Objectives/ Learning Outcomes

➢A distributed System is a collection of independent/autonomous

computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system.

Two Aspects:
(1)Independent computers and (2) Single System

Middleware
➢How we can create single coherent system using independent/autonomous
Computing technologies?
Figure 1-1. A Distributed System Organized as Middleware.
➢The Middleware layer extends over multiple machines, and offers each
application the same interface.
 Centralized System
Distributed System
 One component with non-autonomous
 Multiple autonomous components.
parts.
 Components are not shared by all users.
 Component shared by users all the
time.  Resources may not be accessible.

 All resources accessible.  Software runs in concurrent processes on

 Software runs in a single process. different processors.

 Single Point of control.  Multiple Points of control.

 Single Point of failure.

 Multiple Points of failure .
No Transparency Description
1 Access Hide Differences in data representation and how a
resources is accessed
2 Location Hide where a resources is located
3 Migration Hide that a resource may be moved to another location
4 Relocation Hide that a resource may be moved to another location
while in use
5 Replication Hide that a resource is replicated

6 Concurrency Hide that a resource may be shared by several

competitive users
7 Failure Hide failures and recovery of a resources