• endangerment of groups such as those living near
THE CONTEMPORARY the seas and ocean and indigenous
WORLD
CONTEMPORARY EVENTS
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE
(IPCC)
A new United Nations report on global warming
predicts worsening climate disasters in the next
decade.
It’s a code red for humanity:
The earth is in a danger zone.
IPCC - is an intergovernmental body of the United
Nations responsible for advancing knowledge on
human-induced climate change.
In the 3,000-page report, more than 200 scientists
identify warming as responsible for sea-level rise and
more extreme weather events. Human activity is
changing the climate in unprecedented and
sometimes irreversible ways.
Considered as the lungs of our planet, the Amazon has
been experiencing damaging fires.
The same is true in other parts of the world like
Indonesia where forests are burning to provide
farmers with land to plant palm trees.
Even developed countries like the Unite States of
America and Australia are not spared of forest fire.
The tragedies caused by these fires are not just for
wildlife such as plants and animals but also for human
survival.
Ravaging typhoons, the Philippines is considered as
one of the major countries in the world that will be
affected by climate change.
DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, THE PHILIPPINES
• will experience annual losses in GDP,
• pattern and distribution of rainfall,
• droughts,
• threats to biodiversity and
• food security,
• rise in sea level,
• public health risks, and
Human activities like burning fossil fuels, cutting down
rainforests, and farming livestock are causing climate
change, and the earth’s temperature is rising to the
point of increasing the greenhouse effect and global
warming.
Humans, considered as the protectors of animals are
now endangering them due to the desire for
development at the expense of destroying the
environment and other living things on the planet.
The rising sea level is endangering major cities of the
world. Jakarta is one of the fastest sinking cities in the
world due to the rising sea level and over-extraction
of groundwater.
Other sinking cities are Logos, Nigeria;
• Houston, Texas;
• Dhaka, Bangladesh;
• Venice Italy;
• Virginia Beach, Virginia;
• Bangkok, Thailand;
• New Orleans, Louisiana;
• Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
• Alexandria, Egypt;
• Miami, Florida and more.
Some cities are sinking due to increasing sea levels
slowly encroaching on their coasts, while others are
sinking because of excessive groundwater pumping
that creates a change in pressure and volume causing
land to sink.
Among the most vulnerable cities that are projected
to be inundated due to rising sea level is the City of
Manila. According to Greenpeace East Asia, it will be
submerged in seawater and coastal flood by 2030
should extreme sea level rise and subsequent storm
surge occur. Its highly populated residential,
industrial, and commercial areas are projected to
have a GDP loss of US$39 billion. Manila Bay seawater
is rising 13.24 millimeters per year. Metro Manila is
sinking by 10 centimeters annually due to rapid
urbanization and extraction of groundwater.
CIVIL UNREST.
Civil unrest is now happening throughout the whole
world. Primarily caused by differing convictions
whether political, religious or by other chains of
events, civil unrest is one of the major problems that
has always been part of our news on the radio or
television.
Drug addiction is another social problem that has
been troubling our societies today.
DRUG ADDICTION is considered by some as a disease
of the body and brain. Factors that may contribute to
it are family history, mental health problems, social
pressure, lack of family support or involvement of use
of drugs that are highly addictive, peer pressure, and
others.
Drug addiction destroys lives and can permanently
stop an individual’s potential to be an effective
member of society. It is a major problem that the
world has been trying to overcome and so far, failed.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM is a major concern and
perhaps the main consequence we have to pay in
living the life that we are enjoying today.
To name a few, we are now suffering from the effect
of air pollution,
water pollution, soil pollution even noise pollution as
we live our daily life. Pollution emitting from vehicles
including trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes cause an
immense amount of pollution.
Other countries, such as India and China, schools were
closed due to air pollution that directly threatens the
health of their citizens. Scientists have found out that
air pollution affects the cognitive intelligence of a
human. A price that we are paying to enjoy the luxury
of our modern lifestyle.
EPIDEMIC.
Perhaps the deadliest experience of mankind is the
rising of an epidemic. Ebola Virus in Africa has killed
thousands of people and is continuously ravaging in
some countries. Highly contagious, it has frightened
the whole world recently.
