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JAIL MANAGEMENT AND

CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION
I. PRELIMINARIES

A. INTRODUCTION:

Jail Management is almost synonymous with Correctional Administration.

Operationally, both are representing the fourth pillar of the Philippine Criminal
Justice System. Both are duty bound to secure Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL)
and to provide developmental programs designed to effectively rehabilitate and
reform them so that they will turn to be productive and law-abiding citizen when
they are given chance to return in a free community.

Academically, it is one of the six areas of Criminal Justice Education. It is

generally divided into two (2) approaches: Institutional-Based and Community
Based Correction. From these approaches, curriculum for this particular course
was designed, patterned and allocated ten percent (10%) in Criminology
Licensure Examination provided by the Philippine Regulatory Commission (PRC).

B. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This manuscript was made for the purpose of showcasing the entirety of
jail management and correctional administration in its simplest form to aid
personnel working in jail and in prison; student of criminal justice education;
those uniformed personnel undergoing Expanded Tertiary Education and
Equivalency Program (ETEEAP); examinees of Criminology Licensure Examination
and Penology Officer Examination (POE) given by the Bureau of Jail Management
and Penology (BJMP) and Civil Service Commission (CSC); and for those
individual who has serious inclination to learn about this subject matter.

This manuscript is a consolidation of data from researches and from

personal training and experiences of the writer being a member of the Bureau of
Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) and practicing criminologist and
penologist for more than twenty (20) years. While this manuscript incorporated
the recent breakthrough in correctional administration/ jail management,
wherein His Excellency President Benigno Simeon Aquino III signed the “Paupers
Act of 2012” or otherwise known as the expanded Release on Recognizance
(ROR) Law; Bureau of Correction Modernization Act; and amendment to Revised
Penal Code (RPC), particularly on the authority in granting an expanded Good
Conduct Time Allowance (GCTA) and Special Time Allowance for Loyalty (STAL),
this is still open for an updates.

To effectively realize easy understanding and long-range retention of this

subject matter, the writer presented the topics in a QUADRANT via Question
and Answer (Q&A) form. By this approach and design, it makes jail management
and correctional administration enjoyable to explore and easy to master.

The outline of the presentation: First Quadrant will discuss on history,

both in international and local perspectives; Second Quadrant will present the
present Philippine Correctional System; Third Quadrant will tackles matter on
probation and Executive Clemency; and Fourth Quadrant will deals on paralegal
related updates or laws on early releases.
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C. GENERAL CONCEPT

Penology is the study of punishment for crime or of criminal. It includes

the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of offenders. It
is derived from the Latin word “poena” which means pain or suffering. It is also
known as the Penal Science. It is actually the division of criminology that deals
with prison management and the treatment of offenders, and concerned itself
with the philosophy and practice of society in its effort to repress criminal
activities and or criminal tendencies.

Correction is a branch of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) concerned with

the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. It is the field of
criminal justice system, which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the
government and the society in the general involving the processes of handling
individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime
prevention and control. The CJS is the machinery of any government in the
control and prevention of crimes and criminality. It is composed of the law
enforcement, prosecution, court, the correction, and community. Correction is
considered the “weakest pillar” because of its failure to deter individuals in
committing crimes as well as the reformation of inmates.

Correctional Administration is the study and practice of a systematic

management of jails or prisons and other institutions concerned with the
custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. As a process, it is
the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from repeating
his delinquent actions without the necessity of taking punitive action but rather
introduction of individual measures of reformation. This is also synonymous with
Penal/ Jail Management, which defined as the manner or practice of managing or
controlling places of confinement as in jails or prisons.

II. QUADRANT OF CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION

A. FIRST QUADRANT: HISTORY (Punishment, Banishment & Imprisonment)

Q1. What is meant by Law of Vendetta?

Answer: It is an Italian Terminology, which means personal vengeance or

revenge. It was the rule of the time when the world was still uncivilized. A
family whose member was murdered by a member of another family
took justice in their hand by murdering members of the opponent
family. Retaliation or “blood feuds” sometimes resulted to a much brutal
results. This resulted to endless killing, which destroy the two warring families,
clan or tribe. Feuds frequently involve the original parties' family members
and/or associates, can last for generations and may result in extreme acts
of violence. They can be interpreted as an extreme outgrowth of social relations
based in family honor. Romeo and Juliet is a great example of a feud between
the two families, the Montagues and Capulets. Until the early modern period,
feuds were considered legitimate legal instruments and were regulated to some
degree. For example, Montenegrin culture calls this krvna osveta which means
"blood revenge" which had unspoken but highly valued rules. Today, war
between the terrorist and Muslim Arab Countries against the United States and
its allies can be cited as display of vendetta in civilized world.
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Q2. What are the bases of punishment in early times?

Answer: Some of the bases of punishment in early times are:

 URUKAGINA’S CODE (2600 BC). The Code attributed to Urukagina of

Lagashas never been physically found but it has been referred to as a
consolidation of “ordinances” laid down by leaders in Mesopotamia (most
portion is Iraq). It was not extant, but "known" through other sources.
It is considered extremely important because it set the stage for more
formal lawmaking as civilization expanded and became more
sophisticated. This, the earliest known code of law, consolidates a
series of even earlier Mesopotamian statutes. Among other
things, it accords the accused some rights: notification of why
they are being punished, for instance.  It bannered an old axiom
that no good deed ever goes unpunished. 

 KING-UR NAMMU’S CODE (2100 BC). Earliest code of which

fragments have been discovered. The code speaks of witchcraft and
the flight of slaves. Although it is known that earlier law-
codes existed, such as the Code of Urukagina, this
represents the earliest extant legal text. It is three
centuries older than the Code of Hammurabi. The laws are
arranged in casuistic form for crime and punishment — a pattern
followed in nearly all later codes. For the oldest extant law-code
known to history, it is considered remarkably advanced, because it
institutes fines of monetary compensation for bodily damage, as
opposed to the later lex talionis (‘eye for an eye’).

 LIPIT-ISHTAR (1930 BC). With a typical epilogue and prologue,

the law deals with penalties, the rights of man, right of kings,
marriages, and more. He was the fifth ruler of the first dynasty of Isin,
and ruled from around 1870 BCE to 1860 BCE. Some documents and royal
inscriptions from his time have survived, but he is mostly known due to
Sumerian language hymns written in his honor, as well as a legal code
written in his name (preceding the famed Code of Hammurabi by about
100 years), which were used for school instruction for hundreds of years
after his death. The annals of his reign record that he also repulsed
the Amorites.

 CODE OF ESHNUNNA (1800). The Laws of Eshnunna consist of two

tablets (found at Tell Harmal) and a fragment (found at Tell Haddad).
They are similar to the Code of Hammurabi. Occupied from the Early
Dynastic Period, Eshnunna was eventually drawn within the sphere of
Third Dynasty of Ur, before achieving a short-lived political prominence--
after Ur's decline and fall--within the first two centuries of the second
millennium BC. After being occupied by Elam, Eshnunna was ultimately
conquered by Hammurabi, ruler of Babylon, and absorbed within the Old
Babylonian Empire (sometimes called the First Babylonian Dynasty).
Thereafter, the city appears but rarely within cuneiform textual sources,
reflecting a probable decline and eventual disappearance. The differences
between the Code of Hammurabi and the Laws of  Eshnunna significantly
contributed to illuminating the development of ancient and cuneiform
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law. Eshnunna was north of Ur on the Tigris River and became politically

important after the fall of the third dynasty of Ur, founded by Ur-Nammu.

 HAMMURABIC CODE (1750 BC). Is a well-preserved Babylonian law

code. It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant
length in the world. The sixth Babylonian King, Hammurabi, enacted
the code, and partial copies exist on a human-sized stone stele and
various clay tablets. The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled
punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth"
(lex talionis) as graded depending on social status, of slave
versus free man. The Code is inscribed in the Akkadian language,
using cuneiform script carved into the stele. It is currently on display
in The Louvre (Palace converted to museum in Paris France), with exact
replicas in the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago. Hammurabi's
code was not really the earliest. The preceding sets of laws have
disappeared, but several traces of them were found, and Hammurabi's
own code clearly implies their existence. He just reorganized a legal
system long established. 

o The core principle of this law is known as lex taliones (mean an

eye for eye and tooth for a tooth). An eye for an eye is the
principle that a person who has injured another person is
penalized to a similar degree, or according to other
interpretations the victim receives the value of the injury in
compensation. According to Jewish interpretations the victim in
criminal law gets financial compensation based on the law of
human equality eschewing mutilation and lex talionis. The English
word talion means a retaliation authorized by law, in which the
punishment corresponds in kind and degree to the injury, from
the Latin talio. The phrase "an eye for an eye" is sometimes trivially
referred to using the Latin term lex talionis, the law of talion.
However, lex taliones is a two-tiered concept of justice because not
everybody is equal in the imposition of punishment. It imposes a
stiffer penalty against those rich and powerful than those belongs
to lower rungs of the society.

 CODE OF NESILIM (1650-1500 BC) is an ancient Hittite legal code dating

from c. 1650-1500 BCE. It was a legal document for the Hittite civilization.
With the Code of the Nesilim, it is uncertain who the author was. All that is
known is that it was someone in the Hittite society, probably a king. The
author wrote the code somewhere between 1650 BC and 1500 BC. During
this same time period, some Hittite cities had already been abandoned, but
most were still there, as the society would take until about 1000 BC to
completely collapse. Since the author was likely someone of high power, their
point of view would have been the ruler of many people, someone who had
authority and was used to being obeyed. Therefore, the tone of the code is
authoritative and strict. The code was written for the people of the Hittite
civilization. Since it was a law code, it contained the laws that they were
supposed to live by. The Code of Nesilim itself reveals much about the social
structure of the society. For example, several of the punishments make it
clear that slaves were not on the same level as free men, such as how a slave
would be killed for speaking the name of someone else while killing a
serpent, but a free man would just be fined one pound of silver. Also, the
code’s punishments are light compared to other codes of the time, such as
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the Code of Hammurabi, where death was the punishment for the majority of
the offenses described. In the Code of Nesilim, the focus seems to be more
on payment and fair compensation than just killing almost anyone who
commits a crime. Code of Nesilim reveals much about the Hittite civilization.

 ASSYRIAN LAW (1500 – 1300 BC). Assyrian law was very similar

to Sumerian and Babylonian law, however, notably more brutal than
its predecessors. The first copy of the code to come to light, dated to the
reign of Tiglath-Pileser I, was discovered in the course of excavations by the
German Oriental Society (1903–1914). Three Assyrian law collections have
been found to date. Punishments such as the cropping of ears and
noses were common, as it was in the Code of Hammurabi, which
was composed several centuries earlier. Murder was punished by
the family being allowed to decide the death penalty for the
murderer. A discovery made by the German explorers of the mound of
Kaleh-Shengat – the site of Assur, the earliest capital of Assyria – and now
published in a volume of text from Assur, takes equal rank with the finding of
the Hammurabic Code. It was believed that Hammurabic Code position in the
south, Assyrian was in the north.

 MOSAIC CODE (1440 BC). Referred to as “Law of Moses.” About 300

years after Hammurabi, Moses recorded the Law for the Israelites. Because
the Mosaic Law contains some similarities to Hammurabi’s Code, some critics
of the Bible believe that Moses copied from the Hammurabic Code.The
theory that Moses’ Law is simply a rewording of Hammurabi’s has
largely been abandoned today, due to the fact that similar law
codes, even older than Hammurabi’s, have been found in various other
places. These would include the Cuneiform laws, written as early as 2350
B.C.; the Code of Urukagina, 2380 B.C.; the Code of Ur-Nammu, 2050 B.C.;
and others. Most critics accede to the fact that the Babylonian laws were
probably well-known to the Hebrews of Moses’ day.

 CODE OF DRACO (700 BC). Draco (lawgiver) was a Greek lawmaker who
introduced the first written code of law in ancient Greece. Draco’s code
included very severe laws. Under his system of law, almost all
crimes called for the death penalty, even very minor offences. His
laws were unpopular and most of them were rewritten by his successor,
Solon. Draco was appointed to write down the laws. Athens may have been a
late-comer to the written law code since it may already have been done
elsewhere in the Hellenic world. Whether or not it was intentional, when
Draco codified the laws, it brought to public attention Athens' outrageous and
archaic penalties. Part of the excess was Draco himself. The story goes that
when asked about the harshness of his punishments, Draco said the death
penalty was appropriate for stealing even so much as a cabbage. If there had
been a worse penalty than death, Draco would gladly have applied it to
greater crimes. As a result of Draco's strict, unforgiving code, the adjective
based on the name Draco -- draconian -- refers to penalties
considered excessively severe. "And Draco himself, they say, being asked
why he made death the penalty for most offences, replied that in his opinion
the lesser ones deserved it, and for the greater ones no heavier penalty could
be found."

 CODE OF SOLON (600 BC) Solon developed a humane code of laws that
formed the foundation of Athenian democracy and ended aristocratic
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government control. After his tenure, Solon spent a decade in voluntary exile,
and wrote poetry that influenced Athenian learning. Solon was a statesman,
known as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. He ended exclusive
aristocratic control of the government, substituted a system of control by the
wealthy, and introduced a new and more humane law code.

 TWELVE TABLES (450 BC) represented the earliest codification of Roman

Law (later incorporated into the Justinian Code). It is the foundation of all
public and private law of the Romans until the time of the Justinian. It was a
collection of legal principles engraved on metal tablets and set-up
on the forum. The Twelve Tables came about as a result of the long social
struggle between patricians and plebeians. One of the most important
concessions won in this class struggle was the establishment of the
Twelve Tables, establishing basic procedural rights for all Roman
citizens as against one another. Patricians long opposed this request, but
around 451 BC, the first decemvir (decemvirate - board of "Ten Men") was
appointed to draw up the first ten tables. According to Livy, they sent an
embassy to Greece to study the legislative system of Athens, known as
the Solonian Constitution, but also to find out about the legislation of
other Greek cities. Modern scholars believe the Roman assembly most likely
visited the Greek cities of Southern Italy, and did not travel all the way to
Greece. In 450 BC, the second decemviri started work on the last two tables.

 JUSTINIAN CODE (529 AD). In Roman Empire, Emperor Justin enforced

this Code and became the standard law in all areas occupied by the Roman
Empire particularly in Europe. This code was an upgraded version of
Twelve Tables of Roman. This code did not survive due to the fall of the
Roman Empire but left a foundation to Western Legal Codes. The Corpus
Juris (or Iuris) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection
of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of
Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor. It is also sometimes referred to as
the Code of Justinian, although this name belongs more properly to the part
titled Codex Justinianus. The work as planned had three parts:
the Code (Codex) is a compilation, by selection and extraction,
of imperial enactments to date; the Digest or Pandects (the
Latin title contains both Digesta and Pandectae) is an
encyclopedia composed of mostly brief extracts from the
writings of Roman jurists; and the Institutes (Institutiones) is a
student textbook, mainly introducing the Code although it has
important conceptual elements that are less developed in the Code or
the Digest. All three parts, even the textbook, were given force of law.
They were intended to be, together, the sole source of law; reference
to any other source, including the original texts from which the Code
and the Digest had been taken, was forbidden. Nonetheless, Justinian
found himself having to enact further laws and today these are counted
as a fourth part of the Corpus, the Novellae Constitutiones (Novels,
literally New Laws).

 THE TEN COMMANDMENTS, also known as the Decalogue, are a set

of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a
fundamental role in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. They include
instructions to worship only God and to keep the  sabbath, and
prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, theft, dishonesty,
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and adultery. Different groups follow slightly different traditions for

interpreting and numbering them. The Ten Commandments appear twice in
the Hebrew Bible, in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. According to the
story in Exodus, God inscribed them on two stone tablets, which he gave
to Moses on Mount Sinai. Modern scholarship has found likely influences in
Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties, but is divided over exactly when
the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them.
 SPANISH CODIGO PENAL. The Philippines was a colony of Spain for more
than 300 years, beginning in 1565 until 1898. Because of this, many fields of
law in the Philippines such as Civil Law and Criminal Law follow a civil
law tradition, as opposed to Commercial Law and Constitutional Law which
follow a common law tradition. When the Spanish Colonizers conquered the
Philippines, the Spanish Codigo Penal was made applicable and
extended to the Philippines by Royal Decree of 1870. This was
replaced with the old Penal Code which was put in place by Spanish
authorities, and took effect in the Philippines on July 14, 1876. This
law was effective in the Philippines until the American colonization
of the Philippines. It was only on December 8, 1930, when it was
amended, under Act. No. 3815, with the enactment of the Revised
Penal Code of the Philippines.

Q3. What is punishment?

Answer: Punishment is the redress that the state takes against an offending
member of society that usually involves pain and suffering. It is also the penalty
imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.

Q4. What are justifications of punishment?

