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    33 views106 pages

    Computer Maintenance Training Manual

    Uploaded by

    Muluken Kindachew

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    & C UTER MAINTENANCE Xo MASTER-TECH Computer training center Vv Abstract This document contains detailed explanation ce. The m: cof computer har we Yonas Dereje BSc in Computer Science Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Contents Introduction to computer types... Types of computer maintenance Software maintenance Operating system installation. Application software installation... Driver installation Porftion shrinking, extending, and hiding Partition extending. Denying & allowing permission using group policy... > Enabling & disabling devices using device manager. aL a Disable device... Enable device.sue: Password cracking... pa dein med an a Goedinlooablaaet. = Hees eee - Assembling & disassemblin; aaraat = — ve 6 Didaetas tate eo aaliceanas Spates Sia et Computer device 0 Re failure symptoms & troubleshooting... 78 Png 7 ee ee Mars re CPUs iad ca ceUs. Motheros. * RAM Slots: 97 uses Chines i °” I]Page entifying defective electronic components. How to use hot air gun... Soldering and unsoldering components... Laptop charger maintenance... ‘Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje CMOS Battery ... ne 9B Jumpers. Power Connections and their Types Fan Connectors: Front Panel Connectors: Bus:.. [Page ‘Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Introduction to computer types There are a lot of terms used to describe computers. Most of these words imply the size, expected use or capability of the computer. While the term computer can apply to almost any device that has a microprocessor in it, most people think of a computer as a device that receives aor from the user through a mouse or keyboard, processes it in some fashion and displays the ee soreen. Do you know the different types of computers? es A single person defines the personal computer or PC as any computet $0... general use by ‘one person. While a Mac is a PC, most people relate the term with. pens that run the windows operating system. PCs were first known as microcomputers, SS ‘were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the huge systems in use bYYpOs ‘com in many forms. Main forms of PC are Desktop ager > ee ‘not designed for portability is a desktop computer. ce ectation with desktop systems is that you will set the ens or table, Most desktops offer more power, storage and businesses. Personal computers versatility for a less cost than their portable brethren. Laptor ON Also called notebooks, laptops are portable computers that mix the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover book. On the left is a Picture of Apple CEO Steve Jobs holding up the MacBook Pro Air Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje ‘TABLET COMPUTERS Tablet computers are ultra-portable computers that are even smaller than traditional laptops. Their low cost means they are cheaper at retail outlets. However, the internal compoggptsare less powerful than those in regulate apa SKecent improvements to tablet computers have Co HD video, get high quality sound great pi Ts to view apabilities, and the ability to share information, and videos with fe aS Ss WORKSTATION < Another type of = is a workstation, A workstation is ute that has a more powerful processor, simply a desk a additional xe and enhanced capabilities for performing a 3 spe Qe of task, such as 3D graphics or game Ss ‘They may even use multiple screens to enhance ci iewing cD A computer that has been optimized to provide service to other SERVER, computers over a network. Servers usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and larger hard drives. Servers allow many computers to share a printer or other devices without the cost of having to buy one for every computer. Servers also allow users to share information and files with each other. The computers in this lab are part of a network. 21 Pag Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje MAINFRAME In the early days of computing, mainframes were huge computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor! ‘As the size of computers has diminished while the power has increased, the term mainframe has fallen out of use in fayor of enterprise server. You will still hear the Oe particularly in large companies to describe the ee tachines a processing millions of transactions every Ce vast amount of information. 6 This type eG usually costs hundreds of thousands or : ames store SUPERCOMPUTER | ree ee ; even mill dollars. Although some supercomputers are sing| ee: systems, most are composed of multiple high nance computers working in parallel as a single system. Jercomputers are the fastest, most powerful, most expensive ‘computers made today. The best known supercomputers are built by cray supercomputers. Many of today’s great movies use supercomputer for their CGI. They can perform over a tillion calculations per second, ‘Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje WEARABLE COMPUTERS ‘The latest trend in computing is wearable computers. Essentially, common computer applications (e-mail, database, multimedia, calendar/scheduler) are integrated into ‘watches, cell phones, visors and even clothing, Usersepityse these devices for health and fitness, swage networking, and gaming. Google can now augGGe}a person's vision through special computer dig oS glasses can l v stream information to the lenses anggfigythe wearer to send and receive messages through