The world is now fighting another invisible enemy,
COVID-19. Its effect has been so deadly that countries
throughout the whole world are now in a race to
provide vaccines for their people. COVID-19 does not
just kill people in its track but paralyzes economic and
human activities.
Human has been fighting. It seems that history did not
teach us a lesson. Different ideologies and convictions
make us at war with one another never minding the
consequences it may bring to individuals or families
even nations.
TERRORISM
The United States of America is the leading country in
the world known to fight terrorism. Considered as the
victor of the 2nd World War, America has continued
to battle terrorism and had also been a victim during
the September 11 attacked where a series of
coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist
group al-Qaeda shocked the nation.
Our planet can only support a limited number of
occupants. Overpopulation is an undesirable condition
where the number of the existing human population
exceeds the carrying capacity of Earth.
OVERPOPULATION is caused by a number of factors,
reduced mortality rate, better medical facilities, and
others. This led to increase demand for resources,
starvation, and malnutrition, consumption of natural
resources faster than the rate of regeneration.
GLOBALIZATION
•Globalization is that process which accelerates
the flow and exchange of products and services,
capital, technology, information, jobs etc. across
the globe.
•It does not just encourage but also improves the
interaction amidst different countries and
audiences around the world. It has transformed
the world economy into a more open and
autonomous system.
• People can be connected by experiencing the
same thing.
• It may be in the form of personal experiences in
food or by using communication through the use
of the internet.
• Through the years, people around the world
have become connected by having the same
experiences.
Globalization is not limited to daily consumption
and communication.
• Globalization can also be experienced in sports,
music, movies, fashion, and in almost everything
we see and do. Just look around you and you will
know that most of the things you value are
products of internationalization that promote
globalization. Your phones, laptops, shoes, bags,
pants and shirts, perfumes, and others are most
likely imported or imitations of imported.
We can therefore say that globalization is an
interaction of people primarily on the economic
process as well as social and cultural aspects.
The need to get connected from one place to
another as a result of migration resulted in the
development of modern technology in
communication. This then resulted in not just the
transfer of words but of ideas and culture such as
what we are experiencing today. Sushi, noodles,
hamburger, pizza, basketball, soccer, internet
games such as Mobile Legends or Dota 2 and so
much more are the offshoots. Our everyday life
becomes embedded in a world’s culture that goes
beyond our traditional life. The world is acquiring
collective identities and becoming intricately
connected.
Globalization can have different meanings to
different people.
• For religious people, globalization can be
defined as the proclamation and inculcation of
their faith to other parts of the world.
• To an academician, it means educating people
by teaching them not just to read and write but
to adapt to the ever-changing technology.
• To an environmentalist, it means
communicating environmental awareness to all
the corners of the world to preserve natural
resources and biodiversity.
• To a politician, it means convincing other states
or countries to embrace the same political views
and promote common agendas.
• To a capitalist, it means expanding their market
throughout the globe as an economic actor
seeking profit in the global market.
• Indeed, globalization can be defined in multiple
ways depending on what aspect you would like to
explore.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
 Economic
 Military
 Cultural
 Ecological
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
• Economic globalization is the intensification and
stretching of economic interrelations around the
globe.
• It encompasses such things as the emergence of a
new global economic order, the internationalization of
trade and finance, the changing power of
transnational corporations, and the enhanced role of
international economic institutions.
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
• Political globalization is the intensification and
expansion of political interrelations around the globe.
• Aspects of political globalization include the
modern-nation state system and its changing place in
today's world, the role of global governance, and the
direction of our global political systems.
MILITARY GLOBALIZATION
• Military globalization, as a subdomain of political
globalization, is defined as the intensification and
stretching of military power across the globe through
various means of military power (nuclear military
weapons, radiation weapons simply weapon of mass
destruction).
• This form of globalization occurs across offensive
and defensive uses of power and survival in the
international field.
• Beyond states, global organizations such as the
United Nations also extend military means globally
through the support given by both Global North and
South countries.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
•The U.S. has 2.2 million people in its military services,
with 1.4 million of those in active service.
•America has 6,100 tanks at its disposal—far less than
Russia—but has, by far, the largest defense budget in
the world, an eye-watering $740 billion.
RUSSIA
• Russia comes in second on the list. It has a total of
3.5 million people in its military, about 1 million of
which are in active service.
