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Private 5G Networks

Reference Document

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Private 5G Networks

Private 5G Networks

Reference Document

MPI0216-020-010 © Mpirical Limited, 2022 i

 Private 5G Networks

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First published by Mpirical Limited in 2019

© Mpirical Limited, 2022
All rights reserved. No part of this book or accompanying software may be reproduced or
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ii © Mpirical Limited, 2022 MPI0216-020-010

Private 5G Networks

Contents

Drivers for Private 5G Networks ............................................................................ 7

1.1 Limitations of Current Solutions .................................................................... 8
1.2 Advantages of 5G in Private Networks ......................................................... 9
1.3 Use Cases for Private 5G ........................................................................... 13
1.4 Challenges .................................................................................................. 14
Private 5G Spectrum Usage ............................................................................... 15
2.1 Spectrum Requirements ............................................................................. 15
2.2 Licensed Spectrum ..................................................................................... 16
2.3 Shared Spectrum ........................................................................................ 17
2.4 5G in Unlicensed Spectrum (NR-U) ............................................................ 18
Private 5G Deployment Models .......................................................................... 19
3.1 Standalone Non-Public Networks ............................................................... 20
3.2 Public Network Integrated Non-Public Networks ........................................ 21
Private 5G Use Case – Industry 4.0 .................................................................... 23
4.1 Communication Patterns ............................................................................. 24
4.2 Time Sensitive Networking .......................................................................... 26

Glossary ............................................................................................ 31

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Figures

Figure 1 5G Private Networks (5G Non Public Networks) ............................................ 7

Figure 2 Drivers for 5G as a Private Network Technology ............................................ 8

Figure 3 Limitations of Current Solutions ...................................................................... 8

Figure 4 Advantages of 5G in Private Networks ........................................................... 9

Figure 5 Flexible Numerology ..................................................................................... 10

Figure 6 Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication ................................................. 10

Figure 7 Improved Spectral Efficiency......................................................................... 11

Figure 8 Improved QoS ............................................................................................... 11

Figure 9 Network Slicing ............................................................................................. 11

Figure 10 Support for MEC ......................................................................................... 12

Figure 11 API Exposure ............................................................................................... 12

Figure 12 Private 5G Use Cases ................................................................................. 13

Figure 13 Challenges for Private 5G ........................................................................... 14

Figure 14 3GPP and Private 5G .................................................................................. 14

Figure 15 Private 5G Spectrum Usage ....................................................................... 15

Figure 16 5G Spectrum Usage .................................................................................... 15

Figure 17 Spectrum Requirements and Considerations for Private 5G ...................... 15

Figure 18 Licensed Spectrum Considerations ............................................................ 17

Figure 19 Shared Spectrum for Private Networks....................................................... 17

Figure 20 Spectrum Sharing Coordination .................................................................. 18

Figure 21 NR-LAA and NR-U ...................................................................................... 19

Figure 22 Asynchronous and Synchronous Shared Spectrum Usage ........................ 19

Figure 23 Private 5G Deployment Models .................................................................. 20

Figure 24 SNPN Deployment Architecture .................................................................. 20

Figure 25 SNPN Network Access................................................................................ 21

Figure 26 SNPN Access to Public Network Services .................................................. 21

Figure 27 Public Network Integrated NPN (RAN Sharing Model) ............................... 22

Figure 28 Public Network Integrated NPN (RAN and Core Sharing) .......................... 22

Figure 29 Public Network Integrated NPN (NPN Deployed in Public Network) .......... 23

Figure 30 Industry 4.0 and 5G ..................................................................................... 23

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Figure 31 Application Areas for Industry 4.0 ............................................................... 23

Figure 32 Industry 4.0 and Cyber Physical Control Applications ................................ 24

Figure 33 Communication Patterns ............................................................................. 24

Figure 34 Example Use Cases for Periodic Deterministic Communication ................ 25

Figure 35 5G Example Use Cases for Aperiodic Deterministic Communication ........ 26

Figure 36 5G Example Use Cases for Non-Deterministic Communication................. 26

Figure 37 Time Sensitive Networking .......................................................................... 27

Figure 38 5G Support for TSN .................................................................................... 28

Figure 39 Maintaining Timing Synchronization ........................................................... 29

Figure 40 5G Support for TSN – Architectural ............................................................ 29

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Drivers for Private 5G Networks

Private 5G is a generic term which describes the use of 5G technology within
a private network to serve the specific users related to a large variety of
different market verticals. The 3GPP describes these networks as “Non Public
Networks”, as outlined in Figure 1, and this terminology is also used by other
standards bodies such as 5G ACIA (5G Alliance for Connected Industries and
Automation).

Optional connectivity to other

Public Networks
networks (with strict security)

Control
Private 5G Network
(5G Non Public Network)
Provides 5G network services to a clearly defined
user organization or group of organizations

Characteristics
- Virtual and physical elements
- Several deployment models
- Controlled access for UEs
- Different solution providers

Figure 1 5G Private Networks (5G Non Public Networks)

The Private 5G Network has a number of key characteristics:

 Composition – the network can be comprised of a mixture of both
physical elements such as radio antennas, coupled with virtual
elements such as the functions required for core network control.
 Deployment – several deployment models exist, ranging from
completely standalone through to a fully managed solution.
 UE Control – the devices permitted to utilize the Private 5G network will
be strictly controlled. Of the devices that are permitted to access the
network, some will not be able to access other 5G networks whereas
others may be allowed. Moreover, those devices without permission to
access the Private 5G network should not attempt to access the
network at any point (even rejecting devices which are not allowed on
the network would take up resources, so unsolicited registration
attempts should be avoided altogether).
 Solution Provider – just because the network happens to be a 5G
network does not mandate that the solution provider should be a
“traditional” PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) provider. Indeed,
Private LTE networks have already been widely deployed around the
globe, often by infrastructure or “tower” companies with no association
to a PLMN.
Note that in Figure 1, the Private 5G network could potentially have
connectivity to other networks, which may be considered “Public” networks
such as a PLMN. In this case, security would be a key consideration, with
traffic entering and leaving the network very closely controlled.
At a high level, there are three key drivers which can be considered as
critical to the discussion of 5G’s suitability as a private network technology,
as outlined in Figure 2. Note that these considerations are quite general, in
that Wi-Fi could also potentially fulfil these requirements.

