— = -_ Air Pilot’s Manuals EASA PPL (A) Questions, Answers & Explanations Navigation Examination Preparation to accompany the Air Pilot's Manuals POOLEY S Air Pilot Publishing———————— ——_—_— EASA PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE - AEROPLANE - NAVIGATION SS Before attempting these practice examination papers, you should have read Air Pilot's Manual, Volume 3 - Navigation and have completed the Progress Tests throughout the manual, The Navigation examination consists of 12 questions; time allowed 45 minutes. Each of the practice examination papers that follow contain 19 questions. The pass mark is 75%. Please read each question carefully and ensure you understand it fully before making your choice of answer. Each question is multiple choice with four possible answers A, B, C and D. You should indicate your chosen answer by placing a cross in the appropriate box on the answer sheet. Blank answer sheets are to be found at the end of this publication, these may be photocopied. Navigation Paper 1 - Questions 3 Navigation Paper 1 - Answers 8 Navigation Paper 1 - Explanations 9 Navigation Paper 2 - Questions 23 Navigation Paper 2 - Answers 28 Navigation Paper 2 - Explanations 29 Navigation Paper 3 - Questions 43 Navigation Paper 3 — Answers 46 Navigation Paper 3 - Explanations 47 Navigation Paper 4 - Questions 61 Navigation Paper 4 - Answers 64 Navigation Paper 4 - Explanations 65 Practical Navigation — Practice Planning & Plogs 81-100 Thissection doesnot form part ofthe theoretical examination preparation, you wil not be required teplotand plana whole route. It isinduded to help you hone your navigation planing sisFE NAVIGATION PAPER 1 eee 1. AVORis@ radio navigation aid that operates in which radio band? a MF uF UKE (a) vE - VG The airborne VOR receiver: 18, Measures the range from the ground station. measures the time taken for the intertogation pulse to return to the aircraft 3) Measures the magnetic direction ofthe signal transmitted by the ground station. the true direction ofthe signal transmitted by the ground station Meas @__Nessures the phase dference between two signals vansmitedby the VOR beacon. — 3. AVORradialis: Jay Tembenina tome satin (8) The magnetic bearing from the station & _Thetrue bearing tothe station d. The magnetic bearing to the station 4. When fying tovards @ VOR on the 125 radial, in order to obtain CDI indications in the correct sense the OBS should be sett: 8. 125¢witha FROM indication iP 125° with aTO ine ©) WS'withaTOindicaton ~ SE 305*withaFROM indication 5. Which aircraft is on the 060° radial tracking towards a VOR beacon and recelving correct sense indications? NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION PAPER 1 - QUESTIONS ~*~ ‘What isthe name given toa line which crosses all all meridians at th es a. Aparale! na b, Agreatelle ‘ley SCE) Athumbline = Agi line a 7 / ‘A*Lambert” projection is best used for covering: Migtatitudes > Polar regions Areas within 10° north or south of the equator d. Areas with a great north/south extent You are flying and maintaining a heading of 020° C with 5* right drt ard you know that the deviation Is 3°€, the magnetic vaiationin these the aircraft's true track? ate the com 2s 6 .Vnate a0 be 026T @& om & owt fan aircraft flies due south along the 002° W meridian from latitude 53° 30°N to2s+s nautical miles what distance is covered? sa = @® s700m- © 1710nm di 46500 10. Whatis the meaning of the following symbols? a, LTACAN VOR/DME —— is VOR NOB b. LVOR/OME —_ILTACAN ii, NOB w.vOR (©) iver LVORDME —_ILTACAN Wv.NDB wd iVOR iLTACAN ii,vORDME —_~W.NDB red 038 11. The angle between the Earth’ magnetic field and the horizontals referred fh) Ceviation 6 Variation « Slip(or'29 @ o0r2 - ut re aircraft hg 12. Anaircraftis fying between two points 120m apart after 40 ame ete be 5 nm to the right of track. In order to route directly £0 the des! correction is necessary? a 75'lefe uy b, 38% right ule & 137% ight WaneNAVIGATION PAPER 1 - QUESTIONS 13. When using GPS, what is the minimum number of satelites required to provide three , dimensional position fixing? v@ 44 b a 14, Overhead point A the fuel contents are 22 USG. 27 minutes later, over point B, the fuel contents is 17 USG. Your destination, C, is $5 minutes away, ‘Assuming the fuel flow remains constant and a Specific Gravity (Sp.G) of 0.72, how much fuel will remain, in kg, when overhead C? a 68Ig b. 102kg fe) 1B6k9 akg 15. An aircraft is flying at an indicated air speed (IAS) of 130 knots“at FL 100. The OAT is +10° C, what is the aircraft's true airspeed (TAS)? Ignore position and instrument errors. a 150K be 34k «162 a 156k 16. Complete the table below. From the completed table what is the magnetic heading and duration for the leg? Pressure ] | Altitude | CAS | TAS TR | HDG HDG | DIST Var. Gs Ti cry | ao | ay | | om | m |") oo wm | ™ OAT("C) ‘5000/+10| 98 | | 310/20] 045 aw | [ea ES6E| a. Magnetic Heading 037% Duration 32 minutes b. Magnetic Heading 034% Duration 30 minutes 4. Magnetic Heading 031%; Duration 32 minutes Magnetic Heading 025% Duration 30 minutesNAVIGATION PAPER 1 - QUESTIONS xy 117. Given the following details calculate the wind velocity: TAS ‘GROUNDSPEED TRUE HEADING TRUETRACK 151 degrees 40/20 260/30 17085 4. 220/30 18, Your alrrat is maintaining a TAS of 102 knots and arrives overhead ty 1030 UTC. Turning point Bis 71 nm away using a track of 260°T. Cate a Poth Using a forecast wind of 310/15 kt. Your ETA ag a M0BUTC b n3tuTc & m7utc 4 nasutc 19. Your destination is 80 nm away, you must artive in not less thai flying at FL 50 and the OAT is - 10° C. What is the minimum required to arrive at the desired time? 7 50 minutes you ag Calibrated Atsped og ‘Assume no head or tail wind component, a 96K bake © ok 102k a END OF NAVIGATION PAPER 1NAVIGATION PAPER 1 A Ee 4 | 6 Tae | Tom | oa | 09%————— NAVIGATION PAPER 1: EXPLANATIONS ———————————— 1. (Answer: D) The VOR operates in the VHE frequency band. VORis an abbreviation for very high frequency omni-directional radio range. VORs are allocated frequencies between 108.0 MHz and 117.95 Mhz. FURTHER READING: APMAVOLUNE3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 20 — THE VOR 2. (Answer: D) The VOR operates on the principle of phase comparison. The ground station, transmits two VHF radio signals: 1, Areference signal: which is the same in all directions; and 2, Avariable signal: the phase ofthis signal Is made to vary ata constant rate throughout 360" ‘The phase difference - the difference between the peaks of the radio waves - experienced by the receiver varies according to the aircraft's position around the station. When the aircraft is due north of the station the signals are in phase, ie. they peak and trough at the same time. The signals are then out of phase a follows: (090°M the signals are 90° out of phase 180°M the signals are 180" out of phase anti-phase) 270°M the signalsare 270° out of phase FURTHER READIN PM VOLUME 3, SECTION, CHAPTER 20 ~THEVOR 3, (Answer: B) A VOR radial is the magnetic bearing from the station. A radial can also be thought of as a track away from a VOR beacon. The 360 tracks away from a VOR are separated from each other by 1° and are each related to magnetic north. A radial may also be called a QDR. FURTHER READING: APIVOLUNES, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 20~THEVOR 4. (Answer: C) The cockpit display for the VOR is referred to as the OBS - omni bearing selector it displays on a course card the racial selected by the pilot. The needle is referred to as the course deviation indicator, or CDI Ifthe aircraft Is on the selected radial the needle will be in the centre. Ifitis not the needle will be deflected to the left or right as appropriate. ‘COURSE CARD: oe To/FROM INDICATOR COURSE DEVIATION INDICATOR (cD) ‘OMNI BEARING ‘SELECTOR (085); Sets Course Index In this question we are told that the aircraft is on the 125 radial, ie. its to the south east ofthe beacon. In order to fly to the beacon with correct sense indications the OBS should be set to 305 with aTO indication. 2. ANSWER D ference Signal (lu) and Variable Signal ed) 3. ANSWER B AVOR Ralisthe magnetic ‘atng am the sation10 NAVIGATION PAPER 1 - EXPLANATIONS 305 RADIAL’ ne way to think about the orientation is to remember that all the rag emanating from the beacon and travelling away from it. For the OBS to w . sense the TO/FROM indication should match the direction in which wave is moving, "aves ay cringe he selected gt THevor | — (Answer: C) The radio waves are being emitted by the VOR beacon and moving fromit. In order to receive correct sense indications you need to be following radia, radio wave, traveling in the same direction as your aircraft. ATO indication showsthay selected course ison the other side of the VOR beacon. A FROM indication shows tht (OBS selection and the aircraft are on the same side of the VOR. FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 240! ONTHEOSORADIAL ONTHE240 RADIAL ON THE 060 RADIAL onan TRACKING AWAY TRACKING TO TRACKING TO FURTHER READING: APMVOLUMES, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 20 ~THEVORNAVIGATION PAPER 1 - EXPLANATIONS 6. (Answer: C) A rhumb line is a line which crosses all meridians of longitude at the same angle. + Astraight line drawn on a Transverse Mercator projection is arhumb line. + All parallels of latitude are rhumb lines, since they intersect with the meridians at the same angle. + Asa constant angle is maintained a thumb line i easier to fy FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION], CHAPTER 2~ AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 7. (Answer: A) “Lambert” projections are best suited to covering mid-latitude regions e.g Europe, USA and Australia, At these latitudes the convergence of the meridians is not too ‘extreme, as would be the case approaching the poles. FURTHER READING: APHIVOLUMES, SECTION 1, CHAPTER 2— AERONAUTICAL CHARTS | 8. (Answer: C) The best way to begin with such questions is to use Tv Md C, and to create a table containing the known details. True vin Magnetic i Compass Heading persion neane el ceaton Heading aw 3 020 Remember also “East is Least; West is Best” ~ meaning that easterly corrections are subtracted and westerly ones added when working from left to right. It is now possible tocomplete the table. True na Magnetic ae Compass Heading seine pet ee) Heading 019 aw 023 3E 020 eee 019+4 023 023-3 020 toright:019 “The questions actually asks forthe true track, not heading, and so now we must take into account the drift. Drift is measured from the heading (nose) to the track, and is classified in degrees port or starboard of heading. The aircraft is heading 019°T with 5° of right (starboard) drift, therefore the true trackis: 019+5=024°T HEAQING ‘TRACK ‘TRACK HEADING PoRT RIFT. DRIFT FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 1, CHAPTER 4—THE MAGNETIC COMPASS AND DIRECTION n12 EXPLANATIONS NAVIGATION PAPER 1 4. tanswer 8) rout mits defined 8 uf dance tare earths surface. Each degree of latitude is made up $80 ong nth ea sloganthemovemetiong va crn etn ore tween change in latitude and distance 2-27 mega srg equator, the conversor ‘To begin with find the total distance travelled in d fore fegrees and mi “ Feations given are in opposite hemispheres and so the latitudes nutes ny 30'4-25 = 78° 30" Bre added i ofind the distance in am multiply each full degree travelled by 60,79 x60, = 6, ny 3; 4,680 + (30 minutes at 1 nm per mi inute) = 4749, 710mm ‘And add any extra minutes FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME3, SETION2, CHAPTERS — DRIFT 10, (Answer:C) Vor VOR/DME TACAN NDB Pe ee FuRTH te (answer}D) ip.ortistheangle between te Earths magnetic eld athe oon vanenetic cp is caused by the magnets in 2 compas tying fan Wi ee aati Reid which is practically horizontal at the equator, Put almost ves the poles. THE SECTION, CHAPTER 4 THE MAGNETIC COMPASS AND DFETIN FURTHER READING: APHVOLU ein Shey" Ful 42. (Answer: €) 11.2lft Off track erors can be calculated using the "Or TO FIND TRACK ERROR USING CRP TRACK ERROR (deere [OUTER SCALE: DISTANCE OFF TRACK. {nm)NAVIGATION PAPER 1 - EXPLANATIONS 1, FIND TRACK ERROR: 2. FIND: CLOSING ANGLE 5nm/40nm Snm/80nm - ANSWER 7.5 degrees ANSWER 3.7 degrees Total heading correction to reach destination = Track ertor + Closing Angle 275°43.7°2 11. The heading must be corrected 11.2°left. REQUIRED TRACK CLOSING ANGLE IF THE HEADING IS ALTERED BY THE ‘TRACK ERROR ALONE, THE REQUIRED TRACK WILLJUST BE PARALLELED FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME3, SECTION 3, CHAPTER 12 ~ ENROUTE NAVIGATION TECHNIQUE 13. (Answer: A) In orderto calculate a three dimensional position a GPS receiver must be able to obtain signals from at least 4 satellites. FURTHER READING: APM VOLUNE 3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 19 ~ GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) 13NAVIGATION PAPER 1 - EXPLANATIONS 14, (Answer: ©) 18.6kg. Using the CRP-1 to find fuel consumption: 1. Set time elapsed between A and 8, 27 minutes under 2. Read uel consumption above thetimeindex Fuel flow 11.1 USG/hr fuel y se 23 yy a @ Fuel required to reach C: 3, Keep the CRP as iti ie with your calculated fuel consump IMBtion above, ve th 4, The next leg will take 55 minutes, find $5 on the inner rotating seas ale andrea, if Matai a the fuel required above on the outer scale. Fuel required: 10.2 USG. This answer s sensible, as 55 minutes s almost anhov: ‘Therefore overhead C the remaining fuel will be: 17 ~ 10.2 = 6.8 USGNAVIGATION PAPER 1 - EXPLANATIONS E ‘Tofind the weight of fuel in kg: 5, Set the amount of fuel, 68 USG, on the inner scale below the USG index 6, Set the guide line to the Sp scale for kg (be careful ~ there isa scale in Ibs as well) 7. Read off the weight in kg in the inner scale 6.8 USG weighs 18.6 kg FURTHER READING: API VOLUMES, SECTION 2, CHAPTER 10—THAING AND FUEL MANAGEMENT 15, (Answer: D) 156 knots. |. In the AIRSPEED window. align the OAT with the pressure atitude 1516 NAVIGATION PAPER 1 ~ EXPLANATIONS Yy 2: Find the 1.130 kon the inner rotting SCA. tS NOW Posse ty, con the outer scale above. a ; Pog FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 2, CHAPTER 8~ AIRSPEED 16. (ANSWER: A) Magnetic Heading 037%; Duration 32 minutes. Pressure | Altitude | cas | TAS Te | HDG HDG Dist Var. i cea | a) | ae | MY om | om | Fan | © Joy) | oma 000/410] 98 | 107 | 310/20] 045 | 034 | 3w | 037 | 106 | 56 | 3 I ‘The frst step is to find the TAS. Using your CRP flight computer, in the AIRSPEED winds align the OAT (+10° C) with the pressure altitude (5000 ft); find the CAS (98 kt) ontheinne rotating scale and read off the TAS above it on the outer scale above.NAVIGATION PAPER 1 - EXPLANATIONS ‘Next, find the magnetic heading: 1, Set the wind direction (310) on the rotating inner scale under the Index on the fixed outer scale. 