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    CHAPTER 2 - Mathematical Language and Symbols

    Uploaded by

    Hernandez [Hernandez] “Hernandez, Marc Lester” Marc Lester [Marc Lester]

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    CHAPTER 2 Mathematical Language and Symbols 2.1, The Language of Mathematics 2.3. Unary and Binary Operations 2.4 Some Fundainental of Logie © teasnne ossecrves ‘used in mathematics 4. evaluate mathematical expressions correcty and recognize that mathematics isa useful language ® kerworos Expressions vs. Sentences Logical Connectives sete Quantiters Punetions Negation Relations Free and Bound Variables UUnaty and Binary Converse ‘Operations — nemo Language ond Symibos ———— ENGLISH versus MATHEMATICS arnenancs | (eae) ———— - matt Sen afoees) ‘corte hoa 5 = 2.1 The Language of Mathematics Can you imagine how you would Be abe to comamunicate with a seatmate in the bus who speaks an entirely diferent Tanguege from yours? You may be able to tell him or her to wateh over your bag as vos get off the bus for a wile to buy something through certain nonverbal gestures, ‘That can be done with sign language. Language frites communication and meaning-making, 1 allows people ‘0 ‘express themselves and maintain their identi. Likewise, language badges the gap emong people fem varios Mothemotsin the Wor Wert cultural origins without prejudice to their background and. “upbringing Ifyou plan to marry someene with a different language and cultore, you need to know his or her language and cutare to beable to ive with him oF er as a spouse Have you seen the characters of the Mandarin language? ‘The Manderin language has diferent characters for sun, moon, tars, things like howse, chai, table, furniture, frees, plants, flowers, and relationships ike grandfather grandmother, father, mother, sister, brother ete. These Unfamiliar characters in the’ written Mandarin language may make learning Mandarin more alifcult than the Greek language even if Greek levers are diferent from the English alphabet. Mathematics is also a language. It has ita own eymibol system, the same way the English ce Gresk languages have their own alphabet Cheracteristics of Mathematical Language Mathematical language is precise which means it Ie able to make very fine dstinclons or deftions among ff set of mathematical symbols. I is concise because a mathematician can express otherwice long expositions. oF sentences brie using the language of mathematics, The ‘mathematical language is powerful. that is, one can express Complex thoughts with relative ease. For example, consider the sentence "The sum of any £Wo real numbers is aso a eal number.” In mathematical notation, this declarative fentence cat be writen ax 7 vabemar bes Mathematics is « symbolic language. Some of the symbols you may encounter as you read this book ae the following. Do thesum of 3 there exets for every (or any © element of or member o) Mothematical Language on Symbos not an element of for nota member of subset of then ‘and only it set of real numbers set of natural number set of inte set of rational numbers infiity sonzeting Mathematical lengunge can describe a subset of the real world using only the symbole above. Problems in physics lke freely fling bodies, speed, and acceleration, ‘quantities tke the chemical content of vegetables; the use ‘of mathematical modeling in biological disease modeling ‘and the formulas employed in the social sciences can all be expressed using mathematical sentences or formulas, Mathematics describes abstract structures as well There are areas of pure mathemati which deal with abstract Structores, which have no known physical counterparts et All. These are studied in areas of mathematics like abstract, fuera near ager, tepogy, real ass and complex Mathematics, therefor, i the language ofthe sciences, business, economies, musie, architecture, ars, and ever politics. ‘There is an indmate connection between the language of mathematics and the English language, The left brain hemisphere which le responsible for controlling language Is also the same part of the brain in charge of talc involving mathematics Ite the lft brain hemisphere that coordinates logical or analytical thinking while the Fight brain hemisphere ie responsible fr czeative thinking ‘When you think about something, you frst ask what {hi ching really is. Then you relate it with wht you already know or even classify tin your mind. Next, you thin about rules that govern such things, You do this mental task most fof the time using the language that you use as part of your 2 ‘thought process. When you think about mathematics in your class in elementary, junior, oF