Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham

Charles Howard

Earl of Nottingham

Charles Howard c. 1620 (Daniel Mytens the Elder)

Born 1536

Died 14 December 1624 (aged 87–88)

Noble family Howard-Effingham

Spouse(s) Catherine Carey

Margaret Stuart

 Lady Frances Howard

Issue
 William Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of

Effingham
 Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Nottingham

 Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Nottingham

  Lady Margaret Howard

 Elizabeth Howard

 Lady Anne Howard

Father William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham

Mother Margaret Gamage

Signature

Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, 2nd Baron Howard of

Effingham, KG (1536 – 14 December 1624), known as Lord Howard of
Effingham, was an English statesman and Lord High Admiral under Elizabeth
I and James I. He was commander of the English forces during the battles
against the Spanish Armada and was chiefly responsible for the victory that
saved England from invasion by the Spanish Empire.

Arms of Sir Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, KG

Early life: 1536–1558[edit]

Few details of Charles Howard's early life are known. He was born in 1536, and
was the cousin of Queen Elizabeth. He was son of William Howard, 1st Baron
Howard of Effingham (c. 1510 – 1573) and Margaret Gamage (d. 18 May 1581),
daughter of Sir Thomas Gamage.[1] He was a grandson of Thomas Howard, 2nd
Duke of Norfolk. He was also the cousin of Anne Boleyn (Anne's mother was
half-sister to Charles' father), and held several prominent posts during the reign
of Anne's daughter, Elizabeth I.
It is believed that Charles Howard was taught French and some Latin at the
house of his uncle, the 3rd Duke of Norfolk. He was also educated in
penmanship, chivalric exercises, and some legal traditions. He served as a
page to his cousin Thomas who later became the 4th Duke of Norfolk. He also
fished and hunted fervently throughout his life.[2]
Howard served at sea under his father's command as a youth. In 1552, he was
sent to France to become well-educated in the French language, but was soon
brought back to England at the request of his father because of questionable or
unexpected treatment.[3]

Early political career: 1558–1585[edit]

Howard went to the peace negotiations between England and France which led
to the Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis of 1559. He personally informed Elizabeth of
its ratification.[1]
He served as Ambassador to France in 1559. In December 1562, he became
the keeper of the Queen's house and park at Oatlands. In his early years at
court he and five other gentlemen bore the canopy of state when Queen
Elizabeth opened her second Parliament on 11 January 1563, and he is
recorded as having been a regular participant in jousts and tournaments, but
despite his relationship to the Queen it is said that it took some time before he
was able to gain any personal benefit from his situation.[4]
Howard was also a member of the House of Commons, yet he was not as
distinguished as many others have been. He
represented Surrey in Parliament in 1563 and again in 1572.[citation needed]
In 1564 he became a member of Gray's Inn, and received his Master of Arts at
Cambridge in 1571. This was not because he had any legal ambitions, but
because it was the normal thing for men of his status to do.[4]
He served as General of the Horse in 1569 and suppressed a Catholic rebellion
in northern England. He commanded a squadron of ships escorting the Queen
of Spain on a state visit in 1570.[5]
Howard was knighted in 1572 and became Lord Howard of Effingham following
his father's death in 1573. From 1576 to 1603 he was patron of a playing
company, Nottingham's Men, later called the Admiral's Men.[citation needed]
On 3 April 1575, Howard was elected to the Order of the Garter to replace his
cousin, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, who had been executed in 1572.
He was installed at Windsor on 8 May 1575.[6]

Lord High Admiral: 1585–1619[edit]

Seal dating from 1585.

Howard was named Lord High Admiral in 1585. The French ambassador wrote
to Sir Francis Walsingham, saying Elizabeth's appointment of Howard was "a
choice worthy of her virtue and prudence and very necessary for the Admiralty. I
pray you tell her that the King [of France] has written to me by an express to
thank her for having elected so good an admiral, from whom he hopes great
things for the peace of his subjects".[7]
Trial and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots: 1587[edit]
Howard regularly attended the Privy Council during the Babington Plot. He was
named as one of the commissioners to try Mary, Queen of Scots but is not
subsequently mentioned as one of those who sat on the trial. William
Davison later alleged that Howard spoke to Elizabeth on 1 February 1587 "of
the great danger she continually lived in" as there were rumours of new plots
against her life and spoke of the stories that Mary had escaped from prison.
Elizabeth was "moved by his lordship to have some more regard to the surety of
herself and the state than she seemed to take" and finally made up her mind,
telling Howard to send for Davison and Mary's death warrant. Howard then met
Davison and informed him that Elizabeth was now "fully resolved" and ordered
him to bring forth the warrant to be signed, "that it might be forthwith
despatched and deferred no longer". Elizabeth would later blame Davison for
breaking orders that no-one must be told of what had happened. The Privy
Council met the next day and decided to take responsibility for the execution of
Mary.[8]
Spanish Armada: 1588[edit]

Queen Elizabeth I by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger (1592).