2. Set the centre circle on a convenient speed arc ~ 100 is a handy round number. Mark down the wind speed, 20 knots fo this question 3. Move the sliding scale so that the centre cic Is over the TAS 107. 4, Rotate the inner scale so that the measured true track, 045, is now below the index. Note the wind mark is now displaced 11°to the right. 5. Rotate the inner scale 11°to the right, (45 is now below 11° on the right hand side of the fixed dt scale, What we are aiming for is parity, so check that the wind dot stil indicates 11° right. In this case it does and no further adjustment is needed, 6. Read off the true heading under the Index = 034°. 7. Apply the variation, in this case 3° W. Remember East is Least, West is Best’ the variation is West, hence we add it giving a magnetic heading of 037°. 8, Finally, before putting the CRP away not the ground speed = 106 kt Making a small sketch is a good idea to check that your answers are sensible: [Z] TRUE TRACK 045 TRUE HEADING 034 (MORE WESTERLY) Meee ‘TAS 107 GROUND SPEED 106 N ‘THE ANSWERS MAKE SENSE! |w/v 310/20 EXPECTING A MORE WESTERLY HEADING. ‘AND A CROSSWIND {UTTLE CHANGE IN GROUND SPEED) fourer sca Lastly, we are asked to find the time it wll take to fly the leg: 718 NAVIGATION PAPER 1 - EXPLANATIONS FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION 2, CHAPTER9 ~ ORIFT 17, (Answer: D) 220/30. Again Is useful to have an idea oft confident that we have read the computer cone eae fe computer correctly. ven oo tance, 56 nim, divided by 2 gives an answer of 20 see MOUNd of Soe over 30 minutes. 28, sowe are amie Antipas Back to the CRP, set the"60" mark , kon the rotating inner. 106 knots. Reset the moving lubber line to Soave ne Sth it helps to remember from school “speed Se cast2Pee) on the oan outer scale OVER time on the inner. Sa Read off the time on the top of the inner scale 31.8 minutes, 1. Place centre dot on TAS, 110 knots 2. Set Heading, 165, under the index 3, The difference between heading and track is 14° the heading 6 HEAQING TRACK TRACK HeApIN stansoano} PORT DRIET DRIFT tt itis port dift asthe tackist6. Rotate the Inner disc until your wind markis below the centre dot. 7. Read off the wind direction under the index, 217 degrees and the velocity under the NAVIGATION PAPER 1 - EXPLANATIONS 4, Follow the atc representing the groundspeed, 96 knots, and make a mark to represent the drift -14* left 5. Now move the centre dot down to the wind component grid. mark on the wind component grid, here 30 knots. $ se 2033 yo ‘ene Closest answer 220/30 Rule of thumb: Carty out a ‘common sense” check, with a wind of 220/30 kt and a tack of 151, YOU he gusndsmpoencanbe would expect to turn right into wind (heading 165 achieves ths), and we would expect tir clatedungte sine 2 reduction in groundspeed due to a headwind. The answer we obtained therefore Sfumberefdgessbetwenthe seems sensible. beating (runway ection an z thewind recon Smite FURTHER READING: APHVOLUME 3, SECTION 2, CHAPTER ~DAIT Senne finda ea tan component. 18. (Answer: ¢) 1119 UTC. ‘To begin find the ground speed: a Coa 1, Set the wind direction (310) on the rotating nner scale under the Indexoon the fixed a outer scale 30°= 05 | so%bofwindspeed 2. Set the centre circle on a convenient speed arc ~ 100 is a handy round number. ‘Mark down the wind speed, 15 knots for this question. 3. Move the sling scale so that the centre circle is over the TAS 102. ‘ar=06 | eorotwindspecd | S0P= 07 _[ 7O%ofwindspeed 4, Rotate the inner scale so that the measured true track, 260, is now below the index. = 09 | s0bofwindspeed 5. Read off the ground speed: 92 kt nD : COs Carry outa common sense check: The difference between the heading 260 and the wind direction 310s 50°, and we can see from the CRP that itis a headwind and can anticipate 2 groundspeed lower than the TAS. 30°= 09 | S0%ofwindspeed 759% of wind speed eorofwindspeed_| 50% of wind speed 1915x0.6=9knots 102-9=93 knots ground speed » Y 0.2 no 280 7 P28 Tofind the time to point B: 1. Place the ground speed, 92 kt, over the time index 2. Ontthe outer scale find the distance 71 nm 3. Read off the time on the inner scale: 46.5 minutes 4. Again a common sense check shows that if we are travelling at nearly 15 nmper minute (900 kts):71 + 1.5 = 47 minutes Finally, add your result to the time to find the ETA: 1030 + 46.5 = 11165 UTC Closest answer 1117 UTC. ee Swat 17 UC FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 2, CHAPTER9 ~ DRIFT ws iste 19. (Answer:C)91 Kt. Asthereisno head or tail wind component the groundsPe Tofind the TAS: 1. Set time, 50 minutes, below distance 80 nm, 2. Above the index, read off the speed: 96 kt Stage two isto convert TAS to CAS: ude’ nt a [nthe aispeed window, st temperature 10°C against the pressu® Ls }elOWTAS, 96 kt, on the outer Scale, read off the CAS on the inner scale 20NAVIGATION PAPER 1 - EXPLANATIONS END OF EXPLANATIONS PAPER 1 21NAVIGATION PAPER 2 4, The correct Q code for a true bearing from a VDF station is: 1, OM SZ apr au @® at 2. AClassBVOF bearing is accurate to das Vf Boa? «20 a xe 3. Theaccuracy of aVDF may be decreased by: a.” Nighteffect BS Thunderstorms Costa eect @ ste; propagation errs How may the range of primary radar be increased? n ofthe radar head ja head antenna which will produce along and narrow beam n elevation abowe surrounding obstacles beam th ofthe edar head antenna which will produce a long and nat NAVIGATIONvacnreeesents te srtest STANCE DENY equal magnetic variation 90 Ben ing a Lambert projection jans atthe same angle i roe 0 ve ' th which crosses all meri Jay nineente sunrises when? mb ofthe Sun 2Ppea' 10 touch the horizon gun appeas to touch the hosizon uni6" below the horizon ne Sun is 6" above the horizon track of 255° T with 7* right dri, The jintaining 2 true a, Yousre fying and maint Yon monn the area 15.62 (OM the compass crs YOU Kw tha eo SP. What ste aircraft's compass heading? ar boueT ere J@ a fan aircraft flies due M« « what distance is covered? 2stoem sion b i) 2gi00m ( 25500m 10. Amagnetic compass is most accurate (3) mowiatroces i Atether3"North or South ‘e Athigh attudes 4. Atmidlattudes around 45° North or South ry Surveillance Radar (SSR) are: th along a meridian from latitude 28° 30'S t015°N nay miles 11, The equipment associated with Secondar J ‘4. Avansponder on the ground and OME in the ai @ -Atransponder in the ai and PPI on the ground e ‘opr randDiEon te ond ‘ransponder onthe ground and $P1on the ground 12. Anaicratis yt fter 20. the ata Tg ai at hing between two pins 80 om apart. r the aerate bbe 31nm to the right of track. to the destinat em othe ght of tad ae : ed co be 3'tght a B Which radio Navigation system, i Rd operates using the principle of phase rs, 2) von \oF aNAVIGATION PAPER 2 - QUESTIONS 14, Overhead point A the fuel contents are 17 USG. 19 minutes later, over point 8, the fuel contents is 15 USG. Your destination, Cis 42 minutes away. Assuming the fuel flow remains constant and a Specific Gravity (Sp. G) of 0.72, how much fuel will remain, in Ib, when overhead C? ab : a J & esto u * % 1051 a 75Ib 15, An aircraft is flying at an indicated air speed (IAS) of 110 knots at FL. 40. The OAT is 5° C, what isthe acraft’s true airspeed (TAS)? Ignore position and instrument errors. . ok tak SO vow ak 16. Complete the table below. From the completed table what is the magnetic heading and duration for the leg? Pressure ] Altitude | CAS | TAS TR | HDG HDG DIST | ry | | mn) MY ay | | | a | Jew | OAT("C) | Fooorns| 120 [1SF eons | soo Loyal aw WSSIST Tas | ett Heading 291; Duration 32 minutes Bb. Magnetic Heading 296% Duration 42 minutes Magnetic Heading 26% Duation 32 minutes “4. Magnetic Heading 291% Duration 42 minutes @ 17. Given the following details calculate the wind velocity: TAS 130;knots ‘GROUNDSPEED 141 knots TRUEHEADING 116 degrees i TRUETRACK 120 degrees a. 360/20 bovis 20/5 a 3107257 a, NAVIGATION PAPER 2 - QUESTIONS 18, Your airraft is maintaining aTAS of 94 knots and arrives overhead turnin a forecast wind of 220/25 Kt. A.at Busing a, 1612UIC b,1852UTC « 1602UIC a. 1542UTC 419. Your destination is 77 nm away, you rust arrive in not less than 42 minutes, if - YOu are ig at FL 50 and the OAT is + 10° C? what is the minimum Calibrated Airspeed ¢ speed Cas flyin requited to arrive at the desired time? Assume no head or tall wind component. a ott bik ewe a 97k END OF NAVIGATION PAPER 2yavicATION pAPER 2: ANSWERS ened w | 19 95% | 100% [7a | 4% _[ 29%NAVIGATION PAPER 2: EXPLANATIONS 4, _ (Answer: D) QTE is the true bearing of the alrcraft from the station. wa w ‘on com Mone besegot he Magraichenngto datrom he ation Sewrtorenh th son (suming wg) vy FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 2 ~THENDB ANDTHE ADF 2. (Answer: A) ‘Accuracy of VDF Bearings Class A +/-2 degrees Class B +/-5 degrees Class C +/- 10 degrees Class D accuracy less than class C FURTHER READING: API VOLUME 3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER — VHF DIRECTION FADING (OF 3. (Answer: D) VDF operates in the VHF band and therefore its accuracy can be decreased by: a. Site errors: caused by reflections from buildings, uneven ground etc. Propagation errors: caused by the radio wave scalloping over difering terran, these are particularly noticeable at long range from the VDF station FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 4 CHAPTER 23 ~VHF DIRECTION FINDING [VOF) 4, (Answer: C) Primary radar uses UHF (ultra-high frequency) transmissions which are line Cf sight; buildings, high ground and the curvature of the earth can cause radar shadows, ‘meaning that objects in these areas are not detected. One way to try to lessen these effects is to site the radar antenna on high ground above surrounding obstacles. ‘An approximate range can be calculated using one of the folowing formulae: Radarrange = V1.5 xheight above ground lvelin tm) or Radar range = 1.22 V height above ground levelinft (nm) ‘FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 18 ~ RADAR 2930 NAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS 5. (Answer: C) Primary Primary, secondary and Mode ¢ Primary, secondary and Mode ¢ Primary and secondary FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 18~ RADAR 6. (Answer: D) A thumb line is 2 line which crosses all meridians of longitude at the same angle, «A straight line drawn on a Transverse Mercator projection isa rhumb line ‘All parallels of latitude are rhumb lines since they intersect with the meridians at the same angle. {Asa constant angle is maintained a rhumb line is easier to fy Pi VOLUME, SECTION 1, CHAPTER? ~ AERONAUTICAL CHARTS FURTHER READII (Answer: A) Sunrise and sunset conventionally refer to the times when the upper limb of the disc of the Sun is on the horizon. Civil Twilight: In the morning: starts when the centre of the Sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon and finishes at sunrise. in the evening: starts at sunset and ends when the centre of the Sun's disc is 6° below the horizon. FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION 1 CHAPTER ~TIME _ (Answer: D) The ist stage isto find the aircrafts true heading. Drift is measured from the heading (nose) to the track, and is classified in degrees port or starboard of heading- HEADING TRACK TRACK HEADING su PoRT DRIFT DRT Inths case the true trackis 255 and the dit isto the right (starboard) Therefore, thew" heading is: 255-7 =248°TNAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS ‘The next stage Is to use T v Md C, and to create a table containing the known details. Tne Magnetic Compass Variation Heading ae Heading | Deviation | veading 248 6E 2W Remember also “East Is Least; West Is Best’ ~ meaning that easterly corrections are subtracted and westerly ones added when working from left to right. Its now possible tocomplete the table, Tne a8 Magnetic Compass : Variat an Heading soa (UiiHesalng ell a Heading 248 6E 242 2W 244 ‘The compass heading is therefore 244°C, FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME3, SECTION 1, CHAPTER 4—THE MAGNETIC COMPASS AND DIRECTION 9, (Answer: C) A nautical mile is defined as a unit of distance equal to one minute (of arc on the earth's surface. Each degree of latitude is made up of 60 minutes and therefore equates to 60 nm. As long as the movement along a great circle, Le. any meridian or the equator, the conversion between change in latitude and distance is straight forward. To begin with find the total distance travelled in degrees and minutes. In this case the locations given are in opposite hemispheres and so the latitudes are added together: 28° 30'+ 15 = 43°30" FURTHER READING: APMVOLUMES, SECTION 2, HAPTER9~ DRI 10, (Answer: A) A magnetic compass is most accurate at low latitudes. ‘The compass suffers from both turning and acceleration errors as a result of magnetic. dip, or*z’ leading to the weight of the magnet not being directly underneath the pivot. Magnetic dip is due to the magnet trying to align itself with the earth’s magnetic field which is practically horizontal at the equator, but almost vertical at the poles. Where dip is minimal the compass will be at its most accurate and this will occur at low latitudes. Arranging the magnet as a pendulum does alleviate some of the problem, but will not eradicate it totally ‘GEOGRAPHIC MaGneTic RTH POFE NORTH POLE PIVOT WEIGHT FURTHER READING: APM VOLUNE 3, SECTION 1, CHAPTER 4~THE MAGNETIC COMPASS AND DIRECTION 3132 NAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS 11, (Answer:B) PPI stands for Plan Position Indicator and is another term f Used by controllers. Itison the PI thatthe SSRinformation from the ace are displayed. SSR TRANSPONDER IN THE AIRCRAFT the radar cee "ats tonspont PLAN POSITION INDICATOR DISPLAYS INFORMATION TO THE CONTROLLER ON THE GROUND FURTHER READING: APHVOLUME3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 18 RADAR, 12, (AnswerzD) 12" left. Of track erors can be calculated using the One in Sty Rule ‘TO FIND TRACK ERROR USING CRP ‘Total heading correction to reach destination = Track error + Closing Angle aes 12 ——NAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS 1. FIND TRACK ERROR 2. FIND CLOSING ANGLE 3nm/60nm ANSWER 9 degrees REQUIRED TRACK iF THE HEADING I TERED YE TRACK ERROR ALONE, THE REQUIRED TRACK WL JUST BE PARALELED The heading must be corrected 12° eft. FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION3, CHAPTER 12 ~ ENROUTE NAVIGATION TECHNIQUES 13. (Answer: ) The VOR operates on the principle of phase comparison. The ground station transmits two VHF radio signals: 1. Areference signal: which isthe same in all directions; and 2. Avatiable signal: the phase ofthis signal is made to vary ata constant rate throughout 360°. ‘The phase difference - the difference between the peaks of the radio waves- experienced by the receiver varies according to the aircraft's position around the station. When the aircraft is due north of the station the signals are in phase, ie, they peak and trough at the same time. The signals are then out ofphase as follows: 090°M the signals are 90" out of phase 180M the signals are 180" out of phase (antiphase) 270°Mthe signals ae 270° out of phase FURTHER READING: APMAVOLUME3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 20—THEVOR 13, ANSWER Reference Signal (ue) andVaable Signal) 33NAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS 1". Using the CRP-1 to find fuel consumption: 1. Set time elapsed between A and 8, 19 minutes under the fue used (17-15 ~2 usc) 2. Read fuel consumption above the time index Fuel flow 6.4 USG/hr Fuel required to reach C: 3. Keep the CRP as tis Le. with your calculated fuel consumption above the index 4, The next leg will ake 42 minutes, find 42 on the inner rotating scale and read off. the fuel required above on the outer scale. Fuel required: 4.5 USG. consumption, answer Is sensible, as this is roughly 70% of the hou ‘Therefore overhead C the remaining fuel will be: 15 ~ 4.5 = 10.5 USGNAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS To find the weight of fuel in Ib: 5, Set the amount of fuel, 10.5 USG, on the inner scale below the USG index 6, Set the guide line to the Sp scale for Ib (be careful - there is ascale in kg as well) 7, Read off the weight in Ib in the inner scale 10.5 USG weighs 62.5 Ib ‘Check: A handy figure to commit to memory, is that one USG with a Specific Gravity of (0.72 weighs 6 Ib. 105 USGx6=63 Ib. FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION 2, CHAPTER 10- TIMING AND FUEL MANAGEMENT 15, (Answer: B) 114 kt. 1. In the AIRSPEED window, align the OAT with the pressure altitude 35NAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS 2. Find the IAS on the inner rotating scale. Its row possible to read off the TAS on the outer scale above. FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 2, CHAPTER@ ~ AIRSPEED 116. (ANSWER: C) Magnetic Heading 296", Duration 32 minutes. Pressure Altitude | CAS | TAS ‘TR | HDG HDG DIST wae | | | ao) | | ao | © Jn | onto 700/415] 120 | 137 | 160/25] 300 | 293 | 3w | 296 156 | 83 | 32 puter, In the AIRSPEED window ‘The first step isto find the TAS. Using your CRP flight com 20 kt) on the align the OAT (+15° C) with the pressure altitude (7000 ft; find the CAS (1 inner rotating scale and read off the TAS above it on the outer scale above.NAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS Next, find the magnetic headin: 1, Set the wind direction (160) on the rotating inner scale under the Index on the fixed outer scale. 2, Setthe centre circle on a convenient speed arc - 100s a handy round number, ‘Mark down the wind speed, 25 knots for this question. 3. Move the sliding scale so that the centre cicle is over the TAS 137. 4, Rotate the inner scale so that the measured true track, 300, is now below the index. Note the wind mark is now displaced 6° to the right. 5, Rotate the inner scale 6" to the right, 300 is now below 6° on the right hand side of the fixed drift scale, However, now the wind dot indicates 7° of starboard drift. What ‘we ate aiming for is parity, so move the rotating scale so that 300 is below 7* on the fixed drift scale and stil right ofthe index. We have parity ~ the track is offset 7 and the wind mark still shows 7°, Read off the true heading under the Index = 293" ‘Apply the variation, inthis case 3*W. Remember East is Least, Wests Best; the variation is West, hence we add it ghving a magnetic heading of 296° 8. Finally, before putting the CRP away note the ground speed = 156 kt "oer rucr caus 37NAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS Making a small sketch is a good idea to check that your answers are sensible ‘TRUE TRACK 300 TRUE HEADING 293 {LEFT TURN INTO WIND) ‘TAS 137 GROUND SPEED 156 ‘THE ANSWERS MAKE SENSE! (1) ww 160/25 EXPECTING LEFT TURN INTO WIND (AND A TAILWIND COMPONENT (HIGHER GROUND SPEED) WIND 160/25 10 find the time it wll take to fly the leg: Lastly, we are asked ofthe answer we are expecting to get so that wecan be ry roughly a ground speed of 156 und of just under 25 nm pet 33.2, so we are anticipating fo have an idea have read the computer correctly. Ver Which would give us a rate over the gro! ‘Again, itis useful confident that we knots is close to 150, ‘minute. The distance, 831, di an answer just over 30 minutes. led by 2.5 gives an answer of under the groundspeed. here con the outer scale- here .e. distance is set onthe 60 markon the rotating inner scale joving lubber line to 83 nm (the distance) e over time’ Backto the CRP, set the’ 156 knots. Re-set the m ithelps to remember from school speed = distanc outer scale OVER time on the inner. Read off the time on the top of the inner scale 32.1 minutes. FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION 2, CHAPTER 9~ DRIFTNAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS 47. (Answer: B) 340/15. 1, Place centre dot on TAS, 130 knots 2, Set Heading, 116, under the index 3, The difference between heading and track Is 4, tis starboard dit as the track isto the right of the heading HEAQING TRACK TRACK HEADING Port RIFT 4, Follow the arc representing the groundspeed, 141 knots, and make a mark to represent the drift-4° right 5. Now, move the centre dot down to the wind component grid, 6, Rotate the inner disc until your wind mark s below the centre dot. 7, Read off the wind direction under the index, 336 degrees and the velocity under the mark on the wind component gri, here 15 knots oe A e Sot es se : 7 PPoters pucur even eo POOLS uci equirnen nore nen Closest answer 340/15. Carry out a "common sense” check, with a wind of 340/15 kt and a track of 120, you ‘would expect to turn left into wind (heading 116 achieves this), and we would expect an increase in groundspeed due toa tailwind component. The answer we obtained therefore seems sensible. pe Hemssensible FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME, SECTION 2, CHAPTERS ~ DRIFT 39NAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS 18, (Answer: D) 1542 UTC. To begin with find the ground speed: 1. Set the wind direction (220) on the rotating inner scale under the Indexon the fixed outer scale, 2. Set the centre cicle on a convenient speed arc ~ 100 is @ handy round number. Mak ‘down the wind speed, 25 knots for this question. 3, Move the sliding scale so thatthe centre circle is over the TAS 94 4 Rotate the inner scale so thatthe measured true rack, 010, is now below the index 5, Read off the ground speed: 117 Kt. Corry outa common sense check: With a heading 010 and a wind direction 220 alms fal of the wind speed is a tailwind; expect a big increase in ground speed. 117 jz seems reasonable. JOUTER SCALE: ‘SPEED DISTANCE OVENS CRP 1 Coy <0 a MP y, prep a “20ers uci caves Kosi To find the time to point B: 1. Place the ground speed, 117 kt, over the time index. 2. On the outer scale find the distance 102 nm. 3, Read off the time on the inner scale: 525 minutes. inut? 4 Again a common sense check shows tat if we are traveling at nearly 2pm Pet (120 kts): 102 + 2= 51 minutes. = 1542.5 UTC Finally, add your result to the time to find the ETA: 1450 + 52. Closest answer 1542 UTC. — —_ |__NAVIGATION PAPER 2 - EXPLANATIONS 49. (Answer: C) 101 kt ;sthere is no head or tail wind component the groundspeed is the TAS. Tofind the TAS: 1, Set time, 42 minutes, below distance 77 nm. 2. Above the index, tead off the speed: 110k. stage two is to convert TAS to CAS: 3. In the airspeed window, set temperature, +10°C against the pressure altitude of FL 50, 4, Below TAS, 110 kt,on the outer scale read off the CAS on the inner scale: 101 kt. FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME3, SECTION 2, CHAPTER 10—TIMING AND FUEL MANAGEMENT END OF EXPLANATIONS PAPER 2 4——— NAVIGATION: PAPER 3 ——————————————— 1, What range s displayed on the DME cockpit display? © ereoattre Qi conected sont ange 7a, Mcrange 2, Approximately what isthe maximum number of aircraft that are able to use @ DME station atany one time? 3. Whatis the name of the aircraft equipment needed for secondary surveillance radar? a. Transmitter b. Transposer Translator Transponder irectional Beacon (NDB) is: 2, Anairbome system comprising ofa loop antenna and a sense antenna Sb. Aground based station that radiates two signals out of phase | & — Anairbome system to measure the range and bearing from a ground station U ay Agound bese ation tet wansmitsome’ dena 5. Anaircaftis tacking away fom an NOB maintaining a wack of 040 wth "of port de Wiha bearing shoul he elativ bearing indestr (RB be incising? 