Highway Engineering Notes

ECG 344
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
Chapter 5
Road Pavement Design
MOHD MUSTAQIM BIN MOHD NORDIN

Contact: 019-598 2087
Room @ Makmal Lukisan Teknik 2
mustaqimnordin@uitm.edu.my
mohd86mustaqim@yahoo.com
ECG344 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1

CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Chapter Overview
2. Types & Characteristic of Flexible & Rigid Pavement
3. Structural Components for Flexible Pavement
4. Materials and Properties of Flexible Pavement
5. Design of Flexible Pavement – JKR Method
ECG344 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 2

1. Chapter Overview
PROGRAM OUTCOME
Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialization to wide practical
procedures and practices. (C)
COURSE OUTCOME
Discuss highway construction, maintenance and highway geometric
design according to standard specification. (C6)
FACULTOF
ECG344 CIVIL ENGINEERING
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 3
Learning Outcome
• At the end of the lesson, students should be able to distinguish
between types of road pavement.
FACULTOF
Introduction
• Function of pavement
• Distribute traffic load, stress to the soil at a magnitude that it will not shear or
distort the soil
• Guide the driver, where pavement & shoulder give a visual perspective of the
horizontal and vertical alignment of the travel path
5
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Introduction
• 2 types of pavement structure
o Flexible pavement
o Rigid pavement
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Flexible pavement
• Constructed with asphaltic cement & aggregates
• Consist of several layers:
o The lowest (subgrade) – natural soil
o Subbase – crushed aggregate
o Roadbase – crushed aggregates with a cementing material.
o Top layer (surfacing) – asphaltic concrete
FACULTOF
Rigid pavement
• Constructed with Portland cement concrete & aggregates (coarse & fine)
• Consist of several layers:
• Lower layer (subgred) – In-situ soil.
• Subbase – granular material or suitable stabilized material.
• Top layer – Portland cement concrete slab.
• Transverse contraction joints are built into the pavement to control the
cracking of the slab due to the shrinkage of the concrete during the curing of
fresh concrete.
FACULTOF
Factor Selecting Type of Pavement
Deterioration due to climatic
effects, Ease of recycling &
Environmental
Noise
Traffic loading, Materials, Soils,
Pavement performance &
Safety
Engineering Social
Selection of
pavement type:
Road User Cost
Contractor’s capability
& Paving equipment
Construction Cost Maintenance
FACULTOF
The Differences Between Flexible and Rigid Pavement
Flexible Pavement Rigid Pavement

• Asphaltic cement (i.e. bitumen) & • Portland cement, aggregates, steel for
aggregates reinforcement
• Last for 20 years • Last for 40 years
• Low initial cost • High initial cost
• Cheap & easy to get material • Material shortage problem
• High cost & scheduled maintenance • More economic maintenance, no schedule
• Less economic for long duration • More economic for long duration
• Easy to upgrade • Cannot upgrade
• Rutting, potholes • Free from rutting, potholes
• Can be used once ready •Traffic disturbance – wait 28 days for max
strength
FACULTOF
Learning Outcome
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to Select the
appropriate materials for used in road construction.
FACULTOF
Introduction
• Typical structural layer arrangement for each pavement type
Portland cement concrete
Asphaltic concrete Contraction

joint
Load
Base course transfer Base course
device
Subbase course
Subgrade
Subgrade
a) Flexible pavement b) Rigid Pavement
FACULTOF
Introduction
Flexible Rigid
Surfacing course Forms impermeable n flexible lining Surface from Portland cement concrete slab
– high elastic modulus o Contraction joints – control cracking due to
o wearing – resist abrasion, shrinkage of concrete during curing
prevent skidding, waterproof o Load transfer device – dowel bars –
o binder – support & disperse minimize deflection and reduce stresses
traffic, resist shear near the edges of the slab
Base Course Crushed aggregate Optional, depend on subgrade’s engineering
o higher strength than used for properties
subbase o If subgrade soil poor – use this layer
o reduce compression stress o If subgrade stiff enough and drain well
sufficient, this layer is not necessary
Subbase Course Rock – Not required
o bearing capacity higher than
subgrade
o disperse load from base course
before transmitting it to
subgrade
o as drainage layer
Subgrade o Supporting the load transmitted from the overlying layers
o Compacted to maximum density
FACULTOF
Introduction
Flexible Pavement
o depend on material strength & layer thickness
o some deflection within the elastic limit is allowed
o surface rideability good but less durable to high temperature that cause cracking
Structural Strength and

