of Life Science, School of Basic and Applied

India
3Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied

India
*Corresponding Author: monika0283@gmail.com
Abstract
Coronavirus is a common non-dangerous virus for human
beings. It causes respiratory illness as infection in the nose,
upper throat, and sinuses. In December 2019, an outbreak in
China and identified by WHO as a new SARS-CoV-2 virus,
named COVID 19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) which causes
severe respiratory tract infection and high fatality. This virus
causes severe infection in the upper respiratory tract and
lowers respiratory tract having symptoms like normal flu virus-
like fever, body pain, congestion in the chest, breathlessness,
etc., and shows highly contagious and a large population is
susceptible to infection. Infected persons and animals are the
major sources that are transmitted by coughing droplets and
direct control. The intermediate source of origin and transfer
are not known, however human to human transfer is widely
known. The spreading of the virus caused thousands of deaths
and having an enormous impact on the health system and
world economy. However, perfect vaccination is not known yet.
Prevention is better than cure is the most important theme for
this endemic disease. Recently India developed a safe and
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accurate vaccine COVAXIN by Serum Institute of India (SII)

having 70% effectiveness. In this chapter, we talk over about
the Structure, pathogenesis, immunization, and precautions
for SARS-CoV-2 and its prospect.
Keywords- COVID 19, Covaxin and SARS2.
Introduction
A novel coronavirus or ‘COVID-19’ by the World Health
Organization(WHO) is having responsible for the
present episode of pneumonia which started at the starting of
December 2019 close in Wuhan City, China (Crman, et al.,
2020; Read et al., 2020; Fongs et al., 2020 and Hui et al.,
2020). In December 2019, an episode of pneumonia
of obscure beginning was detailed in Wuhan, Hubei Territory,
China. After some time, this mysterious pneumonia causing
agent was identified as a novel coronavirus (He et al., 2020).
Coronaviruses are a magnanimous family of infections that are
known to cause sickness extending from the flu to more
extreme infections like Middle East Respiratory Disorder
(MERS) and Extreme Intense Respiratory Disorder (SARS). Six
sorts of human coronavirus have been officially accepted.
These include HCoV-OC43, HCoVHKU1, Extreme Intense
Respiratory Disorder coronavirus (SARS-Corona virus), Middle
East Respiratory Disorder coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which is
the sort of the Betacoronavirus, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV229E,
which are a fraction of the Alphacoronavirus. COVID-19 has
come to 150 countries and more, counting starts from China,
and has caused WHO to call the infection an around the world
widespread. At the end of the 2nd week of April 2020, cases
surpassed 18, 738, 58, although more than 1, 160, 45 passing
were noted around the world and Joined together States of
America got to be the worldwide epicenter of coronavirus
(Fongs, et al., 2020).
History
In 31st December 2019, when the World Health Organization
(WHO) was officially educated nearly a bundle of cases of
pneumonitis in Wuhan City, domestic to 11 million individuals
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and the social and financial center of central China. Mostly

COVID-19 cases cause mild symptoms like cough, fever, and
respiratory distress (Hui et al., 2020). The cause of the extreme
intense respiratory disorder got to be known as COVID‐19 or
SARS‐CoV‐2. Two non‐endemic coronaviruses have caused
genuine disease. The Covid-19 shows symptoms very close to
other viral respiratory infections (Kachroo, 2020). In humans,
the infection was enough to cause Serious Intense Respiratory
Disorder (SARS). In Saudi Arabia in 2012, MERS infection was,
to begin with, distinguished as a causal agent of deadly
contamination and extended to 27 countries. The first source
species isn’t known yet, but bats are considered to be the
source of origin. COVID is closer to SARS‐CoV or MERS‐CoV,
disproportionately recommending, it is believed that this is a
novel coronavirus (Caplin, 2020).
Morphology of Corona
Corona viruse (CoVs) belong to family Coronaviridae, sub-
family Orthocoronavirinae, order Nidovirales, and genus
Betacoronavirus. They are 80-220nm in size and symmetrical
particles shape of a crown ("Corona" in Latin - Crown) having a
spike-like projection on the surface of the virus and
subsequently the name. It contains single-stranded, plus
strands non-segmented RNA genetic material, 26–32 kb in size
(Sawicki, and Sawicki, 2005). The descriptive structure of the
covid-19 virus is incompletely understood yet. India framed the
earliest information about the structure for the virus was
explained using throat swab sample fixed in glutaraldehyde
and then negative staining demonstrated round-shaped virus
with an average size of 70–80 nm (Prasad et al., 2020). COVID
mutates rapidly causing infections, through forthright (infected
human-to non-infected human) and collateral (Contact with
contaminated object) contact to person (Wu et al., 2020).
Structure
For the COVID identification, cells are earlier fixed in 2%
paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde, and seen in high
magnification microscope such as TEM, manifested particular
morphology of COVID19 having a range of 70-90 nm particle
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size, included intracellular organelle, most specifically in

vesicles (Walls et al., 2020). In recent study observed glycan
shield and spike glycoprotein structure. This has critical
suggestions for understanding the viral camouflage and mode
of the section of cells, possibly making a difference to form
modern antibodies, little particle drugs, and screen human
have targets. The surface, layer, and envelope of the spike are
inserted within the lipid bilayer inferred from the have layer
typifying the helical nucleocapsid containing viral RNA (Figure
1). Pleomorphic (Spherical) structure having positive-sense
single-stranded RNA attached with nucleoprotein. The surface
contains club-shaped glycoprotein and mainly four structural
proteins contain nucleocapsid (N), proteins spike (S), envelope
(E), and membrane (M), which are responsible for genome
support and replication (Boheemen et al., 2012). Corona
membrane has three or four viral proteins where (M)
glycoprotein is present in the highest amount in the membrane
and expands bilayer membrane three times with short NH 2-
terminal domain outside and a long COOH terminus inside the
virion (Haan et al.,1998).
Figure 1: Structure of Coronavirus

(source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065352
706660053)
How it spread
Initially, vaccines were not available for covid-19 and
the pillar of treatment is steady care, in tall reliance units in
case fundamental, for the foremost fundamentally sick patients
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(Watkins, 2020). The median incubation period for COVID19 is

approx 5 days (range 2 to 14 days), and infected peoples who
develop symptoms do so within approx 12 days of infection
(range from 8 to 16 days) (Weissleder et al., 2020). According to
WHO guidelines, protection for health care workers (HCWs) is
recommended precautions from droplets and direct contact
from COVID 19 suspected patient (Pan et al., 2020). Recently
In a study, observed that coronavirus infections usually spread
through very tiny aerosol particles through the normal breath
(Figure 2). These droplets and aerosols spread on the face and
reach inside the nose and mouth of a non-infected person who
is possibly inhaled (Guner et al., 2020).
Figure 2: Covid transmission in the population
Precaution Interventional platform personal protection

equipment kits (PPE kit) were exposed by the leadership and
work of hospitals and medical schools to generate a general
algorithm (Forrester et al., 2020). At the time of intubation and
extubation of the patient, Healthcare workers were present min
10 minutes for a distance of less than 2m from the patient,
with 85% wearing a surgical mask and the remainder wearing
N95 masks (Givi, et al., 2020). It is suggested to join hands
hygienically and hygienically to reduce the risk of transmission
within the community and to avoid congestion and close
contact with people. Brochures, posters audio-visual tools such
as videos caller tunes which are circulated by the different
government and private organizations play a very important
role to keep aware everyone against COVID-19 and present
doubtless diligence for hygiene as well as social safety
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throughout the entire society (Figure 3). Many countries

included India established quarantine centres to enhance
social distancing and prevent the spreading of the virus. Given
the studies, avoid physical contact (quarantine) is the best
dynamic way to minimize the number of infected and dead (Pan
et al., 2020; Iwasaki and Gurubaugh, 2020). Countries that
followed strict quarantine rules from the very beginning are
more successful. Recent data published by the Cochrane
Library reviewing 29 studies, informs that the infection rate is
reduced from 81 percent to 44 percent and the number of dead
from 61 percent to 31 percent only by quarantine (Prasad et al.,
2020; Murphy et al., 2016). In the series of prevention from
COVID, WHO suggests that confirmed COVID-19 patients
should be separated for a minimum of 14 days after their last
exposure to COVID-19 (Guner et al., 2020).
Figure 3: Precautions to prevent from CORONA.

a. Social distancing b. Use of mask c. Isolation
Epidemiology
COVID-19's first case was claimed in China. Major
epidemiologists proposed the initial eruption is related to the
market where wild animals are sold for human diet as well as
seafood (Sun et al., 2020). Epidemiologists claimed that direct
and close contact is responsible for the initial eruption. As a
result of the initial eruption, the virus spread inside and
outside China (200 countries or more) through the mass
gathering on Chinese New Year celebration and other causes
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(Hanley et al., 2020). WHO globally indorsed cases, as of

January 18, 2021, are 102,083,344 with mortality of
2,209,195. Descending order of most affected regions is
America, Europe, Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean,
Africa, and Western Pacific. According to an update from WHO,
as of January 31, 2021, a total of 10,746,183 cases are found
in India with mortality of 154,274 (Chughtai et al., 2005).
States such as Maharashtra, Karnataka, A.P., Tamilnadu, and
Kerala are the worst suffered state in India from COVID-19
(www.livemint.com). Nevertheless, In India, mortality is one of
the lowest (approx. 1.44%).
Pathogenesis
COVID-19 spike protein attaches to ACE2 (the angiotensin
converting enzyme 2), enters inside the cell, and causes
infection. Finishing entry, spike protein needs to be briefed y
an enzyme protease. The virus completes this process by using
an enzyme protease called TMPRSS2 similar to SARS-CoV
(Forrester et al., 2020), and connect spike protein with ACE2
(cellular legend), energized by TMPRSS2 as a required protease.
After insertion of virus the target cell opens, genetic material is
transcribed and then translated. Assembled protein over the
cellular membrane helps genomic RNA to incorporate by
promising from the internal cell membranes (Kumar et al.,
2020). The COVID pathological findings are identical to an
infected person of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infected patients
(Jevanathan et al., 2020).
Immunization
The world is in desperate require of secure, successful COVID-
19 immunization procedures. Numerous research facilities and
companies have mixed to quickly create these antibodies,
coming about more than 160 antibody candidates, have a
modest bunch, entered the stage I, II, and III clinical trials
inside a brief period of 6 months (Kaur and Gupta, 2020).
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Figure 4: Different categories of SARS COV2 vaccines

(www.heartrhythmjournal.com)
An immunization that inspires the generation of sulphur

protein neutralizing antibodies within the immunized subjects
is the essential point of all the programs for COVID-
19 antibodies. Mostly these antibody candidates are built on
the surface antigen, as inactivated antibodies, fractional unit
immunizations, viral vectored antibodies, and nucleic acid-
based (mRNA or DNA) immunizations. The hour requires to
create a secure and viable COVID-19 antibody that can actuate
a fitting safe reaction to end this widespread. It is the all-
inclusive need to spot the worldwide subsidizing instruments to
back the improvement, fabricating, and stockpiling of the
coronavirus immunizations and circle chart. In arrange to reply
rapidly and viably to the COVID-19 widespread, a wide extend
of candidate COVID-19 antibodies are being examined
universally utilizing different advances and stages. These
incorporate viral-vectored, protein subunit, nucleic corrosive
(DNA, RNA), live constricted and inactivated antibodies (Figure
4). A few of these candidates have entered clinical trials.
Researchers around the world are creating numerous potential
antibodies for COVID-19. These immunizations are all planned
to educate the body’s safe framework to securely recognize and
piece the infection that causes COVID-19. A few diverse sorts of
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potential immunizations for COVID-19 are in advancement,

counting:
 Inactivated or weakened virus vaccines - inactivated or
weakened form of the virus is used to generate an
immune response.
 Protein-based vaccines - Innocuous particles of proteins
or protein debris are used to generate a relevant
immune response.
 Viral vector vaccines – innocuous genetically engineered
viruses are used to produces immune response safely.
 RNA and DNA vaccines- Genetically engineered RNA or
DNA generated by a cutting-edge approach that itself
safely produces an immune response (WHO).
Future perspective
WHO declared COVID-19 has as of late risen and pronounced
as wide spread. COVID-19 genetic arrangements put forward to
the database of NCBI, the logical community has analyzed the
tests and recommended preventive and restorative techniques.
Subsequently, the examination of genomic differences within
the gathered examples should be organized to plan general
compelling treatments. In expansion, genomic characterization
makes a difference in us precisely distinguish the beginning
and advancement of the infection. Disentangling the device of
COVID-19 replication in different cell-based models can help
us achieve pathogenesis and recognize particular marks to
create viable drugs against the virus. In expansion to this
hopeful low effect, in case the avoidance measures will be
executed, we seem to enlist a lower rate of hygiene-linked
maladies that still speak to driving causes of passing (Di
Gennaro et al., 2020).
References
 Boheemen, S.V., Graaf, M.D., Lauber, C., Bestebroer, T.M.,
Raj, V.S., Zaki, A.M., Osterhaus, A.D., Haagmans, B.L.,
Gorbalenya, A.E., Snijder, E.J. and Fouchier, R.A. (2012).
Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus
associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in
humans. MBio, 3(6): 1-9.
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 Chaplin, S. (2020). COVID‐19: A brief history and