2 wr rdeie Barren | osrremve Vv e@ 171° relative 6. Paralelsofattude 4. edesnedasbeing eter esto wef BY (6) Meatamatcrie, seep br the ence Z healgeatcrces @.Nemumbsredfem0%0 160 7. With the Sun in the west, the moment when the upper limb of the Sun touches the horizon isknowas & Ghiltwilight be Sunise {eo @ sunset 8 An aicraft is maintaining a compass heading of 315° C, the deviation is 1*E, the true heading is 324°7, whats the magnetic variation? NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION PAPER 3 - QUESTIONS Ifan aircraft flies due south along the 045° W meridian from latitude 37° N, a. 1)3480nm 100 sm Wi) 6,440 ken (B) y3525nm — i 4055sm Ai 6,520 ken € ya7snm — i 1.8055. i) 1.120km d.)3435am 3950s iip6350km 10, Which ofthe following navigation aids use frequencies in the VHF band? a. DME and VOR S@) vorand vor ‘<_GPS,NDB and VDF d. NDB, VORand VDF increasing latitude magnetic dip becomes ww (0 nnn and Compas eros... fi Reduce ictncrease i. Reduce 12. Anaircratis fying between two points 90 nm apart, after 50 nm the aircrafts found tc be 7 nmto cortection is necessary? ‘he lett of track. In order to route directly to the destination what heading a. 105*right b. Bale © 201*left 7 d.189%right ismissions are degraded by: thunderstorm effect and coastal refraction ft and the height ofthe 13. The range and accuracy of VHF tran: The altitude and range ofthe receiving aircraft, on erro, the altitude and range ofthe receiving ai site and props ground based transmitter. Site and propagation errors night ef ‘The height ofthe ground based transmitter, coastal ct and the height ofthe ground based transmit. refraction and night effect. Overhead point A the fuel contents are 52 kg. 38 minutes later, over pot B, the oe contents is 45 kg. Your destination, C, Is1 hour and 14 minutes away. fant and a Specific Gravity (Sp. G) of 0.72, how m 4. ‘Assuming the fuel flow remains const uct fuel will remain, in USG, when overhead C? a 313USG b. 13756 224096 4 115USG 15, An aircraft is fying at an indicated air speed (IAS) of 120 knots at FL 80. The oats position 11°C greater than the ISA, what is the aircraft's true airspeed (TAS)? Ignore Instrument errors. b. © Skt 4,16. 1” 18. 19. NAVIGATION PAPER 3 - QUESTIONS complete the table below. From the completed table what isthe magnetic heading and duration for the leg? Pressure aa = Altitude | CAS wv TR 1G HDG DIST | tray | ak) |) om | |) an | foamy | Time oar(°c) Soria 0 | RPese0s0| To = Tel a. Magnetic Heading 215%; Duration 34 minutes bb Magnetic Heading 217°; Duration 36 minutes a Duration 34 minutes Magnetic Heading 212"; Duration 34 minutes Given the following details calculate the wind velocity: [1s 90 knots GROUNDSPEED 88 knots | TRUE HEADING 322 degrees TRUETRACK 310 degrees a 208 b. o1020 © 0620 a owns Your aircraft is maintaining a TAS of 121 knots and arrives overhead turning point A at 1826 UTC. Turning point B is 48 nm away using a track of 140°T. Calculate your ETA at B Using a forecast wind of 200/20 kt. a 1e4BUTC b. 1a57UTC rear UTC a 2 UTC What isthe name given toa line which crosses all meridians atthe same angle? a Aparalel b, Agreat circle ¢)Athumb line dh Agrid ine END OF NAVIGATION PAPER 3 ee eee ne reece—<—<_—$—¥—=_—=€_"_——<<—~_~———aE_ NAVIGATION PAPER 3: EXPLANATIONS 4. (Answer: A) Distance Measuring Equipment provides you with the distance of your craft from the ground station. It is important to remember that the information given isthe slant range: when close tothe ground station the information will be at its most inaccurate. HORIZONTAL DISTANCE SLIGHTLY LESS THAN 25 NM ‘FURTHER READING: APD VOLUME, SECTION 4, HAPTER 21— DME 2, (Answer: C) DME operates by the aircraft equipment (the interrogator) transmitting a coded pulse signaloon the selected frequency; the signal reaches the ground station where itis retransmitted. When the retransmitted signal reaches the aircraft the DME equipment recognises its own code and knows that the radio wave has travelled ata fixed speed. The interrogator can therefore work out how long it has taken for the pulse signal to travel to and return from the DME ground station and can calculate the distance. There isa practical limit to how many aircraft can use or“lock on"to a DME station at any ‘one time, Most can deal with no more than around 100 aircraft, when this limits exceeded the ground station will begin to disregard the weaker signals, these will normally be the "most distant from the station. Newer DME stations will be able to handle more aircraft. DME operates in the UHF band, Each DME channel consists of two frequencies one forthe interrogation signal from the aircraft and a separate, but automatically paired, response frequency from the ground station, There are 126 channels classified as either X or. Ea art ce OR SAU OTS PS Sn eee ae FURTHER READING: APIVOLUME 3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 21~ OME 3. (Answer: D) A transponder is the airborne equipment required in the aircraft for the SSR system operate. < i ee ee FURTHER READING: APIAVOLUME 3, SECTION4, CHAPTER 18 — RADAR 47NAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS itis a tanswer: B) A Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) isthe most basic navigation ai Om ce Ground station that transits radio energy inal itections. NDB operat in the ‘medium frequency bands. k seriously reduced by: The accuracy ofan NOB can be: needle can be deflected towerdsan electrical st torma aay Thunderstormeffect: The AD! from the ground station. Nght ect: Song ty wavescan be presentin the Land ME fequency bands espec aoa snd dusk At these times signals fom the beacon can take ciferent paths othe ha ther by surface wave or sky wave, the two path interfere with eachother, the sigaine fade and the needle wander. my (rae ain effec: Where signals fom the beacon are reflected by train tran erfect, Caused by te radio wave Bending (effating) when I cosses a cea anangle. FnTiHEn nEADING: APHVOLOMES, SECTION 4 CHAPTER22—THENDB ANDTHE ADF (answer: D) 171° relative pits measured fom the heading (nose) tothe track, ands clasified in erees portr starboard of heading. HEADING TRACK TRACK HEADING STARBOARD] PORT DRIFT RFT .g away from the NDB flying the headings Ifthere were to be no cross wind, when tract a track would work. The needle would continue jee. it will point to the tall of the aircraft. In cross wind c¢ to show a steady relative bearing of 18 onditions an allowance for artis necessary. ith a track of 040 and a drift 9°to port the track les to the left ofthe headings there the heading is 049°. When using an RBI the“tail’ of the ADF needle must be offset 9 ‘an equal amount in the opposite direction in order for the desired track to be: maintain To summarise the aimis to achieve parity between the number ‘of degrees by whieh heading is offset in one direction and the number of degrees by which the tai of the ADF needle is displaced in the other direction.NAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS [MAGNETIC HEADING + RELATIVE BEARING +/-180 = QDR (049+ 171 =220- 180= 040 ‘FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION 4 CHAPTER? ~THENDB AND THE ADF EE Ee ‘6 (Answer:B) All parallels of latitude, except for the equator are small icles. circle drawn ‘ona sphere whose plane passes exactly through the centre of the sphere itselfis called a ‘great circle; the only parallel of latitude that fulfils this criterion is the equator. FURTHER READING: APH VOLUME3, SECTION 1, CHAPTER 1 THE EARTH (answer:D) The Sun moves across the sky from eastin the morning towestin the evening. ‘Therefore, in this question the Sun is going down, and it refers to sunset. Sunrise and sunset conventionally refer to the times when the upper limb of the disk of the Sun is on the horizon. GivilTwilight: in the morning; starts when the centre ofthe Suns dsc is 6" below atsunrse. In the evening: starts at sunset and ends wh horizon. the horizon and finishes 1en the centre of the Sun's disc is 6° below the "FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 1, CHAPTERS ~TIME (answer: A) The best way to begin with such questions is touse TVMd G and tocreate ‘table containing the known details. True Magnetic Compass Heading | Yation | Weating _| Heading 324 | 315 Remember also “East is Least; West is Best” - meaning that easterly corrections are sublracted and westerly ones added when working fom eft ght Compass Tue 7 Magnetic ni Headin Headin Variation | Heading : ins | feu eciaeel 1 3 ATH : FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME3, SECTION 1, CHAPTERNAVIGATION PAPER 3 ~ EXPLAN 1ATIONS «a unit of distance equal to one minute (Jor tude is made up of 60 minutes and therefor aga great citcle, ie. any meridian ory de and distance i straight forwara,* (answer: B) A nautical mile Is defined 2 onthe earth’ surface. Each degree of I equates to 69m. As long as the movements alo equator the conversion between change in atituc ad the total stance travelled in degrees and minutes inthis case th To begin with fi te hemispheres and so the latitudes are added together: locations given are in oppos +21°45'= 58°45" each full degree travelled by 60: 58x 60 = 3,480 nm (45 minutes at 1 nm per minute) = 3,525 nm ‘wer to statute miles and kilometres: To find the distance in nm multiply ‘And add any extra minutes: 3,480 + For this question we now have to convert our an: Mathematically: | nm = 1.15 sm = 1.85 km 3,525 x1.15 = 40545m 3,525 x 1.85 =6521 km CRP: 1. Set the nm on the inner rotating scale agains ‘computer, using the guide line to help. 2, The guide line can then be rotated to inner scale. Here 4060 sm. 4, The processis then repeated using km-m Ir Reading the inner scale gives 6510 kr, NUT Mon the outside of the “STAT M'and the statute miles read off on the The best fitting answers are: i) 3,525 nm i) 4,055 sm ii) 6520 km FURTHER READN ING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 2, CHAPTER 10 TIMING AND FUEL MANAGEMENTNAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS answer: B) VOR and VOF operate in the VHF band, 10. RW Distance Measuring Equipment | UHF. Global Positioning System L-band (microwaves) Non-Directional Beacon LF and MF aise a yu) Primary Radar UH, S-band and L-band depending on range required. Secondary Surveillance Radar UHF VHF Direction Finding VHF ‘VHF Omni-directional Range VHF Be ______ "FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 23 ~ VHF DIRECTION FINDING (VDF) co _a_neeerr—r——————V (answer: C) With increasing latitude magnetic dip becomes greater and compass errors increase. ‘The compass suffers from both turning and acceleration errors as a result of magnetic dip, or*2" leading to the weight of the magnet not being directly underneath the pivot. ‘Magnetic dip is due to the magnet trying to align itself with the earth’s magnetic field ‘which is practically horizontal at the equator, but almost vertical at the poles. Where dip is minimal the compass will be at its most accurate and this will occur at low latitudes. ‘Arranging the magnet as a pendulum does alleviate some of the problem, but will not eradicate ittotally. Wc acnenc STH POFE NORTH POLE PIVOT WEIGHT FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 1, HAPTER 4~ THE MAGNETICCOMPASS AND DIRECTION52 NAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS 12, (Answer: D) 18.9° right. Off rack errors can be calculated using the“One in Sityen, le, TO FIND TRACK ERROR USING CRP [OUTER SCALE: DISTANCE OFF TRACK (nm) TRACK ERROR (degrees) [INN R SCAI DISTANCE TRAVELLED (nm a JOUTER § SCALE: DISTANCE OFF TRACK (nm) us Go CLOSING ANGLE (degrees) 1. FIND TRACK ERROR 2. FIND CLOSING ANGLE = 7nm/50nm 7nm/40nm ANSWER 8.4 degrees ANSWER 10.5 degrees Total heading correction to reach destination = Track error + Closing Angle =84"+10.5°= 18.9" IF THE HEADING IS ALTERED BY THE ‘TRACK ERROR ALONE, THE REQUIRED TRACK WILLJUST BE PARALLELED REQUIRED TRACK The heading must be corrected 18.9° right. A FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 3, CHAPTER 12 ~ ENROUTE NAVIGATION TECHNIQUESNAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS (answer: B) The range and accuracy of VHF transmissions may be degraded by: 18 te and propagation errors | The altitude and range ofthe receiving aircraft and + the height of the ground based transmitter site ertors are caused by reflections from buildin errors by the radio wave scalloping over differin atlong range from the transmitter, 195, uneven ground etc..and propagation \g terrain, these are particularly noticeable The other Isues are due tothe fact that VHF transmissions are line of sight. Coastal refraction, night errors and thunderstorm effect have an influence in the lower ‘frequency bands, MF and LF, and could degrade the performance of transmissions from an NDB. FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 23. ~ VHF DIRECTION FINDING (VDF) 14, (Answer: D) 11.5 USG. 1. Set time elapsed between A and B, 38 minutes under the fuel | used (52-45 = 7 kg) 2, Read fuel consumption above the time index Fuel flow 11.1 kg/hr Fuel required to reach C: 3. Keep the CRP as itis, Le, with your calculated fuel consumption above the index 4. The next leg will take 74 minutes, find 74 on the inner rotating scale and read off the fuel equited above on the outer scale. 