In early December 1587 orders were drawn up for Howard to take the fleet to
sea. On 21 December Howard's commission was signed, requiring Howard
"according as there shall be occasion, and wherever and whenever he shall
deem it fitting, to invade, enter, spoil and make himself master of the kingdoms,
dominions, lands, islands, and all other places whatever belonging to the said
Spaniards". He was furthermore given full authority over the navy and army at
sea.[9]
Between 15 December and 1 April 1588 he sat on the Privy Council only four
times and attended court briefly every five or six days to meet with Walsingham.
[10]
 Writing on 27 January 1588, Howard believed the peace negotiations with
Spain were a trap and expressed his dismay in a letter to Walsingham:
I have made of the French King, the Scottish King, and the King of Spain, a
Trinity that I mean never to trust to be saved by; and I would others were, in
that, of my opinion. Sir, there was never, since England was England, such a
stratagem and mask made to deceive England withal as this is of the treaty of
peace. I pray God we have not cause to remember one thing that was made of
the Scots by the Englishmen; that we do not curse for this a long grey beard
with a white head, witless, that will make all the world think us heartless. You
know whom I mean.[11]
The next day he wrote again to Walsingham that if there was going to be a
"surcease of arms" then "it shall be but folly and to no purpose for me to lie
here" as if he was in arms whilst Elizabeth was negotiating peace it would make
him "a jest to many, and they have reason".[12] Peace negotiations continued
until the Armada was sailing for England.[13]
On 1 February Howard wrote to Walsingham: "It doth appear no less by your
letter but that we may assure ourselves that Scotland is the mark which they
shoot at to offend us, and therefore most necessary to provide for that...for my
own part, had rather be drawn in pieces with wild horses than that they should
pass through Scotland and I lie here".[14]
On 14 February, Howard again wrote to Walsingham that Elizabeth would be
"no good housewife for herself" if she refused to grant James VI a pension for
his support for England rather than Spain.[15] Howard wrote on 21 February: "I
have been aboard every ship that goeth out with me, and in every place where
any may creep, and I do thank God that they be in the estate they be in; and
there is never a one of them that knows what a leak means...there is none that
goeth out now but I durst go to the Rio de la Plata in her".[16] On 29 February he
wrote to Burghley:
I doubt not but to make her Majesty a good account of anything that shall be
done by the Spanish forces, and I will make him wish his galleys at home again.
If the Commissioners bring peace it is the happiest thing that can be; but if they
come without it, look for great matters to ensue presently upon it; for the charge
is so great that the King is at, both in Spain and here, in the Low Countries, that
is cannot continue long, if he had five times the treasure he hath...I protest
before God, and as my soul shall answer for it, that I think there were never in
any place in the world worthier ships than these are, for so many. And as few as
we are, if the King of Spain's forces be not hundreds, we will make good sport
with them.[17]
By 28 May, Howard was at Plymouth. On that day he wrote to Burghley: "My
good Lord, there is here the gallantest company of captains, soldiers, and
mariners that I think ever was seen in England".[18] Two days later the Spanish
Armada sailed from Lisbon but was forced back into port by bad winds. On 14
June, Howard wrote to Walsingham that the "surest way to meet with the
Spanish fleet is upon their own [coast], or in any harbour of their own, and there