treatments in development. Prescriber, 31(5): 23-28.
 Chughtai, T., Jogeklar, A., Cooper, A.B. and Brenneman, F.
(2005). Elective and emergency surgery in patients with
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Canadian journal
of surgery, 48(1): 71.
 Corman, V.M., Landt, O., Kaiser, M., Molenkamp, R., Meijer,
A., Chu, D.K., Bleicker, T., Brünink, S., Schneider, J.,
Schmidt, M.L., Mulders, D.G., Haagmans, B.L., Veer, B.,
Brink, S., Wijsman, L., Goderski, G., Romette, J.L., Ellis, J.,
Zambon, M., Peiris, M., Goossens, H., Reusken, C.,
Koopmans M.P. and Drosten, C., (2020). Detection of 2019
novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR, Euro
Surveillance. 25(3): 23-30.
 Di Gennaro, F., Pizzol, D., Marotta, C., Antunes, M.,
Racalbuto, V., Veronese, N. and Smith, L., (2020).
Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) current status and future
perspectives: a narrative review. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8): 1-11.
 Fong S.J., Dey N. and Chaki J. (2021). An Introduction to
COVID-19. In: Artificial Intelligence for Coronavirus
Outbreak. Springer Briefs in Applied Sciences and
Technology. Springer, Singapore.
 Fong, S.J., Li, G., Dey, N., Crespo, R.G. and Herrera-
Viedma, E., (2020). Composite Monte Carlo decision making
under high uncertainty of novel coronavirus epidemic using
hybridized deep learning and fuzzy rule induction. Applied
Soft Computing, 93: 117.
 Forrester, J.D., Nassar, A.K., Maggio, P.M. and Hawn, M.T.
(2020). Precautions for operating room team members
during the COVID-19 pandemic, Journal of the American
College of Surgeons, 230(6): 1098-1101.
 Forrester, J.D., Nassar, A.K., Maggio, P.M. and Hawn, M.T.,
(2020), Precautions for operating room team members
during the COVID-19 pandemic, Journal of the American
College of Surgeons, 230 (6):1098-1101.
 Givi, B., Schiff, B.A., Chinn, S.B., Clayburgh, D., Iyer, N.G.,
Jalisi, S., Moore, M.G., Nathan, C.A., Orloff, L.A., O’Neill,
J.P. and Parker, N., (2020). Safety recommendations for
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evaluation and surgery of the head and neck during the

COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Otolaryngology–head & neck
surgery, 146(6): 579-584.
 Guner, H.R., Hasanoglu, I. and Aktaş, F. (2020). COVID-19:
Prevention and control measures in community, Turkish
Journal of medical sciences, 50: 571-577.
 Haan, C.A., Kuo, L., Masters, P.S., Vennema, H., and
Rottier, P.J. (1998). Coronavirus particle assembly: primary
structure requirements of the membrane protein. Journal of
Virology, 72(8): 6838-6850.
 Hanley, B., Lucas, S.B., Youd, E., Swift, B. and Osborn, M.
(2020). Autopsy in suspected COVID-19 cases. Journal of
Clinical Pathology. 73(5): 239-242.
 He, Feng, Yu Deng, and Weina Li., (2020). Coronavirus
disease 2019: What we know? Journal of Medical Virology,
92(7): 719-725.
 https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-update-these-
4-states-in-india-account-for-68-of-covid-19-cases
11590466536769.htmlhttps://health.economictimes.indiatimes
.com/news/industry/indias-covid-19-fatality-rate-1-52-percent-
lowest-since-march-22-says-ministry-of-health/78700986.
 Hui, D. S., I Azhar, E., Madani, T. A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R.,
Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T. D., Memish, Z. A., Drosten,
C., Zumla, A. and Petersen, E. (2020). The continuing 2019-
nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global
health- The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in
Wuhan, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 91:
264-266.
 Hui, D.S., Azhar, E.I., Madani, T.A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R.,
Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T.D., Memish, Z.A., Drosten,
C. and Zumla, A. (2020). The continuing 2019-nCoV
epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health-The
latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China.
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 91: 264-266.
 Iwasaki, A. and Grubaugh, N.D. (2020). Why does Japan
have so few cases of COVID‐ 19? EMBO Molecular
Medicine, 12(5), 1-3.
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 Jeyanathan, M., Afkhami, S., Smaill, F., Miller, M.S., Lichty,

B.D. and Xing, Z., (2020). Immunological considerations for
COVID-19 vaccine strategies. Nature Reviews Immunology,
20(10): 615-632.
 Kachroo, V. (2020). Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in India:
Current scenario. International Journal of Research and
Review, 7(3): 435-447.
 Kaur, S.P. and Gupta, V., (2020). COVID-19 Vaccine: A
comprehensive status report. Virus Research, 288: 1-22.
 Kumar, S., Nyodu, R., Maurya, V.K. and Saxena, S.K.
(2020), Morphology, genome organization, replication, and
pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), In Coronavirus Disease 2019
(COVID-19). Nature Public Health Emergency Collection, 23-
31.
 Murphy, E., Froggatt, K., Connolly, S., O'Shea, E., Sampson,
E. L., Casey, D. and Devane, D., (2016). Palliative care
interventions in advanced dementia. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews, 12: 1-43.
 Pan, A., Liu, L., Wang, C., Guo, H., Hao, X., Wang, Q.,
Huang, J., He, N., Yu, H., Lin, X. and Wei, S. (2020).
Association of public health interventions with the
epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China.
JAMA, 323(19): 1915-1923.
 Pan, A., Liu, L., Wang, C., Guo, H., Hao, X., Wang, Q.,
Huang, J., He, N., Yu, H., Lin, X. and Wei, S. (2020).
Association of public health interventions with the
epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China,
Jama, 323(19): 915-1923.
 Prasad, S., Potdar, V., Cherian, S., Abraham, P., Basu, A.
and Team, I.N.N. (2020). Transmission electron microscopy
imaging of SARS-CoV-2. The Indian Journal of Medical
Research, 151(2-3): 241.
 Read, J.M., Bridgen, J.R., Cummings, D.A., Ho, A. and
Jewell, C.P., (2020). Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: early
estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic
predictions. MedRxiv, 2: 1-11.
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 Sawicki, S.G. and Sawicki, D.L. (2005). Coronavirus

transcription: A perspective. Coronavirus Replication and
Reverse Genetics, 287: 31-55.
 Sun, J., He, W.T., Wang, L., Lai, A., Ji, X., Zhai, X., Li, G.,
Suchard, M.A., Tian, J., Zhou, J. and Veit, M. (2020).
COVID-19: epidemiology, evolution, and cross-disciplinary
perspectives. Trends in molecular medicine. 26(5): 483-495.
 Walls, A.C., Park, Y.J., Tortorici, M.A., Wall, A., McGuire,
A.T. and Veesler, D., (2020). Structure, function and
antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell,
181(2): 281-292.
 Watkins, J., (2020), Preventing a covid-19 pandemic. BMJ,
368:1-2.
 Weissleder, R., Lee, H., Ko, J., and Pittet, M. J., (2020).
COVID-19 diagnostics in context. Science translational
Medicine, 12 (546):1-5.
 Wu, F., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Chen, Y.M., Wang, W., Song, Z.G.,
Hu, Y., Tao, Z.W., Tian, J.H., Pei, Y.Y. and Yuan, M.L.
(2020). A new coronavirus associated with human
respiratory disease in China, Nature, 579: 265-269.
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Covid-19 Pandemic and its Impact on

Psychological Wellbeing of Individuals
Dr. Sanjay Kumar

Assistant Director Physical Education, Central Sanskrit
University, Ved Vyas Campus Balahar, Kangra , Himachal
Pradesh.
Abstract
The COVID-19 Pandemic has been seriously affecting
humankind and keeps on influencing all fragments of the
populace since its root. Its after effects have been
vulnerability, casualty, and absence of general wellbeing
readiness. The point of the article is to investigate the effect of
this phenomenal climate on emotional wellness of people. It will
examine finally some inferences of the causal pathways of
mental pain/messes and recommend techniques to forestall
and advance psychological wellness in people during this
emergency. The emotional wellness impacts of COVID-19 are
everybody everywhere and it is imperative to address similar to
the actual wellbeing impacts.
Keywords: Covid-19, Mental wellbeing, psychosocial stress,

lockdown, emotional wellness strategy.
Introduction
The spurt of Covid pandemic is called Severe Respiratory
Syndrome - Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is caused by a
destructive pneumonia flare-up in Wuhan, China . It is
believed to be the continuation of genuine plagues brought
about by Middle East respiratory condition Covid (MERS-CoV)
and serious intense respiratory disorder (SARS) in Middle East
(2009) and Guangdong, China, separately . The COVID-19
disease, originated from China quickly spreaded to the other
parts of the world . In the given situation there is a pressing
need to plan for the outcomes of related plagues and
pandemics. The consequences of this pandemic are not only
physical harmful but it also severely effected the emotional
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wellness and equilibrium of the individuals as well as the

common masses in general. It is important to differentiate the
psychological well-being irregularities to the physical once and
to suggest appropriate viable treatment.
The present article attempts to incorporate treatments to

pneumonic manifestations and the significance of mental
wellbeing. This viral disease has caused separation, limited
social exercises, grieved dozing, lockdown and manufactured
news. All these resulted in pressure, uneasiness, and scenes
of burdensome responses that additionally build the danger of
psychological instabilities. In this paper, we centre around the
dangers of mental issues related with novel Covid episode, and
it successfully corresponds to construct mental versatility
among crisis wellbeing labourers and the general population.
At that point we sum up certain realities obtained in SARS and
MERS flare-ups to help the weak populaces in adapting to the
mental issues. We further examine the results of being in
pressure, and intercessions and drugs for enhancing pressure
and related mental conditions to improve mental wellbeing.
The first infection of Covid-19 was detected in Wuhan, China

on 31st December 2019. It causes disorders from normal cold
to the more rare as MERS-COV ( Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome) and SARS-COV ( Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome). On january 2020 the WHO declared a pandemic of
global concern and it repeatedly spread in 210 Nations regions
around the world. More than twelve crore confirmed cases and
more than two lakh loss of life of people. The contamination
level in five top Nations: USA, Spain, Itly, France and Germany
was very high. India has also more than one core confirmed
cases and loss of life is more than one lakh fifty thousand
people. Presently the second strain of corona virus is hitting
vast , there is emerging a situation of second lockdown.
A large number of articles were written on infections and

disorders caused by this virus but little is written on wellbeing
reunifications which is equal proportion. There are people
adversely affected psychologically such as discouragement
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,post horrible pressure problem, substance use issue, social

issues, aggressive behaviour at home and youngsters misuse.
People suffers the danger of nervousness and sorrow,
substance use and forlornness with school shut. There is an
unavoidable situation of plagues of youngsters misuse. People
experienced longer isolation, fears of disease, defencelessness,
disappointment willingness , monetary misfortune and shame.
In the given situation it would require a well focused
psychological wellbeing strategies to limit instance mental
problems caused by the corona virus. In India the states were
hit by corona virus are Maharashtra, Gujrat, Delhi, Tamilnadu,
Kerala, Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh. A well planned strategies needs to limit the spread of
corona virus and to tackle the psychological issues emitting
from it.
Psychological effects of Covid-19 on Individuals and their

Reaction
As the virus of corona flared-up , it has deep impact on the
mental and physical climate of the world. From the simplistic
mental effects of uneasiness, sleep disorder, heavier alarming
effects and sadness. It has also caused acute tension, alarm
conduct and other related mental problems. With thousands
to millions fertilities around the world the impact has gone
deep in the psychology of individuals at large. It has caused
disturbance to the mental wellbeing of the people. This
disturbance is augmented further by bits of gossips spread by
media and inter personal organisations. The people started to
give serious responses ever since this covid-19 pandemic
spurted from Wuhan, China in 2019 as compared to the flare-
ups of SARS and MERS.
The medical specialists have given obscure proposals for the

treatment of this viral disease. Some suggested that the
infected people should be detained in detached conditions
inside their homes instead of taking them to the clinic. The
exerted more mental pressure on the infected persons.
Prolonged lockdowns, advertisements and announcements
made by the various governmental organisations have created
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more psychological fears among the common masses. It

resulted in the negative wellbeing practices and the mental
disorders and the many fake news spreaded through media
and social media also enhance the problem.
Remedies and Safeguards