5354 NAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS Fuel required: 13.7 kg. 6:45 - 13.7 = 31.3kg Therefore overhead C the remaining fuel will b To find USG remaining: 1G scale forkg (be careful ~ there isa scale in bas wel) 5. Set the guide line 100.72 on the S © Below the guideline onthe inner rotating scale set the weight of fue 31.3 kg 7. Reset the guide line to the USG index 8. Read off the USG equivalent on the inner scale 11.5USG. FURTHER READING: APA VOLUMES, SECTION, CHAPTER 10—TMING AND FUEL MANAGEMENTNAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS (answer: B) 138 Kt. ‘he fist stage Isto calculate the OAT, The ISA assumes the temperature at ground Jove to be +15°C, and the lapse rate of 2°C reduction in temperature per 1000 ft of height increase. 1b ‘tFL80ina standard atmosphere the temperature willbe +15 ~ (8x 2)=-1°C Weare told that the OAT is 11°C greater than the ISA, and therefore must be 410°C. 1, Inthe AIRSPEED window, align the OAT with the pressure altitude. 2, Find the IAS on the inner rotating scale. Itis now possible to read off the TAS on the outer scale above, FURTHER READING: APIAVOLUME 3, SECTION 2, CHAPTER ~ AIRSPEED 55NAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS 16, (Answer: D) Magnetic Heading 212°; Duration 34 minutes. Pressure ie Altitude | CAS | TAS TR | HDG DIST Var. Gs . ery | ceo | ay) | a | om |" | a (wm | Time onto ‘5000/-10 | 110 | 115 | 360/30 210 | 217 5E | 212 | 147 79 3a -TAS. Using your CRP flight computer in the AIRSPEED windoy (5000 ft) find the CAS (110k) on theinng. the TAS above it on the outer scale above. The first step isto find the align the OAT (-10°C) with the pressure altitude rotating scale and read off Next, find the magnetic heading: 1. Set the wind dltection (360) on the rota ‘outer scale. 2. Set the centre circle on @ convenient ‘speed arc ‘Mark down the wind speed, 30 knots for this question. 3, Move the sliding scale so that the centre circle is over ‘the TAS 115. 4, Rotate the inner scale so that the measured true track, 210, is now below the index. Note the wind mark is now displaced 6° to the left. 5. Rotate the inner scale 6° to the left, 210 is now below 6° on the left hand side of the fixed drift scale. However, now the wind dotindicates 7°of port drift What we are arming for is parity, so move the rotating scale so that 210 is below 7° on the fixed drift scale ‘and stil left of the index. We have parity - the track Is offset 7° and the wind mark sl shows 7”. 6, Read off the true heading under the Index = 217°, 7. Apply the variation, in this case 5° €, Remember “East is Least, West is Best’ th is West, hence here we subtract it giving a magnetic heading of 212° 8. Finally, before putting the CRP away note the ground speed = 141 kt. ting inner scale under the Index on the fixed = 100 isa handy round number. e variationNAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS INDEX 1 20 210 2204, ye 3 Rei Rit lieoli fH eters ruc eaueen > ‘sens Making a small sketch is a good idea to check that your answers are sensible: ‘Wino 360/30 [1] ww 260/30 EXPECTING SLIGHT RIGHT TURN INTO WIND ‘AND A BIG TAILWIND COMPONENT {HIGHER GROUND SPEED) [2] true Track 210 TRUE HEADING 212 (SLIGHT RIGHT TURN INTO WIND) ‘TAS 115 GROUND SPEED 141 ‘THE ANSWERS MAKE SENSE! las “tV; We are asked to find the time it wl take to fy the leg: 57NAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS Again, Its useful to have an idea ofthe answer we are expecting 0 Get 50 that ye contidene thot we have read the computer correctly. Very oughly aground speeqc Caen nlorete 150, which would give us 2 rate over the ground of just under a0" mrinute. The distance, 79 nm, divided by 25 givesan answer of 31.6 50 Wwe aeangyr {an answer Just over 30 minutes. Pa | sackto the CRP set the’60"markonthe rotating ner scale under the round pee ta knots Re-set the moving uber line to 79 nm (the distance) on the outer scaly it helps to remember from school “speed = distance overtime” ie. distance is set on outer scale OVER time on the inner. ‘of the inner scale 34 minutes. Read off the time on the top FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION 2, CHAPTER9 ~ DRIFT 17. (Answer: D) 040/18. 1, Place centre dot on TAS, 90 knots 2. Set Heading, 322, under the index 5. The diference between heading and track is 12%. It is port dif as the track is othe Ht ofthe heading HEADING TRACK TRACK HEADING su PORT RIFT. DRIFT 4. Follow the arc representing the groundspeed, 88 knots, and make a rark the drift= 12" right 5. Now, move the centre dot down to the wind component rd. 6. Rotate the inner disc until your wind mark is below the centre dot. ro repreNAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS afte wind ditecton under the Index 036 degrees and the velocy under the 7, Read ind component gtd, here 22 knots, rrarkon the wi INDEX wo & oeteee ore HE, < Peters rucir eaureH™™ Po. rucyreaueMes ease neon Closest answer 040/18. Carryout a’common sense" check, with a wind of 040/18 kt and a track of 310, you would ‘expect to turn right into wind (heading 322 achieves this), and we would expect little change in groundspeed due to a mainly crosswind component. The answer we obtained therefore seems sensible. Rule of Thumb: pa SEE SRST SONSDNR ences unt ead et nd bat 8D rasp) oe FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION, CHAPTERS RIFT Tes wind congnentanbe : ‘oughly caked sigh sine 18 (Answer:D) 1852 UTC. outer of degesbetveenthe heading (orrarwaydecton ard the wind deco. Sat the Tobesin with ind the ground speed: sieathatargleanbevsedto |: Setthe wind ection (200) on the rotating inner scale under the Index on the fixed fndaeadetanind component outer scale 2. Setthe cente cicle on a convenient speed arc - 100 is a handy round number, Matk ES Ko 3, aun the wind speed, 20 knots for this question. ey 4. osathe siding scale so thatthe centre cice is over the TAS 121 Sot of wind speed 5. Rosgemeinner scale so thatthe measured tue tack, 140, is now below the index. eof wind peed ff the ground speed: 113 kt fv 726 of wind speed ery ; of vid diregge 2 common sense check: The cifference between the heading 140 and the wind puncte) A oounfna” 180" and we can see from the CRP that itis a headwind and can anticipate HEADAAILWIND ots Peed lower than the TAS, ae aoe 30°09 | toting sped nots ground speed 75% of wind peed so°= 06 | etbotwind sped = 05 | Somotwindspeed 59NAVIGATION PAPER 3 - EXPLANATIONS To find the time to point B: 1. Place the ground speed, 113 kt, over the time index 2. On the outer scale find the distance 48 nm 3. Read off the time on the inner scale: 25.5 minutes 44, Again a common sense check shows that if we are vavelling at nearly 2 nm per mina (120 kts): 48 = 2= 24 minutes Finally, add your result to the time to find the ETA: 1826 + 25.5 = 1851.5 UTC Closest answer 1852 UTC. FURTHER READING: APH VOLUME 3, SECTION 2, CHAPTER — DRIFT 419, (Answer: C) A thumb line Is a line which crosses all meridians of longitude 2t he same angle. + Astraight line drawn on a Transverse Mercator projection isa thumb line + Allparallesof latitude are rhumb lines, since they intersect with the meriglans atthe same angle, + Asa.constant angle is maintained a thumb line is easier to fly eS FURTHER READING: APH VOLUME 3, SECTION 1, CHAPTER 2~ AERONAUTICAL CHARTS END OF EXPLANATIONS PAPER 3 Cee ee eee eee een beNAVIGATION: PAPER 4 flying towards a VOR on the 255 radial. In order to obtal youate In CDI indications in the hould be set to 1. Wea sense the OBS shouldbe se prstwthaTOIncoton 7 M indication asst witha FRO iatlon ssgrwith aTOIn witha FROM indication an atcaft sacking away from an NDB maintaining a track of 300" with of starboard 2 ite What bearing should the relative bearing indicator (RB) inieaten a, 18st elative bor relative « 4 s0rrelatve 3, Anais tacking towards an NDB maintaining a track of 270 with 8° of prt dt \hat bearing should the relative bearing indicator (RBI) indicate? a 08trelative b 360"relatve e 20trelative a. 352%relative 4. AQOMis: Magnetic bearing ofthe aircraft from the VDF s Magnetic heading (in ril wind) to steer to reach the VDF station True bearing ofthe aircraft from the VOF station 4. True heading (n nl wine) to steer to reach the VDF station Anaircraft is tracking away from an NDB maintaining a track of 090 with 8°. What bearing should the relative bearing indicator (RBI) indicate? 180" relative 188" 72 relative of port drift a e 4 099" relative § When using a chart constructed on Lambert projection: 3% Meridians of longitude are straight lines, parallels of latitude are nearest pole Ned lines convex towards the Both meri © Mer ians and parallels are straight lines ians oflongitude are straight ines, parallels of rest pole re curvedlines concave towards the Merigians oflongitude Curved lines, parallels of latitude are straight lines oilTwiight inthe evening is from: qin the centre of the Suns csc is 6° below the horizon to sunset funietand ends when the centre of the Suns 6" below the haan When the centre of 6*below the Suntise and end: fe ofthe Suris dis is 6" below the horizon the Suni disc on to sunrise when the cen NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION PAPER 4 - QUESTIONS 10. uw 12, 13. 15, You are fying and maintaining a heading of 179°C with 11° right dift.Ftom thee. | sects tate devon seth monet aration nthe are 2m i \ Is the alrcraft's true track? a PT be 16607 «1927 d.190°T If an aircraft flies due north along a meridian from latitude 05° 30'S t0 32° ayy Kilometres what distance is covered? a. 2620km b. 120km fe 4230km | 4d. 4280km The VOR receiver displays: ‘a, Atrue bearing tothe VOR bb. Amagnetic bearing relative tothe VOR station 4 ‘The slant dstance to the VOR station ‘Acompass bearing relative to the VOR station The angle between the Earth's magnetic field and the horizontal Is referred to as: Deviation barton a. ‘An aircraft is flying between two points 140 nm apart, after 40 nm the aircraft is fount to be 2 nm to the left of track. In order to route directly to the destination what heeding correction is necessary? a. 42°right b $right ce 4zlet d Fleft Magnetic dip may be defined as: Theangle between a magnetic needle in a compass and the horizontal b.Theangle between true and magnetic north The angle between compass heading and magnetic north . The angle between the magnetic compass needle and true north “The fuel tanks on an aircraft contain 40 litres, with a fuel flow of 9 USG per hour, how" will it take to exhaust the tanks completely? a1 hours2 mines Bt hour imines & hess emus &stminues , An alrcraft is fying at an indicated alr speed (AS) of 92 knots at FL 60. The OM 7 17°C greater than the ISA, what isthe aircrafts true airspeed (TAS)? Ignore posit instrument errors a 95k bok «12k 104kNAVIGATION PAPER 4 - QUESTIONS From the completed table what s the magnetic heading and ao 1 ] rr | HOG HDG pst |. Var. Gs Ti wy | ny | |) om (uy | ape ae ing 223% Duration 35 minutes ing 231% Duration 35 minut 7 Duration 21 minut ognetc Magnetic He209 ic Heading 23 gna Heading 232 Duration 22 minut re tollowing deals calculate the wind velocity venthe t THO knots | WNDSPEED Tekno TRUEHEADING 260 dearees TRUETRACK 245 degrees 2 30885 b 2080 «reo a me 18, Your aircraft is maintaining a TAS of 110 knots and arrives overhead turning point A at 0812 UTC. Turning point B is 83 nm away using a track of 180°T. Calculate your ETA at B wing a forecast wind of 150/40 kt. 2 ow7UTC bh onigute © om6uTe ure 1. Ahumb line may be defined as: Aline on the Earth which represents the shortest distance between any two places ha f equal magnetic variation © Aylin drawn on a chart usi & ving hart using a Lambert projection lineonthe Earth which crosses all meridians at the same angle END OF NAVIGATION PAPER 47. NAVIGATION PAPER 4: ANSWERS Cinoanvcmmanenins 16 [18 | 9 24% | 89% | 959 | 100%ION PAPER 4: EXPLANATIONS NA smsquestonwe arettathat the at son the 255 aa e.istothe pone gr toi othe beacon with orc sense ination the Os ; te Deas with aT indication. oft west west ge sett sould pO Or ot ON THE O75 RADIAL ON THEO75 RADIAL qurie255 RADIAL ON THE 255 RADIAL ‘RACKING TO TRACKING AWAY TRACKING TO TRACKING AWAY —— FURTHER READING: APH VOLUME 3, SECTION 6, CHAPTER 20 ~THEVOR 2 nswer: A) 185" relative. Drift meesured from the heading (nose tothe rack and is dlssfied in degrees port or starboard of heading, Iftvere were to be no cross wind, when tracking away from the NDB, flying the heading as ‘track would work. The needle would continue to show a steady relative bearing of 180° ie.itwill point to the tail of the aircraft. Incrass wind conditions an allowance for drift is necessary. With a track of 300 and a dfift 5* to starboard, the track lies to the right of the heading: therfore the heading is 305°. When using an RBI the “tal” of the ADF needle must be offe5* right: an equal amount but to the opposite side of the nose in order forthe track ‘obemaintained. any TC a + RELATIVE BEARING +/- 180 = QDR +185 = 480-180 = 300NAVIGATION PAPER 4 - EXPLANATIONS ‘To summarise, when tracking away from an NDB the aim sto achieve panty number of degrees by which the heading