The deficiency of the feedback control system of delayed detection ‘of disturbance restricts its use for slow chemical processes. The electronic feedback controller reacts only after the effect of disturbance has been felt by the control system. The deviation in the measured value of the controlled variable and the set point generates the error. The error signal is minimized by the feedback controller producing the command signal which acus on the diaphragm of the control valve to regulate the controlled variable. The disturbance is directly measured in the feedforward control and it reacts before the effect of disturbance has been detected by the control system. Consequently the feedforward control is good for slow processes having signbificant transporation lag parameter such as heat exchanger, drum boiler, furnace and extraction column. 12.1 Direct Digital Feedforward Temperature Control of Stirred Tank Heater : In Fig. 12.1 the direct digital feedforward temperature control of stirred tank hee ter is shown. The principal disturbance or load variable is the inlet temperature of the process fluid. Any change in the inlet temperature of the process fluif is immediately measured and the continuous signals are introduced into the sampler switch which is used to produce a sequence of sampled signals. The discrete time signal is converted from analog to digital signal by an analog to digital converter. The el tal error detector orcomparator determines the error which is the difference between measured value of inlet temperature of process stream and its desired value. The generated error is minimized by electronic feedforward controller which is monitored by the computer. The output command signal produced by computer is discrete time signal in the digital form which is converted into analog signal using to analog converter. The hold clement is used to convert the discrete time signal in the analog form into the continuous analog signal. cee pneumatic trasducer is used to convert the electric signal into the s signal to actuate the control valve of the direct digital control [309]a Process Control & ins Fhe poetmatic analog signal acts on the diay RES teu aet which in turn in adjusts the requ flowrate of stean in order to m ed steam pressure by in the stirred tank heater. The signal are traceanen ature Feed al THERMOCOUPLE| Teampiee snc PNB CONVERTER] recoronwand earns jaguonso eStecres | = .[Frawaouces [DIA CONVERTER | | Hold Element Direct Digital Feedforward Temperature Control of Stired Tank Heater 12.2 Direct Digital Feedforward Control of Heat Exchanger : ta] feedforward control of heat exchanger ‘ces the inlet temperature and the flowrate the continuous analog signals ae sampled are converted from discrete time analog signals generated errors vylich is monitored by the computer. uced by the computer is the an time signal in the digital form which is converted into an snag rit digital to analog, converter. The discrete time analog signal eeoorett Be eaibue analog signal by the hold clemen : with the respective desired val the electronic feedforward control The output command signal p Converted into the pneumatic transducer. The pneumatic: analog, signal actirates: TRANSOUCER eid Elon! due consequently adjusting the required steam pressure i ofsley in the desired temperature of the outlet stream. The signals ave jon lines. The steam pressure is the | DIN CONVERTE! Fig. 122 Ditect di) | 12.3 Direct Digital Fees Reactor for Exothermic Resection > Continuous Stirred Tank feedforward controt of heat exchanger dforward Control of Jacketed0 ana the desired Fowrate ofthe atic signal of electro-pneumatic transducer te eee the control valve in order to maintain th Taser] [DACONERTER ] Hod lemant = | TRANSDUCER eee | Fla. 12.3 Direct digital feedtorward contro! of jacketed CSTR for exothermic reaction 12.4 Direct Digital Feedforward Control of Jacketed Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor for Endothermic Reaction : difference between set points and the measured values, The are minimized by the elcetronic feedforward controller which ie er. The output command signals from computer are in edge analog signals by the digital to analog converte converted into continuous analog sgn ‘pneumatic transducers ate used Wo come, signal of ect. tem scat mai by adjusting the flowrate of stan al of electro-pneumatic transduce, ton measurement acton thedlaphragy n regulates the product outet igh the transmission lines, The product are the manipulate DIA CONVERTER oid clement] [DACOWERTER] [rcrwocouete| t I TRansoucer | [Heder 1k 124 ithrough the sampler switch. The analog signal is ignal by the analog to digital converter. The flowrate of feed control valve for the required steam flow rate feedforward controller in order to maintain the liquid level i at desired value. The flowrate of feed water is the manipulatedDirect Digital Feedforward Contro! FLOWMETER E I ‘Sampo Swen [aro CONVERTER] a ConTRot VALE |-ceororwarcr| ICONTROLLER IoniTORED BY lcomPurer DIAGONVERTER}—+{_Hold Element |-—+[ TRANSOUSER Fig. 127 Direct digital foedtorward level contrat 12.8 Direct Digital Feedforward Control at the Bottom of Distillation Column : in Fig. 125. The of the feed are switches. The d into digital fo. ‘comparators areProcess TEESE Cont & nstrmetiton pneumatics ‘The pneumatics gm actuator ofthe con in tum adjusts the stea ‘order to maintainthe temperature of mixture at desired value, The steam pressure is the manipulated variable Tremaine SouFSSTON = SERSUREMEN che £ Sten senper pee fra cowenreR [re converter] E 2 set sat oy sat, Pom a a recone 9 contol ecovorwaed lecroncaten_ vane leonrmonue™ frowtroneo wy frowrroneD ev leousurer leouruter Q | | acinar foxcowerten] [Dacowerten}o[ Hal eenen forwared control at the bottom of distilation column 12.9 Direct Digital Feedforward Temperature Control of Jacketed Kettle : news ‘al Feedforward C of Evaporator : 's shown in Fig. sampler switch. the analog to di from computer the digital to an‘steam pressure. The signals are n lines. The steam pressure is the ‘Vapour ‘Condensate Product Hold Element TRANSDUCER Fig. 12:10 Direct digital feedforward control of evaporator ‘Digital Feedforward Control of Extraction Fis n digital feedforward control of extraction column is shown ,. 12.11. The feed composition and feed flowrate are measured and e through the sampler switches. The discrete time signals, the digital signals by the analog to digital converters. The arators are used to generate the errors which are the difference values and the set points. The generated errors are ns are converted into the analog forms by the digital je time signals are converted into the continu Jement. The electro pneumatic transducers are used to convert into the pneumatic signals. The pneumatic signal in the the extract ‘The pneumatic signal in the transmission line of feed flowrate Phase, acton the diaphragm actuator of the control value which in turn aere™ent- flowrate of solvent phase. The signal are transmitted through the athe lines, The solvent flowrate and the flowrate of the extract phase nti manipulated variables of the control system, re the | | “COMPOSITION. MEASUREMENT] | FLOWMETER Keampter Jowien iy CONVERTER] [aio CONVERTER] | = He Rafinte td, sot, ep sate fasten] fae CONTROLLER | MONITORED BY re COMPUTER | Sovent BIACONVERTER] [DIACONVeRTER] [TRANSDUCER | Pam oid Element I TRANSOUGER, operatiagr~--~~~! Process Conte & Instrumentation Semen eeed,a i Fig. 12.45 Direct digital feedforward “with Hold lament TRANSDUCER Fig, 12.46 Diect digital feedforward co o[ iRANSDUGERFLOWMETER }—Feed Winer contrat of drum Boller with inbult conto! comp Fig. 12:10 Ota digital a. st atl tadorwaeg | of TRansouceR 4 inbuilt conte components FB 4248 Direct igita festorward level control wth inbuilt contre! compo |er control of a fe with in-buil femperatre control of jacketed katt wth inbuilt a F TRANSOUCER Veco Fig. 12.22 Direct digital feedforward In the above instrumentation control with in-built sampler switch analog to digital converter, the electronic terror detector and digital to analog converter are shown. } | } jeiement_}—{ TRavsouceR igital feedtorward control of evaporator with in-built contrat ‘components