senor high school, you Usually lok for a definition of the mathematical word or concept you heard. You then apply this concept based on the meanings atributed tot, most likely by identifing valid ‘applications or operations of the concept. With repected Dractie, you then grasp the rules that govern its defined ‘pplietion, Chinese, Greek, ond English languages are the same beemuse they communicate leas through symbols that feed the mind with information. More often however, « Chinese word or symbol may mean dillerenty in the Oreck oF English language resuting in confislon. Matheratic ties ‘o avoid this difculty by adopting a universally understood ‘symbolic aystem for its language. Thus, the language of ‘mathematics can be considered a cazimon language of the World, Any student learning mathematics in all parts of the lobe should be able to understand mathematics even if he ‘or she does net understand English or Filipino 2.2 Expressions vs. Sentences A sentence must contain a complete thought. In the English language an ordinary sentence must contain ‘subject and a predicate. The subject contains a noun. oF ' whole clause. “Mana for example le a proper noun ‘but is not in itself» sentence Because it doce not state @ complete thought. Similarly, a mathematical sentence must state a complete thought. An expression iz a name even to & mathematical object of interest, The term "I=2" io @ ‘mathematical xpcession but not a mathematical sentence Below are examples of mathematical expressions 1. An ordered tiple (bye) sama [1 3] «A fanton sie) 6 The se 13.5) a ‘Matrematicl onguage and Symes Truth of Sentences Mathematical sentences may either be trie or false but not bath. Example 1: Write as English sentences and say whether they ae tre o false a. Veena? 20 B. vy ei (xe y) =x s2xy ey? 4. ¥abeQab-0->0-04 B20 Solutio ® For aay real umber x, its square is greater then or equal 1 0. TRUE . For any real numbers xan y, the square of their sum ‘is equal fo the sum of their squares plus twice their product, TRUE © There exist integers mand n such that m minus nis less than or equal to7m pus n. TRUE 4. For any rational numbers a and by if their product is zero then either aor b equala 0, TRUE Example 2: Write as mathematical sentences, Discuss how the word “ss used 4 Tenis the equare root of 100, », Ten is greater than 9. © Ten lean even number. 4. Ten ie multiple of 5, Solution: 1. 100 =10 b 1059 © 1ef2nne nm) 4.10 (50,26) you notice, the word “ie” could mean equality, inequality, OF membership in 8 aet. In the first example “iis used fot quality i the second for inecuality, snd fn the third, and fourth, it used to say thatthe number 19 belongs to the set of multiples of and the st of multiples of 5 Numbers can be cardinal, ordinal and nominal Cardinal mumbers are used for counting and answer the question “how many?" Ordinal aumbere tell the position of & thing in terms of fst, seannd, third, ee. Nominal smumbers ate used only as @ name, of to ientiy something (not as an actual value or position). Examples of nominal 1. The number atthe back of Michael Jordan is "23." 2, The postal zipcode of Marit is 2019, 3. The name of the shop i 680." Moreover mathematical objects may be represented in many ‘ways such as sets and functions, 2.3 Unary and Binary Operations Not sl operstions in mathematics involve two operands ‘or numbers such as i the expresaion 213 =. The plus sign between 2 and 3 signin the operation ef adcition ‘The plus symbol here involves @ binary operation. At you ‘ay guess, 8 unary operation accepts only one wale of eperand. The plus and minus signs may not mean addition or subtraction when they are attached before a single numb Instead, they are read as posite and negative. signa Mathematics Longvage and Syrtiok When written this way they are ealed unary operations, ‘They accept only one value when they do arltnmete ‘The positive sign is very much ike the addition operation but has a diferent mearing when atached ‘only one number. For example, consider this expression: st (eead as ‘postive four. It does not really mean ‘aad four” ‘The value of four represented by the number 8 Is considened a a single operand by the unary operator," mat We, operation produces a value of positive four, Gbviousiy, eae ‘and 4" cach represent the same value. So, one can soy thos ‘An “nvlsible’ postive sign exists befors any mamnbex The negative, (or opposite), sign ie a unary operator Consider this expression: ~3. Technically here, the begets ign operator accepts a value of four as ite operand aed Droduces a value of negative four. Obviously, 4" and. Feprescnt diferent values. There are no invilblc negative signs in math