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[02] 1GRC and be Str Conefo Oran Soon (9), "ADPHRBASP mare govearce ein: Pat's Moa are Saar Manag ova change ad sapoong fo secur manana eae an sing od ery sae berepagep-cnunsoogs201)PCRC COS PNR Rape OTODECNAL-NESAppA pa a 1,222) 30Letter of Publisher Strengthening Ties in International Cooperation, Establishing Cross-Country Exchanges On Ocean Governance od and Technology ‘Translated by Linguitronies Minister of the Ocean Affairs Council: Chung-Wei Lee Marine debris has become one of the most important, most urgent environmental issues for the Asia- Pacific region. Thus, Tsivran is actively working to strengthen international cooperation in the marine field. Towards that aim, the Ocean Affairs Council (OAC) held the "Workshop on Capacity Building on ‘Marine Debris Monitoring by Using Innovative Technologies in APEC Region’ at the National Museum, fof Marine Science and Technology from March 24 to 25 this year (2022), to which it invited APEC economic partners to give presentations on innovative marine debris monitoring and modeling technologies. It was also a venue in which the Taiwanese government's policy on “Salute to the Seas’ combining the advantages ofits technology industry with technological innovations in marine debris monitoring and modeling, could be shared, and the cooperative benefits of transnational partnerships could be discussed. Furthermore, it provided a possible future path for each economy to tackle marine debris. For example, in this issue, we are introducing one ally of Taiwan—Palau, Since 2012, Taiwan have been. assisting Palau in the research and development and implementation of aquaculture, and have been ‘working with the Bureau of Fisheries of the Palauan Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Environment, guiding Palauan fishermen in the establishment of a net-cage model for mottled spinefoot. The two parties also signed an agreement on maritime patrol cooperation in March, 2019, ‘which includes mutual visits, vessel relations, training experience sharing, international conference invitations, joint maritime rescue and law enforcement drills and training, joint maritime patrols, and crime intelligence exchange, al of which will help build Palau's maritime security capabilities, ‘The island's tourist industry accounts for 51% of its GDP and 40% of employment. Thus, seeking economic development and ecological balance, Palatt introduced the Palau Pledge as an entry procedure for visitors to Palau, sustainable fisheries, the Palau National Marine Sanctuary Act (PNMSA), Convention of Ecotourism, implementation of Green Fees, and using price as a control mechanism, as well as other such policies, to create sustainable marine tourism. Being a haven for coral reef species, it The Palsu Rock Islands established the Palau International Coral Reef Center Sou! htpsi/wn state goviup-contentusionds 2019104) (PICRC), which implements long-term plans for coral cacao reef monitoring and handles scientific research and educational activities relating to coral reefs. As an importait topic in marine research, it is worthy of our attention and reference here in Taiwan. a32 Creating an "Open, Connected, Balanced" Ocean—The Report On the Workshop On Capacity Building On Marine Debris Monitoring By Using Innovative Technologies in APEC Region. ja-Wen Chung (Assistant Research Fellow, Taiwan Institute of Economie Research) Translated by Linguitronics 1 debris, innovative technology, monitoring, modell In the spirit of APEC 2022 "Open, Connect, Balance”, the Ocean Affairs Council (OAC) held the "Workshop on Capacity Building on Marine Debris Monitoring by Using Innovative Technologies in APEC Region” (the APEC Workshop) at the National Museum of Marine Science and Technology (NMMST) from March 24 to 25, to which it invited multinational partners to give presentations on innovative marine debris monitoring and modeling technologies, as well as action plans of regional partners for marine debris monitoring. Participants were also invited to visit the site and leam more about Taiwan's innovative system for real-time identification of marine debris by experiencing it in practice. It is hoped that this workshop can promote cooperation with international partners to achieve the goal of sustainable environmental protection in the Asia-Paoific region. Fie 11 Group poo of guests at ‘he opening ceremony Image by Ocean Aas Counc The APEC workshop kicked off on March 24 at the International Conference Hall of the NMMST, ‘Associate Professor Ren Shan Gao of Yuan Ze University introduced the workshop and guests. Vice Chairman Ching-Piao Trl ofthe OAC and Director Su-Fen Chen of the NMMST. Vice Chairman Tsat sald that in the mutual pursuit of economy and environment, marine debris has become one of the rest important and urgent environmental issues for the Asia-Pacific region, one that requires all economies to work together to formulate policies and solutions. The Taiwanese government, forts pat, has taken “Salute to the Seas’ as its starting point for its policy. Combining the advantages of the domestic technology industry with technological innovations in marine debris monitoring and ‘modeling {tan understand trends in marine debris with speed and accuracy, and then use this as the basis for governance and cleaning. It is also hoped that Taiwan's results can be shared with international partners at the conference. The Director of the NMMST, Ms. Su-Fen Chen, shared the efforts of the Museum in marine ecological conservation, monitoring and engineering technology since 2014. She also invited the participants to vist the museum and the beautiful scenery during the two" day workshop.Figure 2! Opening emis by Von Calman Ching-Pa0 sa of he OAC (et Panel Discussion 1 (ht) Images by Ooean ars Counc Innovative technologies, shared cases: Marine debris monitoring and modeling ‘The keynote speech on the first day was on From Source to Sink: The Innovative Technology of Monitoring and Modeling for Marine Debris, delivered by Patrycja Enet, Expert Consultant of UN Secretariat of the Environment Management Group, EMG, and Keith Alverson, Former Director of International Environmental Technology Centre, UNEP and