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Network Network
Network Control
Performance Coverage

Figure 2 Drivers for 5G as a Private Network Technology

 Network Performance – depending on the application and use case,
the performance requirements of the network could be quite stringent.
Relying on a technology such as Wi-Fi may not allow the network to hit
those performance targets. Moreover, relying on an existing network
such as Public LTE or even 5G could be costly for a guaranteed
service.
 Network Control – this is a crucial facet of private networks which can
be one of the main deployment motivators. Ultimately, the owner of the
private network will have full control over all aspects of that network,
including user groups, security and usage restrictions.
 Network Coverage – for guaranteed service levels, coverage is critical.
Relying on a public network as the network solution could be
problematic, particularly if the physical network needs to cover a rural
or inhospitable location (where public network coverage would not
typically be deployed to the same degree of coverage as urban).
Private LTE networks are already well established, so clearly the business
case for deploying a cellular technology within the private network space is in
place.

1.1 Limitations of Current Solutions

Today’s private networks, typically deployed using a LAN (Local Area
Network) technology such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, have got limitations
depending on the deployment use case. These limitations are outlined in
Figure 3.

Infrastructure Mobility Interference

Performance Positioning

Figure 3 Limitations of Current Solutions

 Infrastructure Limitations – wired networks, such as those deployed
over Ethernet, can be expensive to deploy in comparison to wireless
solutions (particularly if the installation is a retrofit). In addition, changes
to building layout have to consider the cabling infrastructure that is
already in place.
 Mobility – for use cases where mobility is a key factor, Ethernet based
deployments can be severely limited. Note that this does not just apply
to entities which may move around the network; machinery which is
static but has moving parts must also be considered.
 Interference – although Ethernet based private networks have very
good resilience to interference, Wi-Fi networks are limited by the fact
that they operate in the contested ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical)
band. As such, a variety of factors could cause interference which
could be particularly problematic for scenarios such as factory
automation or industrial control:
 Other Wi-Fi network in close proximity.

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 Personal hotspots.
 Other technology that operates in the ISM band e.g. Bluetooth.
 Performance – although Ethernet and Wi-Fi can provide very fast data
rates, the technologies are non-deterministic with respect to data
transfer. This means that providing services such as guaranteed
bandwidth and bounded latency is difficult to achieve without additional
technology deployed in the network, such as TSN (Time Sensitive
Networking) or Wi-Fi 6. For certain industrial applications which rely on
time-sensitive data transfer, deterministic networking is an essential
requirement.
 Positioning – for mobile scenarios where positioning a particular end
device is important e.g factory automation, Wi-Fi can lack the ability to
provide accurate enough positioning data.

1.2 Advantages of 5G in Private Networks

5G as a private networking solution brings with it the benefits that Private LTE
networks already provide, plus the additional enhancements that 5G supports.
Although deployment of a Private 5G network is not without its challenges, the
potential benefit to the end user may be significantly over and above the more
traditional private network solutions such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
Figure 4 outlines some of the key advantages that 5G can offer.

URLLC

Improved Spectral
Flexible Numerology
Efficiency

Advantages of 5G in
Private Networks
API Exposure Improved QoS

Support for MEC Network Slicing

Figure 4 Advantages of 5G in Private Networks

Flexible Numerology
Numerology relates to the operation of the 5G Air Interface, which utilizes a
technique termed CP-OFDM (Cyclic Prefix – Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing). In particular, the numerology value in use (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) will
dictate areas such as subcarrier spacing, number of slots per subframe and
slot length. Ultimately, this flexibility in having different numerology allows a
number of requirements such as latency, QoS and operation in specific
frequency ranges / channel sizes to be fulfilled.

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Flexible Numerology
CP-OFDM -
Subcarrier Spacing -
Number of slots per subframe –
Slot length -

gNB
Allows requirements/limitations associated
with QoS, latency, frequency ranges and
channel sizes to be addressed

Figure 5 Flexible Numerology

Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication

URLLC (Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication) has been one of the key
facets of 5G from the outset. In Release 15 of the 3GPP specifications (when
5G was introduced), basic support for URLLC was included but it was
identified by the 3GPP that for specific applications such as AR (Augmented
Reality), VR (Virtual Reality), factory automation, autonomous vehicles and
electrical power distribution, enhancements were required. Note that all of
these examples have the potential to be key requirements of a Private 5G
network.
Consequently, 3GPP Release 16 addresses these enhancements with
eURLLC (enhanced URLLC) to provide improved latency and reliability
characteristics, targeting reliability at 99.9999% and air interface latency
between 0.5 and 1ms. Note that these targets are influenced by many
different factors, which can make achieving them in some Private 5G
deployments difficult.

Enhanced Latency
Latency targets between 0.5
and 1ms

Private 5G Network

Release 16 enhanced URLLC

Enhanced Reliability
Ultra reliable 5G
Connections at 99.9999%
reliability

Figure 6 Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication

Improved Spectral Efficiency

Due to the antenna technology in use in 5G, namely Massive MIMO (Multiple
Input Multiple Output), radio coverage can be based on beams of RF energy
rather than the traditional omni-directional or sectored coverage. Each beam
can cover geographically separate areas to a relatively fine degree of
granularity, meaning that beams do not interfere with one another. This
provides a significant improvement on spectral efficiency, since each beam
can operate in the same frequency domain.

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Panel Style
Beamforming
Spectral Efficiency
Antenna
Each beam functions in the
same frequency domain but
remain spatially diverse from
other beams

Figure 7 Improved Spectral Efficiency

Note that Massive MIMO also supports mobility scenarios in that beams can
“follow” a mobile device to ensure the device remains in coverage.
Improved QoS
5G has similar QoS characteristics to LTE networks, although improvements
have been made in a number of areas. Figure 8 outlines a number of areas
related to how QoS can be defined for a 5G data connection.