yajbgbommands. There is also a built-in camera to sep id take pictures. Types of computer maintenance e The two main components of computer mainteMagee are preventive and corrective maintenance. Preventive maintenance involves taking Q to help keep the system functioning, whereas corrective maintenance involves the rep(@depent or repair of a system or its components after they have already failed € Preventive Maintenance SS Preventive maining ‘defined as the proactive maintenance of equipment before a fault or * failure occ “aa maintenance involves routine tasks to ensure that your system is running optimally avoid problems before they arise. This is similar to routine maintenance perfgr car: In the same way you need to periodically check the oil, lights, engine, and 's of the car in order for it to run smoothly, the same principle applies to preventive maihtenance for 2 computer. You can take several preventative measures, including installing Windows updates, scanning for viruses and malware, and running cleaning programs. Anti-virus and anti-malware scans should be run at least once a week. Be sure to run updates for these programs whenever they are release, as new viruses and malware spring up constantly. Keepin your network secures, installing a firewall, and using safe downloading practic in protect your 4|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje computer and any information on it from being compromise. Power surges and overheating can destroy electronic equipment, so protect your hardware by investing in a surge protector and cleaning your equipment periodically to remove dust. Should any preventative measures fail, it is always a good idea to have a backup for important files: Invest in an external hard drive to save A w& m1 Se the any important files should your computer need replacing. Corrective Maintenance Corrective maintenance, commonly referred to as "repair," is the correction a ‘computer has already broken down. The goal of this form of maintenance fore operability to the system by either correcting the problem or replacing the damay ents. Common corrective measures involve removing viruses and malware,«us reformatting, and running a system restore, among others. LEO easily fixed and don't require an IT professional. T Rng harmful programs, 1on computer problems are corrective maintenance, it is important to first diagnose the problem and figure out tH root cause. If you are unsure of the cause or how to fix your problem, consulting an IT S I would be the best course of action. Software maintenance All computers different BIOS Cs by of computers. Ly are lists of BIOS and boot key of some brands Brand weer Boot key ACER Aw F12, ESC, DEL aus 0 Fa he . we rn Fa Flo Pp Jujitsu F2 FI2 LENOVO F2,FN+F2, Secret button on side of laptop F12, FN+F 12, Secret button on. side of laptop S|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje TOSHIBA F2 FI2 Operating system installation Boot from the Windows 7 DVD or USB Device eR CR ere C) x To begingjgWindows 7 clean install process, you'll need to boot from the Windows 7 DVD if ‘Or f: you #2 Windows 7 DVD, or boot from a USB device if your Windows 7 installation files abgQotated on a flash drive or other external USB drive. Wait for Windows 7 Installation Files to Load Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje cr ea a < er setup process. loading files" are be ade to your computer at this time, Windows 7 is just temporarily into memory for the setup process. You'll be removing everything on your computer as part of the Windows 7 clean install in a future step. Wait for Windows 7 Setup to Finish Loading Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Se Pee After the Windows Mall files are loaded into memory, you'll see the Windows 7 splash screen, indjga(Git, that the setup process is about to begin. i w >, Yee edo ating mis yi ) Wu e and Other Preferences 8| Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje re 7 fee ry i: Sree eee ralen (Unites Sate) Peers us rere ere eee eee ee Windows 7 Clan fie 5034 Choose oy to install, Time and currency format, and Keyboard or input method that you'd as We Click the Install Now Button ise in your new Windows 7 installation. ale Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Pe eee et Peete ee teens Windows 7 Clean: fidigiStep 6 of 34, Click on ee ‘now button in the center of the screen, under the Windows 7 logo. On ally begin the Windows 7 clean install process. Do not click the Repair your computer link at the bottom of the window even if you're completing this clean install of Windows 7 as part of some larger repair project for your computer. 10|Pa Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje The Repair your computer link is used to start a Windows 7 Startup Repair or perform another recovery of repair task from System Recovery Options. Important: If you're performing a clean install of Windows 7 as a solution to a major problem but have not yet tried a Startup Repair, do that first. It could save you the trouble of completing Setup is starting... The Windows 7 setup process is now beginning. No need to press any keys here-everything is automatic. uy] ‘Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Accept the Windows 7 License Terms Please read the license terms MICROSOFT SOFTWARE LICENSE TERMS |WRIDowS 7 ULTIMATE These license terms are an agreement beteen Wiresoh Corperatin (or based en here you in, one fs ats) and you. Flese read the. They appt he softare named above, which nudes the media on which ou receed if any. rintec-paercense terms, ich may cme with the scare, may replace or madfy ay o-sreen cence terms. The tems also appear Micesot pdstes, supplements, Internet-based services, and WF faceted The next x appears is a textbox containing the Windows 7 Software License. se the agreement, check the / accept the license terms checkbox under the agreement then click Next to confirm that you agree with the terms, Not You should always read "small print” especially when it comes to operating systems and other software, Most programs, Windows 7 included, have legally binding limits on how many computers the application can be installed on, among other limitations. 