Answer: The justifications of punishment are:

 Retribution, meaning the punishment should be provided by the state

whose sanction is violated, or offenders should be punished because they
deserve it for violating the standard set forth by the state;
 Expiation or Atonement, it is punishment in the form of group
vengeance where the purpose is to appease the offended public or group;
 Deterrence, punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to
others what would happen to them if they violated the law;
 Incapacitation and protection, the public will be protected if the
offender is held in conditions where he cannot harm others especially the
public by placing him in a jail for confinement and prison for sentence; &
 Reformation or Rehabilitation, it is the establishment of the
usefulness and the responsibility of the offender to renew him as a law-
abiding citizen and productive member of the society upon his release.

Q5. What are the punishments described in the bible?

Answer: It was described in the Bible that when the Godhead discovered the
plan of Lucifer to snatch the thrown of heaven from Him, He thrown Lucifer and
other angels out from heaven. It was the first display of punishment by God
Himself. Other instances are:

 Second, when Adam and Eve broke the law of God, they were also
thrown out from the Garden of Eden.
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 Third, when Cain murdered his brother Abel, God punished him by
placing mark on his brow. It was a cursed of God upon him.
 Fourth, God punished groups of people for gross violating God’s Law.
These were the great flood which covered the Biblical World, wherein
it rained for forty (40) days and nights, and only Noah, his family as
well as the animals that were in the Ark survived and
 Fifth, the destruction of fire and brimstone at Sodom and Gomorrha.

Q6. What are the common punishments in early times?

Answer: Most common punishments in early times are:

 Flogging is whipping the culprit of cat of nine tails;

 Branding is burning with red hot iron the first letter of his offense on his
forehead or hand of the culprit;
 Iron Maiden was a hollow form shaped like a human and made of an
iron braced with iron strips used in torturing suspect to admit the crime he
committed. In this process, the more he denied, the more he will sacrifice
to death;
 Milk and Honey – Mithridates, the Persian general was tortured to death
in this way. He was encased in a box from which his head, hands and feet
protruded, forcibly feed with milk and honey, which was also smeared to
his face, and then exposed to the sun for seventeen days. Through this,
he suffered a horrible condition until he had been devoured alive by
insects and vermin which swarmed about him and bred within him.
 Stocks, were devices fastened to the ankles, neck, and wrists of the
offender for long period of time in public places and exposed to the
elements;
 Furca, a V-shaped yolk worn around the neck and where the outstretched
arms of the convict were tied.
 Early used of prison was also observed, like – Underground Cistern,
used to detain offenders undergoing trial in some cases and to hold
sentenced offenders where they were starved to death;
 Ergastulum, used to confine slaves where they were attached to
workbenches and forced to do hard labor in the period of their
imprisonment.

Q7. What is banishment?

Answer: A form of punishment imposed on an individual, usually by a

country or state, in which the individual is forced to remain outside of
that country or state. Although it is decidedly archaic in contemporary criminal
justice systems, banishment enjoys continued existence and periodic resurgence
in application. Its use is hard for legal scholars to track, but banishment is still
employed in at least a handful of states, particularly in the South, as a viable
alternative to incarceration. Banishment—also known as exile or deportation—
has its origins in Greek and Roman times and in worldwide histories of other
kingdoms and countries such as China, Russia, and England. In ancient times,
banishment was an effective punishment because it contemplated that offenders
leaving a settled community would necessarily wander in the wilderness, shamed
by their loved ones and unwelcome in other settlements. During England's
colonial times, banishment and "transportation" were common forms of
punishment. Transportation involved the relocation of criminals to one of the
colonies. In colonial America, Englishmen who married African American or
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Native American women were banished from their colony. In its original form,
banishment had a twofold efficacy. Not only was physical survival a challenge
outside of one's protected community, but the psychological and emotional
damage from the scourge and condemnation of family, neighbors, and
community was equally dreaded. However, as settlements and communities
grew closer together, banishment meant the freedom to move to another
location and to perpetrate the same crimes against an unknowing and
unsuspecting community.

Q8. What is Banishment Act?

Answer: The Banishment Act was an Act of the Parliament of Ireland, one of a

series of penal laws passed in 1697 that banished all bishops of the Roman
Catholic Church from Ireland to protect the official state church, the Church of
Ireland. The long title of the Act is "An Act for banishing all Papists exercising
any Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction, and all Regulars of the Popish Clergy out of this
Kingdom."

Q9. What is Gulag Archipelago?

Answer: The Gulag Archipelago is a book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn based

on the Soviet forced labor and concentration camp system. The three-volume
book is a massive narrative relying on eyewitness testimony and primary
research material, as well as the author's own experiences as a prisoner in a
Gulag labor camp. Written between 1958 and 1968 (dates given at the end of
the book), it was published in the West in 1973, thereafter circulating
in samizdat (underground publication) form in the Soviet Union until its official
publication in 1989. GULag or Gulág is an acronym for the Russian term
Glavnoye Upravleniye ispravitelno-trudovyh Lagerey or "Chief Administration of
Corrective Labour Camps", the bureaucratic name of the Soviet concentration
camp main governing board, and by metonymy, the camp system itself. The
word archipelago compares the system of labor camps spread across the Soviet
Union with a vast "chain of islands", known only to those who were fated to visit
them. Since the Soviet Union's collapse and the formation of the Russian
Federation, The Gulag Archipelago is included in the high school program
in Russia as mandatory reading.

Q10. What is the House of Correction?

Answer: The house of correction, now used generally as a term for

jails, has a very specific meaning and important place in history. These prisons,
which were developed in England for centuries before becoming legally
mandated institutions in the early 17th century, were a means of both
detention and punishment for criminals. Though many look at the
privations and brutality of old prison systems in horror, the house
of correction was, in its own way, a revolutionary concept that, in
theory, was meant to provide prisoners with an opportunity
for rehabilitation. Prior to the 16th century, jails were primarily used as
holding places rather than institutions of punishment. Early laws far favored the
administration of corporal and capital punishment, including whipping, branding,
public imprisonment in stocks, beheading, burning at the stake, and mutilation.
While waiting for a sentence to be carried out, prisoners were held in local jails,
but crimes rarely carried a jail sentence. The idea of keeping a prisoner in jail for
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a while and then releasing him or her was rather strange to legal systems of the
time. Queen Elizabeth I of England had more than a few problems to deal with in
her reign, one of which was the rebuilding of her country as a wealthy nation.
The creation of the house of correction played some part in this transformation
that defined her rule, by using prisoners for hard labor. Instead of the mere
entertainment and warning provided by a good whipping, prisoners would be
incarcerated for a set period, usually not exceeding two years, and forced to
work hard jobs, which was seen as reformatory. The fact that the house
of correction also provided free labor to increase the wealth of the country was
probably large factor in 1609 law that made a house of correction compulsory in
every English county. The development of the house of correction played a major
part in what would come to be known as the Poor Laws. These laws were a
means of dividing up destitute citizens into those that deserved social services,
such as the elderly or infirm, and those that were vagrants, beggars, and thieves
by choice. The laws were meant to put the care and the provision for the so-
called deserving poor in the hands of each community, while creating a
mechanism to reform or at least punish those who were “undeservingly” poor.
The first house of correction was a palace built during the mid 16th century
called Bridewell. For this reason, other houses of correction came to be
commonly known as Bridewells, a term that spread beyond England's borders.
The prison was closed in 1855, but spawned several similarly-named institutions
throughout Europe and the US.

Q11. What is a hulk?

Answer: A hulk is a ship that is afloat, but incapable of going to sea. Although

sometimes used to describe a ship that has been launched but not completed,
the term most often refers to an old ship that has had its rigging or internal
equipment removed, retaining only its floating qualities.

Q12. What is Prison Hulk?

Answer: A prison hulk was a hulk used as a floating prison. They were used
extensively in Great Britain, the Royal Navy producing a steady supply of ships
too worn-out to use in combat, but still afloat. The harbour location of prison
hulks was also convenient for the temporary holding of persons
being transported to Australia and elsewhere overseas. These were
decommissioned in the mid-19th century. This was known as “floating hells.”

Q13. What is a Galley?

Answer: A galley is a type of ship propelled by rowers that originated in

the Mediterranean region and was used for warfare, trade and piracy from the
first millennium BC. Galleys dominated naval warfare in the Mediterranean
Sea from the 8th century BC until development of advanced sailing warships in
the 17th century. Among the earliest known watercraft were canoes made from
hollowed-out logs, the earliest ancestors of galleys. 

Q14. What is a Galley Slave?

Answer: A galley slave was a slave rowing in a galley. The expression has two

distinct meanings: it can refer either to a convicted criminal sentenced to work at
the oar (French: forçat or galérien), or to a kind of human chattel, often
a prisoner of war, assigned to his duty of rowing.
 11

Q15. What was special account about Galley Slave in France?

Answer: Forty galleys needed rowers when Louis XIV was in power. The galleys
were used as detention facilities rather than warships. They were abandoned in
1748 and replaced by convict prisons in navy ports, or arsenals. Louis XIV had
forty galleys, thirty-four of which were based in Marseilles. A regular galley
required 260 rowers, that the courts were required to provide. However,
Protestants were not sentenced to provide labour but in order to set an example
and promote fear.
Q16. What is meant by Gaol?

Answer: Gaols are poorly constructed, unsanitary, damp, drafty or

airless, gloomy dungeons, foul smelling places of detention in England
in the early eighteenth century. In this place, the inmates are poorly
clothed, without privacy, and the conditions so deplorable that
diseases thrive. The modern term “JAIL” originated from this word. It is also
known as jail or prison, or is a place in which people are physically confined and
usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Imprisonment
or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the government for
the commission of a crime. Other terms used are penitentiary, correctional
facility, remand centre, detention centre, and gaol or jail. In early days of
England, it was poorly constructed and its treatment with prisoners constituted
human degradation as discovered by John Howard, High Sheriff from
Bedfordshire, England. John Howard made seven large scale journeys between
1775 and 1790, the first two of which are described in his book The State of
the Prisons In England and Wales. He sought to bring about reform through
personal initiatives, by arousing the consciences of influential people and stirring
them into action. He also visited gaolers personally to persuade them to comply
with the minimal regulations that did exist. John Howard’s work had influence as
far afield as Germany, America and Russia. He died in Kherson in the Ukraine of
‘gaol fever’, a form of typhus, in January 1790. A monument was erected there
to mark his life and achievements, and was renovated in 1990 to commemorate
the bi-centenary of his death

Q17. What is Penitentiary Act of 1779?

Answer. Penitentiary Act was a British  Act of Parliament passed in 1779 which

introduced state prisons for the first time. The Act was drafted by the prison
reformer John Howard and the jurist William Blackstone and recommended
imprisonment as an alternative sentence to death or transportation. The
purpose of the Act had therefore been to create a network of state-
operated prisons but, after passage through Parliament, the end result
was that only two prisons in London were created. Five years after the
passage, Norfolk Prison at Wymondham, England was opened. The National
Penitentiary of Millbank was opened in 1821, Pentoville National Penitentiary in
1842.

Q18. What is Panopticon Model?

Answer: Panopticon is a building plan made by Jeremy Bentham, a noted

English Exponent of the classical school of criminology which called for a tank-
like structure, covered by a glass roof. The cells were arranged around a central
apartment from which the custodians could keep all cells under close
 12

supervision. This was never built, despite of contact with English authorities for
its construction at state expense.

Q.19. What is Millbank Penitentiary

Answer: Mill Bank Penitentiary was a huge, gloomy and many towered
prison, which looked like a thick-spoke wheel, containing three (3 miles of
corridors and hundreds of cells. The cost was at that time (1812-1821) was
nearly two million five hundred (2,500,000,00) dollars. This was made possible
due to the efforts and revelations of the terrible conditions of English gaols by
crusader John Howard.

Q20. What is Auburn System?

Answer: This system employed “congregate confinement” where individual

inmate is confined in their own cells during the night and congregate work in
shops during the day. Complete silence was enforced. Before inmates were
locked in a tiny cell without exercise or any activity. Inmate is whipped if he
dared to speak or make any noise. There was a substantial records of suicide in
this system and was abandoned after five years of existence because the
inmates could not be made productive anymore.

Q21. What is Pennsylvania System

Answer: The Pennsylvania System was based on the concept of solitary

confinement and rendering labor. Under the Pennsylvania or “solitary system”,
prisoners were confined in a single cell day and night where they lived, slept,
ate, and received religious instructions. Complete silence was also enforced.
They are required to read the bible.

Q22. What are deployments of prison labor in the United States?

Answer: The following are deployment of prison labor in the U.S.?

 Northern Industrial Prison with the following methods: Contract

System wherein prisoners were hired out to businessmen or corporation
on a daily basis for a set fee per head; State Account System wherein
contractors provide the raw materials and pay the state on a per piece
price for each item produced or manufactured; and State-use system,
wherein the state operates the business itself in all its aspects;
 The Southern Agricultural Plantations, which are located in the
agricultural deep south of the United States. These penal institutions
possess vast of landholdings and use as prison labor to produce
agricultural products out of the land. These plantations has a minimal
facilities and therefore, inexpensive to operate;
 The Chain Gangs. Under this scheme, prisoners work in public works
outside of the facilities. Today, some prisoners, under this scheme, work
in natural conservation work. Chain Gang was originally imposed on black
prisoners. In case of violation, prisoners were subjected to a sweat box, in
which prisoners were put in a steel box under the heat of the sun. This
popularly known as American Siberia. Shot drill is a form of punishment
inflicted to prisoners by carrying heavy loads from one place to another
and then returned to the same place over and over again everyday.
 13

Treadmill is a form of punishment where the prisoner was continually

made to constantly climb the stairs;
 The Custody-oriented Prison is a remnant of the prisons of the past
century where prisoners were punished by confining them only to their
cells and isolating them from the rest of society. This was used in super
maximum security where the occupants were hardened criminals.
 The Treatment-Oriented Prison. It became the vogue in 1960s when
this became the goal in almost every penal institutions. It emerged after
the State of Wisconsin enacted HUBER ACT in 1913. Five years after,
another law was enacted in the State of Mississippi allowing Furlough
Program (Home and Work Furlough). North Carolina followed also.

Q23. What is White Slave Act of 1910?

Answer: White Slave Act of 1910 is one of the many laws, which passed by
the US Congress declaring various crimes to be under federal jurisdiction. This
necessitated the building of more federal prison facilities to accommodate the
increasing number of federal prisoners. The increased number of federal
prisoners moved the House of representative to centralize the federal prison.
Thus, US Bureau of Prison under the Department of Justice was created in 1930.

Q24. What is SINGSING PRISON?

Answer: Sing Sing Prison became famous in the entire world and was the plot
of many movies filmed because of the Sing Sing Bath which was inflicted aside
from floggings, denial of reading materials and solitary confinement. The shower
bath was a gadget, which was constructed to drop a volume of water on the
head of a locked naked offender. The Sing Sing bath became more frequent
when flogging was declared illegal in 1847. The force of the icy cold water hitting
the head of the offender caused so much pain and extreme shock that prisoners
immediately sank into coma due to the shock and hypothermia or sudden drop in
body temperature.

Q25. What is New York House of Refuge?

Answer: New York House of Refuge is the first juvenile reformatory which
was opened in January 1825 and located in New York City, its purpose was to
protect children from degrading association with hardened criminals in the
country and state prison. Boston, founded its house of refuge in 1826 and
Philadelphia in 1828. New Orleans erected its Municipal Boys’ Reformatory in
1845 and Massachussettes in 1847.

Q26. Who are great personalities behind the development of correction?

Answer: The following person shared great contributions:

 ARISTOTLE (400 BC), a Philosopher from the City-State of Athens

that made the first attempt to explain crime in the book he has written
entitled: Nicomedian Ethics. In his book, he wrote about corrective
justice, stating that punishment is a means of restoring the balance
between pleasure and pain. He also forwarded the concept of
restitution when he postulated that corrective justice is a means
whereby the suffering of the victim is compensated.
 14

 WILLIAM PENN (1614-1718). He fought for religious freedom and

individual rights. He is the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as
correctional treatment for major offenders. He is also responsible for
the abolition of death penalty and torture as a form of punishment.

 CHARLES MONTESIQIEU (1689–1755). A French historian and

philosopher who analyzed law as an expression of justice. He believe
that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that appealing
to moral sentiments as a better means of preventing crimes.

 VOLTAIRE or also known FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET (1694–

1778). He was the most versatile of all philosophers during this period.
He believes that fear of shame was a deterrent to crime. He fought for
the legality-sanctioned practice of torture.

 CESARE BONESA, MARCHESE de BECARRIA (1738–1794). He

wrote an essay entitled “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment,” the
most exciting essay on law during this century. It presented the
humanistic goal of law. He also wrote that education, not punishment,
is the surest, although the most difficult, means of preventing crime.
Although, these two philosophers strongly advocated the use of
positive approach such as reward and education, they likewise did not
reject the necessity of punishment. Jeremy Bentham and Beccaria,
both were the strongest advocates of the enlightenment in the fields of
criminology and their writings were considered as the Classical
School of criminology. Under this school of discipline, man has free
will and has the capacity to exercise such free will. Man’s free will is
being acted out only to satisfy his selfish interest. Bentham believed
in the concept of Aristotle that man is governed by two conflicting
forces: the pleasure and pain. He saw that crime, like any other
human action, represents an effort to gain pleasure or something
beneficial to him. Punishment, therefore, should be inflicted with the
purpose of discouraging anyone’s attempt to gain pleasure at the
expense of others. Punishment should have a purpose.

