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Milton Kim
Abstract
In this article, a new method to represent the symbols found in the Voynich Manuscript will be
described[1]. The method is called conjugative binary decomposition, or CBD in short. Under
CBD rules, each symbol in the Voynich Manuscript basically can be divided into two elements. In
order words, most VMS symbols can be represented by combining two other symbols. In the
CBD representation, there are defined four indivisible symbols: $, 3, #, and 2. When all the VMS
symbols are encoded by CBD rules, it is possible to represent them compactly in a minimal set of
electronic codes. With modern keyboard, any VMS symbol can be represented by using only 22
or 30 keys. The smallest codes enable us to utilize the remaining code space for other general
purpose special characters such as {, }, $, %, @, etc.
1. Introduction
On November 30 of 1976, a well-known researcher, Captain Prescott H. Currier announced two
most important founding, in which the Voynich Manuscript has been made by more than one
identifiable hands and more than one identifiable “languages.”[4] Those findings could be really
considered as a strong indication that the Voynich Manuscript should be regarded as some
genuine works of a group of unknown people, not a hoax from a certain person. He also
explained about his microscopic observations on the writing of Voynichian letters since the
Manuscript has been written by hand. By his careful observations, some letters such as %, -, +, *
could be categorized into a group in which a letter starts with a “c”-curve and ends by various
extra pen stroke. One more interesting thing is that some letters in the “c”-curve category have
their own counterparts which start with “\”-line, but end by the same stroke of its “c”-curve
counterpart. For examples, - has <, + has 4, and * has 9. Before understanding the meanings of
letters, words, or sentences found in the Voynich Manuscript, it is also important to determine the
internal structure of each letter. The EVA (Extended Voynich Alphabets) alphabet is an example
of such an effort. Each Voynichian letter which could be separable or discriminated from others
has assigned a Roman alphabet or number. Since there are so many doodles, symbols, and small
drawings, the EVA alphabet is still undergoing revision process as the researches are going on. It
is quite obvious that settling down the working EVA alphabet is a very important thing in order to
take the research to the next level. In this article, a new approach called conjugative binary
decomposition method will be introduced and applied to the structured representation of the
Voynichian letters.
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November 17, 2009
EVA alphabets
"#$%&'()*+,-./0134567
89:;<=>?@
1st order of primal symbols
$3#2
A primal symbol is defined as a Voynich symbol or letter. A 1st order of primal symbol is a
Voynich symbol which can not be divided into another symbols. In the CBD method, there are
defined four 1st order of primal symbols: $, 3, #, and 2. Those four primal letters can be
characterized in a form of two-by-two conjugative matrix as illustrated in Table 2.
Table 3. Attribute matrix for the conjugative binary representation of “” and “”
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November 17, 2009
Short $ 3
Long % :
Those symbols on the second row in the attribute matrix are derived by combining “$” with “”
and “3” with “”. Both “” and “” are not valid Voynich symbols, but they contribute to the
making of valid Voynich symbols. Those primal symbols are categorized into 2nd order of primal
symbols. When a 1st primal symbol is combined with a 2nd primal symbol, a 3rd order of primal
symbol is produced. Both “%” and “:” are classified as 3rd primal symbols.
Table 4. Attribute matrix for the conjugative binary representation of “” and “”
Table 5. Attribute matrix for the conjugative binary representation of “” and “”
Table 6. Attribute matrix for the conjugative binary representation of “” and “”
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Double ( 7
Hat ) 8
Table 7 illustrates a transformational attribute matrix for 1st order of primal symbols, “$” and “3”.
The attribute Double indicates a repetition of the given primal symbol. The attribute Hat indicates
an accent put on the top of each primal symbol. “(”, “7”, “)”, and “8” are considered to be
3rd order of primal symbols. The remaining EVA alphabets are categorized into 4th order of primal
letters.
Table 8. Transformational attribute matrix for “$” and “3” (Twin & Triplet)
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November 17, 2009
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November 17, 2009
Under the Voynich Mesa key layout, foot symbols such “0”, “1”, “?”, and “@” can be
accessed by holding down SHIFT key. The Voynich Mesa key arrangement can also be applied to
the EVA alphabets. The following picture illustrates a sample text collected from folio 2v in
Herbal section.
The Voynichian Mesa layout uses 30 keys to represent any Voynich text. When the relationships
between Voynich symbols under the CBD rules, a further reduction of keys can be achieved. The
following table summarizes a rule to compose one Voynich symbol from others.
( $ $ + = ( ($+$=&)
) * *+ =)
. +=.
/ +=/
= 2 2+==
> 2 2+=>
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November 17, 2009
0 $ $ + + = $. Æ $. + = 0
1 $ $ + + = $/ Æ $/ + = 1
? $2 $ + 2 + = $= Æ $= + = ?