12|Pag Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Important: You are not breaking any laws or contracts by reinstalling Windows 7 via this clean install. As long as this particular copy of Windows 7 is only being operated on one computer, you're OK. Choose the Type of Windows 7 Installation to Complete Which type of instalation do you want? Upgrade Upgraets a nenerveion ef indewt and beep yout fie, stings and programs. | Te opionto upgrades nly aveble shen an eing vein cf Wind runing, Werecommend backing up youre fore you rece, om (aioe) = Intl ane ceny endows Th cpon ces neat yor fe etigs a ert det ond pins anise hen yoo Banyour compe Shen ie ereeommenecing ve you teenyoupecnd & Help me dcise se cae S In the Which type of installation do you want? window that appears next, you're offered the choice of Upgrade and Custom (advanced), Click on the Custom (advanced) button, 13) Pag Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Important: Even if you are upgrading from a previous operating system to Windows 7, | highly recommend that you do not follow the Upgrade installation. You'll get better performance with less chance of issues if you follow these clean install steps. Show the Windows 7 Advanced Drive Options Where do you want 1 install Windows? Name Tel Se] Wee Space] Type

    ‘A software installer contains the following basic steps. Language, 43 Page ‘Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Figure 3: Select installation direcory and click next 44 | Pag Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Driver installation Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Gocemens Peeve +See ac trgeet Seen pean Sberivanceaen Biman toe 1 hee ander poneng doce 46 [Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Figure 7: Click “install and update” to install and update listed drivers 47|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Figure 8 : Uncheck the drivers you do not want to install and click eareutaon’ Pal on shrinking, extending, and. Partition shrinking Q Step 1: Open device management he ing on my computer and select manage. Step 2: Select disk management panel of device management window. Then list of partition with their respective ong be listed 48|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Stet oa ee Figure 10 : Follow he steps in the dialog boxes 49|Pag Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Partition extending DuGeasay Figure 12: Follow steps in extend volume wizard 50] Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Partition hiding Figure 14: Click “remove” 51] Pa Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Partition Unhide eeirGumexesau Figure 16; Seleet “Add” and then “OK s2}P Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje ois aRoxesas Figure 17: Select drive leer on drop down listbox and click "OR x ‘oup policy Group policy have many settings that the Qe: system use. But for now as an example we will see how we can prohibit access to co bs E oO ae x Ww Denying & allowing permission u: 53|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Control Panel P Seemmore resus group polio ‘Shut down > To open icy search Group policy on start menu then click on Edit group policy or type Wes . 54| Pace ‘Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje This is Local Group Policy Egithis is where we can change multiple settings. There are two basic categories Computey®ON uration and User configuration e w 55|Page ‘Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje os ai slam In order to prohibit access,to panel, expand Administrative templates menu found under user configuration categorg: TNyeA click on control panel. On the right side, double click on setting saying Prohibit AS panel and PC settings. , xe S 56|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje First click on enable ane click ok. On the right bottom side, there is help which 30 describe what the setting ige or do. 3 ‘This operation has been cancelled due to restrictions in effect on this computer, Please contact your system administrator. After applying the setting if you try to open control panel you will see restriction message. You will not able to enter to control panel. Note: To disable this setting follow the same step but click on Not configured instead of enable. 57|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Enabling & disabling devices using device manager Disable device esi Gul a6e Figure 19: Click "Yee" on confirmation dialog box Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Figure 20; the Enable device Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Password cracking How to crack windows 7 password without using any software? Power on the computer and the Windows 7 should start. Now, when it displays “Starting Windows” long pre the power button to force the s stem shutdown, Windows 7 will treat this as a startup fault and try to recover from the error. Don’t worry! We're moving in the right sesh Firstly, estat your computer and you should ge nto the Eror Recovery winkow Gedect the Launch Startup Repair (Recommended)’ option and hit ‘Enter’. 