 JEREMY BENTHAM (1748 –1832). He was one of the greatest

leaders in the reform of English Criminal Law. He believes that
punishment was designed to deter the commission of crimes. He was
the one who designed the “Panopticon Model,” a prison that consists a
large circular building containing multi-cells around the periphery.

 CESARE LOMBROSO, Jewish physician and anthropologist who was

greatly influenced by the writings of Charles Darwin espoused the
Positivist School of Criminology. This concept strongly objected to
the classical school’s view that punishment could be made to “fit the
crime” by fixing sentences that are tied strictly to the nature of
criminal acts. He described that crime is a social phenomenon.
Although, he conceded that there are many causes of crime, he
remained emphatic in his assertion that crime is attributed to biological
causes, which is about 60 to 65%. Lombroso formulated his thinking
based on his studies of a notorious brigand named Villella. This
brigand openly boasted of his crimes. This was the reason why
 15

Lombroso claimed that criminals have the uncanny ability to quickly

recuperate from their wounds and have no moral compunction. On
death of Villella, Lombroso conducted Post-Mortem Examination on the
corpse of the bandit. When he opened the skull, he found a distinct
depression, which is found only to inferior animals. His concept
became dominant in the late 19 th Century. Lombroso and his
followers especially those in the United States were among the first
proponents of parole, probation, the juvenile courts, the experiment
with youthful offenders, and other measures of early twentieth-century
penology.

 JOHN HOWARD (1726-1790), he was a Sheriff from Bedfordshire,

England (1773) who became concerned at the savage and inhuman
conditions obtaining in his country’s prisons. Some of his notable
recommendations were maintenance of the facility for children and
women separate from other offenders, provision of sanitation facilities,
adequate salaries for jailers so that they will not extract money from
the prisoners. His recommendations were incorporated into the
Penitentiary Act of 1779 and adopted as standard procedure in the first
modern prison constructed in the year 1785 in Norfolk, England.

 ALEXANDER MACONOCHIE – He was the Superintendent of the

Penal Colony at Norfolk Island in Australia (1840) who introduced
“Mark System,” a system in which prisoner was required to earn a
number of marks based on proper department, labor and study in
order to entitle him for a ticket for leave or conditional release which is
similar to parole.

 MANUEL MONTESIMOS – the Director of Prison in Valencia, Spain

(1835) who divided the number of prisoners into companies and
appointed certain prisoners as petty officers in-charge, which allowed
good behavior to prepare the convict for gradual release.

 ENRICO FERRI (Italian), one of the most prominent followers of

Lombroso. He stated that it is noble mission to oppose the ferocious
penalties of the middle ages but it is still nobler to forestall crime. He
argued that since the causes of crime could be identified and isolated,
he calculated that it could be controlled through prevention. He opined
that the best preventive measure was the reformation of the society.

Q27. In local setting, what was the special account in the development
of corrections?

Answer: Governance and Criminal justice in this country could be claimed to

have started simultaneously with the arrival of the ten datus and their barangays
in this archipelago thousands of years ago. They have reached this archipelago
because of persecution from the authorities of the land from where they came
from. In effect, what happened to them is a de facto banishment reminiscent of
the colonization period that intensified in many countries at the height of the
industrial revolution in Europe. Prior to the coming of the Spaniards, available
evidences pointed to the existence in this country of a penal system although its
jurisdiction is only tribal and localized. Some of these legal and penal systems
are the codes of Datu Sumakwel, Kalantiaw, Maragtas, Sikatuna and still many
others that left scant traces in our history books. These early codes are likewise
 16

very simple, easily understandable and therefore, subjects of those days find it
easy to comprehend and follow. Hence, the criminality does not pose a problem.
Rather, violators are looked up as aberrations, exceptions rather than the rule.
During the pre-colonial times, the informal prison system was community-
based, as there were no national penitentiaries to speak of. Natives who defied
or violated the local laws were meted appropriate penalties by the local
chieftains. Incarceration in the community was only meant to prevent the culprit
from further harming the local residents.

Q28. What is Code of Kalantiao?

Answer: It was the governing law in the island of what is now Panay,
particularly in what is now the Province of Aklan, has been the governing law
and is based on beliefs, customs and practice of those days. This Code also
reflects the level of uprightness and morality of the people. The entire Code of
Kalantiaw contains only eighteen articles.

Q29. When was the colonization of the Spaniards started?

Answer: In 1521, he colonization and subjugation of the Spaniards to this

country begins. Royal Decrees, orders and ordinances from the King of Spain
were applied and implemented in the colony. These laws were incorporated to
become the Recompilation of the Laws of the Indies. These recompiled laws
were in effect until 1887 when its implementation was held in abeyance owing
the opposition of the Spanish Governor General in the Philippines.

Q30. When was the concept of Correction started in the Philippines?

Answer: The formal prison system in the Philippines started only during the
Spanish regime, where an organized corrective service was made operational.
Established in 1847 pursuant to Section 1708 of the Revised Administrative Code
and formally opened by Royal Decree in 1865, the Old Bilibid Prison was
constructed as the main penitentiary on Oroquieta Street, Manila and designed
to house the prison population of the country. This prison became known as the
“Carcel y Presidio Correccional” and could accommodate 1,127 prisoners.
The Carcel was designed to house 600 prisoners who were segregated according
to class, sex and crime while the Presidio could accommodate 527 prisoners.
Plans for the construction of the prison were first published on September 12,
1859 but it was not until April 10, 1866 that the entire facility was
completed. The prison occupied a quadrangular piece of land 180 meters long on
each side, which was formerly a part of the Mayhalique Estate in the heart of
Manila. It housed a building for the offices and quarters of the prison warden,
and 15 buildings or departments for prisoners that were arranged in a radial way
to form spokes. The central tower formed the hub. Under this tower was the
chapel. There were four cell-houses for the isolated prisoners and four isolated
buildings located on the four corners of the walls, which served as kitchen,
hospital and stores. The prison was divided in the middle by a thick wall. One-
half of the enclosed space was assigned to Presidio prisoners and the other half
to Carcel prisoners. In 1908, concrete modern 200-bed capacity hospitals as well
as new dormitories for the prisoners were added. A carpentry shop was
organized within the confines of the facility. For sometime the shop became a
trademark for fine workmanship of furniture made by prisoners. On August 21,
 17

1869, the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City was established
to confine Muslim rebels and recalcitrant political prisoners opposed to the
Spanish rule. The facility, which faced the Jolo sea had Spanish-inspired
dormitories and was originally set on a 1,414-hectare sprawling estate. When the
Americans took over in the 1900s, the Bureau of Prisons was created under the
Reorganization Act of 1905 (Act No. 1407 dated November 1, 1905) as an
agency under the Department of Commerce and Police. It also paved the way for
the re-establishment of San Ramon Prison in 1907 which was destroyed during
the Spanish-American War. On January 1, 1915, the San Ramon Prison was
placed under the auspices of the Bureau of Prisons and started receiving
prisoners from Mindanao. Before the reconstruction of San Ramon Prison, the
Americans established in 1904 the Iuhit penal settlement (now Iwahig Prison and
Penal Farm) on a vast reservation of 28,072 hectares. It would reach a total land
area of 40,000 hectares in the late 1950s. Located on the westernmost part of
the archipelago far from the main town to confine incorrigibles with little hope of
rehabilitation, the area was expanded to 41,007 hectares by virtue of Executive
Order No. 67 issued by Governor Newton Gilbert on October 15, 1912. 
Other penal colonies were established during the American regime. On
November 27, 1929, the Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) was created
under Act No. 3579 to provide separate facilities for women offenders while the
Davao Penal Colony in Southern Mindanao was opened in 1932 under Act No.
3732.
 
Q31. Why Bilibid Prison was transferred to Muntinlupa?

Answer: The increasing number of committals to the Old Bilibid Prison, the
growing urbanization of Manila and the constant lobbying by conservative groups
prompted the government to plan and develop a new site for the national
penitentiary, which was to be on the outskirts of the urban center. Accordingly,
Commonwealth Act No. 67 was enacted, appropriating one million
(P1,000.000.00) pesos for the construction of a new national prison in the
southern suburb of Muntinlupa, Rizal in 1935. The old prison was transformed
into a receiving center and a storage facility for farm produce from the colonies.
It was later abandoned and is now under the jurisdiction of the Public Estates
Authority. On November 15, 1940, all inmates of the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila
were transferred to the new site. The new institution had a capacity of 3,000
prisoners and it was officially named the New Bilibid Prison on January 22, 1941.
The prison reservation has an area of 587 hectares, part of which was arable.
The prison compound proper had an area of 300 x 300 meters or a total of nine
hectares. It was surrounded by three layers of barbed wire.

Q32. What was the development in Prison after World War II?

Answer: After World War II, there was a surplus of steel matting in the
inventory and it was used to improve the security fences of the prison. A death
chamber was constructed in 1941 at the rear area of the camp when the mode
of execution was through electrocution. In the late ‘60s, fences were further
reinforced with concrete slabs. The original institution became the maximum
security compound in the 70s and continues to be so up to present, housing not
only death convicts and inmates sentenced to life terms, but also those with
numerous pending cases, multiple convictions and sentences of more than 20
years. In the 1980s, the height of the concrete wall was increased and
another facility was constructed, 2.5 kilometers from the main building. This
became known as Camp Sampaguita or the Medium Security Camp, which
 18

was used as a military stockade during the martial law years and the Minimum
Security Camp, whose first site was christened “Bukang Liwayway”. Later on, this
was transferred to another site within the reservation where the former depot
was situated. Under Proclamation No. 72 issued on September 26, 1954, the
Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro was established. In The
Leyte Regional Prison followed suit under Proclamation No. 1101 issued on
January 16, 1973.

Q33. What is non-operational national prison?

Answer: FORT BONIFACIO PRISON:  A committee report submitted to then

President Carlos P. Garcia described Fort Bonifacio, formerly known as Fort
William McKinley, as a military reservation located in Makati, which was
established after the Americans     came  to  the  Philippines.  The  prison  was
originally used as a detention center for offenders of US military laws and
ordinances. After the liberation of the Philippines, the reservation was transferred
to the Philippine government, which instructed the Bureau of Prisons to use the
facility for the confinement of maximum security prisoners.  For several years,
incorrigibles were mixed with political prisoners (those convicted of rebellion) at
the Fort Bonifacio facility until June 30, 1968, when it was converted into a
prison exclusively for political offenders.  After a bloody April 1969 riot at the
Muntinlupa facility, however, incorrigible prisoners from Muntinlupa were
transferred to Fort Bonifacio. During the administration of President Diosdado
Macapagal, the Fort was renamed Fort Andres Bonifacio.  The     correctional
facility was also renamed Fort Bonifacio Prison.  The one-story building now
stands on a one-hectare area. The Fort Bonifacio Prison continued to be a
satellite prison of the national penitentiary even after martial law was lifted.  It
was only in the late 1980’s that the facility was vacated by the Bureau of Prisons.

CORREGIDOR PRISON STOCKADE:  In 1908 during the American regime,

some 100 prisoners were transferred from the Old Bilibid Prison to Corregidor
Island to work under military authorities.  This move was in accordance with an
order from the Department of   Instructions, which approved the transfer of
inmates so they could assist in maintenance and other operations in the
stockade. The inmates were transported not to serve time but for prison labor. 
Until the outbreak of the Second World War, inmates from Old Bilibid Prison were
regularly sent to Corregidor for labor purposes. When the War broke out,
prisoners on Corregidor were returned to Bilibid Prison.  The island prison was
never reopened.

BONTOC PRISON:  The Philippine Legislature during the American regime

passed Act No. 1876 providing for the establishment of a prison in  Bontoc in
Mountain Province. The prison was built  for  the  prisoners of the province and
insular prisoners who were members of the non-Christian tribes of Mountain
Province and Nueva Viscaya.

B. SECOND QUADRANT: Present Philippine Correctional System

Q34. What composes the Correctional System in the Philippines?

 19

Answer: The Correctional System in the Philippines is composed of six agencies

under three distinct and separate departments of the national government:

 DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT - under

this are the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) which runs
the city, municipal, and district jails; and the provincial jails through their
respective provincial governments.

 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT - under

this is Juvenile and Justice Welfare Council which oversees the
rehabilitation of young offenders.

 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE - under this are the Bureau of Corrections,

Parole and Probation Administration and the Board of Pardons and Parole.
Offenders convicted by the courts to serve sentences of three years or
more are kept at the prison facilities of the bureau of corrections: they are
classified as national prisoners. those meted with lighter sentences, as
well as those with pending cases before the regional trial courts, are
confined in provincial jails under the local government; while those
awaiting trial in municipal trial courts or serving light penalties (e.g.,
infraction of city or municipal ordinances) are detained in city, municipal
or district jails under the bureau of jail management and penology.
juvenile delinquents are normally sent to youth rehabilitation centers
under the juvenile justice and welfare council pursuant to R.A. 9344
unless the sentencing judge specifically orders for them to be confined at
the national penitentiary, as in cases where the juvenile convict acted with
discernment or the offense committed was grave.

Q35. What is the mission, vision, mandates and functions of the Bureau
of Corrections?

Answers:

 Mission. Corrections service compliant to international standards helping

enhance public safety in the Philippines.

 Vision. Protect the public and prevent crimes in partnership with

stakeholders by providing persons under custody opportunities for
reformation, decent environment and secure settings.

 Mandate. The Bureau of Corrections is mandated by law to accomplish

its twin objectives - The Effective Rehabilitation and Safekeeping of
National Prisoners.

 Functions are:
 20

1. Safe keep prisoners convicted by courts three (3) years and one (1)
day and above to serve sentence in prison.
2. Keep prisoners from committing crimes while in BuCor's custody.
3. Provide inmates basic needs as human being.
4. Ensure rehabilitation programs are made available to the inmates for
their physical, intellectual and spiritual development.
5. Develop livelihood programs to assist inmates earn a living and develop
their skills while in prison.

Q35. What are the reformation programs for the prisoners?

Answers:

 Work and Livelihood. The Bureau offers a variety of inmate work

programs, from agricultural to industrial. The purpose of the inmate work
program is to keep the inmates busy, and to provide them money for their
personal expenses and their families as well as help them acquire
livelihood skills, in order that they may become productive citizens once
they are released and assimilated back into the mainstream of society.
Different prison and penal farms provide institutional work programs for
inmates. At the Davao Penal Colony, inmates work on the banana
plantations of Tagum Development Company (TADECO) which has a joint
venture agreement with the Bureau. Similarly, the vast tracts of land at
the Iwahig Penal Colony are developed and tilled by inmates to produce
various agricultural products, thereby generating income for the Bureau.
The Sablayan Prison and Penal farm also provides agriculture and
aquaculture programs for inmates. Along this end, the Bureau under the
present Director has encouraged agricultural and industrial production by
providing farming implements, tractors, fertilizers and other inputs in
order to sustain this area of rehabilitation for inmates.

 Healthcare Services. Upon his initial commitment to the Reception and

Diagnostic Center (RDC), the inmate’s medical history is recorded and
properly documented by the Medical Specialist. Medical information and
mental status examinations are given to ascertain his overall physical /
mental fitness and whether he would be fit for work. This forms part of
the diagnostic process which will eventually determine the most
appropriate rehabilitation program for the inmate. The principal medical
care of inmates is provided through a 500-bed capacity hospital at the
New Bilibid Prisons and at six (6) other mini-hospitals or clinics in the six
(6) other prison and penal farms. All correctional facilities have a full and
competent staff of medical practitioners in charge of clinics, infirmaries
and hospitals. These centers are capable of minor surgical operations,
laboratory examinations, radiology, psychiatric, rehabilitation and dental
treatment. Other government and private hospitals are also tapped in the
implementation of standards pertaining to nutrition and protective health
services for the prison community. Medical services also include a wide
range of counseling techniques and therapy programs which address the
psychological problems of inmates, including suicidal thoughts and
feelings of rejection which may lead to disruption of peace and order
within the prison compounds. When an inmate’s ailment is beyond the
competence of the in-house medical doctors, the inmate is referred to a
 21

government hospital in accordance with prison rules and under proper

security escorts.