The districts and zones other than the beginning locale of
Corona virus contamination will be considered as the areas
under auxiliary danger. In these locales, the pressure and
dread of disease alongside other previously mentioned variables
will probably produce moderate to major conduct and mental
irregularities . The general effect of contamination on
psychological well-being will be related with the pace of
irresistibleness and mortality. The most widely recognized
effects of such an episode or pandemic could be nervousness,
alarm conduct, rest aggravations, disturbed every day organic
rhythms, outrage, and disillusionment . By and large,
contaminated individuals put forth their most extreme attempt
to dodge the spread of the infection in local area
notwithstanding, a few group don't participate. It has been by
and large saw in a few urban communities of China that
outsiders (for the most part understudies) discover approaches
to escape. It very well might be because of the greater pressure
or dread; notwithstanding, such activities may cause the viral
spread in nations without any offices for battling Covid. It will
at last build the weight of mental irregularities in the separate
populace. It very well might be conceivable through
encouraging the local area by electronic and web-based media.
People who have moderate mental unsettling influences can be
dealt with by emotional wellness experts through unwinding
and intellectual conduct strategies, and additionally
prescription if necessary . Moreover, individuals should be
taught or made mindful of the advancement of clinical
discouragement, and suicidal related side effects followed by
the flare-up. Proficient clinical analysts or specialists should
approach and convey through media to empower people forever
and solid exercises. Also, people group with specific convictions
ought to be profited by profound schooling. By and by, media
can assume a basic part by communicating guidance in
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regards to unwinding, contemplation, and exhortation to not

zero in on reports and produced news from unauthentic
sources.
The zone of novel Covid beginning (Wuhan) will be considered

as the district under the essential danger. The flare-up of
Corona virus pneumonia forced a genuine danger to the
inhabitants of the city by tainting a great many individuals and
executing many them. Comparative episodes were seen in past
brought about by the Covid to be specific, SARS-Covid and
MERS-CoV, anyway the transmission rate in those cases was
essentially lower when contrasted with 2019-nCoV of Wuhan .
MERS contrarily affected emotional wellness up to a further
degree and at times, the effects forced were long haul and
serious . Relatively, the Corona virus may have solid negative
consequences for wellbeing and can cause genuine mental
issues including intense pressure, sleep deprivation, serious
nervousness, and ongoing gloom. MERS and SARS initiated
genuine mental issues significantly in medical services
labourers , in any case, the Corona virus disease may cause
such irregularities in the overall population also, on the
grounds that it is more exceptional as far as tainting and
murdering the people . To beat difficult issues later on, the
entirety of the proposals that we have examined in the past
part of locales at optional dangers ought to be executed here.
Moreover, individuals ought to be given directing and direction
at indicated public focuses, furnished with therapists, and
specialists.
The lightening of intense trouble and forestalling constant

wretchedness, nervousness and posttraumatic stress among
individuals and medical care labourers by implication
presented to the massacre of viral contamination. Mental
flexibility will be significant in the populace who are probably
going to create maniacal or horrible side effects independent of
their seriousness. Moreover, individuals with intense pressure
problem or burdensome issues will likewise be managed
mental questioning by directing preparation meetings in which
the members are approached to depict their emotions and
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conduct responses during the scourge. The educators give

psycho-education by encouraging that such mental issues are
typical reactions to such episodes . Furthermore, intellectual
conduct treatment may likewise compelling in battling the
mental and mental indications followed by the 2019-nCoV
flare-up in Wuhan, China . Openness based treatment may
likewise be valuable in the situation of current circumstance.
In this treatment openness to some great recollections and
occasions is made. In addition, stress immunization preparing
for gloom, stress, and related issues, schooling about these
problems related indications and strategies to oversee
nervousness including unwinding preparing, guided self-
discourse and psychological rebuilding . What's more,
psychological treatment may likewise be useful in which the
influenced individual is instructed to distinguish silly or broken
convictions about side effects and to challenge these
convictions sensibly . Relational treatment can likewise be
chosen, which centers around relational connections .
In the case of mental disorders caused by the Covid-19

Pandemic and for the restoration of mental equilibrium and
psychological wellbeing the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi, APJ
Abdul Kalam, Sweami Vivekanand and Mother Teresa are quite
relevant. Gandhi ji considered the silence as an essential part
of spiritual discipline which is quite useful to restore the
mental health. According to him the human beings have a
natural weakness to exaggerate, modify or suppress the truth.
He believed that half the misery of the world wood and if people
knew the virtue of silence therefore in the situations of mental
disorder the observance of silence for two minutes a day would
be quite eseful to restore the mental health. Mother Teresa also
summed up the value of silence by saying that when we are
silent our senses gather themselves like the bees who shot
themselves in the beehive. According to her god gives
domination to the soul over senses when we are silent and this
is quite remedial measures in the situations of mental
disorders caused by the corona virus. APJ Abdul Kalam also
emphasized the value of pryaer in silence for the curing of
mental illness. When we are silent we hold a communion with
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god which cures our mental disorders and gives us a mental

strength.
Pharmacological treatments of misery, tension, and related

issues is a substitute to mental treatment. Medications that
impact glutamatergic, adrenergic, serotonergic,
endocannabinoid frameworks and different neuropeptide are
the most likeable measures are the main line pharmacological
treatment . These medications are compelling against a few
sorts of mental problems explicitly discouragement and
uneasiness . Agomelatine (a melatonin receptor agonist) and
Vilazodone (a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and incomplete
agonist of serotonin receptors) are additionally suggested in
wretchedness . Among second-line specialists for tension and
burdensome issues benzodiazepines have been found with
acceptable outcomes. Nonetheless, they have some genuine
unfavourable impacts including tipsiness, sleepiness, and
expanded danger of falls. In such cases the elective
medications (that regulate GABA flagging), including,
gabapentin and pregabalin can be utilized. In the event of
extreme uneasiness, risperidone or quetiapine (abnormal
antipsychotics) ought to be given as an assistant to SSRIs or
SNRIs . Every one of these medications could be viable;
notwithstanding, their utilization ought to be possibly
suggested when mental methodologies are not working. By and
by, the utilization of both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy
(joined treatment) is more helpful and successful on account of
persistent uneasiness and burdensome issues .
Conclusions
The psychological impact of Covid-19 outbreaks has been
moderate to severe. Some sections of society were reported
moderate to severe depressive symptoms and severe anxiety
levels. Therefore the problem of mental wellbeing is needed to
be treated on equal measures to medical health care. Isolation,
loss of income and fear caused by the pandemic are
exaggerating the mental health conditions. In the given
situation many people might have been resorted to increased
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levels of alcohol and drug use which further increased the

anxiety and insomnia.
In order to restore the mental health equilibrium and

individual waste treatment is needed and for this a huge
network of psychological treatment is needed to be developed.
The discernment waste treatment will be successful to enhance
mental strength by using powerful techniques during the times
of scourge. Further mental questioning technique is suggested
for those individuals who gain pressure quickly after the
infection. Regular counselling sessions and communications
are to be given to the persons who are corona positive and who
feel the psychological and mental pressure of the situation.
Notwithstanding everybody who is connected with the corona
positive cases are needed genuine consideration and mental
advising. In nutshell the world wide pandemic circumstance
require a multi-prolonged approached towards medical and
psychological care to everyone. The general wellbeing
frameworks should be fortified to fuse these parts of medical
care conveyance by making their labour force more responsive
and arranged to deal with the weight of pandemic. The
legislatures may sort out and give continuous admittance to
basic administrations to the most weak gatherings and
populaces.
References
https://newsvoice.se/2020/09/investigative-french-army-
report-covid-19.
https://covid19literature.reviews/mental-health.
https://www.canada.ca/en/institutes-health-
research/news/2020/03/government-of-canada-funds-49-
additional-covid-19-research-projects-details-of-the-funded-
projects.html.
https://www.academia.edu/42697759/ Globalization and
Consumer Culture Social Costs and Political Implications of the
COVID 19 Pandemic In Eubios Journal of Asian and
International Bioethics Volume 30 Number 3 April 2020 77 80.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/Psychosocial_Aspec
ts_of_Obesity.
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https://molecular-
cancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12943-020-
01218-1.
https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/who-is-to-
blame-for-virus-going-viral-from-
nizamuddin/article31264902.ece.
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-
topics/13638/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-the-impact-and-
role-of-mass-media-during-the-pandemic.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200824493
The impact of physical environment on employee commitment
in call centres The mediating role of employee well-being.
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3001221.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318884915
Gabapentin and Pregabalin for p
ain is increased prescribing a cause for concern.
https://slimketoboost.blogspot.com/2020/09/blissful-cbd-oil-
reviews.html.
https://www.mahonnathi.com/nation/mahindra-company-
developed-interim-life-saver-ventilator.
https://issuu.com/cfi.co/docs/cfi.co winter 2020-2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019 Hong Kong protests.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271939560 The
Role of Functional and Wellness Values in Visitors Evaluation
of Spa Experiences.
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COVID-19: Psychological Impacts on Human

Health
1
Md. Adnan Baig
1
Department of Computer Science, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
Baigadnan210@gmail.com
Orcid – 0000-0003-1645-4202
2
Supervised by: Dr. Ihtiram Raza Khan, Department of Computer Science,
Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India. Erkhan2007@gmail.com
Abstract
Recently the world is going through a global pandemic COVID-
19 caused by SARS – COV2. Which has raised huge and
difficult challenges in front of world for every layer of society
and from every aspect, be it economy crisis, temporary
unemployment, starvation, collision of fundamental services,
educational pause, it has affected every sector globally. This
disease is hitting the medical system of almost 213 countries
brutally. If we talk about health issues raised by global
pandemic, so at one side where it is drastically dangerous for
physical health of a person, at the same time there are many
psychological impacts of COVID-19 on human health. Its
highly spreading nature is the reason why restrictions have
been made to cope against its growth throughout the world,
due to which almost everyone whether they are student,
teachers, business persons, is locked inside to stop the
outbreak of this virus. Now this situation leads to the mental
health issues in people sitting far apart from each other since
long, a feeling of loneliness, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and
other negative emotions of mental illness can be seen largely in
people during pandemic around the globe. There could be
many reasons, like sitting at home for so long, fear of being
infected by the virus, bereavement, rumors and myths in the
society about diseases and what not. The main aim of this
work is to study the psychological impacts of COVID-19 on
human health, what are the different symptoms, what could be
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the reasons, and a general solution roadmap to the respective

problem.
Introduction
Wuhan, China at 31st December 2109, reported initial cases of
deadly pandemic in a cluster having symptoms of pneumonia.
On 20th January 2020, Official actions were started taken to
fight against it after being declared as B-type infectious disease
by National Health Commission [1]. And till 11th March 2020,
only after a month later WHO declared corona virus as Global
pandemic [2]. Conditions gets worsen as people were travelling
in the initial days before the declaration of pandemic and
restrictions were made. This made approximately 213 countries
to suffer. COVID-19 has raised difficult challenges in front of
whole world in all aspects. During pandemic economy of most
of the developed countries drooped by 7% [3]. Similarly if we
talk in terms of human health, it has drastically shaken the
primary medical system of almost every country. With almost
117M cases till date and 2.59M deaths around the globe [4]. It
usually spread when someone comes in closed contact with
infected person (less than 1 meter) [5]. On one hand where
people are fighting from physical health issues raised by
infection, there are several psychological impacts too of COVID-
19 on human health. “State of well being, where an individual
can easily cope with the situation of stress, realizes own
abilities while making contributions to his/her community [6].
When addressing COVID-19 as global pandemic WHO has
already warned that this will raise the fear, anxiety, stress, and
other mental illness emotions in people which may result in
negative psychological impacts of it on human health [7].
COVID-19 has socially and emotionally affected people’s health
that has negative but not yet estimated consequences [8].
Along with all these things restrictions made by the

governments to cope the situation locked the population
indoors for months which leads to a serious mental pressure
and sometimes depression also. These changes are extremely
complex and challenging for everyone, it caused temporary
unemployment, working from home, online education for
students, and a huge responsibility for health professionals,
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these are the situations we are not used to, and hence chances
of being mentally ill during pandemic are high. Its initial
symptoms could be depression and anxiety which can lead to
major mental breakdown later [1]. There is constant fear of
being infected, stress about our friend’s and families’ health.
Changes in eating habit, sleeping disorder, irritation etc, are
some of the symptoms. There are several ways to fight against
this traumatized phase like using social media but to a limited
extent, proper sleeping, healthy eating habit, meditation, yoga,
etc. we will discuss about this later in this chapter.
According to Mark Schaller, there is a psychological

mechanism that helps organisms to detect infectious parasites
in environment and then to fight against it, so there are more
chances of growing emotions like anxiety, anger, etc while
accounting the situation raised [9].
Mental health during COVID-19: Survey Assessment

Objective: Our objective is to find what the different symptoms
of mental illness, during COVID-19 pandemic period in
youngsters.
Method: It’s an online survey, was conducted focusing on 230

people in Delhi, of a particular age group that is 18 to 30 years.
It consists of 61% males and 39% females. People were asked
about the symptoms of mental breakdown during COVID
period.
Result: Almost 230 people of age group 18-30 participated in

this survey in Delhi, and it shows that 53.9% of them
responded stress, 53% anxiety, 41.6% cases of reduced ability
to concentrate, anger in 36.5%, and 17.8% people developed
suicidal thoughts.
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[Alt] A graph where X-axis representing percentage of people

responded to different options in percentage, and Y-axis
representing different symptoms (Anxiety, change in eating,
anger, suicidal thoughts, stress, fear, reduced ability to
concentrate.
1. COVID-19: impact on different people