6 indows Error Recovery Windows failed to start. A recent hardware or software change might be the caus a a CT Oo cae e 7 Senter startup, choose Start wind eee eur eon rar eae. Launch startup Repair (reconmended) eee eC ei Rasta T) 60| Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje The startup repair wizard appears and the system starts checking for the problem. peoblame are found, Startup Raat wi them astomataly. Your computer might restart settles cary de acess No changes willbe made your persona fies or information. Tat might ake several minutes 61|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje As there is no real problem, it can’t find any solution and suggests to use system restore. But, this time, we are not going to use it. Click the ‘Cancel’ —_ button. Startup Repair Your computer was unable to start Startup Repairs checking your system for prcblems. Do you want to restore your computer using System Restore? Startup Repar can try to restore your computer to an earier paint n te worked corecy, Ts repat wil not change personal data, but tight remove some pr were stalled recent. You cannot undo ths restoration. Cae] Now, XG 7 attempts to repair the problems automatically. This takes several minutes. So, wait, As there is no problem, Windows will end up with a message stating that we Repair cannot repair this computer automatically”. Now click the button as shown in the 62|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje picture below to view the problem details. ‘Startup Repair cannot repair this computer automatically Sending mare information can hep Mizcsoft create solitons >, Send information about this problem (recommended) > Dp 63| Po Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Scroll down to the end of the problem details section and click the link to read the local privacy statement as shown in the picture ‘Windows cannot repair this computer automatically on Ea ‘Startup Repair cannot repair this computer automatically ‘Sending more information can help Microsoft ceatesolutons. > Send information about this problem (recommended) > Don't send OS Version Locale D: | |Read our privacy statement online: http /go microsoft.com /fulink/linkid If the online privacy statement is not availab ey statemen Xlwindowe\eystem’\en-US\eroft < This mpi privacy statement into a notepad document. You're not going to read the mig went any way. What you need is to search and open some system files using the 64} P Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje notepad. lwindows 7 offline Privacy Statement for the microsoft error Reporting s/ ror the most up-to-date privacy information, see the online windows 7 PI lhetp: //go. microsoft. com/fw1ink/?Linkrd=104288 [WHAT THIS FEATURE DOES lthe microsoft error Reporting Service helps Microsoft and Microsoft par’ Ithe microsoft Error Reporting Service also provides Setup Repair, an ert, INFORMATION COLLECTED, PROCESSED, OR TRANSMITTED many Microsoft software programs, including windows 7, are designed to) Ithe reporting service collects information that is useful for diagnosin: Where the problem happened in the software or hardware ‘The type or severity of the problem Files that help describe the problem Basic software and hardware information Possible software performance and compatibility problems [these reports might unintentionally contain personal information. For e it an ersor report contains personal infornation, microsoft does not usa] » 65|Pag Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Select File > Open from the notepad menu bar. ‘aloLxd rivacy Statement for the Microsoft Error Reporting s* date privacy information, see the online windows 7 1 -com/fw1 ink/?Linkrde104288 ES Reporting service helps Microsoft and microsoft par [the Microsoft Error Reporting service also provides setup Repair, an ert IENFORMATION COLLECTED, PROCESSED, OR TRANSMITTED Many Microsoft software programs, including windows 7, are designed to 1 reporting service collects information that is useful for diagnosin: here the problem happened in the software or hardware The type or severity of the problem Files that help describe the problem Basic software and hardware information Possible software performance and compatibility problems these reports might unintentionally contain personal information. For e Inf an error report contains personal information, Microsoft does not us AZ 66) Pa Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Naturally, the ‘Open’ dialog window appears. Select “Local Disk” from the “Look in’ drop-down ‘menu. a B SYSTEM 1 Compxter «bd Poppy Disk Dive A) ca Sistem Reserved Bode e) so 0) 67|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Now, go to the Windows > System32 folder and change the file type to ‘All Files’ ceo) me a ot ete fel free Fast GroupPoicy GroupPoleysers bet =| date modifed || 6/4/2014 2:33 AM 7/83/2009 6:37 27/13/2008 8:56 Po 7/83/2008 1148. 