SECTION 3 ‘Select one entry for the blank. Fill the blank in the way that best completes the text. 1. The automation of many of the functions performed at the factory, although initially inspiring in many of the company’s employees, has had none of the deleterious effects forecast either within or beyond the organization, A) indifference B) optimism ©) ambition D) arrogance E) trepidation isin jonally thought that restricted gene flow was the development of adapt: lence shows that adaptation can be maintained despite very high levels of 2. Biologists trac a population, but empirical evi gene flow. A) an impediment to B) aconsequence of ©) aharbinger of D) a requisite for E) an aberration in For each blank select one entry from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best ‘completes the text. 3. Stigler brings a fundamental (i) to his protagonists, somehow treating them with respect even while he reveals these sometimes prickly characters behaving in (i) ways. Blank (i) Blank (ii) A) sentimentality ) spontaneousB) sympathy E) perceptive C) baseness F) petulant 4. The (i) seen in most of eastern Eurasia is (i ‘on the Mongolian plateau, despite only 200 millimeters of annual precipitation, because evaporation decreases at higher altitudes and latitudes. Blank (i) Blank (ii) A) variability in temperatures D) reversed B) tendeney toward aridity E) discemible ©) complexity of ecosystems F) exacerbated 5. Knowing how (i) she was at work, her colleagues were surprised at her throughout dinner. Blank (i) Blank (ii) A) dependable D) timidity B) diffident B) assertiveness ©) diligent F) punetiliousness For each blank select one entry from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best ‘completes the text. 6. An innovative musician, accompanist extraordinaire, and protomodern hipster, Lester Young (1909-1959) remains a (i) in the jazz firmament. Some of the reasons are obvious: although he dressed with conspicuous cool, he chose an artistic trajectory that seemed calculated to the spotlight—his best work was in the bands of other musi ans, such as Billie Holiday and Count Basie, rather than at the front of his own. Moreover, he was shy, subtle, and sensitive—traits not usually associated with great (iii) Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (ii) A) bright star D) shun G) imagination B) lesser light E) intensify H) restraint ©) permanent fixture F exploit D celebrity 10Select one answer choice. The distinction between the nutritional quality and quantity of prey is one component of the hypotheses that attempt to explain the declining populati ns of Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska beginning in the 1970s, One view holds that the quantity of prey available was high overall, but because of the species composition of available prey (primarily non-faty fish of the gadid family), the diet was nutritionally inferior—the junk food hypothesis, An alternative view is that gadids are nutritionally adequate but were not available in sufficient numbers because of fishing or some other factor. In either case, juvenile sea lions would be affected more than mature individuals because of the younger animals’ higher energy requirements and relative inexperience at foraging, 7. The passage indicates that proponents of the junk food hypothesis assert which of the following about non- fatty fish of the gadid family? A) They provide adequate nourishment for sea lions when supplemented with a small number of other species. B) They provide adequate nutrition for adult sea lions but not for juveniles. C) They have been steadily dectining in quantity in the Gulf of Alaska since the 1970s, D) They are inadequate to satisfy sea lions” nutritional requirements even when available in abundance. E) They are too challenging for juvenile sea lions to catch in significant numbers. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 8. The highlighted sentence performs which of the folloy ¢ functions in the passage? A) It demonstrates that over-fishing in the Gulf of Alaska isthe likely cause of Steller sea lion decline. B) It supports an argument that the reason for the Steller sca lion decline in the Gulf of Alaska is unlikely to be determined, C) It gives an explanation for the decline in Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska that is at odds with the junk food hypothesis.Select one answer choice. Late-cighteenth-century English cultural authorities seemingly concurred that woman readers should favor history, seen as edifying, over fiction, which was regarded as frivolous and seductive, Readers of Mary Ann Hanway"s novel Andrew Stuart, or the Northern Wanderer, learning that its heroine delights in David Hume’s and Edward Gibbon’s histories, could conclude that she was more virtuous and intelligent than her sister, who disdains such reading, Likewise, while the naive, novel-addicted protagonist of Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey, Catherine Morland, finds history a chore, the sophisticated, sensible character El snor Tilney enjoys it more than she does the Gothic fiction Catherine prefers. Yet in both cases, the praise of history is more double-edged than it might initially appear. Many readers have detected a protofeminist critique of history in Catherine's protest that she dislikes ‘reading books filled with men “and hardly any women at all.” Hanway, meanwhile, brings a controversial political ‘edge to her heroine’s