QoS Flows
Each QoS Flow within a PDU Session can have
different QoS characteristics, including:
- Guaranteed or Non Guaranteed Bandwidth
- Delay Critical
- Packet Delay Budget (Latency)
- Packet Error Rate (Reliability)
- Traffic Handling Priority Control

5G Data Connection
“PDU Session”

Figure 8 Improved QoS

Network Slicing
Private 5G RAN Private 5G Core

System Timing Network Slice Instance

Designed for low latency, critical communication

Automation Network Slice Instance

Control signalling demanding low latency, high reliability

Sensor Network Slice Instance

Large numbers of connected devices, low data requirements and infrequent
network activity

Figure 9 Network Slicing

Network Slicing sees the physical Private 5G Network infrastructure divided

into completely separate, end to end instances of the network (termed
network slices). Although these network slices are logical in nature, devices
on separate network slices will essentially be considered to be on completely

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separate networks. Note that an individual device may actually be served by

multiple network slice instances if appropriate.
If the Private 5G Network is a service being provided by a 5G PLMN, it is
possible that the 5G PLMN service provider operates the Private 5G Network
as a network slice instance.
Support for MEC
MEC (Multi access Edge Computing) is based around the evolution of cloud
computing, whereby applications housed in centralized data centres are
essentially migrated to the network edge, closer to the end device. URLLC
applications in particular benefit from this approach, since the stringent targets
associated with latency and even bandwidth efficiency can realistically only be
met by MEC.
By opening up their Private 5G Network and particularly the RAN Edge to
authorized third parties, private networks can potentially unlock innovative
new features and services. A good example of this is AR within an engineering
environment, whereby the AR data servers can be positioned very close to the
user’s point of attachment to the Private 5G Network. As such, an engineer
using AR to inspect a piece of machinery or carry out routine maintenance
can do so with optimal latency and network efficiency for the associated AR
data. This concept is outlined in Figure 10.
AR servers hosted as
MEC
MEC resource Multi access Edge Computing
MEC deployments at the network
edge, particularly at the RAN
node, could significantly improve
latency and reduce overall end to
end traffic

MEC
Private 5G Core Network

Figure 10 Support for MEC

API Exposure

AF AF
3rd Party Services

Application Functions
and Applications

AF
Northbound
APIs

Network Exposure Function

Exposure of
Private 5G Network

Monitoring,
provisioning and Southbound APIs
policy control /
charging
capabilities 5G Core Network

Figure 11 API Exposure

Private 5G networks can exploit interactivity with 3rd party service providers
through API (Application Programming Interface) based exposure to the core
network. The NEF (Network Exposure Function) facilitates this process by

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providing a Northbound API to 3rd party services and applications, whilst

providing Southbound API interaction to the core network itself. This allows 3rd
party platforms to access core network capabilities associated with
monitoring, provisioning and policy control / charging.

1.3 Use Cases for Private 5G

Figure 12 outlines a selection of the use cases for Private 5G networks, with
Industry 4.0 standing out as one of the prominent use cases being heavily
explored (both from a commercial and standardization perspective). Some
analysts predict that by 2023, spending on Private LTE and 5G infrastructure
could exceed $8 billion.

Residential Mission Critical

Private 5G
Use Cases
Campus Industry 4.0

Enterprise Robotics
Military AR/VR
Transport High Capacity Sensors
Venues
Hospital AGV
University Automation

Figure 12 Private 5G Use Cases

 Residential – 5G FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)
does not have to be a technology solely deployed
by a traditional MSP (Mobile Service Provider). Bullet #
With the advent of Private LTE, other organizations
such as infrastructure companies, particularly in
areas of poor coverage, have provided in-fill
services to provide people with mobile broadband coverage.
 Mission Critical – the URLLC features of 5G,
coupled with 5G’s inherent security and the
capability to have full control of the network make Bullet #
Private 5G an attractive prospect for hosting
mission critical services and applications.
 Industry 4.0 – 5G is considered to be a key
enabler for the Industry 4.0 initiative, allowing
factories, warehouses and ports to benefit from Bullet #
5G coverage. Factory automation, including AGV
(Automated Guided Vehicles) are considered a
key area.
 High capacity venues – sports events, music
festivals and other examples of locations with high
Bullet #
densities of mobile users are a prime use case for
Private 5G. Coupled with MEC, Private 5G could
enable new ways to experience these events.

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 Campus – this is the catch-all for Private 5G use

cases, since it covers a myriad of different
deployment locations. Enterprise is a key Bullet #
example, with 5G outperforming Ethernet and Wi-
Fi in several areas.

1.4 Challenges
Although Private 5G Networks offer a number of key benefits, ensuring the
success of the technology is certainly not without its challenges (just as with
private network technologies that are already deployed such as Ethernet, Wi-
Fi and LTE). Figure 13 summarizes these challenges.

Possibly one of the main challenges

Spectrum What radio spectrum will the network utilize?
Licensed? Unlicensed? Shared?

High Initial Cost?

Cost Private 5G has the potential to be a significantly higher cost until
widespread adoption brings the price point down

Knowledge Acquisition or Outsourcing?

Technical
Compared to Ethernet and Wi-Fi, knowledge of the operation of 5G
Expertise
networks is largely limited to MSPs

Availability and Scope

Devices
5G device ecosystem is more limited than competing technologies

Cohesion or Separation?
Standardization Although the 3GPP define the 5G standards, many other bodies are
involved in Private 5G

Figure 13 Challenges for Private 5G

Private 5G Standardization
The 3GPP is the main standards body behind Private 5G, largely attributed to
the fact that they standardize 5G New Radio and the associated 5G Core
network. As such, the Release 15 and Release 16 specifications for 5G
contain a wealth of different features that can be adopted for Private 5G and
in some cases have been designed specifically for Private 5G.