As we have already discussed, global pandemic has affected
almost every person physically, socially and emotionally
around the world, but mental trauma for every person is of
different kind due to the different circumstances. Like, not so
managed remote education system for students, not so
desirable working environment for people working from home,
business collapse, fear of being infected in health workers and
social workers, doctors and so on, all these things resulted in
mental distress. There are various different reasons of mental
illness among people during pandemic but misinformation or
false information about virus which gives birth to myths and
rumors in the society could be a big reason which enforced
people to develop symptoms of melancholy in population [10]. If
we talk about patients of COVID-19, a high stress can be seen
among them caused by fear of disease. An early study in China
shows that constant fear of virus among population due to its
unpredictable and uncertain nature and period, it can cause
mental disorders [11]. And also a huge exposure to negative or
false news is also a reason of stress and anxiety in people [12].
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How and due to which reasons different people are mentally

affected are listed below.
Students
This portion covers majority of youth, whether they are school
kids, university or college going students. In the beginning of
March 2020, when restrictions were put up as a prevention of
COVID-19 outbreak all the university, school and colleges
stand closed for almost 8 to 9 months and still closed. This
situation becomes a reason of educational pause at beginning,
but as soon as officials realized that pandemic will take more of
2020, remote educational plan came into play. Improperly
managed remote educational system becomes a reason of
stress and anxiety in students. Virtual classes, frequent
assignments and social isolation from friends also need to be
considered when talking about psychological impacts of
COVID-19 on students. And the worst part is mental illness in
students can affect the ability to concentrate shown by a study
[13]. Our small survey assessment shows that 41.6% students
reported lack of ability to concentrate symptom
People working from home

If we see from occupation’s point of view, where health
professionals are at higher risk in terms of physical and mental
health both due to various reasons during COVID-19 period
with increased workload one of the reason, people working in
other sectors are also at risk of being mentally ill during the
same. Adaptation to a whole new environment, which
disconnects you from people out there physically, can cause
several mental issues. Also not all people have proper setup to
work on with them at home. Like, laptop, working internet
connection. According to Dominique (Professor of people,
organizations, and society, at Grenoble School of business,
France), He states that, regular practice of virtual meetings
frequently on daily bases can give birth to mental fatigue in
employees [14]. Not getting proper work environment at home
and increased workload plays an important role in disturbing
mental status of a person, working from home. That’s why we
can see anxiety, stress, anger, irritation and sometimes even
other depressive symptoms in them.
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Patients of COVID-19
A rapid development of symptoms of mental disorder can be
seen among the patients of COVID-19. Improper and
incomplete information about nature of virus is one reason in
early stages of pandemic. As in early stage of pandemic there
were no proper medicines available for cure and different
vaccines were also under trial. In addition, recommendation
made by WHO for COVID-19 patients, that an Isolation period
of 14 days is must for COVID-19 patients, was salt in the
wound. This raised the cases of significant level of anxiety,
confusion, stress, and anger among them [15]. While fear of
death, becomes constant among them. When compared to
people not suffering from COVID-19, patients of COVID-19
shows higher level of PTSD according to studies made in this
area [16]. Aside from it, there are patients who were already
fighting with some other diseases like asthma, diabetes etc,
and some prior mental disorder problems too.
Health professionals
The biggest reason among health workers and Doctors to
develop negative emotions of mental disorder like, stress,
anxiety, irritation, anger and other, is the huge exposure to the
disease which increase the chance of being infected by COVID-
19 at a rapid rate as compared to other people. When every
other service whether they are public or private are in idle
state, medical sector is the one where people are working even
more due to the increase workload. There are doctors, nurses,
cleaning staff at hospitals, lab technicians, ambulance staff,
and many other health professionals who are in direct contact
with patients of COVID-19. A study on 1563 health
professionals shows, depressive symptoms in more than
50.7%, while symptoms of anxiety and sleeping issues were
44.7% and 36.1% respectively [17]. On other hand global
supply chain of medical equipments, medicines, protective kits
and other essential equipments had also been questioned in
many countries during pandemic. For example if talk about US
medical system it was estimated that there will be not enough
ventilators for patients in upcoming time [18]. So all these
short comes becomes a reason of mental disturbance in health
professionals.
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Elders
In elders, fear is more as compared to youth. Fighting against a
disease is all about what a strong immune system do but in
elder people lack of fighting capability from diseases becomes
dangerous for physical as well as for mental health. Also it can
be seen that even before pandemic mental distress problems
are more in elders than others. Risk of being infected increases
with age [19]. All these factors are enough to create negative
psychological impacts in them in the time of global pandemic
COVID-19.
General solution
There is a problem of providing essential diagnosis for mental
health in this time because a psychologically disturbed person
can’t be examined in face to face because it increases the
chances of transmission of virus rapidly [20]. WHO also
recommended that mental health services should also be a part
of recovery plan for COVID-19 [21]. A work suggests use of PFA
(psychological first aid) immediately after such mental crisis
[22]. PFA is first psychological treatment and it includes family
members, friends and other people around you [23]. Other
ways to fight against this situation are given below.
Awareness about mental health

One of the biggest problems behind this is the lack of
awareness about mental health. Either they don’t prioritize
their mental health or are not aware of its consequences.
Problem of lack of awareness can be seen largely in elders and
in children. A study in Bangladesh on 2425 adults aged from
18-90 shows that only 0.7% people were aware about mental
health conditions and almost 56.28% were not aware of MHCs
at all [24]. This could be a reason of not getting proper
psychological treatment at needed time. So as a solution we
can move towards online awareness campaigns for people to
talk about a healthy mind. So that people can identify the early
attacks and cope with the situation as soon as possible.
Psychology as a profession
Pandemic situation is a reason of mental disorder and a reason
for not getting proper treatment as well. According to WHO
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mental health services have been disrupted due to pandemic in

many countries [21]. Especially in most low and middle income
countries there are very slow mental health service delivery
[25]. Along with this there is a shortage of psychiatrists for
treatment. In India there are only 3 psychiatrists per 1M
people, and that’s a huge shortage [20]. Also in this situation
face to face treatment is not possible and hence many hospitals
have adapted online counseling sessions for treatment [17]. So
it’s the need of time to take psychology as serious profession
for future assessments. Teletherapy is also a solution;
“Bharosa helpline” by UNION HRD Minister, Mr. Ramesh
pokhriyal is the best example of teletherapy started for
university students mainly [26].
Artistic Activities
Artistic activities like dancing, singing, painting, writing, etc
play important role in maintaining a healthy mental situation
especially in the time of pandemic. There are enough evidences
of arts and creativity being a positive approach towards
overcoming the emotions of anxiety and depression, also it is a
cost effective method [27]. It is also known as creative therapy.
Yoga/meditation
Yoga and meditation are very helpful in attaining mental peace
in lockdown situation at home. It can reduce the mental stress.
Different forms of yoga like, Yogasana, Sahajyoga, had shown
positive results, in the treatment of depression [28].
Conclusion
Conclusion can be made that COVID-19 pandemic has raised
many mental disorder problems in people on a large scale
throughout the world. Reasons could be financial instability,
increased workload, and social detachment from loved ones
and so on. So there are several solutions suggested, like we
have discussed about awareness, campaigns, healthy lifestyle
and an optimistic approach when living in between of a
pandemic. Also there is a need of taking psychology as a
serious profession to fulfill the future demands in this area.
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References
[1] Sijia Li, Yilin wang, Jia Xue, Nan Zhao, Tingshao Zhu, 2020.
The impact of COVID-19 Epidemic declaration on psychological
consequences: A study on active weibo users, International
journal of environmental research and public health 2020, 17,
2032.
[2] WHO, 2020. WHO response timeline of corona virus,
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-
coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline
[3] S. Sunitha, S. Sudha, 2020. The continental shift in global
economy during COVID-19 pandemic, World Bank report,
18.21.716954795.005.
[4] WIKIPEDIA, 2020. COVID-data: Worldwide,
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/template:COVID-
19_pandemic_data.
[5] WHO, 2020. How COVID spread between 2 people.
https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-
disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted#
[6] Vigo D, Thornicroft G, Atun R, 2016. Estimating all the
global burden of mental health illness, Lancet psychiatry 3(2),
171-178.
[7] WHO Europe, 2020. Impacts of pandemic on mental health.
https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-
emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/publications-and-technical-
guidance/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health-and-
covid-19
[8] Pfefferbaun B, North C.S, 2020. Mental health and covid-19
pandemic, 383(6), 510-512.
[9] Mark Schaller, Justin H. Park, 2011. The behavioral
immune system (and why it matters), SAGE journals, 20(2), 99-
103.
[10] Nader Salari, Amin hosseinian-far, Rostam Jalali, Aliakbar
Vaisi-Raygani, Shna Rasoulpoor, Masoud Mohammadi,
Shabnam Raoulpoor, Behnam Khaledi-Paveh, 2020. Prevalence
general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a
systematic review and Meta analysis. Springer Nature,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w.
[11] Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M,
Bendek DM, 2020. Public responses to novel 2019 Coronavirus
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in Japan: mental; health consequences and target populations.

Psychiatry Clin neurosci, 2020; 74(4):281.
[12] Moghanibhashi-Mansourieh A, 2020. Assessing the
anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19
outbreak. Asian J Psychiatry. 2020; 51:102076.
[13] Changwon Son, Sudeep Hegde, Alec Smith, Xiaomei
Wanmg, Farzan Sasangohar, 2020. Effects of Covid-19 on
college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview
survey study, journal of Medical Internet Research,
https://www.jmir.org
[14] BUSINESS BECAUSE Article, 2021. Mental health of
people working from Home,
https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.businessbecause.com/n
ews/insights/7244/working-from-home-mental-health
[15] Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S,
Greenberg N, et al., 2020. The psychological impact of
quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence.
Lancet, 14; 395(10227):912-20.
[16] Q Guo, Y. Zheng, J. Shi, J. Wang, G. Li, JA. Fromson, Y.
Xu, X. Liu, H. Xu, T. Zhang, Y. Lu, X. Chen, H. Hu, Y. Tang, S.
Yang, H. Zhuo, X. Wang, H. Chen, Z. Wang, Z. Yang, 2020.
Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with
COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: a
mixed-method study, Brain Behav. Immune. (2020).
[17] Ho Cs, Chee CY, Ho RC, 2020. Mental health strategies to
combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia
and panic. Ann acad Med Singapore, 2020; 49:01-03.
[18] Megan L. Ranney, Valerie Griffeth, Ashish K. Jha, 2020.
Critical supply shortages-The need for ventilators and personal
protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic, The New
England journal of Medicine, 2020, 382:e41.
[19] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019.
[20] Giulia Simonetti, carmela Iosco, Gianfranco Taruschio,
2020. Mental health and COVID-19: An action plan, preprints,
www.preprints.org
[21] WHO Bulletin, 2020. Mental Health services in different
countries, https://www.who.int/news/item/05-10-2020-covid-
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19-disrupting-mental-health-services-in-most-countries-who-
survey
[22] Jacobs GA, Meyer DL, Laura B, Robert J.S, 2006.
Psychological interventions in times of crisis. Community
based psychological first aid for oncology professionals.
Springer Publishing Company. New York, 2006:57-71.
[23] Presentation by WHO, 2016. Psychological First Aid for all.
https://www.who.int/mental_health/world-mental-health-
day/ppt.pdf
[24] Uddin M.N, Bhar, S. Islam, F.A, 2019. Assessment of
awareness of mental health conditions and its association with
socio-demographic characteristics: a cross sectional study in a
rural district in Bangladesh. BMC Health Serv Res 19, 562
(2019).
[25] Kalpana Srivastava, Kaushik Chatterjee, Pookala shivaram
Bhat, 2016. Mental Health awareness: The Indian Scenario,
Ind Psychiatry J. 2016:25(2):131-134.
[26] Zee News Article, 2020. Bharosa Helpline,
https://www.google.com/amp/s/zeenews.india.com/india/bh
arosa-helpline-launched-in-odhisa-to-help-students-relieve-
their-distress-amid-covid-19-2282806.html/amp
[27] Bungay H, 2018. How prescription and creativity can
improve mental and physical health, Medical Xpress,
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-04-prescription-
creativity-mental-physical-health.html
[28] Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, Dobos G, 2013. Yoga
for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress
Anxiety. 2013; 30:1068-83
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Indian Herbs and Plants for Boost Immunity

in Covid-19 Situation
1Dr.Seema Rani (Associate Professor, Department of
Education D.A.K. College, Moradabad)
2Sh. Lokesh Kumar (Research Scholar, Department of
Education Hindu College, Moradabad)
Abstract: India is a developing country. The people are living

here earned mainly by agriculture and small industries. Most
of the population is reside in towns and village where you can
not find proper medical facility.
People were not so much aware or educated to go to doctors or

cities to get allopathic treatment. Most of the time people used
Tulsi, Ginger, Garlic, Ajwain, Giloy, Marwa plant, Turmertic,
cumin, Aloevera, amla to cure the disease. These simple things
can boost the immunity, low in coast, easily found and can be
used anytime. In present paper we are throwing light on the
significant role of these herbs during the corona pandemic.
Introduction
All over world countries have been suffering from COVID-19
Virus since last year. First case of COVID-19 has found in Nov
2019 in Wuhan city of China. After first case COVID-19, Virus
spread speedily one individual to another, one country to
another country, one continent to another continent. After two
month all countries were infected by COVID-19 Virus. After
many precautions COVID-19 Virus spread speedily in Europe,
U.S.A., and Asia.
India found first case of COVID-19 in January 2020. In 13-

March World Health Organization announced COVID-19
Pandemic. After WHO announcement every country tried to
stopping the COVID-19 Virus. Indian Prime Minister Sh.
Narendra Damodar Das Modi announced one day Janta curfew
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on dated 22nd March 2020. After that day Indian government

announced 40 days Lock down in India.
Every country tried to keep away the infection of COVID-19

Virus. But COVID-19 Virus speedily infected pupil in India and
other countries. Peoples were infected and dying in coming
months.
The recovery rate of India was better than other countries.