@ $2 $ + 2 + = $> Æ $> + = @
When AIG rule is applied, all the Voynichian alphabets can be represented with 22 codes or keys
as illustrated in Figure 4.
In this key layout, there is no need to use SHIFT key and there are a few more keys reserved for
future new entries.
Table 12. Unicode Mapping Table for Voynich Mesa Symbol (Private User Area)
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November 17, 2009
$F038 $0038 +
$F039 $0039 -, <
$F03A $003A ., /
$F03B $003B 4
$F03C $003C :
$F03D $003D (, )
! $F03E $003E 8
" $F03F $003F
# $F040 $0040
$ $F041 $0041
% $F042 $0042
& $F043, $F063 $0043, $0063
' $F044, $F064 $0044, $0064
( $F045 $0045
) $F046 $0046
* $F047 $0047
+ $F048 $0048
, $F049 $0049
- $F04A $004A
. $F04B $004B
/ $F04C $004C
0 $F04D, $F067 $004D, $0067
1 $F04E, $F068 $004E, $0068
2 $F04F $004F =, >
3 $F050 $0050
4 $F051 $0051
5 $F052, $F065 $0052, $0065
6 $F053, $F066 $0053, $0066
7 $F054 $0054
8 $F055 $0055
9 $F056 $0056
: $F057 $0057
; $F058 $0058
< $F059 $0059
= $F05A $005A
> $F05B $005B
Page - 8
November 17, 2009
So far there have been a few encoding methods suggested for Voynich Manuscript[2][3]. Each
method uses different codes or keys for same Voynich symbol. The following table shows them
along with Unicode based on Voynich Mesa key layout.
Voynich Mapping
Vmesa* Currier* Bennett FSG Frogguy EVA
Letters Sequence
# $F040 q 4 D 4 4 q
% $F042 p O O O o o
- $F04A w 8 S 8 8 d
+ $F048 h 9 G G 9 y
* $F047 s 2 Z 2 s s
4 $F051 e E L E x l
9 $F056 a R Q R 2 r
& $F043 r CC CC CC cc ee
' $F044 t SC CTC TC ctc che
( $F045 g S CT T ct ch
) $F046 l Z ET S c’t sh
. $F04B j P H H qp t
/ $F04C k B P P qj p
= $F05A d F K D lp k
> $F05B z V F F lj f
0 $F04D J Q CHT HZ cqpt cth
1 $F04E K W CPT PZ cqjt cph
? $F05C D X CKT DZ clpt ckh
@ $F05D Z Y CFT FZ cljt cfh
" $F03F o A A A a a
$ $F041 f C C C c e
3 $F050 i I I I i i
5 $F052 u n/a II II ii ii
6 $F053 y n/a III III iii iii
34 $F050, $F051 ie G IL IE ix il
54 $F052, $F051 ue H IIL IIE iix iil
64 $F053, $F051 ye 1 IIIL IIIE iiix iiil
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November 17, 2009
39 $F050, $F056 ia T IQ IR i2 ir
59 $F052, $F056 ua U IIQ IIR ii2 iir
69 $F053, $F056 ya 0 IIIQ IIIR iii2 iiir
: $F057 x D U L v n
3: $F050, $F057 ix N N N iv in
5: $F052, $F057 ux M M M iiv iin
6: $F053, $F057 yx 3 IM IIIL iiiv iiin
; $F058 c J n/a K ig m
3; $F050, $F058 ic K n/a IK iig im
5; $F052, $F058 uc L n/a IIK iiig iim
6; $F053, $F058 yc 5 n/a IIIK iiiig iiim
, $F049 v 6 n/a 6 cg g
< $F059 b 7 n/a 7 & j
8 $F055 m n Y Y n x
7 $F054 n v V V ^ v
By using this table, any Voynich text encoded in one method can be translated into another.
5. Closing Remarks
In this article, a new Voynichian alphabet was introduced by using conjugative binarization
decomposition and it shows that any Voynichian letter can be produced by combining the primal
elements and letters. Through the Voynich Tree diagram, the internal structure of Voynichian
alphabet can be understood and the relationships between primal elements are explained. The
Voynich Manuscript is still remain unsolved, but the text of manuscript itself can be represented
in an electronic form and can be saved in the computer. Further analyses will be conducted with
the electronic manuscript by using computerized methods.
References
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November 17, 2009
When the Voynich letters in this article does not show correctly, follow the steps below to install
Voynich True Type fonts. (Note that the font listed here is not allowed for any commercial
purposes.)
1. Copy the text in each box into separate ASCII files, then use uudecode to restore original
font files.
2. Rename VMCosta.ttf into “Voynich Costa.ttf” and VMMesa.ttf into “Voynich
Mesa.ttf”.
3. Move the restored font files into “C:\WINDOWS\Fonts”.
4. Restart computer.
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November 17, 2009
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end
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Page - 24
November 17, 2009
end
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