Communications for Cyber Physical

5G LAN Automation in Control in Vertical
Verticals Domains

Enhancements to 5G
CIoT Enhancements Non Public Networks
Location Services

Vertical LAN NR Aspects for

eURLLC
Services Industrial IoT

NR MIMO
NR-U NR Mobility Aspects
Enhancements

Figure 14 3GPP and Private 5G

With respect to the 3GPP, Figure 14 outlines a number of areas which can
have a direct impact on Private 5G.

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Note that within the Private 5G ecosystem, the 3GPP are not the only
standards bodies. Work undertaken by other
standards bodies such as IEEE and ITU
also has a key role to play, as does the work
undertaken by industry related bodies such
as 5G ACIA (5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation).

Private 5G Spectrum Usage

Spectrum usage for Private 5G networks is quite a contentious area, with
mixed support for the different options that are available. However, all three of
the options outlined in Figure 15 are viable, albeit with each having their own
unique challenges and benefits.

Licensed Unlicensed
Shared Spectrum
Spectrum Spectrum

Figure 15 Private 5G Spectrum Usage

For background information, Figure 16 outlines the high-level spectrum

breakdown currently being used by 5G or being considered for future use.

Sub 1GHz offers 24-100GHz considered

wide area coverage mmWave, where large
but channel sizes blocks of contiguous
are limited spectrum are available

mmWave
Frequency
GHz
0 1 6 24 100

1-6GHz offers a Above 6GHz

good mixture of required to meet
coverage and ultra-high
capacity benefits broadband speeds

Figure 16 5G Spectrum Usage

2.1 Spectrum Requirements

Sufficient

Available Supported

Spectrum
Requirements and
Considerations for
Private 5G

Appropriate Stable

Interference Free

Figure 17 Spectrum Requirements and Considerations for Private 5G

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Before discussing the different options for spectrum usage, it is worth

identifying exactly which characteristics would be desirable in relation to
Private 5G. Figure 17 provides a high-level synopsis of the key
considerations.
 Available – although some spectrum bands are globally recognized,
such as the ISM bands, spectrum is generally regulated on a national
basis. This can lead to discrepancies from country to country. For
example, both LTE and 5G can be found operating in a variety of
different licensed bands globally, despite efforts by the ITU to
harmonize spectrum usage for these technologies. Consequently, a
key consideration is whether or not the desired band is actual available
for 5G operation in the first instance. Clearly, this must be a
consideration for both the owner of the Private 5G network and also the
equipment supplier.
 Sufficient – assuming the desired band is available for Private 5G
operation, is enough spectrum actually allocated to ensure that the 5G
service has the appropriate data rate and latency characteristics?
Limited channel sizes can also effect connection density (limiting the
number of devices that can realistically be supported in a given
geographical area) and also traffic capacity (limiting the data rate
available to a given device in a specific geographical area).
 Supported – for the devices that will be deployed on the radio side of
the network (namely the user devices and the gNBs), is the available
frequency band supported and has the device passed the appropriate
conformance tests that are required?
 Stable – what are the regulator’s plans for the available spectrum? Has
the spectrum been long-term reserved, giving the Private 5G network
operator the confidence to build long term plans?
 Interference Free – this consideration is closely related to the spectrum
option in use. For shared and unlicensed options, interference that
comes from neighbouring Private 5G deployments is obviously a critical
factor. Moreover, for certain verticals e.g. healthcare, the potential for
interference with other equipment must be minimal.
 Appropriate – since Private 5G networks can be applied to many
different verticals, consideration must be given to the propagation
characteristics of the RF channel being utilized. At mmWave
frequencies, walls and other obstacles such as shelving racks could
create major problems for signal penetration. This in turn could impact
device mobility, which could be problematic for verticals such as
transport and factory automation.

2.2 Licensed Spectrum

Generally speaking, licensed spectrum would be prohibitively expensive for
an individual owner of a Private 5G network to obtain. Therefore, there is only
one viable option that is realistic with respect to Private 5G networks utilizing
licensed spectrum; cooperation with an existing MSP.
This model first of all assumes that the MSP is willing to enter into an
agreement with a Private 5G network owner which would permit the Private
5G network to use the spectrum owned by the MSP. This in itself is
problematic, since the MSP needs to ensure that the Private 5G network is
not going to interfere with the MSP’s public 5G network. Assuming this is not
the case, the MSP must also consider whether Private 5G networks in close
geographical proximity which are both customers of the MSP run the risk of

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interfering with one another (this could be a realistic scenario on a business

park for example).

Cost Exclusive ownership is prohibitively expensive

Is the Mobile Service Provider / regulator willing to allow a Private 5G

Willingness
network to “lease” spectrum?

How does the MSP ensure that interference risk is minimal?

Technical
Applicable to the MSP’s public network as well as other Private 5G
Considerations
networks

Figure 18 Licensed Spectrum Considerations

Interestingly, the U.K. regulator OFCOM offers a “Local Access License”,

which allows private networks to utilize spectrum that has already been
licensed to a mobile service provider, but only in locations where that MSP is
not using their spectrum.

2.3 Shared Spectrum

USA
CBRS China Hong Kong Australia
6GHz, 57-71GHz, 5.9-7.1GHz 24.25-28.35GHz 24.25-28.35GHz
37-37.7GHz

Japan
Europe U.K.
28.2-28.3GHz Germany
6GHz 3.8-4.2GHz
4.6-4.8GHz 3.7-3.8GHz
26GHz 57-71GHz
28.3-29.1GHz

Netherlands
Finland Sweden 3.7-3.8GHz France
3.4-3.8GHz 3.7-3.8GHz 2.3-2.4GHz 2.6GHz
3.5GHz

Source: Qualcomm Report

Figure 19 Shared Spectrum for Private Networks

Use of shared spectrum for private networks is a growing phenomenon,

spurred on by success stories such as the use of CBRS (Citizens Broadband
Radio Service) spectrum in the U.S.A. for Private LTE deployment. With
Private 5G, use of shared spectrum continues to be an area of key interest,
with several countries allocating spectrum for shared use in private networks.
Figure 19 provides a snapshot of which countries are supporting the
reservation of spectrum for shared use, although it should be noted that this
list is regularly changing. It does however provide an indication for which
spectrum bands are being utilized.
Coordination of Shared Spectrum
Clearly, if shared spectrum is to become a successful solution for Private 5G,
it must still be controlled to a degree. This could involve coordination between
adjacent networks, which could be facilitated via a number of mechanisms,
such as those outlined in Figure 20.