expressions, summary, unary operations involwe only one Waluc. There are many unary operations on the st of teal numbers, For example, negation le a nary operation, The others are the trigonometric functions, the singe vic, function f(x), the factorial denoted n!, the transpose of a matrix A", the square root of 109 among others dics ‘examples of unary operations ae given below, Ls 2. sin 3. coe 45° ms On the other hand, when “5 and -* can act on two cperands, then it is called binary operation, amnseg the binary operators, the ‘Wand require more atesnoos ‘han all other binary operations, To understand this bot, ‘call the concept of ‘double negative you learned in high School. The double negative is taught to be equivlone oo the statement ‘two negatives make @ positive’ Comedss this expression: 3-(-2). In this expression, we operon erat he Modem Wot are present using the symbol However, the two “should rot be interpreted to represent two identical operations. The frat aymbol (eft most), isthe binary subtraction operation ‘The other [right before the integer 2) te the unary negative sign operator ‘Se what do you do to this expression? The negative sign operator has precedence over the subtraction Operator, 30 {e accepts operands frat In the suber line you 20 three ‘unite tothe right of zero to locate 3. To subtract two from tees means you go two tinite to the left of three but to subtract # negative two means you count the opposite of negative two ffom three which is counting two uri to the ‘ight of three. The result ofthis is five, represented by the ‘number lie § nite fom ae. SERRE ERR EEREEEEEESESEA We write: 5=3-(-2). This expression also equals: 5-342. Since both expressions are equal (0 five, then the righthand sides must equal one another. Hence, 342-3-(-2) ‘The binary operation is diferentated with the unary ‘operator in the follwing igure nary negative sign operator ry negative sig op at eK Binary operations take two values, and inclide the ‘operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, ‘ahd exponentiation, There are many binary operations an Teal numbers, An operation is binary st takes two Teal rumbers as arguments to produce another real number. i we let muldplicaton, denoted by the symbol », be = binary operation, then 4%6 yields the real number 24 oF 4x6024 Binary subtraction operator ‘alnemotcalLanguage ond Symbos ‘Additional examples are given below: 1, Addition eg, 445=9) 2. Subtraction (eg, 10-8=2) ‘The properties of two binary operitions, addition and multiplication, over the set of eal mbers areas follows 4. Closure of Binary Operations ‘The product and the sum of any two real numbers ie also real number In symbols, we write Vey eer yem and xyes . Commutativity of Binary Operations ‘Addition and multiplication of any two rea! nambers is commutative as seen in the mathematical symbols these are writen in Veyetheryayex —— [additon) vay emeuay-x (enultipeaton), For example: 1422241 (edition) and 2-3=3-2 (multptication. UL, Ascociativity of Binary Operations Given any three real numbers you may take any ‘wo and perform eddition or multiplication a the case maybe and you will,end with the same answer. For ‘addition in symbols we write, vey 2691 ferylez=xe (y+) fe en sxampl, somlder_(te2)+a014 (69 (he ter and tiplcaon we a | | | Yagy2 6 be ghz = x-ly-2) (4) ‘This io ilustrated by the example (2-3) in which both sides of the equation are equal to 24 a — Mesmematcin the Moca Wert fv, Disteibutivity of Binery Operations Distributivty applies when multiplication is performed on = group of two numbers added or ubtraced together Given three real numbers x,y, and 2 this property i stated in symbolic notation as, vnyiz 8 ates ya nes ay ‘The term 2 is distributed over the sum (x+y): Note, however, that addition is not distnbutive over smultipliestion, ‘entity Elements of Binary Operations ‘An element ofthe st of real numbers is an identy clement for addition i, ‘This means thet the identity ie the number that ‘you add fo any teal number and the result wil be the fame real number. The only number that satisfies this property is the number sero for addition. This s evident fn the example below, ‘Therefore, the identity element © in the above Aefinition is zero or e=0. What then isthe identity element under multiplication? Obviously, the identity for multiplication js 1 since x-l=1-x=a for any real mumber x For example, 4-124 and 1-494, vi. Inverses of Binary Operatic: Now what do you add to any real number xto get the Identity clement ¢-O ae a result? Yes you are right! The answer is the negative ofthat number, —- In symbols, vees cts) 2 Mathematical tonguoge ond Symbos Meanwhile, for multiplication we have the familar, E Jn which case the inverse of x under multiplication is x20. 