Independent Consultant. Patrycia Enet shared on the topic Marine litter & plastic pollution - from source to sink. She explained that the United Nations has put forward many plans, projects, and initiatives in the face of severe pollution from marine debris, and that 14 neighboring organizations assist countries and organizations in developing the necessary regulatory frameworks, creation of action policies, and training of talent to provide a systematic solution for reducing marine debris. Yet, to solve the problem of marine debris, one rust begin from monitoring, Information exchange, knowledge sharing, and cooperation among countries, to understand the sources and impact of marine debris. Only then can one begin to effectively respond to pollution from marine debris. Keith Alverson, independent consultant, presented Plastic in the Ocean: Evaluating Solutions. He says there is no "best practice” or "ideal technology’, and that the actual solution depends on how local constraints are overcome and which plastic products are addressed. Each city should establish a Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3R) waste management system and develop policies and actions through ongoing research and monitoring systems on the flow of plastic materials, “The keynote speech was followed by a panel discussion on Quantification of Marine Debris: Practice of ‘Monitoring and Modeling in APEC Region, moderated by President of the National Academy of Marine Research (NAMR) Jiahn-Horng Chen, Associate Professor Kuo-Hsin Tseng of the Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research of National Central University (NCU), Monitoring Coordinator for the Marine Debris Program under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hillary Burgess, and Associate Professor of Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering Jung-Yeul Jung, Associate Professor Tseng introduced Taiwan's marine monitoring technology using satellites, remote monitoring, and image recognition, as well as the Marine Debris Detection (https//foresight- data herokuapp.com/debris) monitoring platform. Monitoring Coordinator Burgess explained during the panel that the NOAA began investigating and preventing the negative impacts of marine debris in 2006 with the establishment of its Office of Response and Restoration, and that its Marine Debris Monitoring & Assessment Project (MIDMAP) began in 2011 to monitor coastal areas in collaboration Special Report 3334 Oceai with communities. Associate Professor Jung shared the results of the You Only Look Once, YOLOvS ‘object monitoring algorithm used to classify and quantify debris on beaches, and added that satelite maps are used to remotely monitor and estimate the scope of floating areas of debris and amounts of debris on the seafloor. Fue 3 Vistng to Wave Curent Telemstry Staton and operating UAS to Getty marine debs (op): On-te ‘operation, wth use of el phone to take photos ofthe debs ans vloa thom tote Marne Debs Detecton montning lator bot) Images by Caen Chung (op), OAC (oto) smonstration of Application of Innovative Technology in Marini e Debris Monitoring ‘The afternoon of the first day of the APEC workshop continued the morning session on marine debris monitoring and modeling practices; a visit to the NMMST was arranged, where there was a demonstration of the application of innovative marine litter monitoring technology. The host took the participants on a visit through the NMMST, Chaojing Park, and the shore-based microwave ((-band) real-time wave current telemetry station in coastal waters. Jian-Wu Lal, a researcher at the Marine Industry and Engineering Research Center, NAMR introduced the realtime wave and current telemetry station established by the NAM a microwave oceanographic radar system that monitors the ‘ocean features and temporal and spatial changes within the range based on echo images. Associate Professor Tseng led the team in an actual demonstration of UAS to identify marine debris on site, and invited participants to take photos with their mobile phones and upload marine debris photosto the Marine Debris Detection monitoring platform. Such photos uploaded from all over Taiwan can. Improve the accuracy and effectiveness of AI computation and make AI modeling more accurate. Everyone was also invited to participate. At the end of the day, attendees were invited to watch the 8K ‘video Conquest of The Skies at the Ocean Theatre of the NMMST. Practical Action towards Co-creation: Partnership and Collaboration ‘The second day's keynote speech, "Best Practice-Regional Partnership on Action Plan of Marine Debris Monitoring” was delivered by the Director-General Hsiang-Wen Huang of the Ocean Conservation Administration, OAC, and Senior Director Nicholas Mallos of Trash Free Seas Program, The Ocean Conservancy (TOC), to discuss the need for international cooperation in marine debris and marine debris technologies. Director-General Huang introduced the Partnership on Marine Debris Monitoring and Cleanup Action Plan. Since the International Coastal Cleanup (ICC) was launched by TOC in 1986, the marine debris action in Taiwan has been initiated by NGOs, based on scientific evidence, and actions were planned systematically by the government. In 2017, government and civic organizations established a marine debris governance platform and jointly developed the Action Plan of Marine Debris Governance in ‘Taiwan; citizen marine scientists were invited to participate in marine debris recycling and surveying, and a temporary storage area was set up for marine debris and waste nets at ports, where local fishermen could recycle discarded fishing nets; furthermore, 29 marine debris recycling operators are also invited to join the "Marine Debris Recycling Alliance’ a public-private partnership whose purpose was to builda sound cooperation mechanism to jointly promote the reuse of marine debris. ‘TOC% Senior Director Nicholas Mallos introduced Bullding Capacity to Monitor and Prevent Marine Debris, in which he recognized the global issue that requires efforts to reduce marine plastic pollution to 2015 levels less than 8 million metric tons). The APEC economies are at the forefront ofthis issue, and the ICC, initiated by TOC, has raised 