37/13/2009 6:37 9 7/43/2009 6:37PM 7/43/2008 6:37 > 7/13/2009 6:37 > 27/83/2009 8:42 PH 7/83/2009 6:03 > 7/43/2009 6:03 PM 7/43/2009 6:37 PH 7/13/2009 6:37 PH 27/13/2009 6:37 PH 239 6:37 PH * Fle folder Ale fide Fle flder Fle felder Fle flder Fle flder Fle fiber Fle felder Fle Felder Fle folder 68 | Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Here, find out the file named as sethe, select it and press the F2 key to rename the file. Give the name as sethe_bak. a Ses hc Soe: Ewe == “ : oe ee nooaing 0 Similarly, search for the application file ramsey the same location and once found, right- click on it and select ‘Copy’. Now, — an empty space and sclect ‘Paste’. Another file cS > 69 [Page named as cmd =~ Copy_—is Bi xpmervices.a [S xseves.at Browizors Bixwep.at [eewpdu.at Bo wtona2.at Rename the file {eos reeones oe porn eerem Fie rame [ons Cor a Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje created at to 7/33/2008 5:14 6/10/2009 1:15 m4 7/13/2000 5116 7/13/2009 5:16 > 2ps3/2009 $236 6/10/2009 e424 7/33/2009 5:14 3hsapzo08 ss36 Pm 7133/2009 5:16 7/13/2008 5:16? 7/33/2009 5:16 7/13/2008 5115 > 3/13/2009 5:16 744 You 7/33/2009 5:15PM Grasp2008 5:16 Pe Grssfme0s siete 3psyaoos Seas Pe 3ys3/so09 Stic ret 2rsyanos 8:36 >pisyaoos sxe 3133/3000 Ste ret 3713/2003 sere eos | [SS the same _location, Aopleaton ext. ‘opleaton ext ‘opleaton ext, Arplcaton Sopteston ext Aopicaton ext Sopleaton exte ‘ooicaton ext Dppleaton ext ocicaton ext, Seer 4 Secteaton exte. ‘eotenton ext aaa teens 70|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dere Once done, cancel all the opened windows and finally, click the ‘Finish’ button at the ‘Startup Repair’ dialog window ‘Windows cannot repair this computer automatically 1fyouhave recently attached » device to this compute, such a8 a camara er portable muse ‘layer, remove it and estat your compute 1f you cantmue to see Sta message, contact {your system adnate or computer manctacur’ for aasetanes, (Ci Finish to ent and shut down your comouter. Finally, your computer will reboot as udiaithd'he log-in screen will appear. Press the ‘Shift’ key for five times. Voila! The ne mpt opens without getting logged into the system. Now, re you can use this comman: eset Windows 7 password. 71|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje corres Sore Steretes Pe Reet Bee pera c reat ts Reset Window 7 Prrword usng hpud Pron Now you area step away Gnu Yeseting the password in Windows 7. t frst run the following command to see ee Roa names atthe computer. ve wee oS Thi wiser the list of users in the computer. Choose the username for which you want to reset sor 721 ‘Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje errr 09 Micro Past et Now run the followjag Saat rt bs password. RO net user with your own. Type your new password and retype it to confirm, 73| Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje oes ‘You have successfully reset Wij ‘You can now log into the Windo 74 | Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Creating bootable media IB CAWindownsystemaz\cmd exe on a1. 7600) oie ieee ae ote eee Cree CECT i JCAWindowe syste ro eee rey tren ic ae} SS rear eee eestor eee Dray Figure 28: Type it disk to list all the disks connected to pe. then select disk number you 751 Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje | C\Windows systems Disk rai Te Disk 1 is now the selected disk Deron reycsCrcy DickPart eucceeded in cleaning th SKPART>[ereate partition prinar enn eaten te Ceres eerie rere (cr) pispant>|Fornat faontfs quick 190 percent completed Cuteness Sere Hardware maintenance oe Assembling & disassembling cofappnents ‘We will discuss this title in U 5 Differentiate mips ‘omponents, their purposes, & properties 1. Expansion slots, be Ipheral Component Interconnector. The expansion slots allow the users to pul Ratinetions for iterfeence and hence the performance can be improved. The adapts would be connected to the south bridge. Following are the slots one would — Geng {Random Access Memory) - You should find the RAM slots which are on the fherboard and get the upgraded. Here you can find which kind of memory has been used in the computer. Also, the user should know that if a memory has been fit into the slot. There are 4 RAM slots in desktop and 2 slots in laptop computers. It is recommended you insert ram in white slots first then to the black slots. PU S of how important a CPU socket is, sincevit is responsible for the connection between the ‘ocket (Central Processing Unit socket) ~ You should understand the importance 76|Pag Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje PCB (Printed Circuit Board or Motherboard) and the processor. You can replace the CPU without soldering only because of this component (ie. CPU socket, 4. Chipset — There are two main chipsets in computer motherboard north bridge and south bridge. a. North Bridge: The CPU is connected through a thing, called the Northbric Sou understand that the connection between the CPU and the Northbri ce through the graphic slot and the memory. Hence at this ie 00 much communication takes place. The north bridge has the reputatid iting some good heat and you would find a fan right there over it to jown. b, South Bridge: You would also find a thing calle Outhbridge. You must understand that this is responsible for ee ye other deceives with the < computer and they all are working wee operations. While the north bridge woulg be Pound near the CPU, the south bridge re that stability of computer's would be found at some ideal g¢ al place where it can get connected to many other devices. sy 5. CMOS ~ You should know oe battery since itis the integrated part of the ‘computer and it stays wit tQbrherboard till its life. When you face some incorrect time or date problems wij eon you should be able to understand that itis because of this soorann ye to be replaced, which is pretty easy. One can just simply look at the moth find it, unplug it and install a new one. 6. Jumpersg These jumpers are the pins which would be found by one on the motherboard ThegehetgAting thing is that they won't get connected to the hard disk, floppy or even to Or itself. They might be a pair of pins or it can be single as well. One should ve the official documentation of computer to know what they are for and what they mean. Power connections — These are connectors that connect computer devices with the power supply in order to give power to these electronic devices. 