 Education and Skills Training. Rehabilitation can be facilitated by

improving an inmate’s academic and job skills. Records show that many
prisoners are poorly educated. A majority are elementary school drop outs
or have not even finished primary school. Prison education amounts to
remedial schooling designed to prepare inmates to obtain basic skills in
reading, writing and mathematics. In most correctional facilities,
vocational programs are incorporated into job assignments and serve as
on-the-job training. The goal is to provide inmates with skills that will
improve their eligibility for jobs upon release. Most prison vocational
training is geared toward traditional blue-collar employment in areas such
as electronics, auto mechanics and handicrafts. At the Reception and
Diagnostic Center, a basic computer literacy course with typing as a
support course is available for inmates who have finished at least high
school level. Vocational training and social education focus on job
readiness. The concern in these areas is life skills. If inmates are to
reenter society and abstain from criminal activity, they must be
employable and have the basic tools necessary to function as responsible
citizens. The National Penitentiary has a college degree program and a
tertiary degree correspondence course, in addition to the regular
secondary and compulsory basic literacy classes. Prisoners are strongly
encouraged by the BuCor authorities to enroll while serving their sentence
and to advance their academic skills.

 Sports and Recreation. The inmates enjoy sunrise by participating in

daily calisthenics. There are various indoor and outdoor sports activities,
programs, tournaments and leagues all year round, to include basketball,
volleyball, billiards, table tennis and chess. These sports competitions
promote camaraderie among inmates, good sportsmanship and team-
building. The latest addition is the newly constructed indoor sports
center/gymnasium at the Maximum Security Compound which boasts of
competition-standard flooring, sound system, locker rooms and
bleachers. All prison and penal farms have adequate recreational facilities
for inmates, both for outdoor and indoor sports. Mini-bodybuilding gyms
are available in most prison facilities, including the Muntinlupa Juvenile
Training Center and the Therapeutic Community Center for inmates with
drug cases. For music lovers and musically-inclined inmates, numerous
"videoke" centers are available. Musical instruments are available for
practice or for use in variety shows.

 Moral and Spiritual Program. Inmates enjoy freedom of religion. All

inmates are free to observe the rituals of their faith, with orderly conduct
supervised by prison authorities. A religious guidance adviser or chaplain
is assigned in every prison and penal farm. The prison chaplain sets the
stage for every regular spiritual activity. He is an officer of the institution
who oversees the operation of the prison chapel. He is not only the
spiritual leader but also a counselor and adviser. Prisoners may be
baptized or given other sacraments. Religious Volunteer Officers, or RVOs
belonging to different church groups provide weekly religious activities
ranging from bible studies, devotions, prayer meetings or praise and
worship. With a predominantly Roman Catholic prison population, a
Catholic Mass is a regular feature in spiritual activities of the prison
 22

communities. Proselytizing is prohibited. It is an act of inducing

someone to convert to one’s own religious faith.

 Therapeutic Community. The Therapeutic Community (TC) Program

represents an effective, highly structured environment with defined
boundaries, both moral and ethical. The primary goal is to foster personal
growth. This is accomplished by re-shaping an individual’s behavior and
attitudes through the inmates’ community working together to help
themselves and each other, restoring self confidence, and preparing them
for their re-integration into their families and friends as productive
members of the community. Patterned after Daytop TC, New York which
is the base of the Therapeutic Community movement in the world, the
BuCor TC program was adopted as part of the Bureau's holistic approach
towards inmate rehabilitation. It is implemented primarily but not limited
to drug dependents. The TC approach has been continuously proven
worldwide as an effective treatment and rehabilitation modality among
drug dependents, and have been noted to be effective in many prisons.
By immersing a drug offender in the TC environment, he learns why he
had developed his destructive habits, which led him to substance abuse.
The program modifies negative behavior and or attitudes while restoring
self confidence, and prepares inmates for their re-integration into their
families and friends as productive members of the community. This
behavioral modification program gradually re-shapes or re-structures the
inmate within a family-like environment, wherein every member acts as
his brother’s keeper. As TC family members go on with their daily
activities, a strong sense of responsibility and concern for each other’s
welfare are developed. They are constantly being monitored for their
progress and are regularly being evaluated by the TC-trained staff. The
TC process allows for genuine introspection, cultivation of self-worth and
positive rationalization that move the individual towards assuming a
greater sense of personal and moral responsibility. The efforts of the
Bureau of Corrections to rehabilitate Drug dependents under its care using
the TC approach is in line with its commitment to create a Drug-Free
Prison. Worldwide developments in the treatment and rehabilitation of
drug offenders using this therapeutic community approach have been
noted to be effective in many prisons.

Q36. What are the facilities of the BUCOR?

Answers:

 New Bilibid Prison. The   projected increase in the prison population

prompted the government to plan and develop a new site for the national
penitentiary.  The growing urbanization of Manila and  constant   lobbying
by  conservative groups fueled the idea of transferring the Old Bilibid
Prison to a new site, which at the time was considered  remote and on the
outskirts of the urban center. Accordingly, Commonwealth Act No. 67 was
enacted, appropriating one million pesos for the construction of a new
national prison in Muntinlupa. On November 15, 1940, all inmates of the
Old Bilibid Prison in Manila were transferred to the new site.  The new  
institution had a capacity of 3,000 prisoners and it was officially named
the New Bilibid  Prison on January 22, 1941. The prison reservation
had an area of 587 hectares, part of which was arable.  The prison
 23

compound proper had an area  of 300 x 300  meters  or  a   total of nine
hectares.  It was surrounded by three layers of barbed wire. The
institution became the maximum security compound in the ‘70s and
continues to be so.  The camp houses not only death convicts and
inmates sentenced to life term, but also those with numerous pending
cases, multiple convictions, and sentences of more than 20 years. After
World War II, there was a surfeit of steel matting in the inventory and it
was used to improve the security fence.  In the late ‘60s, fences were
further reinforced with concrete slabs. In the 1980s, the height of the
concrete wall was increased and    another facility was constructed, 2.5
kilometers from the main building.  This    became known as Camp
Sampaguita or the Medium Security Camp. On January 22, 1941 the
electric chair was transferred to New Bilibid Prison. The death chamber
was constructed in the rear area of the camp when the mode of execution
was through electrocution.  Today, it is a security zone where those
convicted of drug offenses are held. The NBP expanded with the
construction of new security facilities. These were the Medium Security
Camp, which was used as a military stockade during martial law and the
Minimum Security Camp, whose first site was christened Bukang
Liwayway. This was transferred to another site within the reservation
where the former depot was situated. The increase in the prison
population has affected the segregation system. Several foreign funded
projects dot the prison reservation, among them, the Half Way House and
the Juvenile Training Center. Both projects are supported by funds from
Japan through the representation of the Interdisciplinary Committee of
NAPOLCOM.

 Correctional Institution for Women. In a report dated January 22,

1959, submitted to a committee created by Administrative Order No. 287
by the President of the Philippines, it was noted that  “before a separate
building was constructed especially for women prisoners, all female
convicts were confined at the Old Bilibid Prison on Azcarraga St.,
Manila. The male prisoners were confined in dormitories near the women’s
quarters.  Because of these conditions, vocational activities of the women
prisoners were limited to embroidery.  When they became ill, the women
were confined in a separate building which served as a hospital with
nurses and prison physicians.  When women prisoners needed surgery,
they were operated on at the Bilibid Prison. After the operation, they were
transferred to the infirmary for convalescence” Prison authorities were
aware of the conditions that the women prisoners had to endure.
Consequently, the transfer of the women to a separate site became
inevitable.  After a series of negotiations started by Prison Director Ramon
Victorio, the Philippine Legislature passed Republic Act No. 3579 in
November, 1929. It authorized the transfer of all women inmates to a
building in Welfareville at Mandaluyong, Rizal and appropriated P60,000
for the move. On February 14, 1931, the women prisoners were
transferred from the Old Bilibid Prison to the building especially
constructed for them.  Its old name, “Women’s Prison,” was changed to
“Correctional Institution for Women.”  This was in keeping with emerging
trends in penology, which emphasized correction rather than punishment.
Convicts were brought back into the social mainstream adjusted and
rehabilitated with a better outlook in life. CIW, according to a Senate
report, occupied 18 hectares. The original structure was a one-story
building which housed the office, the brigades, mess hall, kitchen, chapel,
 24

infirmary, bathrooms and employees’ restrooms.  The building has a

central courtyard with trees and flowering plants. The prisoners’
vocational activities were expanded to include poultry and piggery as well
as cultivation of crops, flowers and fruits. Living quarters for the
institution’s employees were later constructed in the compound. During
the Japanese occupation, the CIW, despite a drastic reduction in the
number of its employees, continued with its work. A number of female
military prisoners were also confined in the institution.  They were later
freed by the U.S. Army. After the war, the CIW resumed its normal
operations.  Weekly catechism classes were introduced. A dental clinic
was built. Local telephones were installed in the guards’ quarters. The
Bureau of Public Works made major repairs on the main building and a
workshop and infirmary were constructed for the inmates’ use.  The
infirmary during that time could accommodate around 16 patients. In
2000, a new four-story building was constructed by the Department of
Public Works within the grounds of CIW.  It eased the growing congestion
in the facility.  The CIW, with a capacity for only 200 inmates, had to
accommodate

 CIW MINDANAO. Located at Juan ACENAS Sub-Colony, in STO. Tomas,

Davao del Norte & is now accepting female inmates coming from all over
the Mindanao region. The CIW Mindanao is a milestone project, the first
facility to be established outside of Luzon after 70 years. On September
18, 2007 it was finally inaugurated.

 DAVAO PENAL COLONY: The Davao Penal Colony is the first penal
settlement founded and organized under Filipino administration. The
settlement, which originally had an area of approximately 30,000 hectares
in the districts of Panabo and Tagum, Davao del Norte, was formally
established on January 21, 1932 by virtue of Act No. 3732. This Act
authorized the Governor-General to lease or sell the lands, buildings and
improvements in San Ramon Prison and Iwahig Penal Colony. It also
granted authority to the Secretary of Justice to establish a new prison and
penal colony in a suitable public land. A budget of P500,000 was
allocated. Several committees were created to pick a suitable site for the
enal settlement. In accordance with the recommendation of these
committees, Governor Dwight Davis signed Proclamation No. 414 on
October 7, 1931, which reserved a site for the penal colony in Davao
province in Mindandao. The site offered ideal conditions for agricultural
activities. During World War II, the colony was converted into a
concentration camp where more than 1,000 Japanese internees were
committed by the Philippine-American Armed Forces. The Japanese were
treated in accordance with the orders of the American commanding
officer. On December 20, 1941, the Japanese Imperial Forces attacked
Davao and the colony was among the establishments taken over by the
invading army. The entire settlement was thrown into confusion and a
great number of prisoners escaped. Normal operations were inevitably
disturbed. November 8, 1942, a representative of the Director of Prisons
transferred the colony and its properties to the Japanese authorities. The
remaining colony employees, their families and the inmates evacuated to
Iwahig where they organized the Davao Penal Colony at Inagawan sub
colony (Palawan). The organization of the colony in exile was authorized
by virtue of Memorandum Order No. 60 dated June 28, 1943 and signed
by the Director of Prisons. After the liberation of the Philippines, the
 25

colony-in-exile in Palawan returned to its old site in Davao. A great deal of

rebuilding and repair had to be done because the war had almost
completely destroyed the colony.

 IWAHIG PENAL COLONY: This facility was established during the

American occupation.  It was however, during the Spanish regime that
Puerto Princesa was designated as a place where offenders sentenced to
banishment were exiled.  A specific area of Puerto Princesa was selected
as the site for a correctional facility.  The American military carved out a
prison facility in the rain forest of Puerto Princesa. The institution had for
its first Superintendent Lt. George Wolfe, a    member of the U.S.
expeditionary force, who later became the first prisons director. Governor
Luke Wright authorized the establishment of a penal colony in the
province of Palawan on November 16, 1904.  This penal settlement, which
originally comprised an area of 22 acres, originally served as  a depository
for prisoners who could not be accommodated at the Bilibid Prison in
Manila.  In 1906, however, the Department of Commerce and Police
(which later became the Department of Public Instruction) moved to turn
the institution into the center of a penal colony      supervised in
accordance with trends at the time. Through the department’s efforts, the
Philippine Commission of the United States government passed Act No.
1723 in 1907 classifying the settlement as a penal institution. The
settlement was at first beset by attempted escapes.  But under the
supervision of Col. John R. White of the Philippine Constabulary, who
would become superintendent of Iwahig in 1906, the colony became a
successful settlement.  A merit system was devised for the prisoners and
vocational activities were offered.  These included farming, fishing,
forestry, carpentry, and hospital paramedical work. Prisoners could choose
the vocational activities they wanted. In 1955, Administrative Order No. 
20 was promulgated by the President and implemented by the Secretary
of Justice and the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources.  This
order allowed the distribution of colony lands     for  cultivation   by 
deserving colonists. The order also contained a list of qualifications for
colonists who wished to apply for a lot to cultivate, the conditions for the
settler’s stay in his land, loan requirements and marketing of the settlers’
produce. Lots granted did not exceed six hectares. On August 16, 1959, a
committee was created by President Carlos P. Garcia to study the state of
national prisons. Accordingly, prisoners in Iwahig were divided into two
groups:  the settlers and colonists.  The settlers are those engaged in
farming for their own benefit; they are     the ones whose applications for
land to cultivate have been approved. The government furnishes the land
and initial requirements for tools, dwellings and beast of burden.  They
are required to reimburse expenditures incurred for their maintenance and
that of their families out of the products of their farms. Upon their release
from the colony, they receive whatever amount of money they have
credited in their favor, after deducting the obligations they have. Iwahig is
subdivided into four zones or districts:  Central sub-colony with an area of
14,700 hectares; Sta. Lucia with 9,685 hectares; Montible with 8,000
hectares and Inagawan with 13,000 hectares. Recent developments and
presidential proclamations have dramatically reduced the size of the
prison reservation of Iwahig.

 SAN RAMON PRISON AND PENAL FARM:  According to historical

accounts, the San Ramon Prison was established in southern Zamboanga
 26

on August 21, 1870 through a royal decree promulgated in 1869. 

Established during the tenure of Governor General Ramon Blanco (whose
patron saint the prison was named after), the facility was originally
established for persons convicted of political crimes. Considered the oldest
penal facility in the country, prisoners in San Ramon were required to do
agricultural work. During the Spanish-American War in 1898, the prisoners
in San Ramon were hastily released and the buildings destroyed.  In 1907,
the American administration re-established the prison farm.  In 1912,
Gen. John Pershing, chief executive of the Department of Mindanao and
Sulu, classified the institution as a prison and penal colony and therein
confined people sentenced by the courts under his jurisdiction.  Under
Pershing’s supervision, several buildings with a capacity for 600 prisoners
were constructed.  After several years, the colony became practically self
supporting, with 75,000 coconut trees, which were planted at
the beginning of Pershing’s administration, contributing tothe colony’s
self-sufficiency.  Aside from coconuts, rice, corn, papaya and other crops
were also cultivated.  On November 1, 1905, Reorganization Act No. 1407
was approved creating the Bureau of Prisons under the Department  of 
Commerce  and  Police,  integrating  the Old Bilibid Prison,  San  Ramon
Penal  Colony and Iwahig Penal. The Philippine Coconut Authority took
over management of the coconut farm from San Ramon. In 1995,
Congresswoman Maria Clara Lobregat proposed the transfer of San
Ramon Prison to Bongiao town, in the mountainous area of Zamboanga,
to give way to a special economic zone.

 SABLAYAN PRISON AND PENAL FARM:    Nearer to Manila than other

penal colonies, the Sablayan Penal Colony is located in Occidental Mindoro
and relatively new.  Established on September 26, 1954 by virtue of
Presidential Proclamation No. 72, the penal colony has a total land area of
approximately 16,190 hectares. Prison records show that the first colonists
and employees arrived in Sablayan on January 15, 1955.  Since then
several buildings have been constructed, including the colonists’
dormitories, employees’ quarters, guardhouse, schoolhouse, chapel,
recreation hall, and post exchange. Three sub-colonies were later
organized.  One is a reservation which this day remains part of a
protected rainforest. Another is in a coastal area. The third was used by
the national government as a   relocation site for refugees from the
eruption of Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991. Sablayan prison is a facility
where prisoners from NBP are brought for decongestion purposes.  It
follows the same colony standards as other penal farms.

 LEYTE REGIONAL PRISON: The Leyte Regional Prison, situated in

Abuyog, Southern Leyte, was established a year after the declaration of
martial law in 1972 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 28. While its
plantilla and institutional plan were almost ideal, lack of funds made the
prison unable to realize its full potential and its facilities are often below
par compared with those of other established penal farms.  The LRP has
an inmate capacity of 500. It follows the same agricultural format as the
main correctional program in addition to some rehabilitation activities. The
prison admits convicted offenders from Region VI and from the national
penitentiary in Muntinlupa.

 INMATE RECEPTION & DIAGNOSTIC CENTER – situated inside the

Sampaguita Camp. This was established by virtue of Administrative Order
 27

# 11 by the Secretary of Justice in 1953. This is a separate institution

which serve as a place where scientific diagnostic study and analysis of
the prisoner’s personal problem, criminal or non-criminal background, as
well as the possibilities of his rehabilitation by a team of experts, are
studied, evaluated and the program of activities he will follow when he is
transferred to the prison institution he is assigned in accordance with the
classification he is classified – whether as maximum, medium or minimum
security prisoner.