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Figure 20 Spectrum Sharing Coordination

 Coordination via RAN or Core – this approach will see the two private
network exchanging signalling associated with spectrum usage
coordination. This signalling exchange could be via the RAN or Core
(although RAN would provide almost real-time coordination).
 Network Sharing (RAN or Core) – it is quite possible that the Core or
RAN infrastructure is actually shared by both private networks. This
approach would make spectrum coordination potentially easier.
 Spectrum Broker – both private networks may coordinate indirectly, via
a spectrum broker which would be responsible for mitigating potential
cross network interference.
 Uncoordinated – the simplest but riskiest approach, but may be viable
depending on the deployments.
Dedicating spectrum for shared use is a contentious issue within the industry.
For private network operators (particularly Industry 4.0), the proposition is
extremely attractive since it ensures reliable, controllable network
performance and also provides a degree of ownership which leasing spectrum
would not. Conversely, some MSPs fear that shared spectrum will create
fragmentation in both spectrum usage overall and deployment, citing that
shared spectrum has the potential to be a very inefficient way of utilizing a
precious resource.

2.4 5G in Unlicensed Spectrum (NR-U)

Operation of 5G with unlicensed spectrum is a 3GPP Release 16 feature
which allows 5G to operate in one of the current unlicensed bands (namely
the 5GHz band), in addition to additional unlicensed spectrum which may be
allocated by the regulator.
 This for example is being explored by the Federal Communication
Commission in the U.S.A. for the 6GHz band, releasing 1.2GHz of
additional spectrum. Note that this can be utilized by other technologies
such as Wi-Fi. Other countries around the world are now following suit
and also exploring the 6GHz band for unlicensed access.
As with LTE, two approaches to utilizing unlicensed spectrum are available:
 NR LAA (License Assisted Access) – with this approach, an NR LAA
cell will connect to a NR anchor cell which is operating in licensed
spectrum. This approach is beneficial to MSPs since it allows them to
augment their existing coverage based on licensed spectrum with
additional spectrum from the unlicensed band.

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Private 5G Networks

 NR-U (New Radio – Unlicensed) – this approach sees 5G operating

purely within unlicensed spectrum only, which is an attractive prospect
for Private 5G networks. That said, the problems associated with
shared licensed spectrum are compounded with this approach, since
many other devices and technologies other than 5G could be operating
in this band.

NR LAA
5G Data Connection

Allows an MSP to augment their licensed spectrum

gNB
based coverage with unlicensed spectrum
(Licensed)
gNB
(Unlicensed)

NR-U
5G Data Connection

gNB Attractive choice for Private LAN although could be

(Unlicensed) problematic

Figure 21 NR-LAA and NR-U

When 5G is operating in an unlicensed band, two modes of spectrum sharing

are possible – Asynchronous or Synchronous Shared Spectrum.
For Asynchronous Shared Spectrum, devices must follow the LBT (Listen
Before Talk) system which ensures that their transmission will not cause
interference with a transmission from a different device which is already using
the spectrum. For Private 5G scenarios which require URLLC performance,
the listening period could be problematic and hence asynchronous operation
may not be the best choice.
For Synchronous Shared Spectrum, performance of the network is more
predictable and hence more reliable. The problem with this approach is its
infancy; where asynchronous operation is well established, synchronous
operation is in its infancy. The challenge here is to ensure that a standard
approach can be agreed upon to ensure global interworking.

Employs LBT (Listen Before Talk) which mitigates transmission

Asynchronous
collisions but can be problematic for URLCC

Ensures networks utilize a common reference to prevent

Synchronous
collisions, but the technique is in its infancy

Figure 22 Asynchronous and Synchronous Shared Spectrum Usage

Private 5G Deployment Models

Private 5G networks, or NPN (Non-Public Networks) in the 3GPP’s parlance,
can be deployed based on two basic models:

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 Private 5G Networks

Public Network
Standalone NPN Integrated
NPN

Figure 23 Private 5G Deployment Models

By definition, NPNs do not provide 5G services to the general public; they are
designed to provide 5G service to a clearly defined user organization or group
of organizations.

3.1 Standalone Non-Public Networks

With the SNPN (Standalone NPN) approach, the 5G network is deployed on
an isolated, private basis, with no involvement from an MSP. The basic
architecture for this deployment is shown in Figure 24, which includes both
the Private 5G network in addition to a Public 5G network. Note that if the two
networks need to exchange data, it will be achieved via strict border security.

Control Plane
(SBA) Public 5G
Network

UPF

gNB

Private 5G Control Plane

Network (SBA)
Optional
UPF Connectivity

gNB

Figure 24 SNPN Deployment Architecture

Although the architecture depicted in Figure 24 is simplistic, it shows the basic

components required which include the 5G RAN elements, core network
control in the form of the 5G SBA (Service Based Architecture) and the user-
plane functionality in the guise of the UPF (User Plane Function).
As you would expect, the SNPN will operate in the same way as a regular 5G
network; the network will still require a PLMN ID (although it does not
necessarily have to be unique), devices are configured with a SUPI
(Subscription Permanent ID) and procedures such as registration, PDU
(Protocol Data Unit) session establishment and handovers will be conducted
in the normal fashion.
There are however some subtle differences. For example, with respect to
network access, devices must be configured to operate in SNPN Access
Mode before they will consider the SNPN as a viable 5G network. Moreover,
along with its PLMN ID, the SNPN will also have a NID (Network Identifier),
which may or may not be unique depending on the allocation method (locally
allocated or from a universally managed repository). Therefore, a device with
SNPN Access Mode activated will look in system broadcasts for a
combination of a PLMN ID and NID to identify the fact that the 5G network in
question is actually an SNPN. Only then will it attempt to register with that
network, if appropriate.