17 million volunteers worldwide over 35 years who have carried ‘out beach cleanups in 153 countries; and these have kept track of waste removal projects using the standardized ICC form to compile the sea waste hotspots and projects worldwride. In addition, the Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGH has compiled the largest amount of discarted fishing gear data in the world ‘using the app and has reached an agreement with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to begin surveying fishermen for information on discarded fishing gear. APEC can use such new tools and indicators to help countries fight marine debris. ‘The panel discussion on March 25, "Toward a Mutual Monitoring Platform of Marine Debris for APEC Region’ was moderated by Associate Professor Ren'Shan Gao of Yuan Ze University, with the participation of Senior researcher Devi Dwiyanti Suryono of Marine Research Center, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries; Research Fellow Jian-Wu Lai of Marine Science and Information Research Center, NAMR, OAC; Director Jiraporn Charoenvattanaporn of the Office of Academic and International Studies, Ministry of Marine and Coastal Resources, Thailand and Fishery Biologist; and acting director Nguyen Thanh Thao of the Department of Geology and Mineral Resources, Ministry of ‘Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam, Research Fellow Lai introduced the operation of the marine debris monitoring system for marine debris ‘monitoring and tracing. Within the context of global climate change, the paths and flows of marine plastic waste and microplastics from source to sink is still iwan uses marine radar technology to monitor the flow of marine debris, incl, to estimate annual marine debris Special Report 35Oce: hotspots and improve beach cleanup plans, as well as predict the direction of marine debris and intercept it before it ever enters the sea, Director Charoenvattanaporn spoke on The Study of Marine Debris in Thailand to Support The Policy Maker Decision, which touched on research on the impact of marine debris on marine life and microplasties, monitoring, Mdentification, and marking of marine debris on estuaries and coral reefs, and clean-up and reduction in hotspots. Acting director Thao shared. fon Marine Litter Monitoring in Vietnam, referencing the NOAA, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and the UNESCO-IOC, to study plastic waste in mangrove forests in Da Loc commune, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam, most of which are microplastcs, it also included writing of coastal debris monitoring guidelines, selection of random areas to collect and classify marine debris samples, and improving the guidelines after data analysis. Senior researcher Suryono shared on the topic of "Global Monitoring of Marine Debris to Support Marine Environment ‘Management’ and introduced Indonesia's marine debris action plan from 2018. In said plan, monitoring, and removal are carried out in rivers and coasts, and environmental education is implemented for the community; it uses marine scientific research to understand the source, composition, density, dynamics, and distribution of marine debris, which helps improve the management mechanism of marine debris, and planning of regional actions for marine debris. Conclusion ‘Marine debris has become one of the most important, most urgent environmental issues for the Asia- Pacific region. This workshop invited APEC economic partners to share Innovative technologies for marine debris monitoring and modeling, not only to share Taiwan's results with international partners, bbut also to discuss the benefits of cooperation in transnational partnerships, reduce difficulties of cooperation through emerging technologies, provide various economies with possible future development paths for marine debris management, and witness the power of digital technology among, APEC economies. Opening up and collaborating on marine debris issues, we can successfully go beyond ‘mere geographical restrictions, conquer the dilemma of the global epidemic, and bring the workshop to a successful end. Figure 4 Group photo of tendses Image by Ocean Afars CouncInternational issues Foreign Aid Achievements of TaiwanICDF in Palau international Cooperation and Developme Ming-Zhe Tsai (Head of the Technical Mission in Palat ‘und {ICDF}) ‘Translated by Linguitronics Keywords: Aquaculture, Marine Resource Rehabilitation, Sustainable Blue Economy At the 7th "Our Ocean Conference” (OC) held in Palau, the results of Taiwan's long- term investment and implementation of various technical cooperation projects in Palau were presented to more than 500 institutions, experts, and scholars from government, public and private sectors, and non-profit organizations hailing from more than 80 countries, giving full testament to the fruitful results, both in Taiwan's assistance to Palau and in ocean issues. ‘The people of Palau depend on the sea for thei livelihood. According to statistics, more than 80% of the island's residents are in a broad sense fishermen and engage in economic fishery activities related to the ‘ocean. Thu, in June 2008, the Bureau of Marine Resources {now the Bureau of Fisheries) proposed the ‘Aquaculture and Fisheries Action Plan, which outlines the sustainable economic development and 18 management action strategies for Palau's marine and coastal resources. In response to the request from Palau's marine development and management policy, Taiwan assisted Palau in the R&D and implementation of aquaculture in 2012. Then, to expand the scope and depth of the assistance program, the International Cooperation and Development Fund (TaiwanlCDF} has implemented the “Aquaculture and Fisheries Action Plan’ since 2021, focusing on the establishment of aquaculture business models and the construction of sustainable fisheries resources. Up to this point, the ICDF has successfully assisted Koror and Ngchesar in Palau in the net-cage cultivation and commercial sale of mottled spinefoot and completed the research and development of local giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monedon) (1 In addition, it is also actively combining resources from countries with similar philosophies