• Russia has access to an incredible 13,000 tanks and
a defense budget of $42 billion.
CHINA
• China has 3.4 million people in its military with 2.1
million of those being in active service. It's worth
noting that that large number is only 0.2 percent of its
total population.
•Even so, China has 3,205 tanks at its disposal and a
defense budget of $178 billion.
INDIA
• The Indian military involves 5.1 million people, with
1.4 million in active service. Although, it should be
noted that its total military size is only 0.4 percent of
its total population.
•India has 4,730 tanks and has an incredible defense
budget of $73.6 billion.
JAPAN
•Japan makes it into the top 5.
• The nation has 319,000 people in its military,
250,000 of which are in active service.
•Japan has 1,004 tanks at its disposal and a budget of
$51.7 billion.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
• Cultural globalization is the intensification and
expansion of cultural flows across the globe.
• Culture is a very broad concept and has many facets,
but in the discussion on globalization, Steger means it
to refer to “the symbolic construction, articulation,
and dissemination of meaning.” Topics under this
heading include discussion about the development of
a global culture, or lack thereof, the role of the media
in shaping our identities and desires, and the
globalization of languages.
ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
Topics of ecological globalization include population
growth, access to food, worldwide reduction in
biodiversity, the gap between rich and poor as well as
between the global North and global South, human-
induced climate change, and global environmental
degradation.
IDEOLOGIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization operates on a cross-cutting "ideological
dimension" filled with a range of norms, claims,
beliefs, and narratives about the phenomenon itself.
According to Steger, there are three main types of
globalism’s (ideologies that endow the concept of
globalization with particular values and meanings):
market globalism, justice globalism, and religious
globalism’s.
MARKET GLOBALISM seeks to endow ‘globalization’
with free-market norms and neoliberal meanings.
favoring policies that promote free-market capitalism,
deregulation, and reduction in government spending.
JUSTICE GLOBALISM constructs an alternative vision
of globalization based on egalitarian ideals of global
solidarity and distributive justice. relating to or
believing in the principle that all people are equal and
deserve equal rights and opportunities.
RELIGIOUS GLOBALISM struggle against both market
globalism and justice globalism as they seek to
mobilize religious values and beliefs that are thought
to be under severe attack by the forces of secularism
and consumerism.
The Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World
Affairs is an academic research center at Georgetown
University in Washington, DC dedicated to the
interdisciplinary study of religion, ethics, and politics.
The center was founded in 2006 under a gift from
William R. Berkley, a member of Georgetown's Board
of Directors.
• The World System Theory is a perspective that
globalization is simply the expansion of the capitalist
system.
• This started in the 16th century when European
traders started their connections in Africa, Asia, and
the Americas.
• This theory shows the dependency of core, semi-
periphery, and periphery countries.
• Its main focus is capital accumulation by competing
firms that may go through a cycle of growth and
decline. The main issue here is that the world has core
countries, semi-periphery countries, and periphery
countries.
• The core countries' main purpose in the diagram is
to show that they are the sources of high-profit goods.
These are the branded goods that are normally
available in richer countries. In return, the Periphery
or poorer countries are the suppliers of labor and raw
materials.
• A crocodile skin therefore from poorer countries can
be exported and transformed by richer countries into
branded bags that can be sold to thousands of dollars
later in the same countries where they get the
cheaper raw materials. Normally the process of
transforming the raw materials to high-profit goods
requires human labor that at the same time is
supplied by periphery countries.
• According to World System Theory Core Nations or
Countries have a high income, industrialized, control
global markets, have a skilled labor force, and need
labor and natural resources from the periphery and
semi-periphery nations.
• Semi-periphery nations are middle income,
industrializing, mostly capitalist, share characteristics
of the core and periphery countries, and moving
toward becoming core nations.
• Periphery Nations are low income, less-skilled labor
force, export labor force, and natural resources and
need investment from other countries.
• Under World System Theory Periphery Nations will
find it hard to catch up with core nations as each
group continues to develop. Therefore, the
characteristics of the core countries in the 80s
attained by periphery nations in the 90s will not be
enough to catch up as the core countries have evolved
in a more advanced state.