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Private 5G Networks

Broadcast System Information

Includes the PLMN ID and NID
to identify the SNPN

Device Configuration
Must be set to SNPN Access Private 5G Network
Mode before it will consider gNB
using an SNPN

Figure 25 SNPN Network Access

Should users of the SNPN require access to services that are provided by the
Public 5G network, the Untrusted Non-3GPP Access model is used (despite
the fact that the private network is actually 3GPP). This is shown in Figure 26,
whereby a device on the SNPN uses an IPSec tunnel(s) to connect to the
Public 5G network. With this approach, the SNPN is providing an IP data
connection for the IPSec tunnel. However, if QoS is to be upheld, an SLA
would need to be in place to ensure that traffic exchanged between the
private and public network is appropriately marked.

QoS Support
Traffic exchanged between
networks must be appropriately Public Network
marked to ensure QoS is upheld Services

Private 5G Network Public 5G Network

N3IWF
IPSec Security Association

IPSec Security Association

One or more IPSec tunnels will
be in place to support data
transfer to the Public 5G network

Figure 26 SNPN Access to Public Network Services

3.2 Public Network Integrated Non-Public Networks

With the Public Network Integrated NPN (Non-Public Network) approach, this
sees an MSP directly supporting the Private 5G network and may include the
private network instantiated as a network slice. Several architectural
approaches exist, which range in technical complexity.
Figure 27 outlines the first scenario, which is centred around RAN Sharing (a
standard 3GPP offering). In this scenario, the Private 5G network will share
part of the Public 5G network’s RAN infrastructure. The NPN will still operate
its own core control network, and may deploy additional RAN resources which
are not shared.

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 Private 5G Networks

Control Plane
RAN Sharing (SBA) Public 5G
NPN retains core control Network
and user plane but shares
RAN resources with the UPF
Public 5G network

gNB
Control Plane
(SBA)
Private 5G
Network
UPF
Private 5G
gNB Network
Services

Figure 27 Public Network Integrated NPN (RAN Sharing Model)

The second scenario focuses on both RAN and Core Sharing, with the RAN
and Core elements both managed by the Public 5G network. As such, the
NPN only handles user plane connectivity.

Control Plane
RAN and Core Sharing (SBA) Public 5G
NPN retains user plane Network
access to NPN services
but shares RAN and core UPF
resources with the Public
5G network

gNB

Private 5G
Network
UPF
Private 5G
Network
Services

Figure 28 Public Network Integrated NPN (RAN and Core Sharing)

The third scenario outlined in Figure 29 depicts a complete outsourcing of the

network, whereby devices on the private network utilize the Public 5G network
RAN. Moreover, all data exchanged between the devices and the network is
handled by the public network which will have links to the services hosted in
the Private 5G network. This model would benefit from an MEC approach in
which the UPF would be collocated with the gNB, ensuring that latency
between devices and the services hosted in the NPN is minimized.

22 © Mpirical Limited, 2022 MPI0216-020-010

Private 5G Networks

Control Plane
NGN Deployed in (SBA) Public 5G
Public Network Network
NPN is hosted by the
Public network in its UPF
entirety, possibly as a
network slice
UPF

gNB
MEC
Private 5G
Network Private 5G
Network
Services

Figure 29 Public Network Integrated NPN (NPN Deployed in Public Network)

Private 5G Use Case – Industry 4.0

On the whole, the global manufacturing industry is seeing a fundamental
change as it progresses towards the fourth industrial revolution or “Industry
4.0”. 5G is considered to be a potential key enabler, since many of the facets
of Industry 4.0 such as flexibility, versatility, resource efficiency, cost efficiency
and logistics can directly or indirectly be facilitated by Private 5G.

Resource
Flexibility Versatility
Efficiency

Cost Efficiency Logistics

Figure 30 Industry 4.0 and 5G

Application areas for Industry 4.0 are varied. Each of the areas outlined in
Figure 31 will place different demands on the Private 5G networks deployed
to support them.

Process Automation

Human Machine
Factory Automation Interfaces
Application Areas for (Production IT)
Industry 4.0

Monitoring and Logistics and

Maintenance Warehousing

Figure 31 Application Areas for Industry 4.0

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 Private 5G Networks

Cyber Physical Production Systems

Cyber-physical production systems, which contribute to many Industry 4.0 use
cases are one of the key areas of focus. These systems relate to engineered,
interacting networks of physical and computational components. The
computational components which are responsible for controlling the physical
components must have a communication channel which is extremely reliable
and often has very low latency. Both these aspects can be provided by the
URLLC services of 5G.
As Figure 32 shows, 5G provides a Communication Service between the
computational component and the physical component, with each using a
CSIF (Communication Service Interface) for interfacing with the 5G network.
The requirements placed on that 5G network are dependent on the use case.
Factors such as the control mechanism (Open-loop, Closed-loop, Sequence
or Batch Control) in addition to the communication attributes (periodicity and
determinism) must be considered.

Cyber Physical
Control Process

Distributed Distributed
Automation Automation
Application Application
CSIF 5G System CSIF

Communication Service

Control Mechanism Determinism

Open-loop, Closed- Periodicity Bounded by a
loop, Sequence or Periodic or Aperiodic threshold for latency/
Batch Control transmission time

Figure 32 Industry 4.0 and Cyber Physical Control Applications

4.1 Communication Patterns

Due to the large number of different applications utilized in a given vertical,
modelling for the 5G Private network must factor in all the possible
communication patterns in use. Three patterns have been defined, which are
each explored in greater detail.