to defeat them...I wish with all my heart that King Anthony were with us, that he
might set foot in his own country, and find the King occupied there, which we
might easily do".[19] The next day he wrote again to Walsingham:
We would go on the coast of Spain; and therefore our ground was first, to look
to that principal; and if we found they did but linger on their own coast, or that
they were put into the Isles of Bayona or the Groyne, then we thought in all
men's judgments that be of experience here, it had been most fit to have sought
some good way, and the surest we could devise, by the good protection of God,
to have defeated them...And if her Majesty do think that she is able to detract
time with the King of Spain, she is greatly deceived; which may breed her great
peril. For this abusing [of] the treaty of peace doth plainly show how the King of
Spain will have all things perfect, [as] his plot is laid, before he will proceed to
execute...Whether this [may] not breed most great danger and dishonour, I
leave it to her Majesty's wisdom; but if it should fall out so, I would I had never
been born...And if [we] were to-morrow next on the coast of Spain, I would not
land in any place to offend any; but they should well perceive that we came not
to spoil, but to seek out the great force to fight with them; and so should they
have known by message...But I must and will obey.[20]
On 19 June Howard wrote that: "You see it is very likely to come to pass, my
opinion that I always had of the French King; as also of the treacherous treaty of
peace, which was never to any other end but that the King of Spain might have
time, and not be troubled in gathering his forces together...persuade her
Majesty that she lose no more time in taking care enough of herself, and to
make herself, every way that is possible, as strong as she can; for there is no
question but the King of Spain hath engaged his honour to the uttermost in this,
for the overthrow of her Majesty and this realm...if he be put back from this year,
her Majesty may have a good and honourable peace. If not, yet she shall be
sure he shall not be able to trouble her Majesty in many years after".[21]
Howard wrote to Elizabeth on 23 June: "For the love of Jesus Christ, Madam,
awake thoroughly, and see the villainous treasons round about you, against
your Majesty and your realm, and draw your forces round about you, like a
might prince, to defend you".[22] On the same day he said to Burghley: "We must
not lose one hour of time...Let her Majesty trust no more to Judas' kisses; for let
her assure herself there is no trust to French King nor Duke of Parma. Let her
defend herself like a noble and mighty prince, and trust to her sword and not to
their word, and then she need not fear, for her good God will defend her".[23]
On 19 July Howard received the news that the Armada had been seen
off Lizard Point, Cornwall. Two days after he wrote to Walsingham:
...whereupon, although the wind was very scant, we first warped out of harbour
that night, and upon Saturday turned out very hardly, the wind being at South-
West; and about three of the clock in the afternoon, descried the Spanish fleet,
and did what we could to work for the wind, which [by this] morning we had
recovered, descrying their f[leet to] consist of 120 sail, whereof there are 4
g[alleasses] and many ships of great burden. At nine of the [clock] we gave
them fight, which continued until one. [In this] fight we made some of them to
bear room to stop their leaks; notwithstanding we durst not adventure to put in
among them, their fleet being so strong. But there shall be nothing either
neglected or unhazarded, that may work their overthrow. Sir, the captains in her
Majesty's ships have behaved themselves most bravely and like men.[24]