 Philippines-Japan Halfway House. The Half-way House was the

brainchild of the late Dr. Cicero Campos whos was the first President o the
Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC). The ten proposed project was first
brought to the attention of the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute
(UNAFEI) Filipino Alumni by Assistant Chief State Prosecutor Severino
Gana Jr. of the Department of Justice (DOJ) and member of Asia Crime
Prevention Philippines, Inc. (ACPPI). In turn, Mr. Shikita made a request
to the Nagoya West Lions Club (NWLC), an ardent supporter of ACPF in all
of its activities to help shoulder the cost of the incipient project. True to
their word, the said organization donated 8 million pesos for the
construction of the edifice. Several programs and services such as
casework and counseling services, productivity training, homelife services,
medical and health services, and placement services are continuously
being provided to prepare inmates to become useful and productive
citizens in the mainstream of society upon their release.

 The Death Row. One special facility that needs to be discussed

separately so as to allow us to understand more fully is the death row
where inmates will be released to another world if and when the sentence
is carried out. Furthermore, the death penalty has sparked so much
controversy not only in this country but worldwide. But considering the
economic vulnerability of our country, the divisiveness posed by carrying
out executions tends to aggravate and further divide our already divided
society.

Q37. What agency has the authority to commit person in prison?

Answer: The Courts and entities authorized to commit a person to prison

and jails are: 1) Supreme Court, 2) Court of Appeals, 3) Regional Trial
Court, 4) Metropolitan/Municipal Trail Court, 5) Municipal Circuit Trial
Court, 6) Board of Transportation, 7) Deportation Board, 8) Commission
on Elections, 9) National Prosecution Service, 10) Police Authorities, 11)
All other administrative bodies as may be authorized by the law.

Q38. How is commitment, admission and classification is done?

Answers:

 Convicts committed to the BUCOR for confinement are brought for

admission at the Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC). The RDC
at the New Bilibid Reservation in Muntinlupa will receive prisoners coming
from all over the country except those sentenced by courts having
jurisdiction for the provinces of Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del
Sur, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi who will be brought to the san Ramon
 28

Prison and Penal Farm which also has an RDC facility inside the colony.
Inmates accepted by the RDC will be studied and classified, the purpose
of which, is the formulation of an individualized treatment programs
designed to achieve the most successful rehabilitation.

 Note: Sentenced prisoners slapped with the death penalty are not eligible for admission
and classification at the RDC. The Supreme Court brings them directly to the Death Row
where they will await automatic review of their case. Female inmates for incarceration as
national prisoners or those with more than three years maximum sentence will be
brought directly to the Correctional Institute for Women Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila
and will also undergo classification at the RDC facility there.
 Upon admission, the inmate or detainee if he has a pending case, will
be put in quarantine in a designated cell at the RDC for a minimum of five
days, which he shall be administered the following: 1) Physical and mental
examination to determine fitness. Those found to have infectious diseases
and if sick, are brought to the New Bilibid Prison hospital for medical
treatment, 2) Orientation on prison rules that must be observed by the
inmate and 3) Private interview by a counselor, social worker, psychologist
or whoever is available. Within two months upon arrival at the RDC,
the inmate will undergo various tests that will serve as the basis for his
individualized treatment program. These tests are: psychiatric,
psychological, sociological, vocational, educational, religious, IQ test and
other tests necessary to come up with the treatment program. After this
he shall then be assigned to any of the six prison facilities of the BUCOR.
These are the New Biliibid Prison (NBP), Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm,
Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm, San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm, Davao
Prison and Penal Farm and Leyte Prison and Penal Farm.

 Then, the inmate will be issued two regulation uniforms, two T-shirts, one
pair of slippers, a blanket, mat, pillow with case, mosquito net, and one
set mess kit. But this depends on supply availability. The inmate may
bring his own clothes and other personal items essential for his well being
inside the facility provided that the volume of his possessions he will be
bringing in will not compromise safety and the situation of his fellow
inmates. Electrical equipment like television set, radio, cassette, video
players, electric fans and the like may be allowed to be brought in by the
Chief RDC as long as this will not be exclusively used by the owning
inmate but will be shared with others. Unauthorized items brought in by
the inmate will be placed to the custody of the guard in charge thereof
properly receipted to be returned upon release or disposed later at the
inmates request or ordered condemned by the Superintendent after two
years. A Classification Board is tasked to classify inmate as to security
status and for privilege entitlement.

 The Classification Board shall have the following composition:

Chairman – Penal Superintendent, Vice-Chairman – Chief, Reception and
Diagnostic Center, Member – Medical Officer, Member – Chief, Education
Section, Member – Agro-Industries Section, Secretary – Chief Overseer.
The Classification Board will classify inmate as to security status, which
are: maximum, medium or minimum security.

 Maximum Security Inmates are those sentenced to death, 20 years

minimum sentence, remand inmates or detainees with 20 years minimum
sentence, sentence under review by the Supreme Court, sentence under
appeal, those with pending cases, recidivists, habitual delinquents and
 29

escapees, those under disciplinary punishment or safekeeping, and those

who are criminally insane or with severe personality or emotional
disorders and are a danger to others. Inmates still confined at RDC are
automatically categorized as maximum-security inmate. Building 14
(Considered the Super Maximum Compound of the Bureau of Correction)
where incorrigible prisoners from the maximum compound where being
placed and separated for intense disciplinary approaches.

 Medium Security Inmates are those with less than 20 years sentence,
remand inmates or detainees below 20 years sentence, 18 years old and
below regardless of case sentence, those who have 2 or more escape
records but have served five years since recommitment, and those
sentenced to life imprisonment who have served five years since
recommitment, and those with one record of escape but have served five
years since recommitment, and those sentenced to life imprisonment who
have served at least 5 years as maximum security and upon
recommendation of the Superintendent.

 Minimum Security Inmates are those with severe physical handicap as

certified by the chief prison medical officer, 65 years old and above and
not on appeal or without pending case; those who have served at least ½
of their minimum sentence or 1/3 of their maximum sentence excluding
Good Conduct and Time Allowance (GCTA), and those with only 6 months
to serve before expiration of maximum sentence.

Q39. What is meant of Diversification in prison?

Answer: Diversification is an administrative device of correctional

institutions of providing varied and flexible types of physical plants for
more effective custody, security and control of the treatment programs of
its diversified population. It also refers to the principle of separating
homogenous type of prisoners that requires special treatment and
custody. Separation can be done through proper classification of inmates.
It can be done either building special institution for different classes of
prisoners through proper segregation of inmates that is big institution can
be broken into smaller units. This aims to prevent prisoners from moral
and physical contamination of one group by another, more effective
execution of treatment programs and prevent unnecessary custodial risks.

Q40. What is meant of Classification in prison?

Answer: Classification is a method by which diagnosis, treatment

planning and execution of the treatment programs are coordinated in the
individual case study. It is a process of determining the needs and
requirement of prisoners for assigning them to programs according to
their needs and existing resources. The Classification Process is adopted
to determine the work assignment, type of supervision and custody which
will be applied to the prisoners. Classification procedures are:
Diagnosis, wherein prisoner’s case history is taken and his personality is
being studied through examination and observations; Treatment
Planning, is the formulation of tentative treatment program suited for
the prisoners; Execution of the Treatment Program, is the application
 30

of the treatment programs and policies by the classification committee;

Re-classification, treatment program is kept current with the inmates
changing needs.

Q41. What is the distinction of security and control?

Answer: Security involves safety measures to maintain the orderliness

and discipline within the jail or prison while, control involves supervision
of prisoners to ensure punctual and orderly movement from one place
work program or assignment to another. Prison Discipline is the state of
good order and behavior. It includes maintenance of good standard of
works, sanitation, safety, education, health, and recreation. It aims at
self- reliance, self-control, self-respect and self-discipline while,
Preventive Discipline is the prompt correction of minor deviations
committed by prisoners before they become serious violations.

Q42. What is meant of custody?

Answer: Custody is the guarding or penal safekeeping, it involves

security measures to ensure security and control within the prison. The
Prison Custodial Division carries it out. This division is also charged of all
matters pertaining to the custody of the prisoners and security of the
institution.

Q43. What are the models of prisoner’s treatment?

Answers:

 Control Model of prison management, which emphasizes prisoner

obedience, work end education (Sahara 1988);
 Responsibility Model of prison management that stresses prisoners’
responsibility for their own action, not administrative control to assure
prescribed behavior. Proper classification of inmates, according to this
model, permits placing prisoners in the least restrictive prison
consistent with security, safety, and humane confinement. Prisoners
should be given a significant degree of freedom and the held to
account for their actions (Sahara 1988);
 Custodial Model, based on the assumption that prisoners have been
incarcerated for the protection society and for the purpose in
incapacitation, deterrence and retribution. It emphasizes maintenance
and security and order through the subordination of the prisoner to the
authority of the warden. Discipline is strictly applied and most aspect
of behavior is regulated;
 Rehabilitation Model – security and housekeeping activities are
viewed primarily as a framework for rehabilitation efforts. Professional
treatment specialist enjoys a higher status than other employees, in
accordance with the idea that all aspect of prison management should
be directed towards rehabilitation with the rethinking of the goal of
rehabilitation;
 Reintegration Model is linked to the structures and goals of
community corrections but has direct impact on prison operations.
Although an offender is confined in prison, that experience is pointed
toward reintegration into society. This kind of treatment gradually
gives inmates greater freedom and responsibility during their
 31

confinement and move them into a halfway house, work release

programs, or community correctional center before releasing them to
supervision. Consistent with the perspective of community corrections,
this model is based on the assumption that it is important for the
offender to maintain or develop ties with free society the entire
focuses this approach is on the resumption of a normal life (Clear and
Cole, 1986);

Q44. What are approaches in dealing with prisoners?

Answers:

 Null Strategy says that nothing should be done, that prisoners

should be allowed to become increasingly congested and staff
should remain to maintain them with the assumption that the
problem is temporary and will disappear in time.

 Selective Incapacitation Strategy urge that expensive and

limited prison space with the necessary number of staff to maintain
them should be used more-effectively by targeting the individuals
whose incarceration will do the most to reduce crime. It shows that
the incarceration of some career criminals has a pay off in the
prevention of multiple serious offenses.

 Population-reduction Strategy incorporates from door and back

door strategies. Front door strategies divert offenders to non-
incarcerative sanctions, among them, community service,
restitution, fines, and probation. While the back-door strategies
such as detention, parole, work release and good behavior are
devised to get the offenders out of the prison before end of their
terms in order to free space for new comers.

 Construction Strategy of building new facilities to meet the

demand for prison space for an advantageous prison management.
The approach comes to mind when legislators and correctional
officials confront the problem on prison crowding, sanitation and
prison violence to expand the size, number of facilities and
personnel.

 Population-Sensitive Flow Control Strategy urges the

sentencing be linked to the availability of prison space and
management staff, the policies be developed allowing the release
of the prisoners when prison facilities become crowded and staff
are greatly outnumbered to manage prisoners, and that each court
be allotted a certain amount of prison space and staff members so
that the judges and prosecutors make certain decisions
accordingly. This strategy depends on the political will to release
prisoners even in the face of public protest (Clear and Cole, 1986).

Q45. What is meant of Total Institution?

Answers:
 32

Total Institution – “the prison, like other total institution, is a place of

residence and work where a large number of like-situated individuals, cut
off from wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an
enclosed, formally administered round life”. A total institution is one
that completely encapsulates the lives of the people who work and live
there. A prison must be such an institution in the sense that
whatever prisoners do or not do begins and ends there; every minute
behind bars must be lived in accordance with the rules as enforce by the
staffs and by the management.
Q46. What are important information about the BJMP?

Answers:

 MANDATE. The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology was created on

January 2, 1991 pursuant to Republic Act 6975, replacing its forerunner,
the Office of the Jail Management and Penology of the defunct Phil.
Constabulary/ Integrated National police. The BJMP has jurisdiction over
all district, city and municipal jails. It is a line bureau of the Department of
the Interior and Local Government (DILG). As such, it shall ensure the
establishment of secured, clean, adequately equipped, and sanitary
facilities and provision of quality services for the custody, safekeeping,
and development of district, city and municipal inmates, any fugitive from
justice, or person detained, awaiting or undergoing investigation or trial
and/ or transfer to the National Penitentiary, and/ or violent mentally ill
person who endangers him/herself or the safety of others as certified by
the proper medical or health officer, pending transfer to a mental
institution.

 VISION - The BJMP envision itself as dynamic institution highly regarded

for its sustain humane safekeeping and development of inmates.

 MISSION - The Bureau aims to enhance public safety by providing

humane safekeeping and development of inmates in all district, city and
municipal jails.

 FUNCTIONS - In line with its mission, the Bureau endeavors to perform

the following functions:

o Formulate policies and guidelines in the administration of all

district, city and municipal jails nation wide;
o Implement strong security measures for the control of inmates;
o Provides for the basic needs of inmates;
o Conduct activities for the development of inmates;
o Improve jail facilities; and
o Promote the general welfare and development of personnel.

 CORE VALUES - The personnel are guided by following core values:

o Commitment - strong sense of dedication to the ideals of the

organization and to the public.

o Respect for Human Rights - promote and protect the right of

our fellow human beings.
 33

o Efficiency/Competence - mastery of important skills for

delivery of quality services.

o Self-Discipline - the ability to act regardless of emotional state,

or to withstand undue and unjust influence.

o Teamwork-the combined effective action of al personnel.

 OBJECTIVES - The objectives of the Bureau are the following:

o To improve the living conditions of inmates in accordance with the

accepted standards set by the UN.
o To enhance safekeeping and development of inmates in
preparation for their eventual reintegration into the mainstream of
society upon their release; and
o To professionalize jail services.

 PRINCIPLES- The following principles shall be observed in the

implementation of the preceding section:

o Humane treatment of inmates.

o Observance of professionalism in that performance of duties.
o Strengthened multi-sectoral approach in the safekeeping and
development of inmates through active partnership with other
menders of the criminal justice system and advocates in correction.

 CATEGORIES OF INMATES-The two (2) general classes of inmates are:

o Prisoner- inmate who is convicted by the final judgment.

o Detainee- inmate who is undergoing investigation/trial or awaiting
trial/sentencing.

 CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS- Classifications of prisoners are:

o Insular Prisoner- one who is sentenced to a prison term of three

(3) years and one (1) day to death.
o Provincial Prisoner-one who is sentenced to a prison term of six
(6) months & one (1) day three (3) years.
o City Prisoner-one who is sentenced to a prison term of one (1)
day to three (3) years.
o Municipal Prisoner- one who is sentenced to a prison term of
one (1) day to six (6) months.

 CLASSIFICATIONS OF DETAINEES. Types of detainees are those:

o Undergoing investigation
o Awaiting and undergoing trial; and
o Awaiting final judgment.