Recovery rate in India was good because of good immunity
power of Indians. Immune power of Indian pupil is much better
than other countries.
Further we will discuss about Immunity

The term immunity refers to the resistance exhibited by the
host towards injury caused by microorganisms and their
products. Protein against infections disease is only one of the
consequences of the immune response, which in its entirety is
concerned with the reaction of the body against any foreign
antigen.
The science of immunology is concerned with the specific

mechanisms by which living tissues react to foreign biological
materials including invading microorganisms so that resistance
or immunity develops. The host defense system’s integrity and
its ability to react to and overcome invasion by microorganisms
is of vital importance for the survival of the individual.
Immunity against infections diseases is of different type:

1. Innate immunity
(a) Nonspecific Species
(b) Specific Racial
Individual
2. Acquired immunity
(a) Active Natural
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Artificial
(b) Passive Natural
Artificial
Immunization is such process in which immunity provided by
using immunizing agent. The immunizing agent may be
classified as Biologicals for passive immunization (antisera and
immunoglobulins). Plants have Biological immunization and
have vital role in increasing immune power of an individual.
There are several thousands drugs yielding plants all over the
world. Most of the plants are known as ayurvedic voids. Only a
few drug or herb plants re cultivated. Most of the supply of
drug is obtained from wild plants growing in all parts of world
and especially in tropical regions. These drugs yielding wild
plants are popularly known jari butis in India. India has been
well known for its heritage of varieties of herbal plants. In this
way, drugs of herbal origin have traditionally been used in
India since very inception of Indian civilization. A part from
Ayurveda, the oldest system of indigenous medical system
unani is the later developed healing system which together
uses over 700 species of herbs for medicine an immunization.
Drugs generally derived from different parts of plants like
leaves, stem, flower seed etc.
Kutaki, Bhui Amla, Neem, Tulsi, Amla Ginger, Giloy/ Guduchi

Bhringraj and Punernave are some of the significant herbs and
plants which have been traditionally used by the indigenous
medical practioner.
Some information is particularly using of Herbal medicine to

improve or boost immune power to fight against virus, bacterial
infection, Nutritional Complications etc. Some popular plants
and herbs of India traditionally used for boosting immune
powers of an individual are discussed here under.
Turmeric [Haldi]
English name-Turmeric, Hindi name – Haldi , Sanskrit name-
Haridra
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This herb is cultivated commonly in Andhra Pradesh,

Maharashtra, Bengal and Orissa.
Turmeric is aromatic, stimulant, antiperiodic, tonic, alternative

and carminative. It is given in diarrhea, inter-mitten fevers,
dropsy urinary troubles, jaundice and liver disorders. It is used
commonly used for cleaning foul ulcers. Along with lime or
alum it makes a good dressing for sprains, bruises, wounds
etc. It is anti-inflammatory, an antioxidant and is good for the
skin.
Tulsi
English Name – Holy Basic, Hindi Name - Tulsi
Tulsi is an create hairy aromatic plant of 30-60cm with simple
green strongly sainted leaves with antioxidant properties has
been traditionally used in Ayurveda for healing various
diseases and is worshiped in India as a sacred plant.
Tulsi leaves are expectorant, stomachic, anticattarhal,

diaphoretic and aromatic their decoction or infusion is given
malaria, gastric disease of children and liver disorder; as a
prophylactic against malaria fresh leaves are taken with black
paper. Due to its anti oxidant properties it has capacity to
repair cells damaged by exposure to radiation. Due to their
initial significantly higher availability they also reduce the lipid
peroxidation, there by significantly protecting DNA and
membrane from free radical damage. Pretreatment with tulsi
increase the ability to cope up with free radicals produced by
radiation making them more radio resistant with faster
recovery in liver cells.
Tulsi also shows anti-inflammatory activity against all the four

phlogistic induced inflammation. It blocks both the pathways.
It may be inferred that ocimum sanitum may be a useful anti-
inflammatory agent.
Ginger
English Name- Ginger, Hindi Name- Adrak, Sanskrit Name-
Ardraka
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Ginger is a perennial herb. The root stock is horizontal,

tuberous and aromatic native of south East Asia but now
cultivated mainly in Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra for the rhizomes.
The rhizomes is used as a stimulant and flavoring agent. It is

given in dyspepsia and flatulent colic. It makes a valuable drug
for disorder of the digestive system, rheumatism, piles,
pulmonary and catarrhal diseases dropsy, febrile diseases etc.
A paste of ginger is a local stimulant and rube facient in
headache and toothache.
Cinnamon
English Name- Cinnamon, Hindi Name- Dalchini
Cinnamon bark is aromatic, cordeas astringent stimulant and
carminative. It is given in diarrhea, nausea, gastric irritation
and vomiting, spasmodic affections of the bowels, toothache
and labour caused by defective uterine contractions. It is
administered in the form of a powder, infusion or decoction. Its
bark paste is applied to the temples to get relief from
neurologic pains and severe headaches. The oil of cinnamon is
used as a carminative, antiseptic and astringent.
Giloy
English Name – Heart-leaved moonseed, Hindi Name – Giloy,
Sanskrit Name- Amrita valli
Giloy is a climbing sheerb with broad leaves known as Amrita
in Ayurveda has shown effect to prevent fibrosis tissue
deposition in post-insult period. The suppression of Kupffer
cells deprives the hepatocytes from cyto protective effects. Due
to its macrophage activatingproperty, which is opposed any
suppressant influences on kupffer cells. It has been proved
that suppression of kuptter cell deprives the hepatocytes from
cytoprotective effect. It is immunity booster, antipyretic,
antitoxic, anti-inflammatory. It is given in fever, coughs,
flatulence, mental stress and anxiety
Garlic
English Name- Garlic, Hindi Name- Lahsun, Sanskrit Name-
Aristha
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Garlic is strong smelling, glabrous, bulbous-rooted and

perennial about a foot in height. Garlic bulbs are compressed,
breaking up into 10-12 bulbils or cloves, surround by a few dry
membranous scales.
Garlic is of great medicinal value. A decoction of garlic made
with milk and water is given in small doses in hysteria,
flatulence etc. It is used as an anthelmintic. It is given in
fevers, coughs, flatulence and disorder of the nervous system,
pulmonary phthisis, whooping cough and dilated bronchitis.
Garlic oil is useful for rheumatic pains, nervous diseases.
Neem
English Name- Azadirachta Indica, Hindi Name- Neem
Neem or Azairachta Indica, an evergreen tropical tree of 15-20
meter tall with medium dark green leaves. Neem has been
traditionally used for its medicinal properties as panacea for
several diseases. Neem also work as anti-inflammatory agent in
certain diseases including liver enlargement as it is anti-
inflammatory, anti-allergic, insecticidal, nimaticidal,
spermatocidal, anti-dramatic, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-AIDS,
anti-cancer, antimalarial, anti-pyretic, anti-arthritic,
hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory.
Inhibition of chemiluminescence generation activity of phenolic

compounds from Neem may account for a major part of the
anti-inflammatory activities and its therapeutic benefits.
Black Cumin
English Name- Cumin, Hindi Name – Zira
Cumin is an annula aromatic 1 to 3 feet high plant. It is native
of Mediterranean region but now commonly grown in Punjab
and Uttar Pradesh.
Cumin is a good source of thymol. It is a stomachic, diuretic,
carminative, stimulant, astringent and emmenagouge. It is
prescribed in dyspepsia, diarrhea and hoarseness of voice.
Cumin can keep safe from viruses and bacteria. Its seeds and
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oil is antioxidants and flush out free radicals which is a cause

of weakness of human body.
Conclusion
Corona Pandemic duration has been a very crucial time not for
India but for the whole world also. People were dying, suffering
and passing theory a terror without medicine. No medicine was
trust worthy that can cure the disease. During this period
Ayurved worked effectively. People should their trust toward
herbs like giloy, tulsi, ginger, neem, turmeric etc.
These herbs boosted the immunity of Indian and maintained

their confidence to win in the battle with corona. People were
using these herbs and still continue to use them keep a safe
distance from corona. In comparison with other countries of
the world, the situation of Indian people has been satisfactory
in relation to recovery rate. People ha faith in these herbs.
People of middle class, lower class even higher class used to
boost their immunity. That why the death rate in India was low
and recovery rate was high. We should be thankful to our
ancient culture that thought us to trust in these plants or
herbs.
References
 WHO novel corona virus situation report-16. World Health
Organization,2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default
source/corona virus/situation report.
 WHO constitution. www.who.int/govermance/eb/who-
constitionalpdf.
 WHO responding to unprecedented scale of humanitarian
emergencies .http://www.who.int/features/2020.
 World Health Organization: current affairs and general
knowledge-e24all.blogspot.com.
 www. Aimilpharmaceuticals.com.
 R.K Gulati, S. Agarwal and S.S Agarwal, ‘Hepatoprotective
Studies on Phyllanthus emblica L. and querrentin’ Indian
Journal of Experimental Biology (IJEB) vol.33 issue 4,
1995,pp 261-8.
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 B.P Reddy, V.N Murthy, V. Venkateshwarlu, C.K Kokate and

D. Rambhau, ‘Antihepatotoxic Activity of Phyllanthus Niruri,
Tinospora Cordifolia and Rcinus Communnis, Indian Drugs,
vol. 30.no.7,1993,pp 338-41.
 Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 7, no. 3, 1993.
 D.S Nagarkatti, N.N. Rege, N.K. Desai and S.A Dahanukar,
‘Modulation of Kupffer Cell Activity by Tinospora Cardifolia
in Liver Damage’, Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, vol. 40,
issue 2, 1994, pp. 65-7.
 Uma Devi and A. Ganasounari, ‘Modulation of Glutathione
and Antioxidant Enzymes by Ocimum Sanctum and its Role
in Protection against Radiation Injury’, Indian Journal of
Experimental Biology, vol. 37, no. 3, 1997, pp. 262-8.
 Surender Singh, D.K Majumdar and H.M.S. Rehan,
‘Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Potential of Fixed Oil
Ocimum Sanctum (Holybasil) and its Possible Mechanism of
Action’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 54, issue 1,
1996, pp. 19-26; Surender Singh, and Shyam S. Agarwal,
‘Anti-Asthmatic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ocimum
Santctum Linn’, Journal of Research Education in Indian
Medicine (JREIM), 1991, pp. 23-8.
 B.L Pandey and P.K Das, ‘Immunopharmacological Studies
on Picrorhiza Kurroa Royle-ex-Benth, part IV: Cellular
Mechanisms of Anti-inflammatory Action’, Indian Journal of
Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 33, no. 1, 1989, pp. 28-
30.
 Sunil Kumar and K.C Kalus Muller, ‘Medicinal Plants from
Nepal; II. Evaluation as Inhibitors of Lipid Peroxidation in
Biological Membranes’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol.
64, issue 2, 1999, pp. 135-9.
 J.M Van der Nat, W.G Van der Sluis, K.T.D de Silva and R.P
Labadie, ‘Activity-Guided Isolation and Identification of
Azairachta indica Bark Extract Constituents which
Specifically Inhibit Chemiluminescence Production by
Activated Human Polymophonuclear Leukocytes’, Planta
Medica, vol. 5on by Activated Human Polymophonuclear
Leukocytes’, Planta Medica, vol. 57 issue 1, 1991, pp. 65-8.
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Online Education: Redefining the Role of the