soft in one direction and te ty degrees by which the tall ofthe ADF needle displaced in the other directisy a (Answer: D) 352" relative. When tracking towards an NDB In nil wind, the ey indicate 000° relative, the needle would point directly to the nose. Wit a* of "4 the heading i right of track, the REI should therefore point let of the nose, |" MH 278 (NOSE 8 RIGHT) "ADF 8 LEFT ‘TRACKING TOWARDS THE NDB: MAGNETIC HEADING + RELATIVE BEARING = QDR 278 + 352 = 630-360= 270 FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION4, CHAPTER 2 THE NDB ANDTHE ADF 4, (Answer:B) QDM _Aircraft’s magnetic heading to steer in zero wind to reach the station QDR Alrcraft’s magnetic bearing from the station QTE Aircrafts true bearing from the station QUI Aircraft’ true track to the station MN ™N pM QpR Magnetic bearing of the aircraft from the station ‘Magnetic heading to steer to reach the station (assuming nil wind) FURTHER READING: APMVOLUME3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 22—THE NDB ANDTHE ADFNAVIGATION PAPER 4 - EXPLANATIONS cyr7e relate answer ogand a dri 017 se8*to port, the track les tothe lft ofthe heading; therefore 5 ana track’ ‘oga", When using 2” RBI the“tall” of the ADF needle must be offset 8°left-an tre nea puto the opposite side ‘of the nose in order for the QDR to be maintained, val “ sine racking vay fom anND8 the im sto achieve party between the yates by which the heading Is offset in one direction and the number of neh “he tal of the ADF needle is displaced in the ‘other direction. TR O90 8P DRIFT MH 098 (NOSE 8 RIGHT) TRACKING AWAY FROM THE NDB HEADING + RELATIVE BEARING +/- 180 = QDR (098 + 172 = 270 - 180 = 090 THER READING: APMVOLUME3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 22~THE NDB ANDTHE ADF MAGNETIC uRth Lambert projection meridians of longitude appear as straight lines 6 (Answer: C) On a the poles. Parallels of latitude appear as slightly curved lines, concave converging towards towards the nearest pole. FURTHER READING: APH VOLUME 3, SECTION 1 CHAPTER 1~ EARTH (dnswer:B) Civil TwiightsIn the evening: starts at sunset and ends when the centre ofthe Sun discs 6° below the horizon. Inthe morning: starts when the centre of the Sun's discs 6° at sunrise. below the horizon and finishes tse "FURTHER READING: APH VOLUME 3, SECTION 1, CHAPTER3 ~TIME a (Answer: A) The best way to begin with such questions is to use TM d Cand to reste * table containing the known details. True si . Magnetic rs Compass Heading | _ Variation eb Deviation | eating ow aw 179 67NAVIGATION PAPER 4 - EXPLANATIONS Remember also “East is Least; West Is Best” - meaning that e2stely correction. subtracted and westerly ones added when working from left to right It's now poss ‘to. complete the table. True Vavaton | Magnet | peviaton | ‘omPas Heading Heading Heating 166 ow 175 aw 9 ee 166+9 175 17544 179 toright: 166 ‘rue track, not heading, and so now we must take nts from the heading (nose) to the track, ands casseg The questions actually asks for the account the drift. Drift is measured in degrees port or starboard of heading. HEAQING TRACK TRACK HEADING STARBOARD] RIFT PoRT paiFT ‘The aircraft is heading 166°T with 11° of right (starboard) drift, therefore the true trackis 166+11=177°T FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION 1, CHAPTER 4—THE MAGNETIC COMPASS AND DIRECTION 9. (Answer: €) A nautical mile is defined as a unit of distance equal to one minute (ofc ‘on the earth’s surface. Each degree of latitude is made up of 60 minutes and therefore ‘equates to 60 nm. Aslong as the movement is along a great circle, ie. any meridian or he equator, the conversion between change in latitude and distance is straight forward. ‘To begin with find the total distance travelled in degrees and minutes. In this case the locations given are in opposite hemispheres and so the latitudes are added together: 05°30'+ 32°30'= 38° Tofind the distance in nm mutipy each fll degree travelled by 60: 38 x60 = 2,260 For this question we now have to convert our answer to kilometres: Mathematically: 1 nm = 1.15 sm=1.85 km 2,280 x 1.85 =4,218 km CrP: 1. Set the nm on the inner rotating scale against ‘NAUT Mon the outside of the compu Using the guide line to help. 2. The guide line can then be rotated to “kmm -Itr*and the answer in klometes read cn the inner scale 4240 kmNAVIGATION PAPER 4 - EXPLANATIONS stfiting answer: 4,230 km, FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 2, CHAPTER 10 DRIFT Thebes . (answer:B) AVOR receiver displays the magnetic bearing from the station, also known as. ‘Toda Aradial can also be thought of as a track away from a VOR beacon. The 360 tracks aay rom a VOR ate separated from each other by 1° and are each related to magnetic rest Aradial may also be called a QDR. FURTHER READING: AP!VOLUME3, SECTION 4, CHAPTER 20 —THEVOR 1, (Answer:D) Dip, or“; is the angle between the Earth's magnetic field and the horizontal. Magnetic dip is caused by the magnets in a compass trying to align with the Earth’s is practically horizontal at the equator, but almost vertical at URTHER READING: APM VOLUME, SECTION 1, CHAPTER 4~ THE MAGNETIC COMPASS AND DIRECTION 69oN NAVIGATION PAPER 4 - EXPLANATIONS 12, (Answer: A) 42" right. Of rack rors canbe calculated using the"One in Spey, le TO FIND TRACK ERROR USING CRP IOUTER SCALE: DISTANCE OFF TRACK (nm) TRACK ERROR (degrees 1. FIND TRACK ERROR: 2nm/40nm IND CLOSING ANGLE 2nm/100nm ANSWER 1.2 degrees ‘otal heading correction to reach destination = Track error + Closing Angle 33°41.2°= 42" IF THE HEADING IS ALTERED BY THE TRACK ERROR ALONE, THE REQUIRED TRACK WILLJUST BE PARALLELED. REQUIRED TRACK The heading must be corrected 4:2 right. FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION, CHAPTER 12 — ENROUTE NAVIGATION TECHNIQUESee NAVIGATION PapeR 4 EXPLANATIONS : between the magnetic compass needle and "2 isthe angle h ee Capi cased by tere ane gontl: Magne eomPas trying to align with ically horizontal atthe. ator, butalmost vertica} 1 ye harizo sgnetic field which is practically ea thsi ret ie ples : NDING PUVOLUME SECTION, CHAPTERS —THE MAGEE CORRS RECTION a aon CRP flight computer: oo in yo he fue low into litres, Below M Set the fuel flow -9 ys lex and read off the fuel flowy72 SN NAVIGATION PAPER 4 - EXPLANATIONS 3, Set the fuel flow in tres, 34 It/hr, above the index. 4. Find the amount of fuel, 40 tres. on the outer scale and read ofthe time onthe, er 70 minutes or 1 hour and 10 minutes. FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME 3, SECTION 2, CHAPTER 10—TIMING AND FUEL MANAGEMENT 15. (Answer: D) 104 kt. ‘The first stage is to calculate the OAT. The ISA assumes the temperature at ground level to be +15°C, and the lapse rate of 2°C reduction in temperature per 1000 feet height increase. At FL 60 ina standard atmosphere the temperature will be +15 ~(6x2) = We are told that the OAT is 17°C greater than the ISA, and therefore must be 420°C. 1. In the AIRSPEED window align the OAT with the pressure alttude, 2. Find the IAS, 92k, on the inner rotating scale. Is now possible to read off the TAS on the outer scale above FURTHER READING: APM VOLUME3, SECTION 2, CHAPTER 10—TIMING AND FUEL MANAGEMENTNAVIGATION PAPER 4 - EXPLANATIONS Heading 231% Duration 35 minutes. py magnet 7p | HOG HDG Dist WY on | om | % | amy | & Jy | Pe 220730 | 230 | 227 | 4w | 231 | 73 | 42 | 35 1d the TAS. Using your CRP flight computer, in the AIRSPEED window, “with the pressure altitude (6000 ftfind the CAS (90 Kt) onthe inner xd off the TAS above it on the outer scale above. istofi Net find the magnetic heading: |. Setthe wind direction (220) on the rotating inner scale under the Index on the fixed cuter scale 2 Setthe centre circle on a convenient speed arc - 100s a handy round number, Markdown the wind speed, 0 knots for this question. 5 Move the slising scale so that the centre circle is over the TAS 102. “feat the inner scale so thatthe measured true track, 230, is now below the index “ee the wine markisnow displaced 4° tothe right. : a me |iner scale 4° to the right, 230 is now below 4” on the right hand side of the = i However, now the wind dot indicates 3° of starboard drift. What we are {le and san 22 MEME the rotating scale so that 230i below 3" on the ied dt aks oto the index. We have parity - the tack is offset 3° and the wind stl shows 3°, sre tesg under the Index = 227 eng as : this case 4° W. Remember Eastis Least, Wests Best, "Fy le pu ee ete ead it ving a magnetic heaing of 231" Ng the CRP away note the ground speed = 73 kt BNAVIGATION PAPER 4 - EXPLANATIONS INDEX i 0 10 X » i ny, 2% 9 eo *oursruiearn” “Peres ruc eau MS ac ‘Making a small sketch isa good idea to check that your answers are sensible: @ TRUE TRACK 230 TRUE HEADING 227 (SLIGHT LEFT TURN INTO WIND) TAS 102 GROUND SPEED 73 THE ANSWERS MAKE SEN: WN 220/30 EXPECTING SLIGHT LEFT TURN INTO WIND AND A HEADWIND COMPONENT {LOWER GROUND SPEED) ‘WIND 220/30 Lastly, we are asked to find the time it will take to fly the leg:NAVIGATION PaPER 4 - EXPLANATIONS have an idea ofthe answer we are expect in| 1 ve read the computer conectly Very rough pale ae fe ge 0 60, which Would give us arate over the SToUNd of ust under + rae ss distance, 421m divided by 1 gives an Snswer of 42,50 we ate anticipating, spat under 40 minutes. ingan kat int answer ‘caP setthe“60" markon the rotating inner ato atthe moving lubberline tn 49 nen ane 73 tro remember from school "speed = distance P jase ‘OVER time on the inner, out ‘ale under the distance) on th Over time" ie. di ‘Ground speed, here Outer scale — here stance is set on the ead ofthe time on the top of the inner scale 34.5 minutes, : FURTHER READING: APMVOLUME 3, SECTION, CHAPTER 9-Day 17. (Answer: D) 290/40, 1. Place centre dot on TAS, 110 knots 2 Set Heading, 260, under the index 5 The difference between heading and track i 15% tis por dif a the track sto the leftofthe heading HEADING TRACK TRACK HEADING STARBOARD} Port DRIFT RIFT * Fae ac representing the goundped, 78 kot nd mle 2 mato epee edit 15 ft : i 6 Rosy Move the centre dot down to the wind component grid. Tanne! lsc until your wind markis below the centre do ~iSine na ff the wind ditection under the index, 290 degrees and the velocity ur "onthe wind component aid, hte 40 knots 75Rule of Thumb: Thess wind component canbe roughly lcuated wing these of mumberofderesbetweenthe heading (oun rection and ‘the wind ection Smt the casing ofthatanglecanbe use to fina ead or tind component ere eB OE 5036 of wind speed NAVIGATION PAPER 4 - EXPLANATIONS 18, (Answer: B) 0916 UTC. 086 of wind speed 70%baf wind speed 902% of wind speed fev CO i 30°= 09 | s0%ofwindspeed COSINE Closest answer 290/40. Carry out a “common sense" check, with a wind of 290/40 kt and a track of 245 yu would expect to turn right into wind (heading 260 achieves this), and we would eee an decrease in groundspeed due to @ headwind. The answer we obtained thereoe seems sensible. FURTHER READIN sPMVOLUMES,SECTION2, CHAPTER 9 DRIFT ‘To begin with find the ground speed: 1. Setthe wind direction (150) on the rotating inner scale under the Index onthe xed outer scale, 2, Set the centre circle on a convenient speed arc - 100s @ handy round number. Mark down the wind speed, 40 knots for this question, 3. Move the sliding scale so that the centre circle is over the TAS 110. 4, Rotate the Inner scale so that the measured true track, 180, is now below the inde. 5, Read off the ground speed: 78 kt wind Canty outa common sense check The diference between the heeding 180 nd direction 150 is 30% we can see that its a headwind and can anticipate 2 9 lower than the TAS. 40x0.9 = 36 knots 121~36=85 knots ground speed ‘i 40°= 075 | 758%of wind speed 50°= 06 | 60%ofwind speed eo'= 05 | Soi ofwind speed 76 JOUTER SCALE: _ DISTANCENAVIGATION PAPER 4 - EXPLANATIONS Tofnd the time to point B: | Flae the ground speed, 78 kt, over the time index. 2. Onthe outer scale find the distance 83 nm, 3. Read of the time on the inner scale: 64 minutes. 4, Agsin common sense check shows that we expect an answer greater than Ss minutes Ifwe are travelling at nearly 1.5 nm per minute (90 kis: 83 + 1.5 = 55 minutes. Finally add your result to the time to find the ETA: 0812 + 64= 0916 UTC _ FURTHER READING: APM VOLUMES, SECTION 2, CHAPTER 9 DRIFT 19. (Answer: D) A rhumb line is a line which crosses all meridians of longitude at the someangle, * stright line drawn on a Transverse Mercator projection is a rhumb line, * Alparlies of litude are chumb lines, since they intersect with the meridians atthe same angle, “_#82constant angles maintained a shumb line is easier tof. A END OF EXPLANATIONS PAPER 4 7prAcTICAL NAVIGATION PLANNING AND PLOGS ce vided to give practice in the practical application of th jt you have learned and will pu to use when cross county fyi art of the theoretical examination preparation, you will me, nawhole route. Itisincludedtohelpyouhone yournavigatis f esate 'e navigation «the following VER flight: ster (52 36 28N 001 01 SSW) : en (51 1238N 001 36 00W) tt NDB (CO 51 51 18N 000 57 75W) sow rota 11.63N 001 14.08W) pee ya piannin WE OFF vw: rT TIME: | _to _[att/rt|Sare att] tas | w/v [trKT[pRirt| incsex [woo losan |stsizen —|asreqd.