77 | Page ‘Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje 8. Fan — You might need to connect the fans to the power. Fan connectors are here for the purpose. There is 3 and 4 pins fan connectors which can be used by one to get their system cooled down specially the processor. 9. Front panel - The front panel connectors can be connected easily since that have the specific shape and they are polarized as well. So, one should always check the polgrity before connecting, Following are the connectors which can be found by the Ke @ 1, USB Audio eo Power Button, Ww Power Light KO Drive Activity Lights Reset Button xo 10. Bus - If you take a closer look at thy ard, you would find some buses there that are located on the motherboard. ve the traces on the motherboard. These are the vases, which provide the ii 1. The bus speed that you can count is the clock speed of that bus. Therefore, 11 1¢ bus speed, you can know that how much data is being passed through the Pugh. If you get a closer look at the specification of computer, it would be found thatsherojdel’speed is related to the speed of PC. However, you might be surprised to find oun and the bus both have their own speed and they both do not run at, same eh Co: es ice types, usage, failure symptoms & troubleshooting ¥ Voltage - force or pressure caused by the separation of electrons and protons. Unit of ‘measurement of voltage is Volts (V) Current - the fice flow of electrons in an elect | circuit. Unit of measurement of current is Ampere (amp). When voltage (electrical pressure) is applied and there is a path, electrons flow producing current ; 78|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Resistance - opposition to the flow of electrons (current): conductor=low resistance insulators=high resistance. Unit of measurement of resistance is ohms (Q) Alternating Current (AC) - electrical current flows in both directions; positive and negative terminals continuously trade places (polarity) — Frequency at which AC electricity altemates is measured in cycles per second, or hertz (1 + Direct Current (DC) - electrical current flows in one direction; negative to vosiaye @ — Example: Electricity provided by batteries & = Usage — PCs use DC voltage but power companies sure Katte The power supply in a device that converts high-voltage AC@yer to low-voltage DC power. The power supply acts as a step-down tts $s converting high voltage AC into 5, 12, and 3.3 V DC. PCs use a Htage to power motors on devices such as the hard drives, and ae PCs use a 5-volv’3.3-volt current to support onboard electronics ae RS Two type of power supply AT power scheme is the original powei@dheme Sa ‘most of the older computers used. AT-style ‘computer cases had a power ~e s directly connected to the system computer power supply. Pushing the eo 1 Tifls all the power instantly (whether the Operating System is ready for it or not!) AT uses the P8 3 the main connectors where it connects to the AT socket of the ong OS P81 P9 Power cables Black wires should point towards each other or. ie fs 79|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje An electronic switch typically controls an ATX power supply. Instead of a hard switch at the main power input, the power button on an ATX system is a sensor input monitored by the computer. ATX systems allow the Operating System to control the final “off” signal to the power supply; this gives the OS time to save all information and complete important tasks before turning off the power supply using a dedicated output signal (PS_ON#). ATX power supplies also support lower power modes. They have an additional “Standby” power output (5Vsa) that stays on t standby devices whenever the system goes into low-power mode. x ATX uses the P1 power connector and goes directly into the ATX socket P1 Gan Sither be 20 or * Failure symptom of, Ow More often than not, you just do CS ‘any warning that the PSU is going to quit on you. However, sometimes it may do one ) of the following before it kicks the bucket: + Strange i Bp from the back of the computer case where the cord is located .wi Qdopue is turned on, nothing happens. Sometimes this may coincide with a ‘A1Ga}d¢ orange light on the front of the computer or an indicator on the back of the PSU juipped), ‘The computer turns on for a couple of seconds and then turns right back off. While this can bbe a power supply issue, it may also indicate motherboard failures. 80|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje * The computer is on for a while, but maybe while you are playing a game or using another application it just randomly turns off without warning. It might also display a blue screen of death. When gaming is involved, you must realize that video cards these days require a lot of power and amperes to run correctly. When purchasing a PSU, be sure you have the wattage and amps xo for the equipment inside of your computer, especially the video cards. + How to fix power supply? Ss ‘These are procedure you need to follow to fix a computer that have a ewepply issue. Power cord not connected properly a & Power cord connections & Qe SS Computer or Wal Sockat xy Verify that the power cord is conn: perly to the wall and the back of the computer. If it looks ok, disconnect and reconnSgt