to jointly Introduce resources to improve the sustainable management of fishery resources along the Palau coast, In February 2022, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) jointly sent personnel to Palau to inspect the current situation of coastal fishery resources and forged a consensus fon future cooperation among Taiwan, the United States, and Palau with the Palauan Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries, and the Environment, Steven Victor. igus Aquacutura an emerging Bus natin Pa mtn mai ofthe motiod spinetot san important ‘economic spacies for marine fs farming in the sate of Ngchesar Images by Tenia! Mision in Pala38 Oce: Aquaculture Development in Palau In response to Palau's ocean-related management policy, Japan assisted Palau in establishing the Palau Mariculture Demonstration Center in 2019, and permanently stationed aquaculture experts to carry ‘out local breeding of giant clams in Palau and provide the seedlings required by offshore giant clam farms to maintain local food security. However, the actual survival rate is low due to frequent predation, which affects the establishment of the subsequent business model, resulting in more than (60% of the giant clam farms in Palau going out of business, In light ofthis, Palau is promoting a more pragmatic and proactive marine agency and a series of policies to facilitate the transformation and sustainable development of Palau's localized "blue economy’ (On October 5, 2021, the Government of Palau issued Executive Order No, 463 which reorganized and defined the functions of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and the Environment (MAFE) and incorporated into it the functions and responsibilities of the former Bureau of Marine Resources, which is responsible for exploring, investigating, developing, managing, and protecting all coastal marine resources in Palau, Its first minister was Mr. Steven Victor, former President of The Nature Conservancy (TNC), who led the Ministry to increase fisheries and agricultural production to support the livelihoods of the Palauans using a sustainable ecological model, while atthe same time protecting the environment. Inhis first domestic policy address in April of the same year, Palauan President Surangel S. Whipps, Jt. stated that the ministry's focus was on strengthening management of domestic fisheries, and that the reorganized allocation of labor within the ministry would enhance the development of sustainable {fisheries in Palau from its coastline to the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ}, further ensuring sustainable sources of food, and preparing for recovery from COVID-19. ‘The Technical Mission in Palau, in collaboration with the Bureau of Fisheries under the MAFE, is working with the Palau National Aquaculture Center to develop, breed, and promote local conservation and commercial potential marine aquaculture species, and is committed to guiding Palauan fishermen in the establishment of a net-cage model for mottled spinefoot. The main objective of the project isto improve fishermen’s income and increase local food production. ‘The Technical Mission's Aquaculture Plan has provided guidance to four core farmers to establish a commercial mottled spinefoot net-cage aquaculture model. Through one-on-one education and training ‘on aquaculture, such as net maintenance, feeding training, and establishment of breeding records, the productivity of single-opening net fish farmers has been increased by 38%, and the increase in ‘production has ed toa 16% increase inthe income of the respective farmers, further strengthening the development and growth of Palau’s blue economy industry. In the future it will continue to utilize the technological strengths in Taiwan's sea aquaculture and breeding to establish a local production mode of seed for mottled spinefoot, milkfish, and giant tiger prawn. In addition, in order to reduce overfishing along the coast of Palau and to protect precious marine resources, the Aquaculture Plan cooperates with the Palau Bureau of Fisheries and the local state government to conduct seed stocking toenhance the resilience and sustainability of coastal fishery resources. [Ngchesar, located on the eastern side of Babeldaob Island of Palau, isthe largest aquaculture producer in the aquaculture program that promotes the net-cage aquaculture of mottled spinefoot. Mr. Richard ‘Nigiratrang has also said that under the guidance of the Technical Mission in Palau, the aquaculture industry has gradually become more robust and increased the state's surplus income, with net-cage raised mottled spinefoot sellin for twice the market price ($4 per pound, Each catch day, the shore is crowded with people rushing to buy mottled spinefoot, and the catch often lags behind demand. TheInternational Issues state government also continued to say that the existing seale of aquaculture is not enough to support the state's aquaculture cost revenue, but in the future will actively seek to establish aquaculture bases and expand the scale of aquaculture, and is willing to continue to invest state government resources to ‘maintain aquaculture work, ‘The Technical Mission in Palau not only cooperates with the Palau government to implement the plan, bbut also combines the R&D, technologies, and resources of international organizations, Palawan academic institutions, and the private sector to assist Palau in the overall development of the aquaculture industry and prepare the domestic tourist market and marine resource conservation for the post-pandemic era, so that Palau’s reputation as ‘God's aquarium’ can continue to shine on the international stage. Palau's Marine Resource Strategy and Regulations ‘The Palau General Assembly passed the Shark Haven Act in 2009, a law which prohibits commercial shark fishing or fining in Palau’ territorial waters, adjacent areas, and EEZ; and in 2012, the Palau Domestic Fishing Law [2] was enacted to regulate fishing in Palau’s domestic waters. These regulations cover various fish species and fishing laws and place restrictions on exports (Table 1) In 2015, the Palau National Marine Sanctuary Act PNMSA] was passed, designating 80% of Palau’s jurisdictional waters as an MPA, with a