PUBIHeaiRTERGHSSHAG . Section D| 1169 te two activities of “operation” and " ; Tie direct access to the system by the user on een ferent in nature. Operation refers t0 ational staf (¢g., operators of money CS, CPerating the hand pump), to the activities of APY devised to govern who may access the 5 pumps), and to the rules or by-laws, which may be the other hand, is to do with the heaped at when, and under what conditions. Maintenance on the system working. Maintenance requires mee planned or reactive, which are needed to keep gs follows: skills, tools and spare parts. Maintenance can be classified rentive maintenance: in sees ind keep he oe. Honk, at is planned and carried out on a regular basis fo mma cleaning and greasing of mechani LE condition, such as network inspection, flushing of the Jometimes also includes minor repai parts and replacement of items with a limited lifespan. It Sonective maintenance: replae or and replacement as dictated by the routine examinations. carerraeds ati example it nang ob Tepe, something that was done incorrectly or that needs to ative se dileoane either location of a pipe route or replacement of a faulty pump- aoe ae era retin a a or pile complaints; it normally occurs as a result of 4 elfen equipment. In order to ensure the routine maintenance and health of the system, the technician should adhere to a routine check-up. The ject manager will need to ensure that the technician is doing his/her job. If done correctly and on a regular schedule, preventive measures can reduce the risk of costly repairs. The key to ensuring eiiecive equipment maintenance is to make certain that responsibilities are clearly defined and maintenance personnel have the tools and skills to do their job effectively. It is also essential to schedule preventive maintenance. Advantages: x Oand M activities ensure that the project is sustainable ina long-term x and Mallow for the correct provision of services and benefit of end-users x Oand M prevent the systems to collapse creating environmental and health hazards x Community can be involved in O and M Disadvantages: aan anal M activities cost time and money, and therefore a provision for financing O and M has to be planned before the project starts 5.1.9 DESIGN SPECIFIC OF GRAVITY FLOW RURAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN NEPAL Water Supply : ; Nepal consists of several rural villages. The rural villages of hilly area of Nepal are suffering from hardship in drinking water. Several agencies are trying to make water available for drinking in such areas. When some ground sufficiently high above the city area is available, this can be best utilized for distribution system in maintain vressure in water mains. : Gravity system of water supply is that syste which water flows under gravity without use of any extemal energy to deliver water from source to tap stand. The gravity flow water supply system is most appropriate for rural sloppy terrain of Nepal where the source is usually situated at the uphill and is as far down. he oe eta down it isthe most reliable system forthe distribution of water For moe ping el ayetem the dilerence of head available between Service reservoir and low er working of te et develop eNOUER Pa aay a eal pupplid tothe community $8 oF without using reservoirs, Technically system, water on system is used when the design demand can meet by the this is systems. called closed or ope" ce yield cannot meet the demand we use closed system. The closed Rife yi yield of the source. If y 4 S¥stem can also be continuous OF intermittent vias aoe components of gravity flow water supply S95 i are: Intake: (spring/ Steam ‘River/Infiltration Galleries) Collecti ait trea pea ehaenbet (aC) and Break pressure tank (BPT):1170 _| Subjective Book for PSC Examination 4, Distribution chamber (DC) 5. Reservoirs (RVT) 6 Airvalve 7. Washouts 8 Sectional valve chambers 9. Valve chamber 10. Sedimentation tanks F 11. Pipeline: (a) Transmission main (b) Distribution main 2 Pipe crossings: (a) Simple crossing (b) Suspended crossing, 13. Tap stands Pipeline design and hydraulic grade line ‘There are mainly two methods of designing pipe network. i) Branched system ii) Looped system. 1) Branched system : 1m rural gravity water supply scheme we adopt branched system, whereas most of the system in Nepal (both rural and urban) is branched system, Following procedure is adopted in branched system 1. Determine the population served by each section 2. Determine the discharge to be carried by each section, 5 Compute allowable head loss in the pipe. It depends on the ground levels, residual head stream point and minimum pressure head to be maintained in the pipe a) Darcy Weisbach equation: hy = Ded oF as iE where, f = frictional factor and itis obtained by Colebrook and White equation, b) Hazen's Williams equation: V = 0.85 CR0gpa1 10.68/Q)185 and, n= 959} where, C= roughness coefficient; § = slope of energy grade line Calculate head loss is each pipe section Check residual pressure and velocity, pressure and velocity are not within allo: ii) Pipe looped Network Anal change Pipe diameter and recalculate if residual ywable limits, conditions must be satisfied. 