7

Mathematics
Quarter 1 - Module 1
Sets
Mathematics – Grade 7
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Sets

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Karen B. Mante

Sheila Marie M. Redulla

Editors: Cerlito L. Romero

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Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V

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EPS, Mathematics

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 Learning Competencies: Illustrates well-defined sets, subsets, universal sets, null set, cardinality of sets,
union and intersection of sets, and the difference of two sets. (M7NS-Ia-1)
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
 describe and illustrate well-defined set;
 determine the number of subsets of a given set
 perform the set operations: union and intersection of sets
 find the complement of a given set

Lesson
1 Definition of a Set

What is it

 Set - a well-defined group of objects or ideas which share a common characteristic. The objects in a set are called the
elements or members of the set. Sets are usually denoted by capital letters such as 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and so on, and may be
defined using the roster method or the set-builder notation.
 Roster Method: This is done by simply listing the elements, separated by commas and enclosed with braces. This
method is appropriate to use in describing a set that has only a small number of elements.
Examples:
1) Let 𝑀 be the set of months in the year that begins with letter 𝑀. We write,
𝑀 = {𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ, 𝑀𝑎𝑦}.
2) The set of all odd numbers less than 10 (You can name the set using any letter in the alphabet)
𝑂 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
3) For sets with infinitely many elements, show the first few elements to display a pattern and use an ellipsis to
indicate “and so on.”
Let 𝑁 be the set of natural numbers.
{𝑁 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }
 Set-builder notation: This is done by describing the common property of a set rather than listing its elements,
following the format: {x|x (description)}. This method is widely used for describing sets with infinitely many
elements.
Examples:
1) Let 𝑀 = {𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ, 𝑀𝑎𝑦}. In set-builder notation we write,
𝑀 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑀}.
This is read as “set 𝑀 is the set of all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 is a month in the year that begins with letter 𝑀.”
2) The set of all odd numbers less than 10
𝑂 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 10}
3) Let 𝑁 be the set of natural numbers.
𝑁 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟}
4) Write in set-builder notation: 𝐹 = {5, 10, 15, 20, … }
𝐹 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 5}
 Set 𝐴 is said to be a subset of 𝐵, written 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵, if all elements of 𝐴 are also elements of 𝐵. For example, the odd
numbers 3, 5, and 7 all belong to the set of whole numbers. Therefore, the odd numbers 3, 5, and 7 form a subset of the
set of whole numbers.
The number of subsets of a set is 𝟐𝒏 where 𝑛 is the number of elements in a given set. For example, 𝑂 = {3, 5, 7}. The
given set has three elements. To get the number of subsets use the formula 𝟐𝒏 . Therefore, 2𝑛 = 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 𝟖.
The subsets are: {3}, {5}, {7}, {3,5}, {3,7}, {5,7}, {3,5,7}, ∅ (remember that a null set is a subset of any set).
 Universal set (𝑼) - the set that contains all objects under consideration.
 Null set - an empty set, denoted by { } or the symbol ø. The null set is a subset of any set.
 Cardinality of sets - the number of elements in a given set. The number of elements in 𝐴 is written as 𝑛(𝐴).
Example: 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}
Solution: There are five elements in set 𝐴, therefore, 𝑛(𝐴) = 5.
 What’s More
1) Write in roster method: the set of vowels in the alphabet.
2) Write in set-builder notation: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, … }
3) Find the cardinality of the following sets:
a. 𝐸 = {2, 6, 8}
b. 𝐹 = {𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒, 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑎}
4) Determine the number of subsets in the given set and list down all of them.
𝐿 = {𝑒, 𝑓}

Lesson
2 Union and Intersection of Sets

What is it

 The union of two sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, written 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, is the set that contains those elements that belong to A,
B, or to both. Informally, 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is formed by putting all the elements of 𝐴 and 𝐵 together. The Venn
diagram below illustrates this definition.

Examples: Find the union of the given pairs of sets.

a) Given: 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑒}, 𝐵 = {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}
What is 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵?
Solution: Combine all the elements of the given sets. So, 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝒂, 𝒄, 𝒆, 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛}
b) Given: 𝑋 = {1,2,3}, 𝑌 = {3, 4,5,6}
𝑋 ∪ 𝑌 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔}
 The intersection of two sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, written 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, is the set that contains those elements that belong
to both 𝐴 and 𝐵. The illustrations below display 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵. Observe that two sets are disjoint if and only
if their intersection is an empty set.

Examples: Find the intersection of the two sets.

a) Given: 𝐴 = {4, 5, 6}, 𝐵 = {4, 8, 10}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = _______________
Solution: The common element of the two sets is 4. Therefore, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝟒}. The Venn diagram
below shows the intersection of sets A and B.