Teacher
Dr. Vimal Kishore
Lecturer (English) and Head of the Department
Pre-service Teacher Education Department
DIET, Bhimtal
Abstract
The paper is examined to present the redefined role of teachers
in the perspective of online teaching. The concept of online
teaching is not very new but in rapidly changing and
unprecedented scenario due to COVID 19 pandemic, it has
become more relevant and need of the hour. But online
teaching demands a shift or transformation on the part of
teachers from traditional approach to teaching to more
innovative ways of online teaching. For online teaching
teachers are supposed to develop or groom some new skills like
pedagogy of distance learning, digital platforms like Google
meet , Gypsy or zoom app, online lectures, video calls. At the
same time they will have to be more and more explorative in
their teaching and learning practices. Thus online teaching or
virtual teaching which has appeared as an alternative to
traditional classroom teaching encompasses many possibilities
as regards to teaching profession. There is a myth that online
teaching can replace the importance of teachers but this can
never be true. On the other hand there must be a nice blending
between face to face teaching and digital education or virtual
classroom teaching. Technology in itself is not of much
significance but it becomes one of the prominent tools for
learning when treated or handled efficiently by the teacher. In
online teaching we may see or visualize varied roles of teachers
like Facilitator, Guide, Mentor, Motivator, Role model, Co-
learner, and Effective Communicator. But at the same time
there are some challenges while teaching online. These
challenges may be in the form of Not being able to observe the
Non-verbal cues like the body language of the learner ,
Inclusiveness in teaching learning process, Distracted learners,
Face to face interaction, Too much dependence on technology,
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Gaining confidence of the learners participating from distracted

and far and forlorn places.
There is a famous saying – When going gets tough, the tough

get going means in the difficult situation the strong will work
harder to meet the challenge. It also denotes that when there
are problems, strong people work hard to solve. Today we
modify it (hard work) to smart work because online teaching
demands teachers to work efficiently but in smart way.
Key Words: Online, education, virtual, technology, learning,

forum
Introduction
The whole world is undergoing a very serious pandemic disease
COVID 19 and it has tremendously affected health, economy,
employment, trade and commerce and society as well.
Education sector (schools and colleges) is also not an exception
to this. On 20th march 2020 all the school buildings and
institutions were closed due to sudden lockdown but teaching
and learning practices didn’t stop with that in India. Teachers
and schools adopted new ways of connecting with students
within 5 to 6 days through online mode. The concept of online
teaching is not very new but in rapidly changing and
unprecedented scenario due to COVID 19 pandemic, it has
become more relevant and need of the hour. However, its
success and implementation largely depends upon the
acceptance and adaptability of teachers to online modes and
tools of education. Previously teachers had been engaged and
accustomed to traditional classroom teaching where they would
interact with the students directly or face to face. But online
teaching demands a shift or transformation on the part of
teachers from traditional approach of teaching to more
innovative ways of online teaching. For online teaching
teachers are supposed to develop or groom some new skills like
pedagogy of distance learning, digital platforms like Google
meet, Gypsy or zoom app, online lectures, video calls. At the
same time they will have to be more and more explorative in
their teaching and learning practices. Thus online teaching or
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virtual teaching which has appeared as an alternative to

traditional classroom teaching encompasses many possibilities
as regards to teaching profession. It seems to be a very
lucrative opportunity for teachers to redefine their job profile as
well as job style. But at the same time it poses some new
challenges before teachers and we may see an entirely new and
different image and role of teacher in view of online teaching.
Apart from this radio broadcast and live classes through
Doordarshan (Swayamprabha Channel) can really be a very
significant medium to reach to the students residing in remote
areas. In Tata Sky channel number 756 is dedicated to online
teaching. Teachers perform live teaching from 1p.mto 7p.m in
this channel. Students keep asking questions from various
states across India. Now teachers have an open and very tough
competition .Teachers that can make their online sessions
impressive, effective and interactive will be getting adequate
acknowledgement and lucrative amount for their talent.
Concept of institution may wither and teachers will become
centre stage. One important development which may be
predicted is that in due course of time every teacher will
become net-savvy and online education will not remain
confined only to computers.
Education is a continuous and dynamic process. We keep on

learning throughout our life. Sometimes we learn deliberately
and by putting honest and earnest efforts. A learner is
supposed to burn mid night oil to grasp any new knowledge or
a new skill. But sometimes learning just happens
spontaneously and unconsciously. Our preparedness or
interest also plays a very significant and pivotal role in our
learning. There are many things in our day to day life which we
have learnt by putting many efforts since we had already
acknowledged the utility and incentives of this one time
investment in the form of labor we put in to obtain this new
knowledge or skill. It would not be impertinent to mention that
any kind of learning of new skill or knowledge helps us in the
enhancement of our personality and advancement of our
effectiveness. Whenever we imagine about learning or
education there are certain words which naturally strike our
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mind like school, teacher, students, parents, curriculum,

syllabus, text books etc. Actually, the kind of society we are
living in shapes our thinking or pattern of thinking to a great
extent. In modern times we have almost omitted the distinction
between education, learning and schools. In another words
down somewhere in the back of our mind we have exaggerated
and accepted that learning can take place only in formal rigid
school system and those who are not going to schools are
uneducated.
According to BOLD (Blog on Learning & Development)
“The global experiment currently underway is likely to

highlight both the strengths and weaknesses of teaching
online.”
Online teaching has opened up many new avenues for the

teachers. It has broaden up the canvas or spectrum of teachers
in terms of their reach from 40 or 50 students per class
(traditional classroom) to thousands of students attending their
sessions through online mode. Even teachers have never
imagined or visualized this new kind of job profile for
themselves. There are certain soft skills which they are
supposed to evolve or cultivate for getting desired level of
performance and success in this innovative style of teaching.
These soft skills are adequate knowledge and through
command over your content, Blending pedagogy , technology ,
and content, Establishing one’s presence during online
teaching, Effective communicative skills, Ability to manage
learners in online classes. We may perceive varied roles of
teachers in online teaching like Guide, Motivator, Mentor,
Facilitator, Role model, Co-learner, and Effective
Communicator. But at the same time there are some
challenges while teaching online. These challenges may be in
the form of Not being able to observe the Non-verbal cues like
the body language of the learner which reflects whether the
learner is deeply engaged in learning or not. Online teaching
can’t be inclusive at most of the time as the learners learn in
their own pace and style but it is not possible to a great extent
in this to cope up with this issue. Multimodality is one of the
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most significant challenges in e-learning. Distracted learners –

is another issue which poses complex challenges for the
instructor or the facilitator while teaching online. In such a
condition when learners are heterogeneous in terms of their
ways and pace of learning and they are scattered or distracted
at different places, it is really a serious challenge for the
teacher to gain their trust or confidence.
There is a famous saying – When going gets tough, the tough
get going means in the difficult situation the strong will work
harder to meet the challenge.
Preparedness for Online Education

All of us know this so well and everyone is unanimously agreed
to the fact that not only during COVID times online education
has emerged as an alternative means of teaching and learning
but also it can serve to ensure quality education by making the
classroom content and transaction more and more interesting
and effective at all times. But for the successful
implementation of virtual education there are certain things
which need to be ensured. These things come within the
periphery of both physical infrastructure and competent
human resource to utilize it. This is the high time we should
introspect and analyze our preparedness for making a
conducive environment to materialize the concept of e-learning
and virtual education. It is a matter of fact that in most of the
schools and colleges and other teacher training institutions
I.C.T labs and equipments are in worn out condition. Joint
Review Commission (J.R.M) of MHRD has continuously and
repeatedly shown its concern over this and highlighted the
miserable condition of I.C.T labs and other I.C.T equipments in
the various institutions across India in their comprehensive
inspection report. This is also a fact neither teachers nor
students are technologically proficient. In so many places
where connectivity is a big issue, virtual or online education
seems to be a tall talk or a hard nut to crack. There are so
many parents who cannot afford digital device.
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“Many teachers are concerned that the forced break will

further widen the gap between children from families who
place a high value on education and children from
educationally-disadvantaged families.”
BOLD (Blog on Learning & Development)
GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, is the first Indian satellite

which is exclusively dedicated to serve the educational sector.
It is specially launched to meet the demand for an interactive
satellite based distance education system for the country.
EDUSAT has really imparted remarkable services pertaining to
providing quality instruction through video programs to
students studying in the interior villages. The students have
benefited from the video programs delivered through the
satellite. The objectives of EDUSAT program is-
 Ensure availability of quality content online and

through variety of access devices in schools.
 Promote a shift from current passive learning to active
learning.
 In-service and recurrent training of school teachers for
continuous up gradation of their knowledge and skills.
 Enrich the curriculum and pedagogic by employing all
the technologies available including virtual classroom,
video on demand.
 Providing support to formal and no-formal education.
 Teacher’s training program
 Increasing access to quality resource persons
EDUSAT can be used for

 Conventional Radio and Television broadcasting
 Radio and Television ( phone-in , video on demand)
 Exchange of data
 Teleconferencing both one way and two way
conferencing
 Computer conferencing
 Web based education
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EDUSAT is specially configured for the audio visual medium,

employing digital interactive classroom and multi centric
systems. EDUSAT is primarily meant for providing connectivity
to school, college and higher levels of education and also to
support non-formal education including developmental
communication. Thus we can see that EDUSAT can be the
most significant medium for online education in India. But
unfortunately in most of the centers EDUSAT equipments are
not working properly.
Challenges of Online Teaching

Online education or digital education which once seemed like a
utopian land has become today’s reality due to persisting
COVID situation and challenges. As we have discussed so far
that technology based education or virtual education has its
own advantages and disadvantages and there are various
issues related to its implementation and implications .It is
definitely going to change the dynamics of teaching learning
process both in positive and negative ways. There are some
serious challenges of online teaching .As we know that
curriculum is the core or soul of any school or formal and non-
formal teaching and imparting enjoyable learning experience to
each and every learner is the goal of teaching. Through
technology it is really possible to incorporate effectiveness
along with joy in our teaching. This can be done through
audiovisual devices in the form of cartoons, animations,
documentary, various kinds of language drills, concretization of
abstract ideas of science and mathematics etc. It can create a
real picture before the learner and in this way accelerates his
participation and learning. But at the same time it is also
necessary to understand that we should not have too much
dependence on computers and technology. There are various
examples of the countries where technology replaced notebooks
to a great extent, it had badly impacted the writing skills of the
students resulting poor handwriting and even creative writing
habits. It has poor impact on the logical and mathematical
ability of the students. Too much dependence on computer or
calculator has reduced their ability of mathematical
calculations. It has been often said that we have outsourced
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our thinking to others like Mr. Google. When the learner gets
all sorts of stuff in readymade, he loses the insight or inherent
tendency or latent potential of original thinking. Increasing
dependence on technology has severely impacted the memory
of human beings. When there were no cell phones, we used to
remember all the phone numbers. But now we have almost lost
this talent. The moment laptop is gone, knowledge is gone. This
shows how we have lost our power of memory due to increasing
dependence on technology. In online teaching it is really very
difficult to ensure the participation of learners because the
learners are at distant places. In routine classroom or in a
formal classroom setup where teachers and students interact
face to face , teachers can easily understand and figure out to
what extent are the students participating in the classroom
and whether they are really comprehending or grasping the
concepts or not. Not only their ( students’) verbal or physical
participation but also their body language or non-verbal
expressions help the teacher a lot to determine their classroom
participation. There are some other factors which are also
associated with this. Giving proper feedback and reinforcement
to the students as regards to their performance and classroom
participation is lacking in online teaching which is an integral
and essential component of teaching learning process in a real
classroom. In online teaching one of the major challenges is to
cope up with the issue of multimodality. We know our
classrooms are not homogeneous but heterogeneous. In other
words we can say there is a large variety in our class. Students
come from various social and linguistic backgrounds; their
style of learning is altogether different .They are at different
pedestals of learning since they have varied pace of learning.
Such things can’t be handled efficiently in online teaching. In
virtual classroom teachers have certain limitations especially if
the learning platform does not support multimodality. These
days teachers and schools have adopted an innovative tool of
evaluation i.e. Continuous and comprehensive evaluation
(CCE). Since learning is an ongoing and continuous process, its
evaluation must be the same. In Continuous assessment we
conduct both formative and summative assessment. Formative
assessment goes simultaneously along with teaching learning
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process or when the formation of knowledge is taking place. It

is very difficult to monitor the achievement of students on
continuous basis in online teaching. But it does not mean that
online teaching is not at all useful for the students. On the
other hands there are various positive aspects of online
teaching especially during COVID pandemic disease when the
students are forced to remain in their homes and schools being
closed, online teaching has emerged as the best possible
alternative to impart quality inputs and learning experience to
the students. On one side online learning has saved the
precious time of students which would otherwise have been
spoiled due to pandemic disease, and on another side it has
paved the path for teachers to groom and polish their soft skills
and to reach out not few but hundreds and thousands of
students through online mode. In near future it may be a very
prospective employment for teachers or upcoming teachers to
connect to large number of students residing in various parts
of the country and abroad as well and taking their sessions
from one place and earning a handsome amount without being
exploited by the private institutions. It will also boost their
morale and self-respect. It will also break the rigidity of
schools.
Role of the Teachers in Online Teaching to Overcome the