The Spanish Armada.

On 29 July Howard wrote to Walsingham: "Their force is wonderful great and

strong; and yet we pluck their feathers by little and little. I pray to God that the
forces on the land be strong enough to answer so present a force".[25]
On 7 August he updated Walsingham:
In our last fight with the enemy before Gravelines, the 29th July, we sank three
of their ships and made four to go room with the shore so leak as they were not
able to live at sea. After that fight, notwithstanding that our powder and shot
was well near all spent, we set on a brag countenance and have them chase,
as though we had wanted nothing, until we had cleared our own coast and
some part of Scotland of them. And then...we made for the Frith, and sent
certain pinnaces to dog the fleet until they should be past the Isles of Scotland,
which I verily believe they are left at their sterns ere this...I must thank you for
your favourable using of my brother Hoby. He telleth me how forwards you were
to further all things for our wants. I would some were of your mind. If we had
had that which had been sent, England and her Majesty had had the most
honour that ever any nation had. But God be thanked; it is well.[26]
The next day he wrote to Walsingham to say he was in Margate and that
"although we have put the Spanish fleet past the Frith, and I think past the Isles,
yet God knoweth whether they go either to the Nase of Norway or into Denmark
or to the Isles of Orkney to refresh themselves, and so to return; for I think they
dare not return with this dishonour and shame to their King, and overthrow their
Pope's credit. Sir, sure bind, sure find. A kingdom is a great wager...Some
made little account of the Spanish force by sea; but I do warrant you, all the
world never saw such a force as theirs was; and some Spaniards that we have
taken, that were in the fight at Lepanto, do say that the worst of our fights that
we have had with them did exceed far the fight they had there".[27] On 9 August
Howard wrote that he believed the Armada would return because "they dare not
go back with this dishonour and shame; for we have marvellously plucked
them".[28]
The day after he wrote to Burghley: "Sickness and mortality begins wonderfully
to grow amongst us; and it is a most pitiful sight to see...how the men, having
no place to receive them into here, die in the streets. I am driven myself, of
force, to come a-land, to see them bestowed in some lodging; and the best I
can get is barns and such outhouses; and the relief is small that I can provide
for them here. It would grieve any man's heart to see them that have served so
valiantly to die so miserably".[29] Howard wrote to Lord Winchester on 15 August:
"Whereas the Ryall of Weymouth hath served in her Majesty's service of late
against the Spaniards, in defence of religion, our prince and country, for the
space of one month, wherein she and her company have performed their duties
very well, and that now, in reward of their good service, they look for payment
and satisfaction". Furthermore, Howard requested that Winchester "and the rest
of the justices of your shire, to cause an estimate to be first taken of the powder,
shot, victuals and other charges of pay, and such like; and afterwards to cause
the sum to be levied by equal contributions, as shall seem good to your
Lordship and the rest, out of your shire of Dorset; and therewith to reward and
satisfy the good service of the said ship and company".[30]
In late August Howard wrote to Elizabeth, the Privy Council and Walsingham of
the terrible sickness that had spread throughout the fleet.[31] On 29 August he
informed Walsingham: "There is not any of them that hath one day's victuals,
and many [of them] have sent many sick men ashore here, and not one penny
to relieve them...It were too pitiful to have men starve after such a service. I
know her Majesty would not, for any good. Therefore I had rather open the
Queen's Majesty's purse something to relieve them, than they should be in that
extremity; for we are to look to have more of these services; and if men should
not be cared for better than to let them starve and die miserably, we should very
hardly get man to serve. Sir, I desire [but] that there may be but double
allowance of but as much as I [give] out of my own purse, and yet I am not the
ablest man in [the realm]; but, before God, I had rather have never penny in the
world than they should lack".[32] In December Howard wrote to Burghley: "...there
hath grown a surcharge unto her Majesty of 623l. 10s. 11d. in this late service,
by reason of certain extraordinary kinds of victuals, as wine, cider, sugar, oil,
and certain fish, provided and distributed amongst the ships at Plymouth by my
order, and Sir Francis Drake's, which was done as well to relieve such men
withal as by reason of sickness or being hurt in fight".[33]
Howard commissioned the Italian writer Petruccio Ubaldini to write a chronicle
on the defeat of the Armada. He also commissioned a Flemish artist, Hendrick
Cornelisz Vroom, to make a series of tapestries on the Armada, based
on Augustine Ryther's engravings. These tapestries were for many years at
Howard's London home and he sold them to James I to help pay for debts.[34] In
1650 they were displayed in the House of Lords where they remained until
destroyed by fire in October 1834. However they can still be seen in John Pine's
1739 publication of The Tapestry Hangings of the House of Lords.
Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, by unknown artist (1602).

Cadiz expedition: 1596[edit]

Howard was created Earl of Nottingham in 1596 and was appointed Lord
Lieutenant General of England [a unique and unprecedented title] in 1599. In
1596, when another Spanish invasion was feared, Howard was again appointed
to defend England. Howard and the Earl of Essex jointly led an attack against
the Spanish base at Cadiz on 20 June.[citation needed]
3rd Spanish Armada[edit]
During the Spanish armada of 1597, Essex was sent home in disgrace after the
failed Azores Voyage having left the English coast unguarded. Adverse winds
frustrated the Spanish fleet however and the English fleet was able to return
safely. Howard took charge and sent out the fleet to intercept the Spanish and
one of the ships captured a flyboat from which information was given about the
Armada and its retreat back to Spanish ports. Howard was rewarded soon after
by the Queen and was created Earl of Nottingham.[citation needed]
Trial and execution of the Earl of Essex: 1601[edit]
When Essex rebelled in 1601, Howard took command of the soldiers massed to
defend London and defeated him in the field.[35] Howard served as a
commissioner at Essex's trial and examined him at least once.[36]
Death of Elizabeth I: 1603[edit]
The death of Howard's wife affected Elizabeth; she remained in "a deep
melancholy, with conceit of her own death", complaining "of many infirmities
suddenly to have overtaken her".[37] Howard was at Elizabeth's deathbed and
pressed her on the succession, receiving Elizabeth's reply that it should be "our
cousin of Scotland".[38] Elizabeth died on 24 March.
Reign of James I[edit]

The Somerset House Conference representatives, 19 August 1604. Howard is seated on the right,

second nearest to the window.