bgttf ends of the power cord to make sure the cable is not loose. Verify that the caffeNyppfying power to your computer is not bad or damaged by using another power cable. ee Tip: age use the same power cable and can be swapped for the computer power cable. awe button Some computer power supplies may have their own power button. Check the back of the computer and make sure there are no additional buttons that have been turned off and are preventing power to the computer. ai] Page ‘Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Incorrect power supply Ifyou are building a computer, of it has never been tumed on it may have a defective power supply that is not supplying enough power. Verify your power supply meets the requirements of your ‘motherboard, processor, and video card. Bad battery e If your computer is a laptop or portable computer that utilizes a battery for mobili jay be causing your issue. c ze + If your computer powers on when the cable is connected to the veto but not when it is disconnected, we recommend you purchase a new battery. batery i posible) and se ifthe compute can un ed the power cable connected. If no Loosely connected hardware & ‘As mentioned earlier, each time your oO > tum on it runs a POST (Power On Self Test) and if any of the hardware component Neate fail this test the computer will not turn on, If the computer cannot aC nt because it has become loose or a cable connected to, the device has become eS ws ill fail the POST. bas power ap eS urine RAM A] oe of RAM RandgsaGeegess memory (or simply RAM) is the memory or information storage in a computer 4 to store running programs and data for the programs. Data (information) in the RAM caltbe read and written quickly in any order. Normally, the random access memory is in the form of computer chips. Usually, the contents of RAM are accessible faster than other types of information storage but are lost every time the computer is tuned off. Non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) keeps its data without using power, but is more expensive and works more 82 [Poe Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje slowly, so it is used in smaller amounts. RAM works using the semi conductive properties of transistors. + Type of RAM RAM is of two types. x © Static RAM (SRAM) x@ © Dynamic RAM (DRAM) & Static RAM (SRAM) - The word static indicates that the memory Hiren an as long as power is being supplied. However, data is lost when the power seta ‘to volatile nature. SRAM chips use @ matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors. T do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not be refreshed on a re ee There is extra space in the matrix, bene SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of storage spacedQuaGitg the manufacturing costs higher. SRAM is thus used as cache memor 5 very fast access. Characteristic of Static RAM Ss = Long life © + Noneed to a . iO U; ache memory nsive igh power consumption RAM (DRAM) - DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maiftain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory, as it is cheap and small, All DRAMS are made up of memory cells, which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor. a3|Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Characteristics of Dynamic RAM = Short data lifetime = Needs to be refreshed continuously = Slower as compared to SRAM = Used as RAM = Less expensive xe eS ‘+ Failure symptom of RAM + When you first turn on your computer it runs fine, but as y uit your business you = Less power consumption notice that its performance diminishes. By lunchtime, yugbgjtes take minutes to load and local programs run at a snail's pace. This type of, Rerioration of PC performance, especially with memory-intensive programs, may be Baused by a RAM problem. + Your computer randomly restarts while in the middle of something or freeze sporadically. It may also reboot alimosteghg iiately upon opening the desktop. This could bea sign of faulty RAM, + A blue screen with white te» 3 Before restarting. Blue-screen errors are annoying because you do not ever uns shance to read the error message. Bad RAM is one thing that cause them. + Files particular! S&S frequently access and save seem to be inexplicably corrupted. RAM issu id to this problem, which can worsen over time. The file structure of your let ene may slowly degenerate and you will no longer be able to boot your mi . rl to install a new program repeatedly fail for unknown reasons. You try to stall the operating system, but keep getting odd error messages. Screen stays black while the computer power on, + On dell OptiPlex model, 3 & 4 front led light stays on. g4|Page Computer maintenanee | Yonas Dereje ‘There is certainly a variety of problems that could cause the above issues, but faulty RAM is an often overlooked root cause of inexplicable issues. If you have one or a combination of the above problems, you are likely facing a memory issue. = How to fix RAM Reflow is the stage of “reflowing solder” where the ‘solder’ or ‘solder paste” ack te from Solid to Liquid, at high heat temperature to make a complete and proper, on PCB (printed board circuits) using hot air gun machine, But ifthe above my on “joint work you have to buy a new ram. ao o ° = Usage of HDD we ‘The hard drive of a computer is a device that stores ae fare installed on a computer, as well asl the datafile created and used by hs softwe, Ts includes any dctmens you bave created and downloaded, such as photos and musig Weird drive is a form of permanent storage, rather than temporary memory such as randoaeaQye ‘memory (RAM). This means that when you tum off the computer, the files remain splafyored on the drive so you can use them again the next time you start your computer. 