total ban on all development activities, including fishing and mining, within the area ‘The remaining 20% of the area was designated as a Domestic Fishing Zone (DFZ) restricted to domestic fishing needs and limited commercial fishing. Although this has become a model for the world, the Palau General Assembly recognizes that such stringent restrictions for marine protection have become ‘a major impediment to the economic development of the Palauan fishing industry, Therefore, in consideration of the economic interests of local fishermen, an amended bill was passed in 2049 to ease the restrictions on Palauan fishermen’s operations in the DFZ, and to allow local residents to make appropriate development and use of the area. ‘There is still controversy surrounding the current policy direction of fisheries resources management in Palau. The central government, local government, and traditional leaders in Palau hold different ‘views on fisheries resource management and marine resource conservation. For example, there are 16 states and traditional leaders in Palau who have established the traditional concept of conservation, “bul, and each state and its traditional leaders carry out regional conservation activities according to thelr traditional norms and knowledge, resulting in ambiguous norms and problems in the protected areas. The central government can only use patrol boats to perform occasional monitoring to prevent iMegal fishing operations, but in fact there is no mandatory regulation nor efficacy in law enforcement. For more than two years, the pandemic has reduced revenue in Palau's tourist industry, an important source of economic income, and has affected the national income and livelihood of the people. In view of the significant economic impact, its central government is now trying to appropriately relax fishing regulations and explore the possibility of ‘opening up economic fishing areas through a clear and effective mechanism for monitoring coastal fisheries resources. In that way, it can uhite-spetedspnaoot seeding acy is mutually beneficial strategy fo: conducted based onthe experence of Tawar oes economic sad fh lease, Tan ‘conducts seedings or diferent coastal ah each oar ‘mage by Technical Mision n Palau 39Oce. 40 ‘Table 1/ Regulations and fishing seasons for various marine species of Palau (updated based on the 2012 Palau fisheries regulations) Moteungeenemekai (Eohophess uscogutats) EEN) Sredra wscon Aly =e “ia (epenrarovaeanglie) (UUGRBaRE] —sreara season Arty et okas (letopoms lees) (UBB) sestrg men apttsy (Diss Seouscenacasio wwe Seergesanremayte Latta BSG RIFE RETR Feo rnd -— (Taner asses wats saa Aquatic omamentl sh [NERRBRREY seserateresaaces Moun ot Total shell length Las — on Ee “ aa 18-month-old with outer Catch Mangrove erab Emang (Scylla serrata) apt spectiation — BRN | cwcsnan see SEE =o ee ers abth sate Sere) : (Eretmochelys imbricata) ae — ~ Biacklp pear oyster Chesiuch (Pinctada margacifera) "Sea eueumbers 2, Bakelungal-chedeelek ‘Sponges, hard corals and marine rock ‘Source | Palau Domestic Fishing Laws (2072) 2]International Issues Palau's Vision of a Rising Blue Economy ‘Since the establishment of the MAFE in 2021, Palau has been actively considering viable alternatives to fishing for economic income. And by calling for the importance of blue economic development and ecological balance during the 7th OOC, it also looks forward to the effective management and monitoring of marine resources through scientific research and investigation. In addition, Palau's tourist economy is arguably completely dependent on the ocean, so Palau Chamber of Commerce Vice President Ms. Irene Olkeril continues to emphasize the need for the Palauan government to propose long-term solutions for the sustainability of coastal fisheries resources, and cals for the replenishment of fisheries resources through aquaculture and the meeting domestic demand for business tourism, ‘which can effectively reduce the depletion rate of coastal fisheries resources, In addition there are few ‘women in the traditional Palauan culture who are involved in the actual fishing industry. If ‘opportunities and training can be provided to local women so that they can participate in aquaculture work, it would increase the proportion of local women participating in the fishing industry and contribute to its development. In addition to sending the Technical Mission in Palau to implement the aquaculture project, ‘TaiwanlCDF also proposed four commitments in response to the OOC, in the four areas of action, namely "Advancing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries and Aquaculture” "Tackling Marine Pollution." “Confronting the Ocean-Climate Crisis or Towards an Ocean Solution for Climate Change! and "Creating Sustainable Blue Economies” and the commitments were approved by the OOC. The commitments have garnered a total investment of USS12 million. This demonstrates Taiwan's determination in assisting its allies in promoting balanced social, economic, and environmental development, and in contributing to global sustainable recovery and marine environmental conservation [3] Conclusions ‘The history of aquaculture in Taiwan can be traced back to the late 17th century. In the 1960s, various artificial breeding techniques were established [4] and in the 1980s it earned the ttle of the "kingdom of siant tiger prawn breeding” in the 1980s. In addition, Taiwan has 60 years in foreign aid development, and the aquatic technology foreign aid plan has expanded to countries in Central and South America the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East, and South Pacific island countries, addressing issues from the most basic need of “food’ to the establishment of mass production technology that takes into account “nutrition” and "business models”. Through the implementation of various technical cooperation plans, the TalwanICDF has repeatedly assisted nearby countries and allies in breaking through technical bottlenecks. Palau’s marine conservation and aquacultural development, due to the efforts invested by the Aquaculture Plan, has hit important milestones, such as the conservation of mottled spinefoot, giant tiger prawns, and sea turtles. In the future, the Technical