Challenges
There are various people who believe that online teaching will
decrease the dependence on teachers or online teaching will
replace teachers. Some people who are over-ambitious about
the virtual teaching or online teaching do not even hesitate to
proclaim that virtual classes would diminish the significance of
real classrooms. But this is just an exaggeration because the
importance of classrooms will always remain. We know school
is the miniature of society and where certain qualities of life
and certain values of society are inculcated among children.
Learning takes place only in classrooms is not true but at the
same time whatever we learn in the class is the core of
learning. Students learn various things in actual classroom
situation explicitly and inexplicitly. We can’t avoid and ignore
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the importance of teacher in both real classroom teaching and

online teaching. However, in virtual class or online class the
teacher is expected to accept some new challenges and prepare
himself to efficiently perform various roles and responsibilities.
“The current situation is an opportunity for teachers and

e-learning professionals to test the boundaries of what is
possible without the personal contact.”
We need to revisit the roles and responsibilities of teachers as

online teaching poses some new challenges before teachers and
they are supposed to cultivate some new skills and undertake
new responsibilities to overcome those challenges.
1. Facilitator - We know that there is a paradigm shift as
regards to ever changing role of teacher from lecturer to
facilitator. Traditionally teachers are considered as
knowledgeable and expert in a particular field. They transfer
that knowledge through a variety of means to their students.
As a facilitator teachers are supposed to create that learning
environment or weave such situations in which learners are
motivated to explore and find answers to their questions and
construct knowledge for themselves. The teacher’s main role is
as a facilitator – there to offer support and advice when needed.
In online teaching teachers are supposed to act like facilitators.
2. A Guide - In online teaching teacher acts as a guide for his

learners. For this a teacher is supposed to adopt and his
teaching style as per the learning style of variety of learners.
Every learner has a peculiar style of learning and they learn
through variety of modes. Thus teachers while teaching online
manner adapt their mode of teaching accordingly to provide
personalized education. Like pre-classroom preparations, the
online instructor does a lot of hard work in designing and
planning long before the session. A lot many things are
required to run a quality session and to impart quality learning
experience to the learners. In online teaching the teacher is
cautious to all the learning needs of learners at every step. He
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keeps on guiding his learners regarding their queries and

doubts. In this way teacher in online teaching is a true guide
for his learners.
3. Co-learner – A real teacher is a life-long learner. But for

online teaching teachers have to be more and more explorative
in nature. Special efforts are needed on the part of teachers for
taking online sessions. For taking online class the teacher need
to anticipate the probable constraints which may hamper
students’ learning and the possible alternatives as a solution to
them. Teachers who are not technology friendly and not
accustomed to taking virtual classes need to groom their online
and soft skills. Even those who are affluent in using technology
for their sessions should keep updating their skills related to
because technology online teaching techniques keep changing
very rapidly. Thus along with learners teachers also keep
learning in online teaching and they should discuss all these
things with their learners.
4. Good- Communicator – Good communication is the soul of

any presentation or session. Any good teacher is expected to be
a good communicator. Good communication means how
effectively you transfer or transmit your ideas to others by
using verbal and non-verbal components of language. In online
teaching the learners are at distant or far and forlorn places.
The teacher and the learners have no face to face interaction
like a real classroom. Thus for online teaching a teacher should
be a very effective communicator who can easily deliver his
thoughts and ideas to his learners and they should get exactly
the same what the teacher wants to communicate. Online
communication must be a part of pr-service and in-service
teacher training.
5. Motivator- Doing online studies is a rigorous and

monotonous process because the learner is engaged in learning
process in complete isolation where he has none to clarify his
doubts. He is completely depending on his online instructor for
everything. Thus along with good communication skills the
online teacher must be a motivator for his learners. One of the
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major challenges of online teaching is that the learner and the

teacher are not at the same place. In a real class room teacher
keeps assessing his students provides them regular feedback
which not only promotes their learning but also energizes them
to perform even better. Thus through various tactics the
teacher should keep motivating his learners. It is said that
charity begins at home so first of all the online teacher should
always wear a positive gesture no matter how stressful the
circumstances may be or how much stressed his learner may
be.
6. Mentor- Mentoring is generally taken as a handholding

facility where a more skilled or knowledgeable person helps
and guides a novice to attain the basics or fundamental
capacity of performing the tasks and then attaining perfection
in due course of time. Whenever we start learning or doing any
new venture, we encounter some challenges. But if we get a
support system which can help us to face those challenges and
ultimately win over them, we develop an attitude of facing them
upright. In the absence of this support system at such a
crucial juncture, we are afraid of taking risks or doing anything
new. In online teaching the teacher keeps a vigilant eye on his
learners’ participation and performance and regularly tracks
their learning and achievement. He keeps holding the hands of
his learners and maneuvers them skillfully in all the ups and
downs during the process of learning.
Apart from the afore-mentioned roles there are many qualities

which an online teacher must have. He should be very creative
and innovative otherwise his sessions will become mechanical
and stereotype. For ensuring participation of learners and
making the teaching learning process live and vibrant, the
online teacher should regularly add on and employ new things
(multi-media) and techniques in his teaching sessions. This is
inspiring for the learners as well while doing their assignments
or projects as they also incorporate newness or uniqueness in
them.
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It is important for the online teacher that they should be more

and more interactive during online sessions. It breaks the
monotony of the session as the learners don’t feel isolated or
aloof and they actively participate in the discussion. It gives
them confidence also as they are getting opportunity to speak
before the audience to whom they are not familiar at all.
Another significant thing which an online teacher must keep in

mind is to add joy in the process of learning. The purpose of
entire teaching learning process is to impart enjoyable learning
experience to learners. In a joyful atmosphere the learners can
easily participate for hours without any tiredness.
Conclusion
It is evident that due to COVID 19 there is a churning and
overhauling that is taking place in society. People have started
changing their life style and habits due to circumstantial
pressure of pandemic disease. Although these changes are in
the form of a sudden response to the risk of life posed by
COVID yet I do feel these changes in some of the dimensions of
human life will not be momentary or short living. Education is
one of those dimensions. We have adopted and utilized the
online teaching platforms as an immediate response to the
situation in which we have been forced to shut down schools
and we have to maintain social distancing. But it will be having
long lasting implications in the field of formal education
system. Already we had the mechanism of distance learning in
the form of IGNOU and NIOS. But it was not very popular and
it had a very limited use of technology. During this period we
have learnt through own experiences that online teaching can
be a very effective tool for both formal and non-formal teaching.
It assimilates technology with distance learning. In India we
have the first generation teachers and students who been
engaged in teaching learning process through online mode.
This kind of engagement is really unprecedented and we could
not even think of it before March 2020 in India. On the basis of
my personal experience I have realized that all the teachers
whether government or private teachers have been developing
their online skills by joining some kind of groups of teachers.
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Here in District Nainital government teachers have formed

forums like MISSION SHIKSHAN SAMVAD. In this forum
teachers have been sharing their videos and other useful
content which they have developed on the syllabus of
Uttarakhand board based on NCERT textbooks of different
subjects from class 1 to 8. Even education department has
circulated Alternative Academic Calendar for online teaching.
Such kind of groups is like Professional Learning Communities
(PLC) for the dissemination of knowledge. One such forum is
SAMPARK BAITHAK where various teachers from different
states of India have been sharing useful videos and content
which they have developed for online teaching. Some private
schools who have better resources are have been using various
platforms like Edukare, Microsoft Team App, Zoom , Google
meets. Even teachers have been conducting online meeting on
different concepts of Language, Mathematics, Science and
Social Science. So many teachers and teacher educators from
different parts of India have been attending webinars to develop
an insight and vision about online education. I really feel that
the future of online Education is very bright in India. Online
education obviously flourished in India as due to COVID 19 but
it would not end with the pandemic disease. On the other hand
it would retain and not only retain, it would keep on prospering
and flourishing in India.
“The most successful learning environments seem to find

the balance between technical innovation and personal
support.”
References
 Ammenwerth. Elske (2017). AISHE. J, Envisioning
changing role of university teacher in online
instructional environment, 9 (3), 3121-3129.
 Kumar. S, (2015), 5 common problems faced by
students in e-learning and how to overcome them.
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 Pallai. Pratima,(2013). T. l. Use of educational satellite

in teacher education,3(1)
 Shodhganga. @2013.N.D,Introduction, (1-9 )
 James.C (2019). Role of the teachers in online
classroom
 Sharma. C.B.( 2020). Webinar on “Online learning: 21 st
century education at crossroads”.
 Bold (2020). Blog on learning and development.
 www.google.co.in
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Role of Nutrition in Covid Pandemic Era
Deepika Dhawan1, Richa Singh2 , Deepika Pal3

Assistant Professor1, 2, 3, Department of Dietetics & Applied
Nutrition, Amity University Haryana
Introduction
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses identified by their crown
like structure under the microscope, which gives it a name
“CORONA”. The members of this family of viruses are known to
infect and cause diseases in animals and humans. Previously,
six other coronaviruses involving the 2003 Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and 2012 Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), were identified to cause
infection in humans. After the SARS outbreak in 2003,
Scientists have discovered a number of SARS related
coronaviruses originating from their natural host- Bats with a
potential to infect humans. It was the birth of “life threatening
virus” – SARS-CoV-2 so found in December 2019 and named
as COVID-19, blamed to be originated from Hubei region of
China, City Wuhan, which is still a mystery. The size of this
virus is about 90 nm, about a million times smaller than the
cells that it infects. This infection can be tested by taking a
nasal or throat swab sample and conducting a Real time
reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
The ACE2 receptors (Angiotensin Converting enzyme-2) are the

primary sites present in various organs like eyes, nose, lungs,
kidneys, heart, brain, liver, intestines, vascular endothelial
cells and a number of other tissues. According to Cardiologist
Harlan Krumholz of Yale University, the virus bears the
potency to attack almost all organs in the body with numerous
devastating consequences. Fatalities in patients have been
attributed to cardiac and renal dysfunction.
A diverse range of symptoms have been observed in patients all

over the world, depending upon the organ affected. According
to World Health Organization (WHO), a few common symptoms
observed in most of the patients include fever, dry cough and
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tiredness. Certain symptoms which are uncommon and can be

seen in some patients include aches & pains, soreness in
throat, gastrointestinal disturbances like diarrhea, anosmia,
dysgeusia, skin rash and discoloration. While some patients
may experience severe illness characterized by breathlessness,
chest pain/heaviness and loss of speech or movement. But,
since the virus is mutating at an expeditious rate, it can lead to
exhibition of a number of other unusual symptoms in different
patients. Persistence of all or any of the symptoms can linger
for a long time even after recovery, which is often referred to as
“long COVID”. Such deleterious symptoms call for focused
nutritional management. This chapter discusses about
guidelines for general population to tackle this pandemic and
its repercussions.
Management through Nutrition

Health is primarily affected by optimal nutrition. Harmful
consequences of many diseases can be prevented and managed
by following best nutritional practices. It is a known fact that
no diet or food can prevent an overcoming infection, but the
immune system is largely dependent and supported by
consumption of a healthy diet. This section discusses about
dietary intake of nutrients for general population who are not
infected with Covid-19. This will enable them to have a better
quality of life by promoting overall well-being.
ENERGY: The energy requirements of adults should be aimed

at maintaining Ideal Body Weight (IBW). Energy is required to
carry out day-to-day activities and perform the voluntary and
involuntary actions of the body. Most of the energy from foods
is derived from carbohydrates and fats. A substantial intake of
carbohydrates is necessary for proper utilization of proteins.
Table 2.1 represents total energy requirements of Indian adults
according to RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) 2020 as
given by ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research).
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Category Requirement
Men Women
kcal/day kcal/kg/day kcal/day kcal/kg/day
Sedentary 2110 32 1660 30
work
Moderate 2710 42 2130 39
work
Heavy work 3470 53 2720 49
Table 2.1 Energy requirements for Indian Adults, RDA 2020
Proteins: Amino acids are the backbone of proteins. Among

these, the Sulphur containing amino acids, glutamine, taurine
and arginine possess immunomodulatory properties. Deficiency
of proteins have been a major cause of a decline in both
specific as well as non-specific immunity. About 15-20% of
energy should come from proteins. According to the RDA 2020,
the requirement for proteins should be calculated as 0.83 g/kg
body weight/day. Milk, meat, fish, egg and poultry are
considered to be as good quality sources of proteins from
animal foods. Though plant based foods are fair sources of
protein, but can compensate lacking amino acids when
combined together. Combination of cereals and pulses is a
perfect example of Mutual Supplementation especially for
vegetarians.
Carbohydrates: Most of the Indian diet is predominantly rich

in carbohydrates. About 55-60% of Total Energy should come
from Carbohydrates. Physical Inactivity due to lockdown
restrictions have emphasized upon the need to focus more on
consumption of complex carbohydrates as they are helpful in
managing constipation, diabetes, cholesterol and obesity,
which have become more prevalent during this period.
Examples of complex carbohydrates include whole grains,
whole pulses, fruits, vegetables etc.
Efforts should be made to include adequate amount of dietary
fiber in the diet. It gives a feeling of fullness and hence imparts
satiety, helps in stabilizing blood glucose and cholesterol levels,
also aids defecation. Daily intake of 40 g/2000 kcal of dietary
fiber per day is recommended as per the RDA 2020.
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FATS: Fat is an important nutrient as it provides energy,

essential fatty acids and acts as a carrier of fat soluble
vitamins A, D, E and K. The essential fatty acids are required
for various bodily functions and prevention of cardiovascular
diseases. While fat soluble vitamins have numerous physical
functions, they also play important role in boosting the
immune system. Fat is a nutrient which is often overlooked
upon and sometimes completely excluded from the diet and on
the other hand, people often ignore overconsumption of
fatty/fried foods. As a part of the balanced diet, adequate
amounts of fats should be consumed. As per RDA 2020, the
minimum intake of visible fats should be between 20-40 g/day.
Efforts should be made to include different types of fats in
order to procure different essential fatty acids.
VITAMINS: The vitamins perform the vital function of

maintenance of the body. They are organic molecules that are
essential for good health and growth, though required in small
quantities. These can be classified as:
a. Fat Soluble (Vitamin A, D, E and K)
b. Water Soluble (Vitamin C & B Complex)
Vitamin A: Various studies exhibit a link between vitamin A

levels and increased morbidity due to infections. Hence, there
are immunosuppressive effects of Vitamin A deficiency. The
Recommended dietary allowances for Vitamin A is 1000 µg per
day and 840 µg per day for men and women, respectively.
Vitamin D: It is a sun shine vitamin. Anti-inflammatory effects

of Vitamin D are well documented. It promotes differentiation
of monocytes and macrophages from their precursor cells.
Vitamin D can promote innate and adaptive responses as
Vitamin D receptor is present on immune cells in the body. The
RDA for Vitamin D in case of both men and women is 600 IU
per day.
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Vitamin E & K: Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant. The RDA for

this micronutrient is 7.5-10 mg α tocopherol per day. Owing to
its antioxidant nature, it protects the cells against damage by
free radicals. Vitamin K is also an important nutrient which is
responsible for synthesis of blood clotting factors. Its
recommended dietary allowance for adults is 55 µg per day.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): This vitamin is considered anti-stress

vitamin as it improves the ability to withstand stress. It
strengthens the immune system and helps in carbohydrates
metabolism.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): In all cells, Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin

plays and important role in energy metabolism. Vitamin B2
and UV light are responsible to reduce the titer of MERS-CoV
in human plasma as per certain researches conducted.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin): This vitamin acts as a coenzyme in the

metabolic reactions of the body. Research data suggests this
vitamin does significant inhibition of neutrophils infiltration in
lungs with strong anti-inflammatory effects during ventilator
induced lung injury, which otherwise would have led to
conditions like hypoxia.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Its major function is its role

in energy metabolism and supporting acetylation reactions.
Hence, must be taken in appropriate quantities.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Vitamin B6 is required for protein

metabolism and participate in various reactions in body
tissues. It is also required for synthesis of certain hormones
and plays role in enhancing the body’s immune response.
Biotin: The other name for this micronutrient is Vitamin H.