2.4 Some Fundamentals of Logi ‘Why do most people argue over some Issue and never get to the bottom of if? Sometimes people in dispute say that “they do not see eye to eye." This expression meaiie thatthe people ineaived in an argument never get to agree fon the icoues at hand. In many cases, the disagreement les an not being able to present sound arguments based on facts, or the flue to convince the contending party using logical arguments. To avoid such a scenario in mathematics and to uphold certainty in the validity of mathematical ffatements, mathematice employs the powerful language of logic in asserting truths of statements. The use af logic liustrates the importance of precision and conciseness in communicating mathematics Propositions Many times, propositions are made in people's statements. A proposition is a statement which is either true (7) or false (7). The senior cizens may claim that the best movie they ever sew Is Sound of Music, a movie that was produced in 1965, This statement is proposition that Iselther Tor Paid cannot be bot Example 1: ach of the following statements isa propesiton. Some ze true and some are false. Can you tell which are true find which are fale? If ale, state why. ‘2 91s a prime mumber. Matnematcr inthe Mem Word itself. 9 ean be expressed as 3-3 b. Tue Tue 4. False. A negative number is always less than a positive amber, The Truth Table ‘A truth table fe table that shows the truth value of ‘2 compound statement for all pwsible truth values of ite Semple statements Negation ‘A statement is & negation of another if the word is not sneoduced in the negative statement, Let bea proposition ‘The negation of Pis “not PY or 3P. ‘The following is its truth table: < 2420 4106-3 a, False, Prine numbers have no other factors than 1 and. T z = F Example 2: ‘What isthe negation of the following statements? 1. P (Bis a rational number », R:6 i an odd number. Solution: ‘2.42 js not a rational number or V2 is irational. tn Symbols, -F, 6 is not an odd number or 6 is an even number. In symbols, 2 Mothamasees Language ane Syn ————— Logical Connectives ‘uct P and Q be propositions. A logical connective isthe mathematical equivtlent of conjunction in english. The ‘most common conjunctions in mathematics are “and” and “or', which are denoted by» and v, respectively. IF two statements are joined like P and Q, denoted by PaQ, then PaO is a statement that ie true if and only ‘if both Pand Q are true. Another logical connective is the ‘word “or”, The statement Pv@ is true if and only i P is true or Q is true which is taken to inchude the case when “Te following is the truth table Fae Implications ‘Suppose P and Q are propositions. The proposition PQ {read as “if P, then Q) is called an implication ig called the piemise and Q is called the conclusion. In fondinary language statements tke If rains, then T bring my umbrella" ia an implication. “I i Tains’ ie P or the premise while ring miy umbrela isthe conclusion. Other ways of reading P=+@ are Pimples @ our (is implied by P only if a Motnemats ihe Modem Wots eo Soe z T. T T F F r T ‘A more complicated form of implication is the ‘bt implication oF the biconditional denoted by the symbol ?) uantisers| ‘Quantifiers are used to deseribe the variables) n a ‘Types 1. The universal quantifier is usually written ia the English language ax forall" of “Tor every." It is denoted by the symbol 2. The existential quantifier is expressed in words 4 ‘there exists” or “Yor some” This quantifier is denoted by 3 _ ‘Compound Quantities: When one quantity I involved ina statement, it is common to encounter more than one quantiler for that statement, Special care must be taken in the order in whieh these quantifiers appear, Order does not fatter if the same quantifier is used. For example, the statement va,vy,Piny) i# the same as vy,¥x,P\x) Similarly, for the quantifed sentence 36,34,Fteu) Is equivalent to 3y,38, Pte. For mixed quantifiers, order is definitely important. The statement vs,3u,Poxy) i newer always equivalent ta the sentence 3,8, PU] a ‘Example 6: White as an English sentence and determine iit ‘rie oF fale, a VeeS, ay em x+y 210 b. Yer" ay e%u? 4. For every real number x there exists @ real number y such thatthe eum of and yis equal to 10. TRUE b. Por every positive integer x, there exists areal number y ‘such that the square of yis equal tox. TRUE. GO *ercises ser2 For Brercises 1 to 5, identify what is wrong in each of the following sentences/expressions Lace 2.2.31 ¢f fina hneton 2. xed or x03 nequllen ts 4

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