Periodic Aperiodic Non

Deterministic Deterministic Deterministic
Communication Communication Communication

Figure 33 Communication Patterns

Note that the examples of use cases shown in Figure 34, Figure 35 and
Figure 36 feature repeat areas; this is due to the fact that within a use case
scenario such as mobile robots, there is scope to utilize multiple
communication patterns depending on the activity.
Periodic Deterministic Communication
With periodic communication, the communication service needs to support a
regularly occurring transmission interval which may be related to the
exchange of positioning data or repeated monitoring of a characteristic such

24 © Mpirical Limited, 2022 MPI0216-020-010

Private 5G Networks

as temperature or weight. Generally, the periodic intervals will be short and

continuous, at least until a stop command ceases the transmissions.
Due to the time factor involved in periodic communication, the communication
service must also be deterministic; there is a regularly occurring set time
interval in which the transmission must be successfully delivered. This in turn
means there must be a high degree of reliability that the 5G communication
service provides.
Figure 34 outlines a selection of use cases for periodic deterministic
communication, including their requirements from the 5G System.

Service Mean Time End to Number of

Service
Availability Between End UE Speed Supported
(%) Area
Failures Latency UEs
Motion 99.999 to 50m x 10m
~ 10 years ~ 500 µs ≤ 72 km/h ≤ 20
Control 99.999999 x 10m

Mobile Robots > 99.9999 ~ 10 years 1 ms ≤ 50 km/h ≤ 100 ≤ 1 km2

Mobile Control 99.9999 to 50m x 10m

~ 1 month 4 – 8 ms < 8 km/h TBD
Panels 99.999999 x 4m

Figure 34 Example Use Cases for Periodic Deterministic Communication

 Motion Control – these systems are responsible for controlling moving /
rotating parts of machines in a precise manner e.g. printing machines,
machine tools or packaging machines. Nearly all examples of motion
control require periodic deterministic communication patterns. Figure
34 shows the most stringent requirements for motion control.
 Mobile Robots – designed to fulfil a large variety of tasks, a mobile
robot essentially is a programmable machine able to execute multiple
operations. Figure 34 shows the requirements related to a mobile robot
application that relates to precise cooperative robotic motion control.
 Mobile Control Panels – these support the interaction between people
and production machinery that is inevitably required for tasks such as
configuration, debugging, monitoring and control. Figure 34 shows the
requirements for mobile control panels used for bidirectional
communication for remote control, such as control of an assembly
robot.
Aperiodic Deterministic Communication
Aperiodic communication tends to be on a more irregular, event driven basis
such as temperature or pressure falling above or below a set threshold, failed
components or flags for maintenance requirements. Typically, event-based
transmissions receive a confirmation, particularly in the case of an alarm.
Since the delay between transmission and subsequent receipt of a message
needs to be within set bounds (and potentially also the subsequent
acknowledgement), aperiodic transmission tends also to be deterministic.
Figure 35 outlines some example use cases for aperiodic deterministic
communication.

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 Private 5G Networks

Service Mean Time End to Number of

Service
Availability Between End UE Speed Supported
(%)
Area
Failures Latency UEs

Mobile Robots > 99.9999 ~ 1 week 10 ms ≤ 50 km/h ≤ 100 ≤ 1 km2

Mobile Control 99.9999 to

~ 1 month < 30 ms < 7.2 km/h TBD TBD
Panels 99.999999

Augmented 20m x 20m

99.9 ~ 1 month < 10 ms ≤ 8 km/h TBD
Reality x 4m

Figure 35 5G Example Use Cases for Aperiodic Deterministic Communication

With reference to Figure 35:

 Mobile Robots – these requirements relate to robots which have the
ability to stream video.
 Mobile Control Panels – this compliments the periodic deterministic
communication for remote control; essentially an aperiodic control
channel running in parallel.
 Augmented Reality – these requirements related to bidirectional
message transmission between an AR device e.g. data glasses to an
image processing server.
Non-Deterministic Communication
Non-deterministic communication addresses all other communication types
that cannot be categorised as periodic or aperiodic. Essentially, if the
communication transmissions are not bound by a particular timeliness or
latency requirement, they can be considered to be non-deterministic
communication.
Figure 36 outlines some example use cases for non-deterministic
communication.

Mean Time User Number of

Service
Between Experienced UE Speed Supported
Area
Failures Data Rate UEs
Motion 50m x 10m
~ 1 month ≥ 1Mbps ≤ 75 km/h ≤ 100
Control x 10m

Mobile Robots ~ 1 week ≥ 10Mbps ≤ 50 km/h ≤ 100 ≤ 1 km2

Figure 36 5G Example Use Cases for Non-Deterministic Communication

With reference to Figure 36:

 Motion Control – this relates to the requirements on the 5G System to
support software updates.
 Mobile Robots – these requirements relate to the ability of robots to
stream real-time video.

4.2 Time Sensitive Networking

TSN (Time Sensitive Networking) is an IEEE specification 1 which can be
deployed in industry to provide deterministic message transfer over an
Ethernet data network. TSN relies on a centrally managed system which
coordinates scheduling across all of the connected applications and

1
IEEE 802.1Qcc-2018 - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Bridges and Bridged
Networks -- Amendment 31: Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) Enhancements and Performance
Improvements

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Private 5G Networks

processes within the system to ensure that messages are delivered with the
appropriate latency and within the correct timeframe.
Before TSN, Ethernet did not have deterministic message transfer, due to the
fact that IT systems rarely needed it. However, for industries such as
aerospace, automotive, manufacturing, transportation and utilities, having the
ability to transfer a message from A to B in a fixed and predicable amount of
time is critical, particularly for use cases such as mobile control panels and
motion control. Therefore, TSN provides a way for the Ethernet transport
network to ensure the timely delivery of messages.
For applications which require deterministic message delivery with minimal
jitter, a reservation mechanism takes place between the application and the
network. As such, the deterministic message traffic can take priority through
the network, whilst other not critical messages will be sent as and when
resources are available. Essentially, TSN Ethernet frames are transmitted on
a schedule, whilst non-TSN Ethernet frames are transmitted on a best effort
basis around the TSN frames.
To achieve this, time coordination is critical. Figure 37 shows how a TSN
deployment uses IEEE 802.1AS for time synchronization, which is a profile of
PTP (Precision Time Protocol). All TSN network elements must be compliant
with 802.1AS to ensure that they all share the same concept of time within a
given TSN deployment and hence can comply with the scheduling of
transmissions. A Grandmaster clock is positioned in the system to provide a
stable, accurate and common timing reference for PTP.