This vitamin supports protein, carbohydrate and fat
metabolism. Biotin is helpful in modulating immune response
to antigens in infection.
Vitamin B9 (Folate): Folic Acid or folate plays a major role in

amino acid metabolism and DNA biosynthesis. Folate
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deficiency highly affects cell mediated immunity. Both folate

and vitamin b12 plays an important role in maintaining
healthy balance of the immune system.
Category Requirement
Men Women
g/day g/day
Sedentary work 25 20
Moderate work 30 25
Heavy work 40 30
Table 2.1 Fat requirements for Indian Adults, RDA 2020
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin): This vitamin is involved in metabolism of

fats and carbohydrates, including synthesis of proteins. It is also essential for
transport and storage of folate in the body cells. Hence it should be included
in the diet in appropriate amounts. This
Vitamin C: Another name for Vitamin C is ascorbic acid. It acts as an

antioxidant and also supports the immune functions. Vitamin C could be an
effective choice as a part of lower respiratory tract infections during COVID-
19. It acts as an anti-histamine curbing histamine mediated reactions in the
body, hence, beneficial during flu like symptoms – sneezing, runny nose, etc.
Another function is to play a role in synthesis of collagen and connective
tissues. It also plays a role in enhancing phagocytic motility.
Table 2.5 Water Soluble Vitamin requirement for Indian adults, RDA 2020
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MINERALS: Minerals are inorganic elements which are

responsible for formation of several organic. inorganic
compounds and act as free ions in our body. On the basis of
their requirement in the body, they can be classified as:
a. Macrominerals (Macroelements)
b. Microminerals (Microelements)
Macrominerals are required in amounts greater than 100 mg

per day. The seven major macrominerals are Calcium,
Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Sulfur and
Chlorine. They comprise 60-80% of all organic materials in our
body.
Microminerals are also called as Trace elements. These are

required in amounts less than 100 mg per day. These include
essential trace elements like Iron, Copper, Iodine, Zinc,
Manganese, Cobalt, Molybdenum, Selenium, and Chromium.
Apart from these, there are many other elements which are
required in trace amounts and play role in metabolic activities.
These include - nickel, tin, vanadium, cadmium, silicon,
barium and strontium.
A few important minerals will be discussed in detail to

highlight their importance in diet and immunity.
Calcium: The role of calcium is attributed to give structure to

our body along with various other metabolic functions like
muscle contraction, nerve conduction, blood coagulation,
mediator of hormonal action, and regulation of various
enzymes catalyzed reactions. It plays a central role in
activation of immune system, keeping it balanced. The
requirement of calcium as per RDA 2020 is 1000 mg/day in
case of both males and females.
Magnesium: Magnesium also has structural functions. It acts

as a cofactor in more than 300 enzymes involved in essential
metabolic reactions. It is involved in protein and energy
metabolism, functioning of muscles and nervous system. Some
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and Nutrition
other functions include regulating blood glucose and blood

pressure. It plays role in synthesis of Immunoglobulins and
other factors like C′3 convertase, immune cell adherence,
antibody-dependent cytolysis, IgM lymphocyte binding,
macrophage response to lymphokines and T helper–B cell
adherence. The requirements as defined by RDA 2020 is 440
mg/ day in Males and 370 mg/day in Females.
Iron: A very important micronutrient which plays a major role

as a carrier of oxygen to various organs of the body. It is a
component of enzymes like peroxidase and catalase which
catalyze various oxidation-reduction reactions. Iron has role in
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Maintenance of iron
homeostasis in the body indicates better immune responses. In
case of an acute infection, the body of the host withdraws iron
availability for the growth of pathogens. Body response
involving depletion of iron stores may affect the ability to fight
infections in an adverse manner. The recommended dietary
allowance for Iron is 19 mg/d for Males and 29 mg/d for
Females.
Zinc: Zinc is a crucial micronutrient which is involved in a

plethora of catalytic, structural and regulatory functions. It is
used therapeutically to treat infections and manage symptoms
related to diarrhea, common cold etc. Zinc is involved in
production of cytokines by monocytes & T cells. Low levels of
zinc can lead to immune deficiencies and increase the
susceptibility of the host to a multitude of infections. The
amount required as per the RDA 2020 is 13.2 mg per day for
females and 17 mg per day for males.
Selenium: Most of the selenium in our body is found as a

constituent of amino acids. It can act as a nutritional
antioxidant. Selenoprotein is any protein that includes
selenocysteine (cysteine in which sulfur is replaced by
selenium). These selenoproteins regulate Reactive Oxygen
species (ROS) and influences inflammation and immune
responses. The RDA for Selenium is 40 µg per day.
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and Nutrition
In this COVID-19 Pandemic, apart from important hygiene

measures and social distancing, nutrition plays an important
role in building immunity. The natural body’s mechanism to
fight infections is crucial in survival if infected with COVID-19.
The consumption of balanced ratios of macronutrients
including carbohydrates, fats and proteins is important to
maintain ideal body weight. Plant based diets provide balanced
amount of macro and micro nutrients. Adequate consumption
of whole grains, whole pulses, legumes, green leafy vegetables
should be ensured. Colorful fruits and vegetables must be
included in the diet as they have valuable phytochemicals,
minerals and vitamins, which pose therapeutic benefits to the
body. Substantial consumption of nuts and oilseeds, milk and
milk products, meat and meat products should be done in
order to have a protein rich meal. On the other hand,
vegetarians and vegans can opt for mutual supplementation,
which involves combining cereals and pulses together to get all
the essential amino acids and hence better-quality proteins.
Foods from plant sources are a great way to add adequate
amount of fiber in the diet, including a number of antioxidants
and phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory properties.
Consumption of water should not be neglected and at least 3-4
litres of fluid must be consumed in a day. Some other liquids
apart from water like buttermilk, lemon water, soup, coconut
water, fresh fruit juice without sugar, malted drinks can be
consumed to fulfill body’s water requirements.
Bibliography
1. Cassat, J. E., & Skaar, E. P. (2013). Iron in infection and
immunity. Cell host & microbe, 13(5), 509–519.
2. Chandra RK, Kumari S. (1994). Nutrition and immunity: an
overview. J Nutr.124(8 Suppl):1433S-1435S
3. FAO. (2020). Maintaining a healthy diet during the COVID-
19 pandemic. Available on
http://www.fao.org/3/ca8380en/ca8380en.pdf. Accessed
on 18.03.2021.
4. Grinstein, S., & Klip, A. (1989). Calcium homeostasis and
the activation of calcium channels in cells of the immune
system. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 65(1),
69–79.
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5. Hoffmann, P. R., & Berry, M. J. (2008). The influence of

selenium on immune responses. Molecular nutrition & food
research, 52(11), 1273–1280.
6. Huang, Z., Rose, A. H., & Hoffmann, P. R. (2012). The role of
selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular
mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxidants &
redox signaling, 16(7), 705–743.
7. Jain U (2020) Effect of COVID-19 on the Organs. Cureus
12(8)
8. Jameel S. (2020). A New Bug on the
Block. Resonance, 25(4), 477–484.
9. Khanna, K., Gupta S, Mahna R, Puri S, Seth R and Passi
SJ. (1997).Text book of Nutrition & Dietetics. New Delhi:
Phoenix Publishng House Pvt. Ltd.
10. Krause M, Kathleen. L Mahan and Sylvia Escott Stump,
Food Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 11th Edition, W.B
Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 2004
11. Mahtab S.Bamji, Prahlad rao.N & Vinodini reddy, 2003, Text
book of Human Nutrition, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT.
LTD, New Delhi
12. Nutrition and Immunity, Nutrition Today. (2011). Volume 46
- Issue 1 - p 18-19
13. RDA 2020, NIN. Available on: https://www.nin.res.in/.
Accessed on: 14.03.2021
14. Science Mag, 2021. Available on:
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/how-does-
coronavirus-kill-clinicians-trace-ferocious-rampage-through-
body-brain-toes. Accessed on: 14.03.2021
15. Shankar, A. H., & Prasad, A. S. (1998). Zinc and immune
function: the biological basis of altered resistance to
infection. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 68(2
Suppl), 447S–463S.
16. Soyano, A., & Gómez, M. (1999). Participación del hierro en
la inmunidad y su relación con las infecciones [Role of iron
in immunity and its relation with infections]. Archivos
latinoamericanos de nutricion, 49(3 Suppl 2), 40S–46S.
17. Srilakshmi, B. (2004). Nutrition Science, New Delhi: New
Age International Pvt. Ltd.
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18. Tam, M., Gómez, S., González-Gross, M (2003). Possible

roles of magnesium on the immune system. Eur J Clin
Nutr, 57, 1193–1197
19. Vig, M., & Kinet, J. P. (2009). Calcium signaling in immune
cells. Nature immunology, 10(1), 21–27.
20. Ward RJ, Crichton RR, Taylor DL, Della Corte L, Srai SK,
Dexter DT. (2011). Iron and the immune system. J Neural
Transm (Vienna). 118(3):315

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ISBN: 978-93-5473-518-9

Title of the Book

How to Strengthen Your Immunity During

Ms. Prerna Verma,

Title of the Book

There are many ways to keep your immune system functioning

Here I’ll focus on your diet, to help yourself.

Begin by filling your plate with immune-boosting nutrients.

1 Vitamin A, which is essential for a strong immune system. It

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4 Zinc helps cells in your immune system grow and

 Probiotics and prebiotics help boost the health of the

Title of the Book

 Turmeric- Turmeric is a spice commonly used in Indian

The Best Ways to Cook Veggies to Boost Nutrition

 Avoid soaking your vegetables, as that can remove key

 Use methods like steaming are better than boiling; the

 Use microwaving uses little to no water, and can heat

 Sauteing in a bit of healthy cooking oil, such as extra-

 Roasting and baking is another healthy way to fix your

Title of the Book

oil is a great idea, many of the vitamins and nutrients

Build Healthy Eating Habits

 Eat a variety of fruits (2 or more servings a day).

 Eat whole-grain, high-fiber breads and cereals (3 to 6

 Drink fat-free or low-fat milk and eat low-fat dairy

 Choose from a variety of low-fat sources of protein —

 Reduce intake of saturated fats and trans-fats (such as

 Reduce daily intake of salt or sodium. Reduce to less

 Restrict or eliminate "junk food" — foods that contain

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 Restrict or eliminate sodas and other sugar-added

 If you drink alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation.

Title of the Book

Corona Virus: History, Classification,

Keshav Shukla1 , Adarsh Pandey2

Key words: Covid 19, coronoviridae, RNA, Antigens.

Title of the Book

Coronavirus belongs to Orthocoronavirinae subfamily and

In physical appearance it consists spikes all over the surface

The electron microscopic studies of the virus showed that there

In actual the surface proteins are basically responsible for this

In 1971, the name Corona virus was officially approved by the

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In two different studies, going on almost in parallel in US and

This novel virus when administered via intra-nasal pathway to

In 1967, June Almeida and Tyrrell, compared the structures of

In 2003 SARS Co V , and now Covid-19 in 2019 are identified.

Title of the Book

average diameters between 80 and 120 nm. [23] On average,

The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer in which the

The E and M proteins are structural proteins that interact with

Title of the Book

(pp1ab). Replicasepolyprotein is self-contained to form 16 non-

Title of the Book

recombination in coronaviruses is unknown, but is likely to

Assembly and release

Translation of the RNA happens within the endoplasmic

Coronaviruses are specifically aimed at epithelial cells. They

For e.g., SARS coronavirus infects human epithelial cells in the

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Title of the Book

5. Almeida JD, Berry DM, Cunningham CH, Hamre D, Hofstad

Title of the Book