Negative aspect:
• The tendency of the core countries to exploit the
resources of the periphery countries. As the resources
of the periphery countries waned, their economic
condition will get worst. Some of the natural
resources that are usually suffering in this kind of
dependency are the mining of ore, gold, diamond, and
other precious metal. This also includes but is not
limited to timber and other marine life. The key to
avoiding detrimental effects to periphery countries lie
in the ability of their government to have strategic
planning and provide their people alternative sources
of income such as entrepreneurship and sustainable
agriculture and development.
• According to World Polity Theory, the states govern
based on cognitive models (which come from the
culture and society). This includes associations,
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) and
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), and other
states that transmit models of how to govern.
Worldwide models are constructed through cultural
association processes as models embedded in
overreaching world culture. States modify their
traditions in the direction of world cultural forms or
prescriptions or principles. World Polity Theory is
based on a different theory of action: it emphasizes
the influence of norms and culture, not power such as
shown in World System Theory.
• Perhaps what is interesting to know under the
World Polity Theory is whether it is culture-based
action or interest-based action.
• Under WPT norms may indicate proper behavior in a
given situation. It can also indicate that people may
seem to follow a script for behavior serving as a map
or blueprints and that there might be a culture that
influences people and government.
• The example given by Sociology Lens in their article
Gender Mainstreaming shows the action of World
Polity Theory. According to Sociology Lens (2017)
• Feminist scholars, policymakers, and activists have
recently turned to the collaboration between nation-
states, non-governmental organizations, international
non-governmental organizations, and
intergovernmental organizations’ push for global
gender mainstreaming as evidence of how gender
issues have been addressed by the world polity. The
concept was first introduced at Fourth United Nations
World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995. By
definition, gender mainstreaming involves ensuring
attention to gendered perspectives is central to
legislation, policy development, resource allocation,
and research as well as in the planning, implication,
and monitoring of projects and programs (UN Women
2012). Over the past two decades, mainstreaming
emerged as a global strategy for the promotion of
gender equality and feminist ideologies and practice.
 Perhaps the next big step where interest-
based action will be effective in World Polity
 Theory is the banning of single-use plastic
around the world.
MARKET INTEGRATION
Market integration happens When prices among
diverse Locations or related goods Follow the
same patterns over A long period. Establishment
of Wholesaling facilities by Food retailers and the
Setting up of another plant by a milk processor. In
each Case, there is a Concentration of decision
Making in the hands of a Single management.
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
 There are times when the government
implements certain strategies resulting in
intentional integration.
 But there are cases when the integration
can be caused by supply and demand that
can have spillover on several markets.
INTEGRATION OF RELATED OF RELATED
MARKETS
Market integration can often be a very positive
situation, especially if the emerging pattern
regarding pricing is indicative of an increasingly
prosperous economy.
At the same time, assessing integration between
markets can also be a useful tool in identifying
trends that are less than desirable, and having
the chance to begin reversing those trends while
there is still time. For this reason, financial
analysts, as well as economists, will often monitor
activity in related markets, identify any signs of
integration and make recommendations on what
strategies could be used to make the most of the
emerging situation.
OTHER FORMS OF INTEGRATION THAT AFFECTS
GLOBALIZATION
 Free Trade Agreement
A trade pact between countries that reduces
tariffs for certain products to the countries
who sign the agreement. While the tariffs are
not necessarily eliminated, they are lower
than countries not a party to the agreement.”
 Preferential Agreement
All members are free to import and export
goods and services among themselves. These
members will continue to maintain
independent trade policies with non-member
countries.
 Customs Union
Composed of a free trade area with a
common external tariff. Purposes for
establishing a customs union normally include
increasing economic efficiency and
establishing closer political and cultural ties
between the member countries.
 Common Market
Each member country adopts a common
external tariff. In a common market, countries
also allow free trade and free movement of
labor and capital and resources among the
members of the group.
OTHER FORMS OF INTEGRATION THAT AFFECTS
GLOBALIZATION
 AN ECONOMIC UNION
is the last step in the process of economic
integration members eliminate internal
barriers, adopt common external barriers,
allow free movement of resources, and adopt
a uniform set of economic policies. The
European Union is an example of an economic
union. With one currency, they adopted one
monetary policy.” Finance Train
 FULL INTEGRATION
The final level is the full integration of the
member states.