Performance
Rigid Pavement
o high flexural strength slab & reinforcement

o slab performance good under high loading – expansion and contraction joints
should be allowed
o rough surface – skid resistance – resulting to bumpy n noise
FACULTOF
Typical Structural Layer Arrangement
1. Subgrade (Prepared Road Bed)
o Natural material located along the horizontal alignment of the
pavement
o Serves as the foundation of the pavement structure
o May also consists of a layer of selected borrow materials, well
compacted.
o It may be necessary to treat the subgrade material to achieve
certain strength properties.
FACULTOF
2. Subbase Course
o Above the subgrade
o Consists of material of a superior quality than subgrade.
o May be omitted if subgrade material meets the requirements of the subbase
material.
o Can be treated to achieve necessary properties – gradation, plastic chac &
strength.
o The process known as stabilization – treating soils to improve their
engineering properties.
FACULTOF
2. Subbase Course
3. Base Course
o Above the subbase or subgrade if a subbase course is not used.
o Consists of granular materials such as crushed stone, crushed/uncrushed
slag, crushed/uncrushed gravel and sand.
o Specs usually higher than subbase material in terms of plasticity, gradation
& strength.
o Material that are properly stabilized with Portland cement, asphalt or lime
can be used.
FACULTOF
2. Subbase Course
3. Base Course
4. Prime Coat
o Protect subgrade and underneath layers from moisture and weathering
FACULTOF
2. Subbase Course
3. Base Course
4. Prime Coat
5. Binder Course
o Distribute load from traffic to unbound layer
o Provide flat surface for upper layer (i.e. wearing course)
FACULTOF
2. Subbase Course
3. Base Course
4. Prime Coat
5. Binder Course
6. Tact Coat
o Provide adhesion contact between binder and wearing course
FACULTOF
Should be capable:
2. Subbase Course • withstanding high tire pressures
3. Base Course • resisting the abrasive forces due to
traffic
4. Prime Coat • providing a skid-resistant driving surface
5. Binder Course • preventing the penetration of surface
water into the underlying layers.
6. Tact Coat
7. Surface Course
o Upper course of the road pavement.

o Consists of a mixture of mineral
aggregates and asphaltic materials.
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Material Properties
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Material Properties
Sub-Grade
• Is dependent on soil type, density and
moisture
• CBR used to categories this support
layer
• Input properties such elastic modulus
and Poisson’s ratio
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Material Properties
Subbase
• Crushed or natural granular material
with maximum 10% fines
• Capability as drainage material or/and
load distribution function.
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Material Properties
Road Base
• Bituminous road base / DBM
• Crushed aggregate /& wet-mix road
base
• Stabilized road base
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Material Properties
Surface Layer
• Wearing course
• Binder course
• Prime coat
• Tack coat
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Learning Outcome
• Design the flexible pavement according to JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan)
method amended 2013.
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Introduction – Design Procedure
FACULTOF
Introduction – Design Traffic Input
Initial annual commercial traffic for one way, Vo
Vo = ADT (bothways) x ½ x 365 x Pc/100
where, Pc = % commercial vehicles
Total no. of commercial vehicles for one way, Vc

Vc = Vo [(1+r)x – 1]/r
where,
r = annual growth rate
x = design periods (in years)
Equivalent Standard Axle, ESA = Vc x e

e = equivalent factor
FACULTOF
Introduction – Pavement Thickness Estimation
Based on std CBR value (3%) and ESA – find TA – from Nomograph→Total
thickness of bituminous layer, TA
TA = a1D1 + a2D2 + a3D3

Where;
a = structural coeff. – based on material used for each layer
D = thickness of each layer (not include s
FACULTOF
D
10
Thickness Design - Nomograph
C 10
2x106
A 3% B
104
Equivalent Thickness,
Subgrade CBR (%)
Corrected Equivalent
Thickness, TA‘ (cm)
106
TA (cm)
ESA
4%
28cm 44
29cm
44
FACULTOF
Thickness Design
Corrected Equivalent Thickness, TA‘ → can be found by using Nomograph
based on CBR value given in the Question and previous TA
Thickness for each layer can be calculated – by trial and error
Asphaltic concrete D1
Base course
D2
Subbase course
D3
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Thickness Design
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Thickness Design – Example 5.1
Design a suitable flexible pavement for two-lane highway in rolling terrain using
JKR design method. The current average daily traffic is 6600 vehicles and the
percentage of commercial vehicles is 15%. The annual growth rate expected is
7%. The CBR value of soil in-situ is 5% and the road design life is to be 10
years.
See the relevant charts in the Appendix.
Given Material Used:
Base Course – Crushed Aggregate
Subbase– Sand
Given;
ADT = 6600
Pc = 15%
Annual growth rate, r = 7%
CBR = 5%
road design life = 10 years
FACULTOF
V0 = ADT x (Pc/100) x 365 x ½