Nottingham served as Lord High Steward at the coronation of the new king,

James I. The king appointed Howard to the English delegation that negotiated
the peace treaty with Spain, and the subsequent ratification of the treaty
at Valladolid. He presented a diamond jewel depicting the Habsburg emblems
of the double eagle and golden fleece to Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain in
Madrid.[39] The King of Spain, Philip III gave him a diamond and gold feather
jewel for his hat, a gold collar set with diamonds, and other jewellery and gilt
plate, with gifts for his sons, his wife Margaret Stewart. His retinue in Spain
including seven trumpeters and eight musicians.[40]
Howard served on the commission of union between England and Scotland and
served as commissioner at the Gunpowder Plot trial in 1605.[citation needed]

Later life: 1619–1624[edit]

Howard died in 1624 at the age of 88. None of his three sons left heirs, and
shortly after the last died the Nottingham earldom was recreated for a close
relative of the Earl of Winchilsea; the Howard of Effingham barony passed to
descendants of his brother, the Earl of Effingham being the modern heir.

Legacy[edit]
William Bourne dedicated his 1578 book Inventions or Devices. Very Necessary
for all Generalles and Captaines, as wel by Sea as by Land to Howard
and Robert Norman dedicated to Howard his 1584 translations of two Dutch
guides to North Sea coastlines.[41] Richard Hakluyt's 1598 edition of The
Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation was also
dedicated to Howard.[42]
During a debate on the American Revolutionary War in the House of Lords on
18 November 1777, Henry Howard, 12th Earl of Suffolk (a descendant of
Howard) defended the war against the American colonists. Lord Chatham in
response made his appeal:
From the tapestry that adorns these walls, the immortal ancestor of this noble
Lord frowns with indignation at THE DISGRACE OF HIS COUNTRY! In vain he
led your victorious fleets against the boasted Armada of Spain; in vain he
defended and established the honour, the liberties, the religion, the Protestant
religion of his country, against the arbitrary cruelties of Popery and the
Inquisition.[43]
Effingham has often been identified with the character Marinell from Edmund
Spenser's The Faerie Queene. He is one of the principal characters in the
opera Roberto Devereux by Gaetano Donizetti, though referred to inaccurately
as the "Duke of Nottingham".
There is now a mixed comprehensive school, Howard of Effingham School,
named after him. It is located in the village of Effingham in Surrey. He was
portrayed by John Shrapnel in the film Elizabeth: The Golden Age. The site of
his estate in south Croydon is now the location of Whitgift School.

Children[edit]
He was married first to Catherine Carey, daughter of Henry Carey, 1st Baron
Hunsdon and Ann Morgan. They had five children:

 Frances Howard (buried 11 July 1628). She was married first

to Henry FitzGerald, 12th Earl of Kildare. She was secondly married
to Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham.
 William Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Effingham (27 December 1577
– 28 November 1615). Summoned to the Lords as 3rd Baron Howard
of Effingham. He was married on 7 February 1596/1597 to Anne St
John.
 Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Nottingham (17 September 1579 – 3
October 1642). He was married first on 19 May 1597 to Charity White
(d. 18 December 1618), daughter to Robert White. Secondly on 22
April 1620 to Mary Cokayne, daughter of Sir William Cokayne, who
served as Lord Mayor of London in 1619 and Mary Morris.
 Margaret Howard, married in 1587 Sir Richard Leveson, no issue.
 Elizabeth Howard (buried 31 March 1646). Maid of
honour to Elizabeth I of England. She was married first to Sir Robert
Southwell. One of their daughters, Elizabeth, was a lover and
eventually a third wife of Robert Dudley (explorer). Another daughter,
Frances, married Edward Rodney. Elizabeth Howard was secondly
married to John Stewart, 1st Earl of Carrick.
He was married secondly to Margaret Stuart, daughter of James Stuart, 2nd
Earl of Moray and Elizabeth Stuart, 2nd Countess of Moray. She was more than
50 years younger than he was. They had two children:

 Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Nottingham (1610–1681)

 Anne Howard (born c. 1612). She was married on 29 December 1627
to Alexander Stewart, Baron Garlies, son of Alexander Stewart, 1st
Earl of Galloway and Grizel Gordon.