|1300 — |a10_|asavas. issn _|00057 75 [THRUXTON sisi (size JasReqd.|1300 — |a10|aso/25 fms 7sW r 36000 [popsian fiz (so 512163N | As Read, [1300 60720 (001 14 08w be al i Sic catcton tah guanine etsTAKE OFF: ano; FuGHTTIME: PRACTICAL NAVIGATION ANSWER: Completed Plog, ee FROM TO LeIcESTER ls23628N oor o1 ssw lweo s1si en 00 57 75w lwoo sisi 18n 00 57 7s [THRuxton st1238n oor 36.00% ALTERNATE THRUXTON 51.2238n Joon 36 00w poPaaN stan6an Joon 24 08w Fea arty Ate is calculated from the higher of: the highest round plus 1.299 fet; ori the highest structure pus 000 fleet, within Simm of track rounded up tothe next 100 feet Method: Legs Leicester to WCO; WCO to Thruxton: 1. Place the centre ofthe protractor over the track drawn on the rnap near the mid-poinsbeness the two ends of the track Align the arid marks on the protractor with the vertical meridian lines on the chart Readoite ‘True Track, in this case 178*for the first leg and 213 from WCO to Thuxton. Nest nd the efecto the wind onthe arf. The wind vectors the sare for bah Using your CRP computer set the wind direction (150) on the Index on the fixed outer scale, Sr Markdewmtt Set the centre circle on a convenient speed arc~ 100 isa handy round number. Mas wind speed, 25 knots for this question. Move the sliding scale so that the centre circle is over the TAS 110. Leicester to WCO: ow the index Noe Rotate the inner scale so that the measured true track, 178, is now below the wind marks now displaced 8° tothe right. Gift scale. However now the pencil ark inccates of starboard at. ha we 'Spaty.so move the eating sales that 78s below 6 onthe fixed ft of the index. nso doing the dit remain at 6 and we have pay ~the the wind mark stil shows 6. PRACTICAL NAVIGATION sading under the Index = 172° true head . , ; ; aes ion ths case 3. Remember ‘Esti Leas, West Best the vaation Be magnet heading 175 , a ~ 87 knots, wes the wind dot , und speed under th atte i ROUND SPEED 4. READ OFF TRUE HEADING AND GIpaacticaL NAVIGATION weo to Thruxton: tne second eg orate the inet sal sO tat the measured jen vu can repeat tages 610 102HOVe re wwe find a tre heading of 201 tO which we ay 204, The groundspeedis 96 knatses wind is the same f Asthe below the ck, 213, 15 now ame method as before sin the magnetic heading of tra Following the 5 he variation of 3°W to obt th this eg. ail sketch of the route will give you a r0ug ving a sm: plied comect ‘The CRP can be very easy to misread, draw idea ofthe answers you expect to obtain and ensure that any amendments are 2P + oe Woo To THRUXTON “TRUE TRACK 178 HEADING 172 (MORE EASTERLY) “TAS 110 GROUND SPEED 96 “THE ANSWERS MAKE SENSE! n leg: Thruxton to Popham NOTE: TAT FORTH LEG DIFFERENT FORECAST WIND I SEDPRACTICAL NAVIGATION 2.SET TRUE TRAC (UNDER NOD AND TAS ‘ero 025 degrees and 1104 ent 10Pert with ue tack nd wind ot “4. READ OFF TRUE HEADING ANO GROUND éeED 105 degrees and 100 noe ‘Add varaben 3 WEST HOG 108 degrees magne Tocomplete the plog calculations, use the front of the CRP to determine the time for each leg, | SuterSeale:_ Distance Speed nnerScale: Time 1. Setthe calculated ground speed above the time index. 2. Find the distance for each leg on the outer scale ead off the time on the inner scale, The CRP illustrated below is set for the second leg from WCO to Thruxton, OuEYS CRP-1.COngp 0 aoaIGATION PRACTICAL NAV! You are planning the following VER fight: From: Caernarfon (53 06 27N 004 20 42) Jor Bxeter (50-44 05N 003 24 84) vis Aberystwyth (52 25 02N 004 05 oow) and Swansea aerodrome (51 36 04N (004 04 20W) ‘iterate: Dunkeswell (50.51 6ON 003 14 cE) a axe OFF uo uci ow so [acm [sare | as | wv (Z 7 Tact [omit | woe [no [van [wocm | 5 [ois [nme [a] Kscezm — [s2asam —[asrea |asmo rio [22000 ssw oorz0ew_|ootoscow fo _| 1 — easom — [saasom arr. [4300 [aso | 20720 ssw Joososcow _joosos 20 swansea [EXTER lssom —[sourosn fasten fas00 0. fasonz0 sw tocosz0w _[sos2es4w [ALTERNATE pers jxeren—_[OUaRESWeL oesosn —_fsosneon 4 Joos 24 saw [003 1408W ee fie aw Note: Safety Altitude is calculated from the : 7 higher of: i) the ca ese ae aad eae highest ground pls 1,259 feet ori he ihe struct pls 3,00PRACTICAL NAVIGATION ‘aur/et | sareatr | tas | w/v [Text | onier| oor var [HoGM| as | oisr | me | eva, fasreg. [4900 [10 |230y30 |s68 sar x2 aw lias [os Jars [272 [DONKESWELL loasosu {5051.60 (oszasew — |oos1408w jaz: Safety Aitude is calculated from the higher of: i) the highest ground plus 2,299 feet; or i) the highest structure plus 1,000 fet win Sm of rack rounded upto the next 100 fect Method: Caernafon to Aberystwyth; Aberystwyth to Swansea; Swansea to Exeter the centre ofthe protractor over the track drawn on the map near the mid-point between thetwo ends of the track 2 Align the grid marks on the protractor with the vertical meridian lines on the chart. Read off the | ck inthis case 168", 180" and 156°. Bs the wind on the alrcraft.The same wind vector is forecast for using your CRP computer set the wind direction (230) on the rotating inner scale fex on the fixed outer scale, rer the ind wane centre circle on a convenient speed arc ~ 100 isa handy round number. Mark down the __ MSP 20k forth queston BS Novethe: the siding scale so that the centre circle is over Leg One: ne: Caernafon to Aberystwyth Potate th Win ae also thatthe measured true track 168, snow below the index Note the Grawn is now displaced 15° to the left. aePRACTICAL NAVIGATION to the left, 168 is now below 15* on the left h 7. Now rotate the inner scale . rae nt scale However, now the pencll mark indicates 1° of port di. What nas hy for palty, so move the rotating scale so that 168s bet a left ofthe index, In so doing the drift remains at 14° end and the wind mark still shows 14° 8. Read off the true heading under the Index = 182% ‘apply the variation, i this case 3°W. Remember Eastis Lease 9. Finaly,onyourp hence we add ft giving a magnetic heading of 185° ti Beg: the variation is We Read the ground speed under the wind dot - 93 knots. Peesneeieres 2. ACHIEVE PARITY WT DRIFT {4 READ OFF TRUE HEADING AND GROUND SFE? Z_-PRACTICAL NAVIGATION berystwyth to Swansea Two! the same for the second leg, rotate the inner scale so thatthe measured true ste tind below te index. You can repeat stages 6 to 10 above, 180" the same method 28 before we find a tue heading of 191° to which we add FW to obtain the magnetic heading of 194". The groundspeed is 89 knots for Leg Three: Swansea fo Exeter wind is the same forthe second leg, rotate the inner scale so thatthe measured true Wg snow below the index. You can repeat stages 6 to 10 above. tack 156% 1e same method as before we find a true heading of 171° to which we add following th " rc ‘of °W to obtain the magnetic heading of 174°. The groundspeed is 99 knots for the variation thisle. INDEX 0 19 umn 170 4 neo 269 20 209 170) 160 iso] a0: 130: ‘120; * ‘ eta, 086. 16535 P00 co Fucur queen toe eiPRACTICAL NAVIGATION using itdrawing small sketch of theron The ane ‘obtain and to ensure that any amen. me ret arough idea ofthe way tog ‘are applied correct. I sone WESTERLY HEADING x expec Am rec DIONE GROUND SEED) aa! caennanron TOSWANSEA ‘Foor reack 168 HEADING 1 Tas 110 GROUND SPEED 93 J ANSWERS MAKE SENSE one WESTER \ ‘win 250/20 7 1 Exeter to Dunkeswell Diversion: for this leg and so this will need to be ‘A different wind vector is forecast changed on the Ce for this leg ner scale under the Index on the foed 4, Set the new wind direction (250) 0n the rotating outer scale. are 100 is a handy round number. Mark downthe ecicle on convenient speed knots for this question. 2, Setthe cer wind speed, Move the siding scale so thatthe centre circle is over the TAS 110., PRACTICAL NAVIGATION | | | | | aiculations, use the front of the CRP to determine the time foreach leg. igotre p09 oor iclated OU et seach eg on the aute scale 1 pe tncefor each 69 ind speed above the time index. the Inner scale NAVIGATION ROUTE 3 Janning the following VFR flight ooanin (60 30 06N 004 39 96W) be (51 36 70N 000 48 49W) or F. sham (1 22. 45N 002.08 30W) -_ glackbushe (51 19 42N 000 50 90W) _— | sxe: 0 iT: [mon [10 [Atwe | saremir | tas | wav [tar] onrr] nocr| van] wom] os [ost | nme | cra Jpoown | MELRSHAM losocon fotarasn —_asreq, 2s00 [x00 |asovas, sw foszs9sw _focz0a:30w jwcuswat — |wvcomBe lumen fs13670N —fasreg. 3300 200 20/2 law (zos30 —_Joooas.4ow frorat ALTERNATE Weowse —JaLacreusne fmm Jst194N ——fAsreq. {1300 {x00 | 20725 law [ooee joo0sasow Yee structre vith gt Atte is calculated from the higher of: the highest ground plus 1299 fee; oi the highest plus 2,000 feet, [MSemot rack rounded upto the next 100 feetPRACTICAL NAVIGATION ANSWER: Completed Plog. FuGHT TIME: FROM 10 Thuvreu | sarEact [ tas | wiv [text] ont] Host |var| HocM | Gs | pis BODMIN I MELKSHAM Iso300cn —|s12245n | asreq. |2800 200 |330/35 Jos [20S jos |3W Jos J95_ |109 loos ss96w _|oo208 30w IweuxsHam [WYCOMBE 113s fos: Jaw {oss |207 |s1.7 s1224sn —|s1a670N | Asreq. 2300 | 100 |320/25 [a7 Joozos3ow _|oo048.49w jrorat 160.7 ALTERNATE lwrcompe —_[BLACKBUSHE s13670n —|s11942N | Asreq. [1300 |00 |sz0/2s |xes ior |195 jaw |as7 336 |173 loooas.asw __}o0050s0w = Note: Safety Altitude is calculate from the higher of) the highest ground plus 3,299 feet; or ithe highest structure plus 1,000 feet, within 5 nm of track rounded up to the next 100 feet METHOD: Pace the centre ofthe protractor over the track drawn on the map near the mid-point betwee the two ends of the track lines on the chart. Read off the Tt 2. Align the grid marks on the protractor with the gra Track, in this case 061°, 074° and 185°,PRACTICAL NAVIGATION . Bodmin to Melksham: ofthe wind on the aircraft Using the CRP computer set the wind direct wind direction pa fnaineetfet nyo ttn et scale under the Index on the fixed outer scale cic ona corwenint speed arc 1001s handy round number nd number. Ma 35 knots fr this route fark down the persis 10.50 centre cicle is already in the correct place. & rer scale so that the measured true track, 061", sea the ier sc rack, 061°, is now below the in feats now spaced 20 tthe ight ex Note the 1. fatter scale 207 tothe right, 061° is now below 20° on the right hand side of the fixed faecal Wet ing ats ensure that the wind dos sit placed 20, aeaofthe tue heading under the ndex= 041 «. rsheppthevarin nhs ase 3. Remember ass Les Wes sts Best the variation ris hece we add ving a magnetic heading of 4" oaenecm 0, es offthe groundspeed below the wind dot ~ 95 knots,PRACTICAL NAVIGATION Sj SECOND LEG: Melksham to Wycombe On rnc 8 noe TG a set the wind direction (320) on the rotating inner scale under th — outer scale. fer the Indey Oh 4c set the cente cle ona convenient speed af 100 a handy ung the wind speed, 25 knots for this route. Pemba by zady in the correct place, 5, TheTASis 100,sothe centre cicle i 6. Rotate the inner scale sO wind marks now displaced scale 14°tothe right, 074” is now below 14° on the righth but the wind dot now indic at the measured true track, 074, is no i “iS Now below the, tothe right. ee Note 7. Rotate the inn aft scale. We are aiming for parity thd set "50 move or “yon the ved drift scale Check thatthe wind dots stil displaced 13% 8. Read off the true heading under the Index = 061° 9. _Finaly apply the vaition, in this case 20W. Remember East Least, West is ast, Wests Bes is West, hance we add it giving a magnetic heading of 063°. the va tt 10, Read off the groundspeed below the wind dot - 107 knots, TRUE TRACK [UNDER INDEX AND TAS ACHE eT wT 4. READ OFF TRUEHADNG ANDROINO SEDPRACTICAL NAVIGATION son: Wycombe to Blackbushe jiversiom on uses the same wind 25 leg Wo, 0 set the measured track of 185° ves below the ne repeat stages 6010. Ths ll ve a magnetic heading of 187 and agro ex und speed |LSET WHO ORECTON. MARK WAND GOT 2 SETTRUE TRACK (UNOERINDEN AND TAS 2: AQEVE PTY VT OFT “READ OFF TRUE HEADING AKO GROUND SettD The CRP can be very easy to misread, making a small sketch will give you a rough idea of the answer you expect to obtain to ensure that any amendments are applied correctly. WIND 320/25 ™a EXPECTING A MORE NORTHERLY HEADING AND A SLIGHT TAILWIND (FASTER GROUND SPEED) WIND 330/35 ‘THE ANSWERS MAKE SENSE! OuterScale: Distance Speed TPcompete the plag calculations, use the front of the CRP to determine the time for each eg Ws Sethe cate 2 Find the nner Seale: Time A ulated ground speed above the time index. ‘ance for each leg on the outer scale. 3. Read off the time on ‘the inner scalePRACTICAL NAVIGATION You are planning the following VFR fight: From: Rochester (51 21 07N 000 30 308) Jo: Peterborough/Conington (52.27 90N000 15 28W) Via: Elmsett (52 04 51N 000 58 65E) Alternate: Bourn (52 12 88N 000 02 47W) TAKEOFF: ano: ruuGHT IME: FROM To “ALT/FL | SAFE ALT | TAS s | vist | tive | ROCHESTER | ELMSETT