3° ‘You may have experienc fario: you turn on your computer and you get a black screen with the message venineg bss Disk Failure.’ Or, you've dropped your laptop on the floor, your soreen goes black, ad $Qip computer won't turn back on again, More often than not, the problem is your hard driyg. If yur hard drive has crashed, you may have lost all your documents, photos, music, ete cone of the more frustrating experiences for any computer user. S Type of HDD ‘ThePre two general types of hard drives: hard disk drives (HDD), which use one or more rotating discs and rely on magnetic storage, and solid-state drives (SSD), which have no moving mechanical parts, but use flash memory like the kind found in USB flash drives. If you have a regular desktop computer, you most likely have a hard disk drive. Solid-state drives are more typical for high-end, expensive laptops. a5 |Page DE Advantages Maximum compatibility Disadvantages Lacks support for new technology such as native command queuing and hot-plugging hard drives Hot plugging —_IDE interface does not support hot (add/remove _plugging(i.. the ability to add and component while remove devices while the computer the computer isis running and the OS automatically running) recognize the change.) Speed data transfers at the rate of up to 133MB/s Data cable Ribbon-like, wide, can be up to 18 inches long Lineage ‘Superseded by SATA, ~¥ Year Created 1986 & Jumpers its possible Ina comput to have aban cone hard drive To OQ IDE drives, £e fo chain the ribbon cables ne to the next. The computer ‘system has no idea which is the ‘main drive, from which fo load the os. Failure symptom of HDD we ‘Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje SATA Inexpensive, large storage capacity. Lower MTBF than SAS (700,000 hours to 1.2 million hours of use at 25 °C), less suited for \ SATA interface supports hot ree the ability to add and remove while the anes recognize the “<>, Data te QO rate of up to 6 Gb/s ‘can be up to a meter (roughly 3) long. fev ote ttn sms Supersedes Parallel ATA (PATA) aka IDE 2003 SATA drives don't use jumpers. Each drive connects ditectly to the motherboard. To set the primary drive, you can access the settings from the computers BIOS (special software that runs ‘when you stat the computer). Frequent and cryptic error messages while performing typical activities like moving files © Folder and file names that are scrambled and changed © Disappearing files and folders © Really long wait times to access folders gnd files 86 [Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje ©. Hard disk is silent for a long period after you request data by opening a file or folder ‘© Garbled output from open files or printing © Hard drive grinds away constantly because of noisy bearings ©. Frequent crashes, particularly when booting up Windows ©. Screen stays black and there will be hyphen blinking on the top left comer of screen = How to fix HDD x@ ‘Try the hard drive on another PC, if your PC can’t detect it & It might be possible that only your PC can’t read the hard drive and you n < hard drive accordingly. Connect the storage media to another PC, maybe you get f relief by seeing it work on another PC, . AS Pots on your computer that ive by visiting This PC (right-click) > If it works, then there might be some issue with the dey needs to be fixed. You can reinstall your hard driv 8, Manage > Device Manager. Right-click on the ur hard drive and click Uninstall. Now, restart the computer and connect the hard dri drivers will start installing automatically in most cases Q You can also consider changing, LL assigned to the storage media to restore corrupted hard drive. Go to This PC = oo > Manage > Disk Management. Right-click your hard drive and click Change Drive £° ind Paths. (09 | [RECOVERY seoms /1315.ca nes Healthy Primary Patio tliteaniemecninno Ren |[tattewtAPtA Mion) Open Explore Mark Patton at Active ischamie bave Lat Extend Volume Shrink Volume... Delete Volume... 87 |Page Computer maintenance | Yonas Dereje Now, liek on the drive letter and click Change. Select the new drive letter and click Ok. It'IL show a warning that other programs might not work, click Yes. Problems will only occur if you change the letter of an internal drive where you have installed apps, mostly the Windows drive. Check your hard drive for errors Windows has an inbuilt mechanism for hard disk recovery using which you can check .e y ‘media, internal or extemal HDD, for errors. In various cases, Windows will automati ou for drive scanning when you connect the drive to the machine. If it doesn’t hi ean visit This PC > Drive (right-click) > Properties > Tools tab. Click Check. Le ~ Local Disk (0) Properties Secuty Previous Verions Quota. «Customize Gaival Tools Hardware Sharing ror checking “Tis option wil check the dive fo fle ne eer Optimize and defragment ive & Optimizing your computer's dives can help nn nore oferty Optinze ‘The hard drive we use on our desktops and laptops have a built-in hardware monitoring technology called S.M.A.R.T. Now, Windows doesn’t have any app to display the data collected by 88 [Page Computer maintenance | Yonas D SM.A.R.T. but you can check the overall status using WMIC (Windows Management Instrumentation Command-line) in CMD and try your hands on the broken hard disk repair n CMD in admin mode. 2. Type wmie and press enter

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