5 8
4
6 10
 b) Given: 𝐶 = {𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔}, 𝐷 = {3, 4}
𝐶 ∩ 𝐷 = ________
Solution: The Venn diagram below shows that sets 𝐶 and 𝐷 have no common element. They are
disjoint sets; their intersection is an empty set. Therefore, 𝐶 ∩ 𝐷 = ∅.

U
C D

3
e f
g 4

What’s More

Determine the elements of the required sets.

Let 𝐴 = {1, 2}, 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5}, 𝐶 = {2, 3, 5}.
1) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
2) 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶
3) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶

Lesson
3 Complement of a Set

What is it
 The complement of set 𝐴, written as 𝐴’, is the set of all elements found in the universal set, 𝑈, that
are not found in set 𝐴. This can be illustrated through the following Venn diagram:

Example: Determine the elements of the required sets.

1) Let 𝑈 = {𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛, 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒, 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑜, 𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑡}, 𝐴 = {𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒, 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛, 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤}
𝐴’ = _________
Solution: The elements of 𝐴’ are the elements from 𝑈 that are not found in 𝐴. The Venn diagram below
shows that the elements that are not in set A are red, orange, indigo, and violet. Therefore,
𝐴’ = {𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑜, 𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑡}.

U A

red orange
blue
green
indigo yellow
violet
2) Let 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, 𝐴 = {2, 4}, 𝐵 = {1, 5}.
a) 𝐴’ = __________
Solution: The elements of 𝐴’ are the elements from 𝑈 that are not found in 𝐴.
Therefore, 𝐴’ = {1, 3, 5}.
b) 𝐵’ = __________
Solution: The elements of 𝐵’ are the elements from 𝑈 that are not found in 𝐵.
Therefore, 𝐵’ = {2, 3, 4}.
c) 𝐴’ ∪ 𝐵’
Solution: 𝐴’ = {1, 3, 5} and 𝐵’ = {2, 3, 4}. Combine all the elements of the two sets.
Therefore, 𝐴’ ∪ 𝐵’ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = 𝑈.
d) 𝐴’ ∩ 𝐵’
Solution: 𝐴’ = {1, 3, 5} and 𝐵’ = {2, 3, 4}. The common element of the two sets is 3.
Therefore, 𝐴’ ∩ 𝐵’ = {3}.

What’s More

Exercise Determine the elements of the required sets.

Let 𝑈 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, 𝐶 = {5, 7, 9}, 𝐷 = {1, 5, 7, 9}.

1. 𝐶’ =
2. 𝐷’ =
3. 𝐶′ ∩ 𝐷’ =
 Assessment

Direction: Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.

1) What type of set is denoted by { } or ∅?

a. superset b. disjoint sets c. null set d. subset

2) Give the cardinality of the set of all days in a week beginning with letter 𝑇.

a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

3) What does the symbol ∩ represent in sets?

a. union b. intersection c. complement d. disjoint

4) What is the cardinality of the set of all vowels in the English alphabet?

a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7

5) What does the symbol ∪ represent in sets?

a. union b. intersection c. complement d. disjoint

6) If 𝐴 = {1,3,5,7,9} and 𝐵 = {2,3,5,7}, what is 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵?

a. {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9} b. {2,3,5,7} c. {2,3,5,7,9} d. {1,2,3,5,7,9}

7) If 𝐴 = {1,3,5,7,9} and 𝐵 = {2,3,5,7}, what is 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵?

a. {3,5,7} b. {2,3,5,7} c. {2,3,5,7,9} d. {1,2,3,5,7,9}

8) How many subsets does set 𝐴 = {𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒} have?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

9) If every element in set 𝐴 is also in set 𝐵, then ________________.

a. 𝐴 is a subset of 𝐵 c. 𝐴 = 𝐵

b. B is a subset of 𝐴 d. 𝐴 and 𝐵 are disjoint

10) Given the universal set 𝑈 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, 𝐴 = {1,3,5,7,9}, 𝐵 = {2,3,5,7}, what is 𝐴′?

a. {3,5,7} b. {2,3,5,7} c. {2,3,5,7,9} d. {2,4,6,8}

 Answer Sheet

Name: __________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: ________________ Score: _______

Quarter 1 - Module 1

Lesson 1
What’s More
1)
2)
3) a.
b.
4)

Lesson 2
What’s More
1)
2)
3)

Lesson 3
What’s More
1)
2)
3)

Assessment
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
 References

Jose S. Malate, Maybelle Gallardo-Fausto, Rowena Cruz-Reyes, Frelie B. Tan-

Faylogna, Lanilyn Lasic-Calamiong, Generoso B. Obaña. 2014.
Understanding Mathematics Grade 7. Manila: Vicarish Publication and
Trading, INC.
Soledad Jose-Dilao, Ed.D., Fernando B. Oriones, Julieta G. Bernarbe. 2004.
Geometry Workbook. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

DepEd. 2013. Mathematics Learner's Module 7. Pasig City: Department of Education.