You might also like

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5794)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brené Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1090)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (838)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (599)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1713)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (895)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1103)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (588)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (537)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (345)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1016)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (821)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1839)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (121)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (440)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1937)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (400)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4609)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4200)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (806)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2322)
• Introduction To Vascular Ultrasonography PDF

  

  Document649 pages

  Introduction To Vascular Ultrasonography PDF

  Mugur Adrian

  100% (3)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1891)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• Buletin de Rezultat Ecografic

  

  Document1 page

  Buletin de Rezultat Ecografic

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• Buletin de Rezultat Ecografic Normal

  

  Document1 page

  Buletin de Rezultat Ecografic Normal

  Mugur Adrian

  100% (1)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)
• PPZ 1

  

  Document78 pages

  PPZ 1

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• Performante Umane

  

  Document100 pages

  Performante Umane

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• PPZ 2

  

  Document42 pages

  PPZ 2

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• 03 Navigation

  

  Document379 pages

  03 Navigation

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• Ghidul Raidului

  

  Document19 pages

  Ghidul Raidului

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• 02.human Performnace

  

  Document192 pages

  02.human Performnace

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• Comunicatii Aeronautice - Prezentare

  

  Document97 pages

  Comunicatii Aeronautice - Prezentare

  Mugur Adrian

  100% (2)
• Darabont Us Aa 22.09.16

  

  Document42 pages

  Darabont Us Aa 22.09.16

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• Evaluarea Arterelor Renale

  

  Document33 pages

  Evaluarea Arterelor Renale

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• Curs - Marinarie BLUE DANUBE 2016

  

  Document130 pages

  Curs - Marinarie BLUE DANUBE 2016

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• Examenul Aortei Si Aa Splahnice

  

  Document18 pages

  Examenul Aortei Si Aa Splahnice

  Mugur Adrian

  100% (1)
• Curs San

  

  Document153 pages

  Curs San

  Mugur Adrian

  100% (1)
• Expresii FR

  

  Document4 pages

  Expresii FR

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• Mamografie - Final 1

  

  Document75 pages

  Mamografie - Final 1

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• EAA Course in Male Genital Tract and Penile Ultrasound

  

  Document1 page

  EAA Course in Male Genital Tract and Penile Ultrasound

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet
• 019 Zaharia C

  

  Document3 pages

  019 Zaharia C

  Ioana Cristina Ionescu

  No ratings yet
• 010 Zaharia C

  

  Document14 pages

  010 Zaharia C

  Mugur Adrian

  No ratings yet