reading, listing the era’s two most famous religious skeptics among her preferred authors, While Hume’s history was generally seen as being less objectionable than his philosophy, there were widespread doubts about his moral soundness even as a historian by the time that Hanway was writing, and Gibbon’s perceived tendeney to celebrate classical paganism sparked controversy from the first appearance of his history of Rome. 9. The author’s primary purpose in the passage is to argue that A) the evidence used in support of a particular argument is questionable B) a distinction between two genres of writing has been overstated ©) a particular issue is more complex than it might appear D) two apparently difforent works share common features E) two cighteenth-century authors held significantly different attitudes toward a particular issue 10, According to the passage, which of the followin; century? is true about Hume’s reputation in the late eighteenth A) He was more highly regarded as a historian than Gibbon was. B) His historical writing, like his philosophical writing, came to be regarded as problematic. ) He was more well-known for his historical writing than for his philosophical writing, D) His historical writing came to be regarded as morally questionable because ot mis association with Gibbon. E) His views about classical paganism brought nim disapproval among the general reading public. 11. The author of the passage quotes Austen’s character Catherine Morland primarily in order to A) point out an inconsistency in Austen’s views about history B) contrast Austen’s techniques for portraying character with those of Hamway C) indicate the source of a particular interpretation of Austen’s views D) suggest that Catherine Morland is a less typical Austen character than is Eleanor Tilney E) identify a way in which Austen's characterizations are hobbled by certain eighteenth-century conventions 12. The highlighted sentence exemplifies which of the following? A) Cultural authorities’ attempt to use novels to support their views about the value of reading fiction 12B) Eighteonth-century woman authors’ attempts to embody in their work certain cultural authorities’ views about reading ©) A point about the educational value of reading books about history D) An instance in which a particular judgment about the value of reading history is apparently presupposed E) A challenge to ing habits ‘Select the two answer choices that, when used to complete the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and produce completed sentences that are alike in meaning. assumption about ightcenth-century women’s re 13. In a book that inclines to an epilogue arguing that ballet is dead arrives simply as one more overstatement. A) pessimism B) misinterpretation C) imprecision D) vagueness E) exaggeration F) hyperbole 14, Although dry weath \se droughts between 1323 and 1333 was exceptional. medieval England was not, ; documentary evidence suggests that the A) anomalous B) severe ©) uncommon D) seasonal E) frequent F) pervasive 5. Among some demograpnic groups, the Internet 1s most everybody who wants Internet access has it, A) necessary B) indispensable ©) inresistible D) pervasive E) ubiquitous F) homogeneous 16. What Dr. Walther has shown is that many of the standard stati re against correlations are inadequate in this case, ical techniques that are supposed to A) numericalB) specious. ©) elementary D) paltry F) quantifiable F) spurious ‘Select one answer choice. The traditional color of fire trucks is red, but in cities that have introduced yellow trucks into their fleets, the rate of traffic accidents per mile driven among these trucks has been far lower than the rate among red trucks. Some critics of the innovation have questioned whether this difference should be attributed to color, given that the yellow trucks were generally newer than the red trucks with which they were compared. But this criticism can be dismissed. Certainly, the mere difference in accident rates is not decisive evidence, The decisive fact is that the rates differed significantly only in the hours around dawn and dusk, At these hours, the visibility of yellow is known (o be better than that of red 17. In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles? A) The first is a statement of the position the argument as a whole opposes: the second is a statement of the position it defends. B) The first is a claim that the argument as a whole calls into question: the second denies the rationale presented by some critics of that claim. ) The first is a claim that the argument as a whole calls into question; the second points out an error of reasoning, made by defenders of that claim. D) The first is the position defended in the argument; the second is an intermediate conclusion drawn to support that position, E) The first is the position defended in the argument; the second concedes a point to critics of that position Recent archaeological excavations of the massive warehouses of Hudmuco Pampa—an important city in the Incan empire of the twelfth to sixtcenth centuries—initially led archaeologists to believe that the city was a center for the cavations in those settlements, distribution of food and eoods Jo settlements in the surrounding reuron, However. © have yielded few traces of the pottery containers used to store goods in Hudnuco Pampa’s warehouses. This absence of pottery traces is inconclusive, since goods may have been distributed in containers other than those belonging to the warchouses. One sixteenth-century Spanish document may inadvertently reveal the answer: while detailing countless instances of goods being brought to the warehouses from the surrounding region, the document says nothing about goods being distributed throughout the surrounding region from the warehouses, Thus in ial suggestions about the city s role as a distribution center may be incorrect: Husinuco Pampa’s reason for maintaining these huge warchouses may have been simply to ensure its own well-being during periods of hardship. 