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سلسلة دليلك إلى النجاح مادة اللغة الانجليزية
سلسلة دليلك إلى النجاح مادة اللغة الانجليزية
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3 ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ دﻟﯾﻠك إﻟﻰ اﻟﻧﺟﺎح kamal_kamal
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English Grammar
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A Short Guide co
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Graham Tulloch
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This is intended as a basic and simple guide to English grammar. For a more
detailed introduction with exercises see J.R. Bernard's excellent book A Short
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Guide to Traditional English Grammar (Sydney: Sydney University Press, l975) to
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which I am much indebted. For a longer study read Randolph Quirk and
Sidney Greenbaum, A University Grammar of English (London: Longman, 1973)
and for a very detailed, very complex (and very expensive) treatment of the
c.
subject see Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan
Svartik, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London: Longman,
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1985).
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A word can be divided into its STEM (the basic part of the word containing its
meaning) and its INFLECTIONS (the endings added to indicate such things as
that a noun is PLURAL or a verb is in the past tense).
Inflections: s in dogs
ed in walked
PARTS OF A SENTENCE
SUBJECT
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The subject is the person, thing or topic which the sentence deals with. To
discover the subject, ask who or what before the verb, e.g. in the sentence The
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house stands on the hill, what stands on the hill? Answer: the house.
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Examples: The house stands on the hill.
It overlooks the plain. c.
PREDICATE
a
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OBJECT
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The object is the person, thing or topic upon which the subject carries out the
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action of the verb. To discover the object, ask who or what after the verb, e.g.
the house overlooks what? Answer: the plain.
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COMPLEMENT
Examples: I am a man.
This is the question.
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There are two kinds of clauses: principal (or main) clauses, and subordinate (or
dependent) clauses.
Principal Clauses
A group of words which includes a subject and a finite verb and makes a
complete statement.
Examples: I am a man.
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The house stands on the hill.
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When I come home, I will let the cat in.
The following are not principal clauses because they do not make a complete
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statement which can stand by itself:
a
Which is a problem
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Subordinate Clause
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A group of words which includes a finite or non-finite verb but does not make
a statement which stands by itself.
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Examples: As soon as the Green Knight entered the room all were
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astounded.
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Adverbial Clause
Example: As soon as the Green Knight entered the room, all were
astounded.
In this sentence the clause fulfills the same function as an adverb such as
immediately in the sentence immediately all were astounded.
Noun Clause
The clause fulfills the same function as a noun such as the words in He said the
words.
Relative Clause
Relative clauses are adjectival in nature. The clause fulfills the same role as an
adjective such as high-placed in the sentence The high-placed house is empty.
Finite Clause
A finite clause contains a finite verb and, usually, a subject. It can be a principal
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clause or a subordinate clause.
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Examples: They say nice things about you. (principal clause)
When they say nice things about you they are not lying.
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(subordinate clause)
a
Non-Finite Clause
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A non-finite clause contains a non-finite verb but does not contain a finite verb
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and cannot stand alone. A non-finite clause cannot be a principal clause. Non-
finite verbs include participles and infinitives .
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PHRASE
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PARTS OF SPEECH
Examples:
house noun
The house article + noun
The house stands article + noun + verb
The house stands firmly article + noun + verb + adverb
NOUN
Nouns can be thought of as 'names'; they denote things, people, abstract ideas.
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ARTICLE
The articles are: the, a, an. The is called the definite article; a (and an) is called
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the indefinite article.
a
VERB
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Examples: It stands.
I am.
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With a passive verb the action is carried out upon the subject:
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Tense
This is the feature of the verb indicating when the action took place
Aspect
This is the feature of the verb which indicates whether the action is was or will
be a completed one or a continuous one. If the verb is unmarked as to whether
it is completed, 'perfect' or continuous, 'progressive', it is called simple. Hence
we can draw up the following scheme:
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Present Progressive: It is standing
Past Progressive: It was standing
Future Progressive It will be standing
c.
The present perfect is often know simply as the perfect and the past perfect is
a
sometimes called the pluperfect .
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Voice
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In English we have the active and the passive voice. In the active voice the
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subject carries out the action of the verb; in the passive the action of the verb is
carried out upon the subject.
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Passive: I am placed
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with the appropriate tense of the verb to be and the past participle.
Mood
2. Subjunctive:
3. Imperative:
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Finite and Non-Finite Verbs
Verbs are either finite or non-finite. Non-finite verbs do not include any
c.
indication of tense. One kind of non-finite verb is the infinitive. The infinitive
is the basic form of the verb. It is often combined with to as in I am going to
a
stand here. However the infinitive is not always preceded by to: in the sentence
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I will stand the infinitive is stand. Combined with will the infinitive stand
makes the finite (future tense) verb will stand. Other non-finite parts of the
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verb are the participles. The present participle is the form of the verb used in
constructions like:
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I am going.
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The same form of the verb can also be used as a noun (in which case it is called
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I have walked.
She has grown.
It has developed into a major argument.
A grown man
ADVERB
An adverb modifies a verb; it indicates how the action of a verb is carried out.
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PREPOSITION
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A preposition connects a noun (with or without an article) or a pronoun to
some other word. Prepositions are the "little words of English".
c.
Examples: It stands on hills.
a
The swagman jumped into the billabong.
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ADJECTIVE
or
PRONOUN
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Personal Pronouns
The personal pronouns also include the reflexive and emphatic pronouns.
These are the same in form but different in function. They are myself, himself,
themselves etc.
Relative Pronouns
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The relative pronouns are as follows:
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People Things
Subject who, that which, that
Object whom, that c. which, that
Possessive whose whose
a
These are used in relative clauses such as:
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Demonstrative Pronouns
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That those
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Interrogative Pronouns
People Things
Subject who what, which
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What and which can be also used as interrogative adjectives in which case they
can be applied to people.
CONJUNCTIONS www.doros-bac.com
Some conjunctions are coordinating (i.e. joining elements of the same kind) like
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and or but.
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Examples: It stands on the hill and overlooks the plain.
I say this but she says that. c.
Other conjunctions are subordinating (i.e. joining a subordinate clause to a
a
main clause) like when because, since, as.
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was afraid.
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