Missfon in Palau will cooperate more closely ‘with the Palauan government and external resources of various international organizations, increase investment from technology and capital, and move towards the goal of strengthening the sustainable development of Palau's oceans. References U1MMEAGRES RRR MERRIE KET Nipsnraesrg insta ater 10sTacNoe3166Kmo~1 (ll 11,202) tz Buea of Pisotee 2012) Pala Dorte Fuga (Bae (202228) CMTS AMER T ~ ‘Riga /money ah cormorayory TaD? 2103 WEaXceee CnURIANE) «mA GORA) - Rapier wpe px 3 4142 Oces The Coastal and Marine Tourism Industry in Palau 4Ja0-Chuen Lin (Associate Professor, Department of Marine Leisure Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology) Translated by Linguitronic Keywords: Palau, Marine Tourism and Sustainable Tourism According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the marine resources industry and related economic activities are estimated to add USS1.5 trillion to global output each year and add 2.8 million jobs annually; of which maritime and coastal tourism accounts for 26% (OECD, 2016). Finding a way to balance the development of the ocean economy and the utilization of environmental resources to achieve the goal of a sustainable marine industry is an important issue nowadays. ‘The Republic of Palau, one of the world's top 3 dream resort islands, has been open to tourism since 1985, The island’ tourist industry accounts for nearly 51% of its GDP [1 15% of its tax revenue, and 40% of employment; however, it has also created enormous pressures on the local environment. At a time ‘when sustainable tourism has become mainstream and worldwide trend, Palau pioneered the Palau Pledge in 2017 as an entry procedure for tourists, reminding tourists to respect and care for local environmental resources; it has also promulgated various environmental protection laws to propose solutions for marine sustainability, actively developed marine tourism while preserving the local natural environment, and shaped the island nation to develop a new sustainable mindset for the coastal and marine tourist industry. Natural Environment and Economic Activities in Palau Palau isan archipelago consisting of more than 240 islands (only 9 of which are inhabited) located to the southwest of Micronesia; the archipelago extends more than 4895 kilometers 2). Most of the islands are surrounded by barrier reefs and fringing reefs, which form an expansive lagoon of varying depths that covers over 1,200 square kilometers [3. The diversity ofits coral reefs is comparable to the highest reef diversity areas in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia [4], There are more than 1,300 species of coral reef fish, over 700 species of coral and anemone, 13 species of shark, and the dugong, an endangered marine mammal of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. ‘The Rock Islands, composed of coral reefs and located in the middle of the Palau Islands, is known as the "Garden of the Sea" The island's lagoon from the sedimentation of the bay forms a unique ecosystem that is surrounded by green coral reefs and blue and clear waters. I is Palau's most essential area for ‘marine tourism, and the Rock Islands Southern Lagoon (RISL) was registered as a World Heritage Site in 2021. Visitors can swim with jellyfish, sharks, and dolphins in the blue ocean, explore the atolls and ‘mangroves in canoes, take a helicopter to get a bird's eye view of the mushoomn-shaped reefs, and enjoy the sunshine on snow-white sand beaches of Ngermeaus island, which is the most attractive sea, land, and air tour in Palau (Figure 1), The growth of Palau's tourist population has put enormous pressures on the island's infrastructure, resources, and environment According to statistics, the number of visitors to Palau skyrocketed from 2005 to 2015, reaching 150,000 {n 2016, a70 percent increase from 2010. This has led to overcrowding in diving sites; added to that are the divers and tourists trampling and touching corals. Interact with marine life, following turtles, or.Industry Dynamics Figure 1 The mest pectin our Palau the marine tours our Images by Joo-Chuan Lin, Sela Dag feeding coral reef fish, as well as other inappropriate behavior, reduces the pecking of algae and plant debris by small fish, causing the death of coral reefs due to the growth and attachment of algae, and thereby accelerating the decline of coral reefs. Palau, which stopped following US. conservation policies after 1994, has brought endangered species, such as the green sea turtle, coconut crab, and fruit bats to the tables of tourists. Visitors are attracted to “bioprecious" products with local characteristics, such as hawksbill sea turtle, giant clams, and top snails. And then there isthe increasing demand from tourists for fresh water and seafood ingredients, overdevelopment of coastal areas, and the growing problem of waste. While tourism contributes significantly to local income and provides many jobs in coastal communities, it also presents many challenges to environmental conservation, Palau Marine Conservation Policy and Protection of Marine Recreational Resources L Sustainable Fisheries Policy ‘The waters surrounding Palau are rich in fishery resources, and its eight neighboring countries have the third largest tuna fisheries in the world, accounting for more than half of the world's tuna catch, ‘with an annual production value of about US$4 billion. Early on, foreign fishing boats only needed to pay a low “fishing fee" to enter the sea area to fish, though this would only bring about USS5 milion in fishing benefits to the Palau government every year. In order to protect its local fishery resources, Palau, as a member of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), mandates foreign fishing vessels to install Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS} to monitor their movements and catch notifications, prohibits fishing ‘operations by foreign fishing vessels within its 24 nautical mile coastal area, and sets high penalties for shark fishing and bycatch. The people responsible for sharks found to have been illegally de-finned, de- tailed, or have any part oftheir bodies cutoff can be fined up to US$250,000. ‘The Palauan tradition of "BUL; or "no fishing’ is a way of preserving the natural environment by estimating the spawning period of fish and closing the waters of the area during the breeding season siving the creatures the chance to reproduce. In 2015, the President of Palau signed the Palau National Marine Sanctuary Act (PNMSA), which designates 80% of Palau's EZ, approximately 475,077 square. falometers, s a Marine Sanctuary, where commercial fishing is prohibited. This is meant to conserve and rehabilitate the fish and cetaceans within the sanctuary while allowing forthe remaining 20% of the sea only to be used by the local fishing industry and tourists for fishing. The government monitors the sanctuary by monitoring the movement of fishing vesels and analyzing their navigational paths: it strictly prohibits fishing methods such as bottom trawling, electrofishing, and explosive fishing 28 well ss diving for fish with diving cylinders. This has enabled the fish population in the protected area to reach twice the size of the non-proteced area in jst 2 ears, and the ecological restoration has been amazingly effective Figure 2 4344 Oce: Figure 2 Ecological estorton through NPAS has had amzing rests Image by Jae-Chuan Lin, Bel Ong IL Set up an Exclusive Protection Zone In order to protect the marine ecology and economic development, the Palau government has been actively promoting eco-tourism and marine recreational activities; the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) has become the most successful marine conservation policy of the Palau government. The Ngerukewid Island Wildlife Preserve was established in 1956. It has promulgated the ‘Marine Protection Act, National Conservation Act, Protected Areas Network, and PNMSA, and has followed up with the establishment of the Shark Sanctuaries, Marine Mammal Sanctuaries and No-Take Zones. For example, the world’s first shark sanctuary was established in Palat to stop all commercial shark. fishing activities in the waters, allowing 17 species of sharks to thrive in Palau without fear. Shark protection has become an important tourist attraction, and 8,600 tourists come to swim with sharks annually; the economic value generated through diving tourism is about USS18 million, compared to the economic value of US$10,800 from fishing and killing these sharks, a difference of more than many times, In addition to shark conservation, the Dolphins Pacific, built in 2001 at a cost of about $2.5 million to protect injured dolphins, has developed characteristic tours such as "dolphin petting" and "swimming, and diving with dolphins" to provide visitors with an understanding of the ecological habits of dolphins, There were once about 2,000 dugongs recorded in Palauan waters, but now only 50 to 200 are estimated to remain. Through the establishment of the "Ngederrak Dugong Reserve, the dugong, population is slowly increasing, The ocean is the largest carbon sink, as it absorbs 40% of the earths carbon emissions, with marine phytoplankton comparable to four Amazon rainforests. The Palat atoll is rich in marine plants and marine life, and most of the islands are restricted from visitors to preserve the precious marine resources in the protected area, IIL Promotion of Eco-Tourism Conventions and Green Fees Following the establishment of the MPAs, the President of Palau stated that “The country wants to promote diving, snorkeling, and eco-tourism as an alternative to the income derived from commercial fishing’ The promotion of eco-tourism aims to provide benefits to local communities and ecosystems, in addition to responsible and conservation-minded tourism, Therefore, the Palau government has formulated the "Convention on Community Development of Ecotourism to control the total number of tourists, train local residents to become guides and ecotourism seed teachers, and provide environmental education to tourists both before and after the event: it also gives 20% of the profits to the "Giving Back to the Community Fund” to promote environmental education, ecological conservation, and community welfare.Industry Dynamics Compared to eco-tourism, regular tours have limited effect on promoting environmental conservation and increasing community benefits. However, the Palau government charges a USSIS green fee for visitors engaged in ocean-based tourism and recreational activities, such as diving and snorkeling, to fund environmental infrastructure improvements, such as wastewater treatment. A Pristine Paradise Environmental Fee (PPEF) of $100 per visitor is levied at the airport to cover the government's costs in ‘maintaining the MPAs and to support the operations of domestic organizations. Visitors going out to sea and diving in Jellyfish Lake are also required to pay a US$100 application fee for a permit, which not only keeps track of the number of people entering the lake, but also contributes to marine police costs in. patrolsand daily maintenance, IV. Using Price as a Control: Welcoming High-Spending Visitors who Respect the Environment of Palau Inhis statement, the President of Palau emaphasized that "By maximizing the return on investment and diversifying the sources of tourists, we will beable to regain our vision of high-value tourism once and {or all’ by which the president expects tourists to stay longer, spend more, and respect the environment of Palau. Therefore, a motion was proposed "to raise the level of tourist spending and allow only high- end, high-priced resorts and hotels to be established on the island with similarly priced leisure activities {or high-spending tourists” It provides up to 40% tax exemption to foreign investors who invest in high- quality tourism businesses, and makes every effort to cultivate a high-end, high-value, low environmental impact tourist environment. The influx of tourists to Palau in 2015, for example, led to the deterioration of the island's environment and forced the Palauan government to adopt strategy of halving flights to reduce the number of tourists \V. Palau Government Sustainable Tourism Policy ‘The "Palau Pledge” was first introduced as an entry procedure for visitors to Palau. Passengers are required to sign the oath on their passports upon entry into the country, are shown the “Giant” promotional