Application Specific CUC User to Network

Configuration Protocol Configuration Information
Allows the TSN End Device Provides the CNC with TSN
to provide TSN Flow Flow requirements
requirements and
configuration parameters Bridge Configuration
Network Management of
IEEE 802.1AS GM CNC TSN functions and
Precision Time parameters
Protocol

Bridge Bridge

TSN Flow
Controller Actuator
(TSN End Device) (TSN End Device)

Figure 37 Time Sensitive Networking

The key elements of a TSN deployment include:

 TSN Flow – this is the term used to describe the logical transmission
path which requires time-critical communication between two end
devices. TSN Flows are uniquely identified by the network devices,
whose job it is to honour the strict timing requirements of the flow.
 TSN End Device – also referred to as “Talkers” and “Listeners”, the
TSN End Devices are the source and destination of the TSN Flow
which require deterministic message transfer.
 TSN Bridge – this is the term given to an Ethernet switch which
supports TSN, whose role it is to transmit and receive Ethernet frames
in accordance with a strict timing schedule.
 CNC (Central Network Controller) – this defines the schedule upon
which all TSN Frames are transmitted. In particular, the CNC

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 Private 5G Networks

processes the communication requirements that the TSN network must

provide and provisions each Bridge with the appropriate message
handling characteristics.
 CUC (Centralized User Configuration) – this is a control application
which allows the TSN End Devices to communicate their requirements
with the network. End devices will request deterministic communication
(a TSN Flow) with specific requirements to the CUC, which in turn will
communicate with the CNC for reservation.

5G Support for TSN

As Figure 38 shows, when 5G is used to support TSN the 5GS (5G System)
as a whole is considered to be a TSN Bridge, whereby the inner workings of
the 5GS are not exposed to the TSN Domain. As such, the 5G System must
function as an IEEE 802.1AS (PTP) compliant entity and be synchronized to
the rest of the TSN in which it is deployed (it is considered to be a “time aware
system”). To achieve this, TTs (TSN Translator) are deployed at the edge of
the network, both on the UE side and the UPF side; these are termed the DS-
TT (Device Side TSN Translator) and the NW-TT (Network TSN Translator)
respectively.
When the 5GS is required to support a TSN Flow, a PDU Session will be put
in place with specific QoS characteristics which meet the requirements of the
traffic flow. In particular, a QoS Flow within the PDU Session will be set up as
a Delay Critical GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) bearer.

5G Service Based
Architecture
(Core Control)

Data Side TSN Network TSN

Translator UE UPF Translator
DS-TT NW-TT
gNB

5G PDU Session
(Delay Critical GBR QoS Flow)

Controller Actuator
(TSN End Device) TSN Flow (TSN End Device)

Figure 38 5G Support for TSN

Figure 39 actually identifies two timing mechanisms which will be in operation:

 For NG-RAN synchronization, a 5GS Grandmaster clock is used as
reference. The UE, gNB, UPF and TTs will all use this clock to maintain
synchronization with one another.
 For TSN domain synchronization, a Grandmaster clock located in the
TSN Domain is utilized.

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Private 5G Networks

TSN Bridge
5GS GM 5G SBA
TSN GM

UE UPF
gNB
TSN Domain DS-TT NW-TT TSN Domain

Figure 39 Maintaining Timing Synchronization

To maintain TSN synchronization, the 5GS will alter the synchronization

packets that are passed across the TSN domain to factor in the “residence
time” between the TTs in the 5GS. Specifically, when a UPF receives a PTP
message from the TSN Domain, it will use a PDU Session to send this
message to the UE, which in turn will send it to the DS-TT. Before the DS-TT
sends the message to the TSN End Device (or another TSN Bridge), it will
modify the egress PTP message to include the calculated residence time,
which is the time taken for the packet to traverse the 5GS from ingress (NW-
TT) to egress (DS-TT). As such, the accuracy of the timing information being
distributed by PTP is maintained.
Figure 40 shows a more architectural view of the network, outlining how the
TSN Domain specifically integrates with the 5GS. PDU Sessions and
associated QoS Flows will be established as a result of a TSN AF (Application
Function), also termed an AF TSN Translator, communicating with the 5G
Core via either the PCF (Policy Control Function) or the NEF (Network
Exposure Function).
The TSN AF will provide information to the 5G such as source and destination
MAC addressing for TSN Flow traffic, traffic QoS class and ingress / egress
port IDs for the NW-TT and VLAN ID.

TSN Bridge UDM NEF

TSN TT AF
AMF SMF PCF

CNC

UE UPF
gNB
TSN Domain DS-TT NW-TT TSN Domain

Figure 40 5G Support for TSN – Architectural

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 Private 5G Networks
5G ACIA (5G Alliance for Connected
Industries and Automation)
5GS (5G System)
AF (Application Function)
API (Application Programming Interface)
AR (Augmented Reality)
CNC (Central Network Controller)
CP-OFDM (Cyclic Prefix – Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing)
CUC (Centralized User Configuration)
eURLLC (enhanced URLLC)
GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate)
ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical)
LAA (License Assisted Access)
MEC (Multi access Edge Computing)
MSP (Mobile Service Provider)
MPI0216-020-010 © Mpirical Limited, 2022
Glossary
NEF (Network Exposure Function)
NPN (Non-Public Network)
NR-U (New Radio – Unlicensed)
PCF (Policy Control Function)
PDU (Protocol Data Unit)
PTP (Precision Time Protocol)
SBA (Service Based Architecture)
SNPN (Standalone NPN)
SUPI (Subscription Permanent ID)
TSN (Time Sensitive Networking)
TT (TSN Translator)
UPF (User Plane Function)
URLLC (Ultra Reliable Low Latency
Communication)
VR (Virtual Reality)
31
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