18. The passage is primarily concerned y A) comparing the merits of different kinds of historical evidence 4B) tracing the origins of a widely held belief about a body of historical evidence ©) citing evidence that suggests a new interpretation of archaeological remains D) evaluating the usefulness of particular historical sources E) correcting a misperception by reexamining historical data 19. The author suggests which of the following about the sixteenth-century Spanish document discussed in the passage? A) Although the document was initially used by archaeologists to support a particular theory about Hudnuco Pampa’s warehouses, it was subsequently interpreted as contradictory of that theory B) Although the document intends to record the flow of food and goods between Hunuco Pampa and the surrounding region, it provides a wealth of information about Husnuco Pampa’s political life ©) Although it discusses warchouses in very general terms, the document reveals much information about how Huanuco Pampa allocated its warchoused supplies throughout the regi D) Although the document docs not discuss whether Hudnuco Pampa distributed food and goods throughout the surrounding region, the fact that it does not implies that the city did not perform this function. E) Although the document was known to archaeologists prior to the excavation of Hudnuco Pampa, that excavation revealed the document fo be more accurate about Hudénuco Pamp: daily life than was previously thought 20. Which of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the author’s reasoning about the probable purpose of the Husinuco Pampa warehouses? A) Further examination reveals that the sixteenth-century Spanish document cited by the author was intended solely to record the amount of food and goods farmers and artisans in the surrounding region contributed to Huénuco Pampa’s warehouses each year. B) Several large warehouses similar to those of Hudnuco Pampa are unearthed in subsequent archaeological excavations in the region surrounding Hudnuco Pampa. ©) A contemporaneous document is discovered establishing that Hunuco Pampa’s political influence in the surrounding region was far greater than archaeologists and historians had previously supposed. D) Traces of pottery storage containers simtlar mt stvle to those of the Hudnuico Pamoa warchouses are discovered in a section of the Incan empire remote from Hudénuco Pampa, E) Archaeologists discover that Huinuco Pampa was able to maintain constant stores of goods in its warehouses despite fluctuations in agricultural conditions in the surrounding region,Section 5 ‘Select one entry for the blank. Fill the blank in the way that best completes the text. 1, Because it was exposed by a lichen growth, fracture, the rock’s structure could be seen free of weathering or A) primeval B) complex. C) recent D) microscopic 2, Writing accessories such as letter openers, pen trays, and memorandum pads era, and by far the most ubiqu popular during the E) permanent A) epistles B) appurtenances fous of such, became tremendously was the letter box. ©) vexations D) vestiges E) frugalities3. While Pompeian houses vary in their size, ground plan, and decorative schemes, they do tend to consistent design motivations: their owners all seem to have aimed toward creating a cet domestic space. A) inform B) defy ) inspire D) thwart E) betray For each blank select one entry from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best ‘completes the toxt. 4. In a sharp blow to his reputation as (i) leader, the evidence that the mayor has recently been, involved in malfeasance seems to be Blank (i) Blank (ii) A) a partisan D) fabricated B) an unsuccessful E) sound ©) an exemplary F) dubious, 5. By using (i) prose throughout, the contributors to this anthology have been able to make their subject seem (i n the extreme—of concern only to one another. Blank (i) Blank (ii) A) luminous D) parochial B) esoteric E) pragmatic ©) colloquial F) egalitarian25 GRE FF 100 © 1.0 Has For each blank select one entry from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best ‘completes the text. 6. The obsidian found across the Pungaere-Upokorau area in New Zealand has previously been thought to come from two distinct sites (Pungaere and Waiare), but considering that the visual characteristics and chemical composition of the ob: Waiare as (i) source, especially in view of the fact that finds of obsidian near Waiare settlement and in the Waiare Stream are the area are so (i) ; there is no reason to continue regarding Blank (i) Blank Gi) Blank (ii) A) diverse D)aseparate G) rare B) anomalous ) the primary H) varied ©) consistent F)adectining 1 abundant Select one answer choice. Simulations indicate, and observations confirm, thatthe particles constituting Satumn’s rings are giving up angular momentum to moons of the planet. The simulations predict that