video, and are given information packets on flights to Palau, emphasizing that violators of the oath are subject to a fine of up to USS1 million. The Palau government made a promotional video “Giant; suggesting that foreign tourist, like the glant in the film, are recklessly destroying the Palauan ecology, and that is why, in the film, local children do not want to be friends with the giant. Because ‘once the local ecology is damaged, it often takes years to restore it to normal. By promoting tourism, it ‘analso convey the concept of conservation of the local natural environment and ecology. In order to continue and encourage visitors to practice sustainable tourism, the Palau government has launched the "Olau Palau" App, the world’s first app that records travelers footprints and accumulates, points for ‘sustainable behavior’ including: using sea-friendly sunscreen, eating dishes made from local, foods, avoiding the use of disposable plastic products, answering questions about Palau's environment and culture, and visiting sites of historical significance. Once enough points are accumulated, the user can exchange them for an in-depth itinerary, one never offered before in Palau. In addition, plastic cutlery is banned during travel, and plant-based dishware is used to implement a "traceless diet" for ‘more sustainable travel. ‘The Government of Palau has proposed the Foreign Investment Act and its Enforcement Rules, which, stipulate that travel guides, fishing guides, diving guides, water transportation services, and tourism. ‘businesses are to be operated only by Palauans or by joint ventures with foreigners in which Palauans ‘own 51% or more of the shares. Foreign investors are in a foreign investment permit, and for certain environmentally relevant Environmental Quality Protection Board (EQPB) or the Palau Mariti 1d. Anyone who violates the regulations 4546 Oces and operates a business privately will be punished by imprisonment of atleast one year or a fine of at least US§25000. This is to dissuade foreign investors from sacrificing the natural resources and ecological environment of the region for profit. ‘Table 1/ Timeline of Conservation in Palau ooo Protection Act (MPA) 1998 Established reguatons to protect sea tures = Palau has atleast 26 conservation areas across 13 states » _ aes Bottom trawing is prohibited = enero Rock Islands Southeen Lagoon becomes a UNESCO Werld Herage Site Palauan President Announces Commitment to Palau National Marine Sanctuary at United Nations Conference “The goldjolyish in Jolyish Lake are decreasing greatly, so the lake was closed for EMT. nearly two years for rehabilitation “The Pristine Paradise Environmental Fee (PPEF) of US$100 added tothe ain ticket of departing foreign passengers 2014 ‘Sourea Palau Natona Marne Sancuary (201) [8]; mado by Jo-Chuan Ln References eee ane as eae eae ee re eR eens |W Gn v-buunan-A Ran ard Visor 08) To sn se ecanysons Pa Th a irl sce ‘(eee a YOrganization Focus Marine Affairs Institutions of Palau: Dedication to Marine Conservation and Sustainable Tourism-based Ocean Governance (Chung-Ling Chen (Professor, Institute of Ocean Technology and Marine Affairs, National Cheng Kung University) Keywords: Palau, marine affairs institutions, marine conservation, sustainable tourism, ocean governance Palau, officially the Republic of Palau, boasts bountiful and diverse marine ecosystems. Marine tourism is an important industry in terms of revenues generated. In order to protect marine environments as well as ensure sustainable development of tourism, Palau’s institutions of marine affairs, including Bureau of Fisheries, Bureau of the Environment, Bureau of Tourism, and Division of Maritime Safety and Fish & Wildlife Protection, are in charge of fisheries, environmental protection, responsible tourism, and enforcement at sea, respectively. Marine Policies and management measures are clearly stipulated on the governmental agenda, such as the Protected ‘Areas Network Act, National Marine Sanctuary Act, and the ban on the import, manufacture and sale of reef-toxic sunscreens. In particular, on January 1, 2020, 80% of exclusive economic zones (the area is 475,077 square kilometers) is designated as Palau National Marine Sanctuary, where all types of fishing are banned. This demonstrates Palau’s dedication to marine conservation and establishing a country with a brand of marine conservation and sustainable tourism. An overview of Palau's government system. Palau js an island nation, a home to 18,000 people, at the western margin of Micronesia in the west Pacific. The nation has approximately 340 islands with a total area of 489.5 square kilometers {1}. The total coastline stretches for over 1,519 kilometers and is often surrounded by adjoining coral reef systems. The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) covers an approximate area of 600 thousand square meters [2], Palau has bountiful and diverse ecosystems, encompassing multiple habitats, from coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, and sandy marine environments, to a famous jellyfish lake, It features approximately 1,300 species, over 700 species of coral, and 162 bird species [3]. Palau is a democratic republic. It has 16 states and the government builds on a politcal system under ‘which the three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) are kept separate as the presidential system. The President is the both head of state and head of government and is elected every four years, The incumbent President is Surangel S. Whipps, Jr, who took office in January 21, 2021. The cabinet consists of eight ministries, including Ministry of State, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Public Infrastructure and Industries, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health and Human Services, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Human Resources, Culture, Tourism & Development (HRCTD), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and the Environment (MAFE)(4] marine affairs include: Bureau of of MAFE; Bureau of Tourism under 6. Wildlife Protection under the auspice ‘Among an array of governmental institutions, t Fisheries and Bureau of the Env the auspice of HRCTD, a 47