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b McDermott 2008.
2. ^ Kenny 1970, pg. 9.
3. ^ Kenny 1970, pg. 10.
 4. ^ Jump up to:a b Kenny 1970, pg. 12.
5. ^ Sothebys 2014
6. ^ Kenny 1970, pg. 21
7. ^ Kenny 1970, p. 34.
8. ^ Kenny 1970, pp. 104–106.
9. ^ Kenny 1970, pg. 127.
10. ^ Kenny 1970, pg. 128.
11. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pp. 48–49.
12. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pp. 50–51.
13. ^ Kenny 1970, pg. 133.
14. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pp. 56–57.
15. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pg. 70.
16. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pg. 79.
17. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pp. 84–85.
18. ^ Laughton, Volume I, p. 190.
19. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pp. 200–201.
20. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pp. 203–204.
21. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pp. 208–209.
22. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pp. 225–226.
23. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pp. 226–227.
24. ^ Laughton, Volume I, pg. 288.
25. ^ Laughton, Volume I, p. 341.
26. ^ Laughton, Volume II, pp. 53–55.
27. ^ Laughton, Volume II, pp. 59–60.
28. ^ Laughton, Volume II, pg. 92.
29. ^ Laughton, Volume II, p. 96.
30. ^ Loughton, Volume II, pg. 117.
31. ^ Loughton, Volume II, pp. 138–142.
32. ^ Loughton, Volume II, pp. 183–184.
33. ^ Laughton, Volume II, pg. 303.
34. ^ Kenny 1970, pg. 160.
35. ^ Kenny 1970, pp. 238–239.
36. ^ Kenny 1970, pp. 241–242.
37. ^ Kenny 1970, p. 256.
38. ^ Kenny 1970, pg. 257.
39. ^ Carmen García-Frías Checa, 'The Pictorial Representation of Margaret of Austria,
Queen of Spain', Court Historian, 27:3 (December 2022), p. 197.
40. ^ E. K. Purnell & A. B. Hinds, HMC Downshire, vol. 2 (London, 1936), pp. 423-425.
41. ^ Kenny 1970, pp. 35–36.
42. ^ Kenny 1970, p. 245.
43. ^ Pit 1848, p. 156

References[edit]
 W. Kenny, Robert (1970), Elizabeth's Admiral: The Political Career of
Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham, 1536–1624, London: The Johns
Hopkins Press
 Laughton, J. K. (1894a), State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the
Spanish Armada. Volume I, London: Navy Records Society
 Laughton, J. K. (1894b), State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the
Spanish Armada. Volume II, London: Navy Records Society
 McDermott, James (January 2008). "Howard, Charles, second Baron
Howard of Effingham and first earl of Nottingham (1536–
1624)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford
University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13885. (Subscription or UK public
 library membership required.) The
first edition of this text is available at
Wikisource: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1891). "Howard, Charles (1536–
1624)"  . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith,
Elder & Co.
 Pitt, William (1848). The Speeches of the Right Honourable the Earl
of Chatham in the Houses of Lords and Commons: With a
Biographical Memoir and Introductions and Explanatory Notes to the
Speeches. London: Aylott & Jones. p. 156.
 "Letter signed, at the head ("Elizabeth R"), to Lord Charles Howard" .
Sothebys. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
 "Joan Howard b. Abt 1564 England d. 1624: Some Fabulous
Pedigrees". Some Fabulous Pedigrees. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
[unreliable source?]

Further reading[edit]
 Garrett Mattingly (1961), The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, London:
The Reprint Society
 Woodroofe, Thomas (1958), The Enterprise of England, London:
Faber and Faber

External links[edit]
  Media related to Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham at
Wikimedia Commons

Honorary titles

Preceded by Custos Rotulorum of Surrey Succeeded by

The Earl of Lincoln 1585–1618 Sir Edward Howard

Lord Lieutenant of Surrey Succeeded by

Preceded by jointly with The Earl of Nottingham 1621–
1624 The Earl of Nottingham
Unknown
1585–1624 The Earl of Holderness

Political offices

Preceded by Lord High Admiral Succeeded by

The Earl of Lincoln 1585–1619 The Duke of Buckingham

Preceded by
Lord Steward Succeeded by
The Marquess of 1603–1618 The Duke of Lennox
Winchester

Legal offices

Preceded by Justice in Eyre Succeeded by

 south of the Trent
The Lord Hunsdon The Duke of Buckingham
1597–1624

Peerage of England

Earl of Nottingham Succeeded by

New creation 6th creation
1596–1624 Charles Howard

Preceded by Baron Howard of Effingham Succeeded by

(descended by acceleration)
William Howard 1573–1603 William Howard

Preceded by Baron Howard of Effingham Succeeded by

William Howard 1615–1624 Charles Howard