over just a few hundred million years, the related ‘enetuy transfer will cause the rings’ collapse. An analogous process occurs around young stars in the disks of matter from which planets emerge, and these protoplanetary disks do vanish that quickly, computer models show Yet if Satumn’s rings are so short-lived, a large comet or moon—the rings” presumed source—must have broken apart in Satum’s vicinity within the past several hundred milion years. That is quite unlikely. It would have been much more probable in the young solar system—4 bill years ago or more. 7. It can be inferred that the author of the passage mentions protoplanetary disks because A) the computer modeling techniques used to study them were later applied to Satum’s rings B) conclusions about them might reasonably be applied to Saturn’s rings ©) the accepted understanding of them is challenged by observations of Saturn's rings D) the material of which Saturn’s rings are composea must al one ume have been in a protoplanetary disk around the Sun E) observations of Saturn's rings may serve as a substitute for observations of protoplanetary disks Consider each of the choices separately and select all thet apply. 8, The passage suggests which of the following about the “energy transfer”? A) Iis effects are obscured by th yr momentum of Saturn’s moons, gu B) It is part of a process that also imparts angular momentum to at least some of Saturn's moons. C) It proceeds more slowly than does an analogous energy transfer that occurs in the vicinity of young stars.Select one answer choice. The seemingly unrelated aims of functional strength and aesthetic appeal had been not only successfully integrated in many of the classic suspension bridges of the past two centuries but also commonly achieved by engincers alone or leading teams, Thomas Telford was in fact both engineer and architect of his Menai Suspension Bridge, and John Roebling was both engineer and architect of his Brooklyn Bridge. That these engineering structures especially have ‘come to be regarded as architectural icons demonstrates the aesthetic heights that an engineer can achieve. Engincers less artistically confident than Telford and Roebling have engaged consulting architects to advise them ‘on the design of everything from the facades placed on massive anchorages and skyscraper-high towers to the finishing details like deck railings and lampposts. Othmar Amman, the chief engineer of the George Washington and many other New York City bridges, often sought the help of famous architects. When the George Washington ‘was but an idea on paper, Ammann engaged Cass Gilbert, the architect of the Woolworth Building and other landmarks, to depict how the towers might be finished in stone. Sinee money was tight when the bridge was being completed, however, the steel-framed towers were left bare—a look that the Swiss architect Le Corbusier found extremely appeating—and bare steel became the new aesthetic standard for monumental bridge towers 9. The primary purpose of the passage is to A) explore the interplay between two professional disciplines B) discuss the personal qualities needed to succeed in a particular endeavor ©) consider what qualities give acsthetic appeal to structures of a particular kind D) present the evolution of a relationship between competing goals E) explain how apparently disparate goals actually support cach other ‘Consider each of the choloes separately and select all that apply. 10. The passage implies that Othmar Ammann was A) responsible for a design that became an aesthet touchstone for later bridges B) financially constrained from hiring the architects he wished for the George Washington Bridge C) less certain of his aesthetic des n abilities than Telford and Roebling, were of theirs ‘Select one answer choice. 11. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Cass Gilbert's ideas for finishing the towers of the George Washington Bridge? A) They had to be abandoned during construction B) They impressed Le Corbusier ©) They were judged to be too costly when the project was initially proposed D) They derived from themes Gilbert had explored in the Woolworth Building E) They started a fashion that was followed in later bridge towers.‘Select the two answer choices that, when used to complete the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a ‘whole and produce completed sentences that are alike in mening. 12. Motoreycle riders in London have discovered an ingenious, albeit way of parking illegally without getting a ticket. A) inventive B) unscrupulous ©) astute D) dishonest E) impractical F) shrewd, 13. The writer's expression of, sentiments in fluid, vigorous prose is a strange blending of the high and the low—like an opera performed by sloppily dressed, unkempt musicians, A) patriotic B) vile ©) noble D) base E) tender P) lofty 14, California's building codes are more than those elsewhere in the United States to ensure that structures are capable of protecting people from frequent seismic events. A) circuitous B) exacting ©) controversial D) stringent E) convoluted F) extensive 15, Jean Kimmel and Emily Hoffman argue for expanding the defini |-care subsidies to include all programs that or otherwise offset expenses for nonparental child: A) tally B) tabulate ©) alter D) defray E) pay F) simplifySelect one answer choice. Most Oakville residents want a community swimming pool fo be built but do not want to finance it with local tax