 INMATES SECURITY CLASSIFICATION- The following are the

classification of inmates according to security risk:
 34

o High Risk Inmates

o High Profile Inmates
o Ordinary Inmates

 REQUIREMENT FOR COMMITMENT are the requirements:

o Commitment Order
o Medical Certificate
o Police Booking Sheet

 RECEPTION PROCEDURES - A decent and humane program of

confinement starts with a systematic reception of inmates for commitment to
the BJMP’s jail facilities. The following procedures should therefore be
observed:

a. The jail Desk Officer checks the credentials of the person(s) bringing in the
inmate to determine his/her/their identity and authority. The Officer also ascertains
from the person(s) that all law enforcement procedures, including the verification for
standing warrant/criminal record of the arrested person before physical presentation in
court, must have been undertaken prior to the inmate’s transfer/commitment to the jail.
It is understood therefore that other standing warrants must have been served when a
person is admitted for jail custody.

b. The jail Desk Officer carefully examines the arrest report and the authenticity
of the commitment order or mittimus in due form to determine whether the inmate has
been committed under legal authority as provided for by Section 3, Rule XIII of the
Rules of Court.

c. Person arrested by virtue of a Warrant of Arrest must secure a Commitment

Order from the court where the Warrant of Arrest is issued before he can be committed
to jail.

d. The admitting jail officer takes all cash and other personal property from the
inmate, lists them down on a receipt form in duplicate, duly signed by him/her and
countersigned by the inmate. The original receipt should be kept for the record and the
duplicate copy should be given to the inmate.

e. All cash and other valuables of the inmate must be turned over to the
Property Custodian for safekeeping and covered by official receipts.

f. The inmate is then fingerprinted and photographed.

g. The admitting jail officer accomplishes a jail booking report attaching thereto
the inmate’s photograph for reference.

h. The newly admitted inmate shall be thoroughly strip searched. His/her

clothing shall also be carefully examined for contraband. He/she is then checked for
body vermin, cuts, bruises and other injuries, and for needle marks to determine if
he/she is a drug dependent.

i. The jail Medical personnel or the Local Health Officer immediately conducts a
thorough medical examination of the inmate.
 35

j. When it is not possible for the Jail medical Personnel to be in attendance

during the inmate’s admission, the receiving officers shall observe the mental alertness,
overall appearance, physical abnormalities, rashes, scratches or other identifying marks
of the individual and note them down in the inmate’s jail booking report. The offender
observed to be suffering from any contagious disease is immediately isolated.

k. A medical record is accomplished by the Jail Medical Personnel or Local

Health Officer, showing the condition of the inmate at the time of admission and to
include, if possible, his/her medical history.

l. Upon commitment, the inmate should be briefed or oriented on the jail rules
and regulations by the Chief Custodial Officer or the Officer of the Day prior to
classification and segregation.

m. The sentenced inmates shall be provided with jail clothing. His/her personal
clothing should be properly received, cleaned and stored safely until his/her release.
The detainee, for his/her own safety, may be allowed to wear civilian clothes.

n. The warden establishes and maintains a record of all inmates, consisting of

information on the inmate’s name and alias(es), if any; weight, height and body marks
or tattoos, if any; nationality and, if a naturalized Filipino, his/her previous nationality;
previous occupation/profession; prior criminal convictions; and previous place of
residence. In the case of a detainee, the record shall also indicate the crime of which
he/she was convicted; the sentencing court, his/her sentence and the commencement
date thereof; institutional behavior and conduct, and the date he/she was received for
confinement.
In the case of a detainee, the record shall indicate the Criminal case number
in the trial court where the case is pending, or the Case number in the
Appellate Court if the is on appeal and the status of the appeal; or the reason
for his/her detention.

o. Upon completion of the reception procedures, the detainee is assigned to

his/her quarters.

p. The detainee should be issued all the materials that he/she will be using
during his/her confinement, if such materials are available.

q. Upon receipt of a detainee, he/she shall be apprised, preferably in the dialect

which he/she understands, that under Article 29 of the revised Penal Code, as amended
by the Republic Act No. 6127, his/her preventive imprisonment shall be credited in the
service of his/her sentence, consisting of deprivation of liberty for the whole period
he/she is detained if he/she agrees voluntarily in writing to abide by the same
disciplinary rules imposed upon convicted prisoners; Provided, that he/she is not a
recidivist, or has not been previously convicted twice or more times of any crime; and
when, upon being summoned for the execution of his/her sentence, he/she surrendered
voluntarily.

r. If the inmate agrees to abide by the same disciplinary rules imposed upon
convicted inmates, he/she shall be asked to sign a Detainee’s Manifestation. Otherwise,
the Warden issues a certification under oath to the effect that the detainee was
apprised of the provisions of Article 29 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, and
that the detainee refused to abide by the rules imposed upon convicted inmates.
 36

s. An inmate who signs a Detainees Manifestation shall be treated as a

sentenced inmate insofar as work and discipline are concerned. Any failure or neglect to
perform his/her assigned work shall be sufficient cause for the cancellation of the
Manifestation. Thereafter, he/she shall not be treated as a convicted inmate and cease
to earn the privilege granted.

t. A detainee who is covered by a Certification is not required to work but

he/she may be made to clean his/her cell and perform such other work as may be
necessary for hygienic or sanitary reasons. He/she shall be credited with the service of
his/her sentence with four fifths (4/5) of the time during which he/she was detained.

u. The Warden submits the Detainee’s Manifestation or Certification as the case

may be, to the proper court before the date set for the arraignment of the inmate and
the same shall form part of the records of the case.
The same procedure shall be followed with respect to all accused persons
who have been convicted but whose cases are pending appeal before a
higher court. The Detainees Manifestation or Certification as then case may
be, shall form part of the records of the case.

v. Full credit for the preventive imprisonment shall commence from the date of
the Detainee’s Manifestation.

 CLASSIFICATION BOARD- Each jail shall maintain a Classification Board, if

facilities and personnel are available, to be composed of the following:

Chairman – Assistant Warden

Member – Chief, Custodial/Security Office
Member – Medical Officer/Public Health Officer
Member – Jail Chaplain
Member – Inmates Welfare and Development Officer

 DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE CLASSIFICATION BOARD – The

Classification Board is tasked to conduct background investigation of inmates
to determine the work assignment, type of supervision and degree of custody
and restrictions under which an inmate must live in jail. The investigation
shall focus on:

a. Facts and data of the present case;

b. Earlier criminal history and if he/she is recidivist or habitual delinquent
c. Biography or life history;
d. Medical History;
e. Vocational, recreational, educational and religious background/interests; &
f. Psychological characteristics as evaluated by psychiatrist and psychologist.

The inmate is required to appear before the Classification Board for a frank
discussion concerning his/her strengths and weaknesses. After this, he/she is
informed of the program planned for him/her. He/she is asked is he/she is
 37

willing to undergo this program for his/her own good. If necessary, the Board
will see to it that the program planned for the inmate is followed.

 DISCIPLINARY BOARD – A Disciplinary Board shall be organized and

maintained by jails for the purpose of hearing disciplinary cases involving any
inmate who violate jail rules and regulations. It shall be composed of the
following:

Chairman – Deputy Warden

Member – Chief, Custodial/Security Office
Member – Medical Officer/Public health Officer
Member – Jail chaplain
Member – Inmates Welfare and Development Officer
Member – Inmate’s Representative

If the above composition is not feasible because of personnel limitations,

the Warden shall perform the Board’s functions as a Summary Disciplinary
Officer.

 DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DISCIPLINARY BOARD – The Board

is tasked to investigate the facts of an alleged misconduct referred to it. It
shall hold sessions as often as necessary in a room which may be provided
for the purpose. All cases referred to it shall be heard and decided within
forty-eight (48) hours from the date of receipt of the case.

 AUTHORIZED DISCIPLINARY PUNISHMENT FOR INMATES – The

Board is authorized to impose any of the following disciplinary punishments:

o Reprimand
o Temporary or permanent cancellation of some privileges;
o Cancellation of visiting privileges;
o Extra-fatigue duty for sentenced inmates;
o Close confinement in a cell, provided that this punishment shall be
imposed only in the case of an incorrigible inmate, when other
disciplinary measures had been proven ineffective; and
o Transfer to another BJMP jail in the area, in coordination with the
Court.
o In addition, to the above-mentioned punishment, the Disciplinary
Board may recommend to the warden partial or full forfeiture of Good
Conduct time Allowance (GCTA) to be earned for that month and
subsequent months depending upon the gravity of the offense.

 LIMITATIONS ON DISCIPLINARY PUNISHMENT FOR INMATES – The

Disciplinary Board shall consider the following limitations when imposing
disciplinary punishment:

o No pregnant inmate or one who breastfeeds a baby shall be subjected

to any disciplinary punishment.
o No infirmed or handicapped inmate shall be meted out punishment
which might affect his/her health or physical well-being.
 38

o Corporal punishment, confinement in dark or inadequately ventilated

cells and any form of cruel, unusual, inhuman, or degrading
punishment are absolutely prohibited.
o Whenever the penalty of extra fatigue duty or solitary confinement
imposed may affect the health of the inmate, he/she shall be made to
undergo medical examination to determine his/her physical fitness to
serve his/her punishment.
o When necessary, the Jail physician shall visit the inmates undergoing
punishment and shall advise the Warden for the termination of the
punishment on grounds of physical or mental health.
o Instruments of restraint, such as handcuffs, leg irons and straitjackets
are not to be applied as a form of punishment. They shall only be used
as a precaution against escape and on medical grounds to prevent an
inmate from injuring himself or others.
o Breaches of discipline shall be handled objectively and decisions shall
be executed firmly and justly.
o As a general rule, every violation of discipline shall be dealt with
accordingly. In extreme cases where the violation necessitates
immediate action, the Warden or the Officer of the Day may
administer the necessary restraints and report the action taken to the
Disciplinary Board.

 Treatment of Inmates with Special Needs

BASIC POLICY – As a general rule, inmates with special needs should not
be held in jails with other “regular” inmates. For example, female inmates
should be confined in institutions that are separate from those used for
males. However, given the reality of budget constraints, increasing inmate
population, insufficient facilities and inadequately equipped detention homes,
Wardens and jail officers shall endeavor to provide the best arrangement they
can for such inmates, in keeping with this Rule. It is assumed that the
inmates have been properly evaluated and classified for this purpose.

INMATES WITH SPECIAL NEEDS are:

 Female
o The female quarters should be fully separated from the male
quarters;
o In larger jails, a female personnel may be designated to keep
the keys to the female quarters and make the same available at
any time;
o No male inmate shall be allowed to enter the female quarters;
and,
o Only work suitable to their age and physical condition should be
assigned to female inmates.

 Drug Users/Dependents/Addicts
o Inmates found to be drug users/dependents/addicts should be
segregated from other inmates, especially during the withdrawal
period;
o Maintain close supervision of inmates to prevent attempts to
commit suicide and self-mutilation;
 39

o Only a qualified physician shall prescribe sedatives/stimulants

deemed necessary for the inmate’s treatment;
o Appropriate measures should be taken to enable inmates to
follow strictly the jail physician’s advice regarding diet and other
medical interventions/treatments during the withdrawal period;
and,
o Conduct a regular search of the inmate’s quarters and maintain
constant alertness to prevent the smuggling of narcotics and
other dangerous drugs.

 Alcoholics
o Place alcoholics in quarters separate from other inmates and
maintain close supervision to guard against suicide attempts;
o Any symptoms of abnormal behavior among inmates should be
reported immediately to the jail physician; and
o Exercise close supervision to guard against the smuggling of
liquor and other intoxicating drinks or products containing
alcohol.

 Mentally-ill
o The mentally-ill should be under the close supervision of a jail
medical personnel;
o Place the mentally-ill in separate cells and special restraint
rooms provided for violent cases;
o Exercise close supervision to guard against suicide attempts or
violent attacks on others; and
o The mentally-ill should be transferred as soon as feasible to
mental institutions for proper psychiatric treatment.

 Sex Deviates
o Homosexuals should be segregated immediately to prevent
them from influencing other inmates or being maltreated or
abused by other inmates; and’
o Other sex deviates should be separated from other inmates for
close supervision and control.

 Suicidal Inmates
o The suicidal inmate should be given close and constant
supervision;
o Search their quarters and premises for tools/materials that can
be used for suicide; and
o They should be subjected to frequent strip searches.

 The Handicapped, Aged and Infirmed

o These inmates should be housed separately and closely
supervised to protect them from maltreatment or abuse by
other inmates; and
o Special treatment should be given to these inmates who shall
be required to work in accordance with their physical
capabilities for their own upkeep and to maintain the sanitation
of their quarters and surroundings.

 Non-Philippine Citizen Inmates

 40

o The Warden shall report to the Bureau of Immigration and the

respective embassies of the detained foreigners the following:
a.) Name of Jail
b.) Name of Foreigner
c.) Nationality and the number of his/her Alien Certificate
d.) Age/Sex
e.) Offense Charged
f.) Case Number
g.) Court/Branch
h.) Status of Case
 CUSTODY, SECURITY AND CONTROL- The following guidelines should be
strictly observed in jail custody, security and control:

a. Conduct regular briefing for every shift, especially before any member of
the custodial force assume his/her duty and before the escort personnel leave
with inmates for court hearing and other authorized/lawful destination.

b. Maintain strict control of firearms. Never permit any firearm inside the jail
except in some arias where firearms are authorized.

c. Maintain 24-hour supervision of inmates;

d. Maintain a system of key control. Never permit the inmates to handle keys.

e. Secure firearms and anti-riot equipment in the armory where they can be
within easy reach of jail officer in yet afford maximum security against access
by inmates.

f. Supervise the proper use of tools and other potentially dangerous articles
such as bottles, acids, kitchen knives, etc., and keep them out of any inmates
reach when not in use;

g. conduct regular inmates count, at least four (4) times within a 24-hours
period. Establish procedures, which will insure beyond doubt, that every
inmate is physically present or accounted for, at every count.

h. Conduct frequent surprise searches of inmates and their quarter to detect

contraband.

i. Conduct frequent inspections of security facilities to detect tampering or

defects;

j. guard against escapes, assault on jail personnel and inmates disturbances;

k. Develop plans dealing with emergencies like escapes, fires, assaults and
riots. Make these plans known and understood by jail personnel;

l. Never allow gay and lesbian jail officer to perform search and custodial
functions.

m. Never allow a jail officer to render successive shift of duty except in cases
of emergencies;
 41

n. Designate a gate supervisor for every shift who will be made

administratively responsible and accountable for the daily activities at the
entrance gate of jail;

o. Never allow a jail officer to open the inmates’ quarter alone. At lease one
(1) other jail officer should be present; and,

p. Select carefully the inmates to be assign as jail aide and maintain rigid
control over their activities. No inmate should be allowed to assumes any
authority which belongs to jail personnel or to exercise authority, supervision
and control over other inmate.

 INMATES COUNT- It is imperative that at specified times during each 24-

hour period, all inmates are physically counted. For this type of count, the
general procedures are as follows:

a. Count each inmate physically at specified times;

b. During the count, ensure that all movements of inmates cease until the count
is completed;
c. The count must be accurate. Make a positive verification to ascertain that the
inmates are physically present. Counting a man on the basis of seeing any part of his
clothing, hair or shoes is not a good counting procedure;
d. Submit a report of each count of a group of inmates to the Warden and/or
Deputy Warden; and
e. If the total jail count does not tally with the total jail population at any given
time, conduct a recount. Render an immediate report to the Warden and/or Deputy
Warden for any unaccounted inmate.

 SECURITY PROCEDURES DURING MEAL SERVICE – Security must be

considered in the serving of food inside the cells/ quarters. A jail officer
should not enter the inmates, quarter to distribute food unless another officer
is available to handle the keys and control the entrance door. If only one
officer is on duty, it is essential that the door be locked to preempt being
overpowered by the inmates.

 DINING ROOM SECURITY – For jail facilities that have separate dining or
mess halls, the following shall be observed:

a. As a general precaution, individual mess utensils of inmates shall be made of

plastic;
b. Inmates shall march in a column along designated routes under the
supervision of one or two jail personnel. Station other officials along the route to direct
the orderly movement of inmates to and from the mess hall;
c. Food service supervisor shall be present during meals to handle any
complaints;
d. After meals, inmates shall be responsible for the cleanliness and orderliness
of the mess hall. This shall be strictly supervised by jail personnel to ensure that no
utensils are brought out of the dining room; and,
e. Check and accounts for all forks, spoon and other kitchen utensils after every
meal.

 MAIL CENSORSHIP - To ease the strain of detention, inmates shall be

encouraged to maintain wholesome contact with friends and relatives through
correspondence. However, the privilege of sending and receiving mail that is
 42

extended to inmates shall be properly supervised and handled to obviate the

possibility of smuggling contraband and to use this medium as a means of
illicit communication.

The following procedures shall be strictly observed when censoring mail:

a. Mail shall not be distributed to the inmates until an authorized jail personnel
have examined it in the presence of other inmates as witness;

b. Letters containing currency, checks or money shall be marked with the

amount enclosed and deposited with the Jail Property Custodian. The receiving officer
shall list down the amount received on a receipt form in duplicate. The original receipt
signed by the receiving officer shall be kept for the record and the duplicate copy shall
be given to the inmate for his/her information;
c. Bring to the Warden’s attention any correspondence that does not conform to
regulations or are detrimental to security, order and discipline of the jail;
d. In the censoring of mail, jail slang, unusual nicknames and sentences with
double meanings should be carefully studied and analyzed to determine the real
meanings;
e. All letters passed by censors should bear the censor’s stamp at the top of
each page and on the envelope. The letter should be placed back in the same envelop
and resealed;
f. A listing of mail for inmates should be properly posted in a conspicuous place.
A copy of such listing will also form part of the records of the jail;
g. If the inmate fails to claim his/her letter within twenty four (24) hours after it
has been posted, the mail shall be delivered to them;
h. Do not discuss the contents of inmates’ mail with other jail personnel, except
for official purposes; and,
i. All outgoing mails shall pass through the normal mail facility of the jail subject
to the usual censorship.