= 6600 x 15/100 x 365 x ½
= 180675
VC = V0 [(1+r)x – 1] = 180675 [(1+0.07)10 – 1]

r 0.07
= 2.5 x 106
ESA = e x VC
= 2 x 2.5 x 106
= 5 x 106
FACULTOF
From Nomograph: TA’ = 26 cm
FACULTOF
First Trial:
TA’ = a1D1 + a2D2 + a3D3
= 1.00 (10) + 0.32 (15) + 0.23 (25)
= 20.55 cm < TA’ = 26 cm
Second Trial:
TA’ = a1D1 + a2D2 + a3D3
= 1.00 (15) + 0.32 (16) + 0.23 (25)
= 25.9 cm ~ TA’ = 26 cm
Therefore:
Surfacing Layer = 15 cm (150 mm)
Base Layer = 16 cm (160 mm)
Subbase Layer = 25 cm (250 mm)
FACULTOF
150 mm Asphaltic
Concrete
160 mm Crushed
Aggregate
250 mm
Sand
Subgrade
FACULTOF
Check for Highway Capacity
Maximum hourly capacity of traffic for one way,
c = IRT
Where; I = maximum hourly capacity under ideal condition
R = carriageway roadway reduction factor
T = traffic reduction factor
Assuming that max hourly capacity, c only represents 10% from the daily
capacity, C
C = 10 x c
FACULTOF
Total daily traffic flow for one way, Vx →actual
Vx = Vi x (1+r)x
where Vi = initial daily traffic for one way
= ADT (bothways) x ½
Compare Vx and C
If Vx < C → highway capacity has not been reached after x years OK

If Vx > C → highway capacity has been reached before x years NOT OK
So, number of years, n required to reach capacity highway

n = log (C/Vi)
log (1+r)
FACULTOF
FACULTOF
Check for Highway Capacity – Example 5.2
A two lane expressway in rolling terrain is expected to carry 50 million
standard axles during its 15 years performance life. The subgrade CBR
test results indicate the design value to be 6%. Check the highway
capacity after 15 years.
- Carriageway width = 7.5 m

- Shoulder width = 2.0 m
- Percentage of commercial vehicles, Pc = 11%
- Annual growth rate, r = 4.5%
- Initial ADT (both ways) = 7500
FACULTOF
Capacity check:
Total one way traffic flow after 15 years:

Vx = Vi (1+r)x
Vx = 7500 (1+0.045)15
2
= 7257 veh/day/lane
FACULTOF
Maximum hourly one way traffic flow:
c=IxRxT
From Appendix: I = 1000, R = 1.00
T = 100 / (100 + 2Pc)
= 100 / [100 + 2 (11)] = 0.82
Therefore,
c = 1000 x 1.00 x 0.82 = 820 veh/hr/lane
Maximum daily one way traffic flow:
(*Assume hourly capacity is 10% of daily capacity)
C = 10 x 820 = 8200 veh/day/lane
C = 8200 veh/day/lane > Vx = 7257 veh/day/lane
Therefore the maximum capacity has not been reached after 15 years.
FACULTOF
Check for Highway Capacity – Exercise 5.1
Based on the following information, proposed a suitable design period
on two lane highway.
- Carriageway width = 7.5 m

- Shoulder width = 2.0 m
- Gradient of the road = 4% (rolling)
- Percentage of commercial vehicles, Pc = 18%
- Annual growth rate, r = 9%
- Initial ADT (both ways) = 8000
- Subgrade CBR = 6%
FACULTOF
Road categories
Mountainous/hilly area Rolling area

FACULTOF
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
Contact: 019-598 2087

mustaqimnordin@uitm.edu.my
mohd86mustaqim@yahoo.com
FACULTOF

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ECG 344

MOHD MUSTAQIM BIN MOHD NORDIN

ECG344 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1

2. Types & Characteristic of Flexible & Rigid Pavement

3. Structural Components for Flexible Pavement

4. Materials and Properties of Flexible Pavement

5. Design of Flexible Pavement – JKR Method

ECG344 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 2

Construction Cost Maintenance

Flexible Pavement Rigid Pavement

Asphaltic concrete Contraction

a) Flexible pavement b) Rigid Pavement

Structural Strength and

o high flexural strength slab & reinforcement

o Upper course of the road pavement.

Total no. of commercial vehicles for one way, Vc

Equivalent Standard Axle, ESA = Vc x e

TA = a1D1 + a2D2 + a3D3

Thickness for each layer can be calculated – by trial and error

V0 = ADT x (Pc/100) x 365 x ½

VC = V0 [(1+r)x – 1] = 180675 [(1+0.07)10 – 1]

From Nomograph: TA’ = 26 cm

If Vx < C → highway capacity has not been reached after x years OK

So, number of years, n required to reach capacity highway

- Carriageway width = 7.5 m

See the relevant charts in the Appendix.

Total one way traffic flow after 15 years:

- Carriageway width = 7.5 m

See the relevant charts in the Appendix.

Mountainous/hilly area Rolling area

Contact: 019-598 2087

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