revenues, Oakville’s mayor argues that although the town has no financial reserves, building a pool will not lead to higher taxes, since an unused town-owned land parcel is available and admission fees will cover the entire cost of ‘operating the pool as well as repayment of the $3 million debt for construction, 16. Which of the follo ing, if true, most seriously weakens the mayor's argument? A) Admission to the community pool will cost most residents who frequently use it more than they would have paid in increased taxes for a pool open to all residents free of charge. B) Because of the types of accidents that can happen in and around swimming pools, the largest part of the ‘operating expenses for the community pool will be lifeguards” salaries and liability insurance. ©) The operation of a pool would bring increased traffic to the road leading to the site ofthe proposed pool and \would require the fown to fund costly road improvements D) The same survey that established that a majority of Oakville’s residents would use a community poo! also found that over one-third of the town’s residents would have preferred that it be built ata different site E) Opponents of the pool have not advanced any other proposals for the use of the currently unused town-owned land parcel Tsobel Grundy rightly argues that in researching pre-nineteenth-century women’s historical writing, scholars must define history broadly and include historical fiction, Biography, court memoirs, and family history. apre- century “Feminine” relationship to history. On this point, I am skeptical, as I do not believe there was a Grundy also believes that these writings provide “a history of a whole female culture.” while embody ineteenth- characteristic women’s relationship to history. Instcad, my rescarch suggests that pre-nineteenth-century British women writers’ engagement with historical discourse depended on such things as their political commitments and class affiliations and their perceptions of developing historical genres and markets. We must give sufficient attention to the myriad individual authors and texts before generalizing widely about women writers” engagements with history 17. The passage implies that its author would aoree with which af fiction, biography, court memoirs, and family history"? A) These genres had their origins primarily among pre-nineteenth-century British women writers. B) These genres were probably more reflective of women’s views in pre-ninetcenth-century Britain than they were in later periods, C) These genres can help scholars develop a comprehensive view of British women’s historical writing, D) These genres have generally been regarded by scholars as more reliable sources of information about pre- nineteenth-century women than have other genres of historical writing, E) These genres are remarkably homogeneous in the way they represent the lives of pre-nineteenth-century women in Britain‘garding British women 18, Which of the following describes a difference between the author and Grundy rs’ engagement with historical discourse? A) The author thinks the engagement was determined primarily in response to developing literary markets; Grundy thinks it had little to do with such markets. B) The author believes the engagement is reflected in numerous genres: Grundy thinks that one genre is specifically feminine. ©) The author emphasizes the heterogeneity of factors that influenced the engagement; Grundy suggests that the ‘engagement was unified by one particular factor. D) The author thinks the engagement was limited fo women in certain social classes: Grundy thinks it was common to all classes E) The author believes the engagement was just beginning in the late 1700s; Grundy thinks it reached its peak then, Tn recent decades, scholars of American literature have skillfully revealed authors” simultaneous accommodation and resistance to an increasingly commercialized, capitalistic environment during the carly nineteenth century: Historians of the period have not, however, fully exploited literary criticism, duc to the disciplinary boundaries that mark contemporary academic rescarch, Few historians have extensive training in critical theory and its specialized languages, and the sheer volume of work in early American history and literature challenges anyone who would master either field, much less both. Moreover, historians study people across the nation, but much literary scholarship called “American” actually examines works produced in northeastern states. And historians usually study the operations of capitalism in its details, while literary critics produce a generalized picture of literary commodification 19. As discussed in the passage, the literary scholars and the historians differ in which of the following ways? A) The amount of scholarship that they produce B) The nature of their geographic focus ©) The extent to which they are critical of early capitalism D) The extent to which they are interested in interdisciplinary study E) The extent to which they restrict their focus to a particular time period 20. The passage cites which of the following as a reason for historians’ failure to fully expl pea rary m? A) Historians’ overly thematic approach to literature B) Historians” conservative notion of what constitutes literature ©) Historians’ lack of interest in critical theory D) The distinctive nature of much literary eriticism E) The ahistorical quality of much literary criticism