 EMERGENCY PLANS. Emergency plans for both natural and man-made

calamities and other forms of jail disturbances shall be formulated to suit the
physical structure and other factors peculiar to every jail, such as:

Man-Made Calamities/Disturbances Natural Calamities

a. Riot a. Fire
b. Jailbreak b. Flood
c. Noise Barrage c. Earthquake
d. Hostage-taking d. Tsunami
e. Epidemics e. Landslide
f. Food Poisoning f. Typhoon
g. Rescue g. Volcanic eruption
h. Bombing h. others
i. Power failure
j. Water Shortage
k. Others

 MOVEMENT /TRANSFER OF INMATES - Inmates may be moved or

transferred under the following circumstances:

a. Subject to the conditions set forth by the succeeding Sections, an inmate

may be brought out from jail in any of the following instances:
 43

1) To appear, as witness or as accused, before any court of justice during

preliminary investigation, arraignment or hearing of a criminal case;
2) To appear, as witness with leave of court in any investigation or formal
inquiry being conducted by a government agency;
3) To view with leave of court the remains of a deceased relative within
the second degree of affinity or consanguinity; and,
4) To undergo with leave of court medical examination or treatment in an
outside hospital or clinic.

b. An inmate maybe transferred to another institution only upon specific

order of the court having jurisdiction over him/her, except in cases of serious
illness where hospitalization is necessary, and the detainee has to be
immediately taken to the nearest hospital, with the Court subsequently
notified.

c. In any emergency or other compelling situations / necessities when the

transfer to other jails of inmates involved is necessary to ensure the safety
and security of the inmates and personnel, the Warden can recommend to
the Regional Director verbally or in writing, their immediate transfer to
another jail within the region provided that, on the first hour of the following
working day, the Court concerned must be informed of the said transfer.

d. For those inmates who wish to view the remains of the deceased relative,
leave of court shall be first obtained. However, the Warden may request
reconsideration from the court to recall and disapprove said order under any
of the following grounds:

1) The deceased relative is lying-in-state in a place beyond thirty (30) –

kilometer radius from the place of confinement of the inmate or, in any
case, where the inmate cannot return to said place during daylight hours;

2) The detainee has a record of escape; and,

3) The detainee is classified as high risk / high profile and the jail has
inadequate resources to ensure his / her safety and security.

e. Before leaving the jail for the authorized destination, the inmate shall turn-
over to the Warden such amount that may be necessary to pay for his
transportation and meal expenses and those of the jail officers escorting him.

 COOPERATION AMONG JAIL WARDENS ON TEMPORARY

DETENTION OF INMATES – Jail Wardens must agree on the use of
facilities for the temporary detention or imprisonment of an inmate from
other localities before, during an dafter trial. Wardens effecting the
movement / transfer of an inmate shall shoulder all expenses for
transportation and other incidental expenses of the same while confined in
other jails.

 RULES TO BE FOLLOWED DURING MOVEMENT / TRANSFER OF

INMATES – Whenever the movement / transfer of inmates to other jails is
effected, the following rules shall be observed:
 44

a) The responsibility for the security of the inmate being moved / transferred
shall remain with the custodian until received by another custodian.
Whenever possible, it should be made during daytime and it must be treated
confidentially.

b) All jail officers shall be given detailed instructions on their duties and
responsibilities, to include that the most direct route to the destination must
be followed.

c) An inmate moved / transferred shall be handcuffed .When two or more

inmates are transported, each must be secured to the other.

d) All inmates shall be inspected and searched for dangerous weapons or

objects which may be used for escape or self destruction.

f) The following basic security precautions shall be observed during the

transfer of inmates:

1) Do not allow inmates to tinker with the handcuffs;

2) Regard all inmates as extremely notorious to avoid being careless;
3) Do not allow an inmate to go to a toilet or wash room alone;
4) A jail officer shall always walk one step behind and never in front of an
inmate. The inmate shall always precede the jail officer into an
automobile..
5) Stopping along the highway while in transit is highly discouraged.

g) In case an inmate is moved / transferred from one jail to another facility or

correctional institution, his carpeta must be forwarded to the jail where he is
to be confined and duly received by the designated Records Custodian.

 RIGHTS OF INMATES – Although the purpose for committing a person on jail

is to deprive him of liberty in order to protect society against crime, such person
is still entitled to certain rights even while in detention. These rights are:

a. The right to be treated as human being, and not to be subjected to

corporal punishment;
b. The right to be informed of the regulations governing the detention center;
c. The right to adequate food, space and ventilation, rest and recreation;
d. The right to avail of medical, dental and other health services;
e. The right to be visited by his counsel anytime;
f. The right to practice his religious beliefs and moral precepts;
g. The right to vote unless disqualified by law
h. The right to separate detention facilities or cells particularly for women
inmates;
i. If a foreigner, the right to communicate with his embassy or consulate.

 PRIVILEGES ALLOWED FOR INMATES - Inmates may enjoy the following:

a) To wear their own clothes while in confinement;

b) To write letters, subject to censorship, provided that expenses for such
correspondence shall be borne by them;
 45

c) To receive visitors during visiting hours. However, visiting privileges may

be denied in accordance with the rules and whenever public safety so
requires;
d) To receive books, letters, magazines, newspapers and other periodicals
that the jail authorities may allow;
e) To be treated by their own doctor and dentist at their expense upon
request from and approval by appropriate authorities;
f) To be treated in a government or private hospital, provided it is deemed
necessary and allowed by the rules:
g) To request free legal aid if available:
h) To sport hair in their customary style, provided it is decent and allowed by
the jail authorities;
i) To receive fruits and prepared foods, subject to inspection and approval by
jail officials;
j) To read books and other reading materials available in the library, if any
k) To maintain cleanliness in their cells and brigades or jail premises and
perform other work as may be necessary for hygienic and sanitary purposes;
and,
l) To be entitled to Good Conduct Time Allowance ( GCTA ) as provided by
law.

 MODES AND GUIDELINES OF RELEASE - The following modes and

guidelines shall be observed when inmates are to be released from detention.

a. An inmate may be released through:

1) Service of Sentence
2) Order of the Court
3) Parole
4) Pardon
5) Amnesty
b. Before an inmate is released, he shall be properly identified to ensure that he
is the same person received and will be released. His marks and fingerprints shall be
verified with those taken when he was received. Any changes or differences in his
distinguishing marks and scars shall be investigated to ascertain his real identity in
order to prevent the mistaken release of another person.
c. No inmate shall be released on a mere verbal order or an order relayed by
telephone. The release of an inmate by reason of acquittal, dismissal of case, payment
of fines and or indemnity, or filing of bond shall be effected only upon receipt of the
Release Order served by the Court Process server. The Court Order shall bear the full
name of the inmate, the crime he was charged with, the criminal case number and such
other details that will enable the Jail Officer to properly identify the inmate to be
released.
d. Upon proper verification from the court of the authenticity of the Order, an
inmate shall be released promptly and without reasonable delay.
e. Upon proper receipt, all money and other valuables held in trust when first
admitted shall be returned to the inmate upon release.
f. The released inmate shall be issued a Certification of Discharge from jail by
the Warden/ Wardress or his/her authorized representative.

 SEARCHES:

Purpose: Protect staff and residents and reduce the potential for escape by:
o Controlling what the resident has in their possession.
o Reducing Contraband
 46

o Controlling what enters the facility

Categories:

o STRATEGIC – A planned search scheduled at specific times & locations.

o TACTICAL – Searches conducted as a result of emergency or crises.
o RANDOM – Searches conducted for no apparent reason, at any time.

Search Levels:

o Cursory – On going “visual“ search of a resident, person, place or thing.

o Inspection – A “conditional standard” check of a resident, & place.
o Amplified – A personal search of resident, place or thing.

Personal Searches:

THREE TYPES OF BODY SEARCHES

o The Pat-frisk or Pat-down search – This is an external inspection of

fully clothed resident. It is least intrusive search because the officer only
feels exterior surfaces to determine whether any items are concealed.
o The Strip Search – this is more intrusive than a pat –frisk search
because the naked body and its cavities are visually inspected
o The Cavity Search – As residents became increasingly creative in their
efforts to conceal contraband, the need for internal cavity search
emerged.

When is a pat-frisk search required?

 When a resident moves from one area of the facility to another.
 After a resident leaves a work assignment.
 When a Resident returns to the supervision of a staff member after
being in an unsupervised situation such as a religious activity conducted
by outside volunteer.

When is a strip search required? 

 Upon initial admission or readmission to the facility.

 After any contact visits
 When you have reason to suspect that the resident has contraband

Note: Pat-down searches are used to control movement of contraband

within the facility. Strip searches are used to control the entry of
contraband in the facility.

Area Search:

Like body searches, an area search can be:

 Strategic – Set place and time

 Tactical – The result of some emergency crises
 Random – No apparent reason. Unannounced or expected.
 47

The typical areas in a correctional facility which will need search in a

regular basis is the housing unit or cell.

CELL SEARCH – Prior to the search, make sure you have the appropriate
equipment and adequate staff to control any resident/s that may have to
be removed from the housing unit and /or contained while search is in
progress.

 COUNTING PROCEDURES:

 Formal Count – is a regular, required count of all residents in the

institution. It is normally done five to six times each 24-hour period.
 Census /Informal Count – is a frequent but irregular check to verify that
all residents under the supervision of an officer are present. This count is
often done on work details or programs.
 Emergency Count – is taken due to unusual circumstances, such as
escapes, riots, or disturbances.

INMATES DISCIPLINE AND ORDER is defined as the maintenance of good

standards of works; sanitation; safety; dedication; personal health and recreation
and the ultimate goal is to develop self reliance; self-control; self-respect; and
most especially self-discipline.

MODIFIED THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY are value added and complement

the minimum standards expected to be fundamental to nay residential childcare
facility. This is a framework for quality provision of residential establishment as
regulated by the Department of Education and adopted in prison and jails. These
communities have separate mechanism for accountability but aspire to the same
principle, notably: have a specific and acknowledged model, on which these
standard are based; work in a psycho-dynamic way, and work explicitly with the
unconscious and feelings.

INMATE’S WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (IWDP) “The

Smarter Version of the Rehabilitation Program” is a set of physical, psychological,
intellectual, vocational, and spiritual activities or interventions that facilitate
inmate’s well-being and enhancement in accordance with the accepted social
norms and ethical standards. IWP Services and Activities include: Provision
of Basic Needs; Health Care Services; Livelihood Services; Educational Services;
Sports and Recreation Services; Visitation Services; Paralegal and Religious
Services.

INMATES CLASSFICATION UNIT (ICU) is a unit that receive, study, classify

the inmates committed to the jail and composed of trained IWDP personnel. It
performed the following functions: (1) Admission and Registration; (2)
Identification Process; (3) Body Search and Property Receipting; (4) Quarantine;
(5) Assignment of Inmates; (6) and Inmates. The procedures it undertakes are:
systematic reception, identification and case studies; intake of the initial
interview; inmate assessment; inmate’s welfare and development plan;
evaluation scheme; discharge and follow-up care.

 GREYHOUND OPERATIONS. The Manual on Operations Greyhound was

approved and signed by then DIR ARTURO W ALIT on 11th day of April 2005 in
Quezon City, Philippines.
 48

Definition: Search and seizure operations to rid jail facilities of contraband

Purpose: Systematically eliminate contraband and such other materials in all

BJMP-manned facilities that could have adverse implications on its overall
administration to ultimately put order in all jails, promote operational efficiency
and encourage adherence to prescribed operating policies.

 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9263. An act providing for the professionalization of the
Bureau of Fire Protection and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology,
amending certain provisions of the Republic Act No. 6975. This act is a
consolidation of Senate Bill No. 2373 and House Bill No. 6557, which was passed
by the Senate and the House of Representatives on January 29,2004 and
February 2, 2004, respectively and was signed and approved by Her Excellency
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 10, 2004 . Salient features of the law include
upgrading of salary, qualifications and the former Assistant regional Director,
being the head in the region was upgraded to full-fledge Regional Director.

Q47. What are the important information about Provincial Jails?

Answers:

o The Provincial Jails. The Provincial jail system was first established in
1910 under the American regime. Each of the country’s eighty-two (82)
provinces has a provincial jail to serve as penal facility for prisoners who
are categorized under the law as provincial prisoners. For provinces whose
jails are overcrowded a sub-provincial jail was created. They are those
sentenced by the courts to a prison term of from six months and one day
to three years.

o Provincial jails are under the supervision and control of Provincial

governments and headed by a Provincial Jail Warden. Although the Local
Government Units, which include the provincial government, are under the
supervision of the Department of Interior and Local Government, the
provincial jails operate independently and autonomously from the Bureau
of Jail Management and Penology.

o The Memorandum-Circular dated March 7, 1994 issued by the Secretary

for Peace and Order of the Department of Interior and Local Government
regarding the Manual of Operations for Provincial Jails are basically similar
to the correctional procedures and practices of the BJMP. The typical
services given by provincial jails to inmates include rehabilitation, health
and special treatment programs, work programs, education and vocational
skills training, and religious programs.

o House Bill No. 3441 An act amending Sections 61,62, 63, and 65 of
Republic Act No. 6975 and Section 3 of Repu8clic Act no. 9263 placing for
the purpose the Provincial and Sub-Provincial Jails under the jurisdiction of
the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.

Q48. What are the important information about Regional Rehabilitation

Center for Youth (RRCY)?
 49

Answers:

o The Regional Rehabilitation Centers for Youth. These correctional

facilities are maintained and operated by the Department of Social Welfare
and Development (DSWD). There are nine Regional Rehabilitation Centers
for Youth (RRCY) nationwide the National Training School for Boys (NTSB)
which are the places of destination for youthful offenders ranging from
nine (9) years old to below eighteen (18) years old.

o The law covering this institutional set-up is Presidential Decree 603

whish was enacted in 1974 and otherwise known as the Child and Youth
Welfare Code which suspends the sentences of minor offenders whose
ages range from nine (9) years to eighteen (18) years and places them in
the Rehabilitation Centers under the supervision or custody of their
parents or to any responsible person under the supervision of the
DSWD.Under this decree, a youth offender under trial who cannot post
bail, shall be committed to the DSWD or to a local rehabilitation center or
a detention home in the province or city. There are only two facilities in
the entire country, however. One is the Manila Youth and Reception
Center under the Manila Social Welfare Department and the other is the
Molave Development Youth Home jointly managed by the Quezon City
Social Services and Development Department (SSDD) and the BJMP.

o Presidential Decrees 1179 and 1210 amended PD 603 to require an

application for suspended sentence before this privilege can be availed of.
If the courts find the youth guilty, the court will not sentence the offender
but shall suspend further proceedings and commit the youth to the
custody of the DSWD, to any government training institution, agency duly
licensed to take custody or any responsible person acceptable to the
court. Suspended sentence, however, became automatic with the passage
of Republic Act 8369 otherwise known as the Family Courts Act of 1997.
Instead of serving their sentence, youth offenders are rehabilitated in the
RRCY’s which are managed and supervised by the DSWD. There are ten
(10) rehabilitation centers for youth offenders, nine (9) of which are for
boys while only one (1) is for girls. Of the nine (9) centers for boys one is
the National Training School for Boys which also happens to be the largest
RRCY. This is located in Sampaloc, Tanay, Rizal and it caters to youth
offenders coming Regions IV, V and NCR. The only RRCY for girls is also
the National Training School for Girls located at Marillac Hills, Alabang,
Metro Manila.The eight (8) other RRCYs are located in Barangay Urayong,
Bauang, La Union for those coming from Region I, II and the Cordilleras;
Barangay Ayala, Magalang, Pampanga for Region III; Nueva Valencia in
the Island Province of Guimaras for Region VI; Barangay Candabong,
Argao, Cebu for Region VII; Barangay Sto. Nino, Leyte for Region VIII;
Barangay Anastacio Polanco, Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte for Region IX;
Gingoog City for Region X; and Barangay Bago Oshiro, Davao City for
Region XI. Youth offenders from Caraga Region are sent either to Dipolog,
Gingoog or Davao depending on which is most accessible.

o Republic Act no. 9344. An Act establishing a comprehensive Juvenile

Justice and Welfare System creating the Juvenile Justice and Welfare
Council under the Department of Justice. The salient features of this law
includes the new definition of minimum age of criminal responsibility,
 50

under Section 6 of this law it provided that a child fifteen (15) years of
age or under at the time of the commission of the offense shall be exempt
from criminal liability. However, the child shall be subjected to an
intervention program pursuant to Section 20 of this act. A child above
fifteen (15) years old but below eighteen (18) years of age shall be
likewise be exempt from criminal liability and be subjected to an
intervention program, unless he/she has acted with discernment, in which
case, such child shall be subjected to the appropriate proceedings in
accordance with this act.
Q49. What is Therapeutic Community?

Answer:

Therapeutic Community (TC) is a term applied to a participative, group-

based approach to long-term mental illness, personality disorders and drug
addiction. The approach is usually residential with the clients and therapists
living together, is based on milieu therapy principles and includes group
psychotherapy as well as practical activities.
Therapeutic communities have gained some reputation for success in
rehabilitation and patient satisfaction in Britain and abroad. In Britain, democratic
analytic' therapeutic communities have tended to specialize in the treatment of
moderate to severe personality disorders and complex emotional and
interpersonal problems. The evolution of therapeutic communities in the United
States has followed a different path with hierarchically arranged communities (or
concept houses) specializing in the treatment of drug and alcohol dependence.

History of TC in United Kingdom

The term was coined by Thomas Main in his 1946 paper, "The hospital as a
therapeutic institution", and subsequently developed by others including
Maxwell Jones, R. D. Laing at the Philadelphia Association, David Cooper at
Villa 21, and Joshua Bierer.
Under the influence of Maxwell Jones, Main, Wilmer and others (Caudill 1958;
Rapoport 1960), combined with the publications of critiques of the existing
mental health system (Greenblatt et al. 1957, Stanton and Schwartz 1954) and
the sociopolitical influences that permeated the psychiatric world towards the
end of and following the second World War, the concept of the therapeutic
community and its attenuated form - the therapeutic milieu - caught on and
dominated the field of inpatient psychiatry throughout the 1960s. The aim of
therapeutic communities was a more democratic, user-led form of therapeutic
environment, avoiding the authoritarian and demeaning practices of many
psychiatric establishments of the time.
The central philosophy is that clients are active participants in their own and
each other's mental health treatment and that responsibility for the daily running
of the community is shared among the clients and the staff. 'TC's have
sometimes eschewed or limited medication in favor of group-based therapies.

History of TC USA
 51

In the late 1960s within the US correctional system, the Asklepion Foundation
initiated therapeutic communities in the Marion Federal Penitentiary and other
institutions that included clinical intervention based upon Transactional Analysis,
the Synanon Game, internal twelve-step programs and other therapeutic
modalities. Some of these programs lasted into the mid 1980s, such as the
House of Thought in the Virginia Correctional system, and were able to
demonstrate a reduction of 17% in recidivism in a matched-pair study of drug-
abusing felons and sex offenders who participated in the program for one year or
more. Modified therapeutic communities are currently used for substance abuse
treatment in correctional facilities of several U.S. states including Pennsylvania,
Texas, Delaware, and New York. In New York City, a program for men is located
in the Arthur Kill Correctional Facility on Staten Island and the women’s program
is part of the Bayview Correctional Facility in Manhattan.

Q50. What is Milieu Therapy?

Answer:

Milieu Therapy is a form of psychotherapy that involves the use of therapeutic

communities. Patients join a group of around 30, for between 9 and 18 months.
During their stay, patients are encouraged to take responsibility for themselves
and the others within the unit. Milieu therapy is thought to be of value in treating
personality disorders and behavioural problems. Henderson Hospital, in London,
uses this type of psychotherapy and in India its practiced in Chetna
Neoropsychiatic center,paschim vihar.

Q51. What is Group Therapy?

Answer:

Group psychotherapy or group therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which

one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together as a group. The
term can legitimately refer to any form of psychotherapy when delivered in a
group format, including Cognitive behavior therapy or interpersonal therapy, but
it is usually applied to psychodynamic group therapy where the group context
and group process is explicitly utilized as a mechanism of change by developing,
exploring and examining interpersonal relationships within the group. The
broader concept of group therapy can be taken to include any helping process
that takes place in a group, including support groups, skills training groups (such
as anger management, mindfulness, relaxation training or social skills training),
and psycho-education groups. The differences between psychodynamic groups,
activity groups, support groups, problem-solving and psycho-educational groups
are discussed by Montgomery (2002). Other, more specialized forms of group
therapy would include non-verbal expressive therapies such as dance therapy
and music therapy (TaKeTiNa Rhythm Process).

Q52. What are Therapeutic Principles?

Answers:
 52

Universality
The recognition of shared experiences and feelings among group members and
that these may be widespread or universal human concerns, serves to remove a
group member's sense of isolation, validate their experiences, and raise self-
esteem

Altruism
The group is a place where members can help each other, and the experience of
being able to give something to another person can lift the member's self esteem
and help develop more adaptive coping styles and interpersonal skills.

Instillation of hope
In a mixed group that has members at various stages of development or
recovery, a member can be inspired and encouraged by another member who
has overcome the problems with which they are still struggling.

Imparting information
While this is not strictly speaking a psychotherapeutic process, members often
report that it has been very helpful to learn factual information from other
members in the group. For example, about their treatment or about access to
services.

Corrective recapitulation of the primary family experience

Members often unconsciously identify the group therapist and other group
members with their own parents and siblings in a process that is a form
of transference specific to group psychotherapy. The therapist's interpretations
can help group members gain understanding of the impact of childhood
experiences on their personality, and they may learn to avoid unconsciously
repeating unhelpful past interactive patterns in present-day relationships.

Development of socializing techniques

The group setting provides a safe and supportive environment for members to
take risks by extending their repertoire of interpersonal behaviour and improving
their social skills

Imitative behavior
One way in which group members can develop social skills is through
a modeling process, observing and imitating the therapist and other group
members. For example, sharing personal feelings, showing concern, and
supporting others.

Cohesiveness
It has been suggested  that this is the primary therapeutic factor from which all
others flow. Humans are herd animals with an instinctive need to belong to
groups, and personal development can only take place in an interpersonal
context. A cohesive group is one in which all members feel a sense of belonging,
acceptance, and validation.

Existential factors
Learning that one has to take responsibility for one's own life and the
consequences of one's decisions.
 53

Catharsis
Catharsis is the experience of relief from emotional distress through the free and
uninhibited expression of emotion. When members tell their story to a supportive
audience, they can obtain relief from chronic feelings of shame and guilt.

Interpersonal learning
Group members achieve a greater level of self-awareness through the process of
interacting with others in the group, who give feedback on the member's
behaviour and impact on others.

Self-understanding
This factor overlaps with interpersonal learning but refers to the achievement of
greater levels of insight into the genesis of one's problems and the unconscious
motivations that underlie one's behaviour.

Q53. What is TC as defined by BJMP?

Answer:

Therapeutic Community Modality or TC is a special program for drug

dependent individuals undergoing rehabilitation. It is a self-help social learning
treatment model used for clients with problems on drug abuse and other
behavioral problems such as alcoholism, stealing, and other anti-social
tendencies as well as working with special group of individuals like those in jails.
As a treatment model, it includes four (4) categories, namely: behavior
management, intellectual and spiritual aspects, emotional and psychological
aspects, and vocational and survival aspects. TC utilizes the “community” as a
vehicle to foster behavioral and attitudinal change. In this model, the client
receives the information and tries to change as being part of the community. The
expectations that the community placed on its individual members reflect not
only the needs of the individual, but also the social and support needs of the
community. This community mode provides social expectations, which are
parallel to the social demands that the client will confront upon discharge to their
home community. It also provides a well-defined structure for a synchronized
and focused implementation of the various intervention strategies and activities
with the main objective of rehabilitating inmates, particularly drug dependent
offenders, as a productive, law-abiding and socially responsible members of the
society through a well planned supervision programs for inmates which are
aligned to the BJMP’s program thrusts; establishment of innovative feasible
projects for the moral, spiritual and economic development of inmates.

Q54. What is Christian 12 Steps Methods?

Answer:

Christian substance abuse treatment effectively combines spiritual healing with a

traditional rehabilitation program. The restoration of faith in oneself and faith in
God is paramount to successful Christian substance abuse treatment.
 
 54

Christian substance abuse treatment offers vital hope to addicts, as well as their
family and friends, that hope can be restored. Most follow the 12 step program
while integrating it with a spiritual focus. It is important to remember that there
is no shortcut to ending a drug or alcohol addiction.
 
Centers that offer Christian substance abuse treatment will also provide the
patient with excellent medical supervision while reinforcing Biblical teachings.
With Christian substance abuse treatment, faith is central to every aspect of the
program.
Q55. What is JAILS First Program?

Answer:
As far as BJMP’s direction and in consonance with the Marching Orders of His
Excellency President Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III, the BJMP under the
leadership of J/Director Rosendo M Dial, CESO III, conceptualized the J.A.I.L.S
First Program. It’s the BJMP’s Road Map for the next five years with extended
timeline up to 2020. Its an acronym of BJMP’s Commitment to the Social
Contract of the President, which means:

 J – Jail Management and Services

 A – Acquisition of manpower, trainings and seminars
 I – Innovations and Best Practices
 L – Logistical Support
 S – Support from the Top

Q56. What are Procedures in Escorting High Risk Prisoners?

Answers (from Bureau of Corrections Perspective): 

  ESCORT PROCEDURES

Escorting or transporting prisoners from one station to another is one of the

most delicate functions in correctional administration.  All prisoners for that
matter are presumed high security risk and therefore requires that the officers
tasked for the mission observe the mandatory obedience to rules and procedures
pertaining movement of prisoners.  Unlike in other corrective agencies in
Southeast Asia, it is only here in this country where the basic escorting
procedures have defined and almost detailed criterion and decorum in escorting
and transporting prisoners.  And yet, most of prison violations including escapes
are unfortunately traced on non-observance of the rules and procedures on
escorting prisoners.

The following are excerpts from the Manual of Operations as guide and reminder
to the officer on matters essential for their survival not only in their career but
personal safety as well. Unfortunately for most officers involved or assigned in
escorting/ transporting prisoners, most of the rules are forgotten if not ignored. 
Let us consider the rules once again.
 55

Section 1.  Primary duties of escort guards.-  Escort guards shall exercise

extreme caution at all times and shall see to it that the inmate does not—
1. Escape;
2. Converse with unauthorized persons;
3. Obtain forbidden articles, especially intoxicants or weapons;
4. Annoy passersby, and
5. Suffer harm or humiliation.
 
Section 2.  Distance of guard from inmates.- If escorting a group of inmates,
a guard shall keep a distance of not less than ten (10) paces from his charge. 
Upon arrival at the destination, he shall station himself at a vantage point where
all the inmates are within sight and can be properly controlled.

            When on board a ship or boat, the group of inmates shall be positioned
in the most secure part of the vessel and shall be required to sit down.  The
guard shall station himself at strategic points where they can effectively
respond.  An inmate shall not be allowed to stand up or more about until the
vessel is ready to dock, except when the guard needs to have a clear view of the
port and starboard passages.
 
Section 3.  Basic escort procedures.-  An escort guard shall strictly observe
the instructions written at the back of the inmate’s pass and the purpose and
destination of the escort mission.  These include, but not limited to, the
following:

1. While in transit, the inmate shall not be allowed to stop at any place or
contact any person until the destination is reached.
2. The inmate shall at all times be placed under proper restraint e.g.
handcuffs.  However, the same shall be removed when the inmate enters
the courtroom.
3. The inmate shall be returned to the prison facility immediately after the
purpose of the pass has been served.
4. The use of a privately-owned vehicle in transporting an inmate is
prohibited.
 
Section 4.  Escort procedures for court appearance.-  In escort duties for
court hearing, the Superintendent shall provide at least two (2) guards for every
inmate.  However, when two or more inmates are to be escorted, the number of
guards may be reduced proportionately without sacrificing security
requirements.  If an inmate is notorious or has a previous record of escape,
additional escort guards shall be assigned.
 
Section 5.  Appearance in Metro Manila Courts.- In conducting NBP or CIW
inmates for appearance in Metro Manila Courts, the escort detail shall be headed
 56

by a supervising guard or by a senior officer.  If the court concerned is in the

suburbs of Metro Manila e.g. Cavite, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna and Batangas, the
escorts shall return their wards to the NBP or CIW immediately after the hearing.
 
Section 6.  Turnover of inmate to local jail.-   A guard assigned to escort an
inmate for court hearings who cannot return to the prison of origin on the same
day shall request the court to issue an order turning over the inmate to the
nearest provincial/ city jail or police detention cell.  The escort guard shall not
stay in a private dwelling or hotel with the inmate.

Section 7.  Acknowledgment of turnover of inmate.- Upon turning the

inmate over to an authorized officer at the destination, the escort-in-charge shall
secure an acknowledgement receipt for the custody of the inmate.  This shall
clearly bear the name of the receiving officer, his designation and the date and
time the inmate was received.
 
Section 8.  Postponement/ resetting of hearing.- After the hearing or if the
scheduled hearing is postponed/ reset to another date, the inmate shall be
returned to the prison of origin without delay.  If feasible, the escort-in-charge
shall secure from the court an order committing the inmate to the provincial/city
jail or other detention center.
 
Section 9.  Procedure if escort guard becomes sick.-  If the escort guard
becomes sick, he shall notify the Superintendent of the prison or origin thereof
by the fastest means available so that a replacement can be sent to continue the
mission.
 
Section 10.  Fake or spurious subpoena.-  If the subpoena received by the
prison turns out to be spurious, or if, in spite of a valid subpoena, the scheduled
trial is not held, the inmate shall be immediately returned to the prison of origin. 
The escort-in-charge shall submit a written report to the Superintendent on the
matter.
 
Section 11.  Certificate of appearance.- Immediately after the trial but before
leaving the court premises, the escort-in-charge shall secure from the clerk of
court a certificate or other proof of appearance.

Section 12.  Procedure during outside movement of inmate.-  The

following security procedures shall be observed during the outside movement of
an inmate:
 
1. Before departure from prison
 57

A. The written mission order issued by the Superintendent, the mittimus and
other prison records of the inmate shall be given to the escort guards.  In
case of detainee, the records shall include the written authorization of the
appellate or sentencing court for the outside movement of the detainee.
B. Whenever possible, the transfer shall be effected during daylight hours.
C. The escort guards shall be given detailed instructions on their duties and
responsibilities, to include the instruction that they use the most direct
travel route to their authorized destination.
D. The inmate shall be thoroughly searched for contraband or deadly
weapons or objects which may be used for escape, (violence) or self-
destruction.
E. Money found in the possession of the inmate shall be confiscated by the
Desk Officer who shall issue a receipt therefore and who shall return the
money to the inmate upon his return.  If the inmate is to be confined and
needs money for medicine or food, the money therefore shall be turned
over under receipt to the escort guard.  All disbursements made by the
escort guard shall be properly receipted for.
F. The inmate shall be placed in handcuffs or other instrument of restraint. 
If there is more than one inmate to be transferred, they shall be grouped
in pairs and securely connected to one another by a rope, ascertaining
that the inmate does not have crippled, deformed or very small hands to
allow his to slip the handcuffs off.
G. Handcuffs shall be properly adjusted for tightness before departure to
avoid the need of adjusting the same while in transit.
H. The inmate shall stay inside the prison premises until the vehicle to be
used in transporting him is ready for boarding.  The inmate shall board a
motor vehicle ahead of the guard.
 
2. In Transit

A. The handcuffs or instruments of restraint shall not be removed while the

inmates are in transit.  An inmate shall not be handcuffed to any part of
the vehicle during transit to avoid his being trapped in case of a vehicular
accident
.
B. If it is necessary to board public transportation such as a ship or airplane,
the guards shall position themselves with their inmates in an area that is
cleared of civilians or if this is not possible, shall sit/position themselves
between the civilians and the inmate/s.
C. All inmates being escorted shall be under the supervision of a guard at all
times, including going to the toilet or washroom.  The guard shall always
be close enough to the inmate to respond to any untoward incident.
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D. If there is more than one inmate being escorted, there shall be a head
count of the inmates every turnover of guarding shift.  The team leader of
the escort guard detail shall conduct an inspection during all guarding
shifts.

E. An inmate shall not be allowed to tinker with his handcuffs or other

instrument of restraint.

F. A guard shall always walk behind and not in front of the inmate being
escorted.

G. If armed, the guard shall not sit, stand or walk beside the inmate, or in
any case, allow the inmate to reach his firearm.

H. The guard shall not pass any unauthorized place while in transit.
 
3. Arrival at Destination

A. Upon arrival at the authorized destination, the guards and their inmate/s
shall stay in the public transportation until the same is cleared of the other
passengers.  They shall only disembark after the inmate and his personal
belongings have been searched/ inspected and the transportation that will
bring them finally to their final destination is ready for boarding.

B. The handcuffs or instrument of restraint may be removed at the

authorized destination if there is no danger of escape.

C. The guard shall return the inmate to the prison of origin as soon as the
purpose of the outside movement has been served.
D. After-Mission Report.-  After completing the mission, the leader of the
guard detail shall submit a written report to the Superintendent, together
with copies of the transmittal letter and certificate of appearance.  In case
of an inmate being transferred to another prison or jail institution or
competent authority, the responsibility for said inmate shall remain with
the custodian until formally received by another custodian.
 
Sec. 13.  Other security procedures.-  the following security procedures shall also be
observed in case of an inmate subject of a medical referral or who is allowed to view
the remains of a deceased relative:
 
1. Medical Referrals

A. The inmate who is brought to an outside hospital for medical

treatment/examination shall be provided with at least two (2) escort
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guards and returned to the prison of origin during the daylight hours after
the treatment is completed.  Upon said return, the Department shall be
furnished copies of the inmate’s medical certificate, diagnosis and plan of
management.
B. If the inmate is to be confined in a hospital, the inmate may be
handcuffed to the bed if he is ambulatory and there is a risk that he may
escape.
 
2. Viewing the Remains

A. The inmate shall not be allowed more than three (3) hours from the time
of arrival at the wake to the time of departure from the place where the
remains lie in state.
B. The remains to be viewed must be in a place within a radius of thirty (30)
kilometers from the place of confinement.  Where the distance is more
than thirty (30) kilometers, the privilege may be enjoyed if the inmate can
leave and return to his place of confinement during the daylight hours of
the same day.
 
Sec. 14.  Outside work detail of medium security inmates.-  In case a medium
security inmate is detailed to work outside the immediate vicinity of the prison
compound, the following security procedures shall be observed:

1. In no case shall an inmate be allowed to work outside the prison

compound without an escort guard.
2. Security shall be on a one inmate to one guard ratio.
3. The inmate shall be bodily searched before and after his work detail.