1. The algebraic sum of pressure drops around a closed loop must be zero, i. discontinuity in pressure. zero; ie., there can be no 2. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving that junctiory ie: the law'of continuity must be satisfied. ie, Based on these two basic principles, the pipe networks are Senerally solved by the methods of successive approximation. The widely used method of pipe netwoc analysis is the Hardy- Cross method. 7 Method Eee consists of assuming a distribution of flow in s n n the network in such a way that the inciple of continuity is satisfied at each junction. A correction to these assumed flows is then prin ECE eePUBIGHEBRRIERGINGEHA + Section D | 1171 computed successively for each pipe i magnitu de, . Pipe in the network, until the correction is reduced to an acceptable Design of distribution system involv * i hy i diameter of pipe and concerned in this hyirnle and structural design of pipes. Hydraulic design of ripen regret wide vurse but structural design includes the design of thickness pele dy rater pean ternal water pressure, external loads, temperature stress, thrust at Pipe Hydraulics Itis the design of size of the pipes between i : i h een inlet and exit just to carry suffi design of pipes, the following two bask equation of yd and aed ee i) Continuity equation: It is based on conservation mass that ‘mass can neither be created nor be destroyed until and unless nuclear reaction takes place". Sis, t of water. For We have, Q= AV =constant A | Thus, Q=Qi+Q pierre on AV= AW, + AV Concept of comity equa and velocity respectively. wresents discharge, cross - sectional area of pipe where, Q, A and V rep) principle of conservation of energy. From Beroullis Bernoulli's equation: It is based on the equation, for water supply pipe design, the total energy available at the inlet of the pipe is equated to the sum of the total energy available at any ‘exit section and head losses from inlet to the exit section. ® We have, ; we PRES, ntteptenty tag eis < where, ris the pressure head zis the potential head " 2 Fis the velocity head His the head loss ca ed ‘Datum fine z+be a = Constant Concept of eros ation y Head Losses in Pipes ‘ . Majer ane minor are two types offend 10S" the pipes. Mises Head esintance of the PiPe and calculated by using the following formulas. (0 ric 2) Darcy Weisbach formula eta Rea Lis the length of pi here, is the frictional factor, s the length of pipe beim te ater in the PIPE, dis the diameter of pipe hy is the head oss due to friction, Qis the discharge through pipe We have, 4Q Vand Thus, above formula becomes; iy ie “= 721d1172 _| Subjective Book for PSC Examination b) ‘Hazen William's formula : V = 0,849 CRE S34 ai - where, V is the velocity of few ferns h La Se action) is the roughness coefficient ‘ pane (ctor new C1 '30, for old C.L. = 100, CL. = 70, HDP! ) Sis the slope of energy grade line A Ris the hydraulic mean depth i, Now, hy=SL. yx 1OSBLQUE OCT ; where, hyis the head loss, Lis the length of the pipe dis the diameter of the pipe, Qis the discharge through the pipe. 9 Manning's formula al prige Vaart or, = ly=SI 10.294? LQ Lata ‘where, n is the Manning's roughness coefficient, it) Minor Head Losses The following are the minor head lo 8) Loss of head due to sudden = V2) ny GF 8 where, hris the head loss Vais the velocity Vais the velocity ») Loss of head due to s ve in 05 55 Where, V is the mean velocity of flow in the smaller section. ©) Loss of head due to bends sses in the pipes enlargement in the smaller section, in the larger section sudden contraction v hek> where, kis the coefficient which depends 7 the velocity of liquid in the pipe, 4) Loss of head at the entrance ve hin 0595 where, V is the velocity of liquid in the Pipe €) Loss of head due to exit where, V is the velocity of liquid in the Pipe. 1) Loss of head due go gradual enlargement of contraction Wi- VP 28 where, Vi is the velocity in the smaller k;is the coefficient depends on of smaller and larger diameter of pipes, sectic eee... jePon angle and radius of bens, k=1 for 90° bend (On. Vais the velocity in the larger section. $ the angle of convergence ans divergence and the rato of aPUBIGHENRIERGINGEHIAG <. Section D| 1173 Criteria ‘The design. criterion of distribution system i ) Discharge: Discharge ahaild ce : includes the following criteria. for 2.5 - 3 times the average der nice 2 meet the future demand. Pipelines are designed iy Pressure: Pipelines are desi mae erally, peak factor is taken as 2 to 4 in Nepal. desired height. The resid igned for sufficient residual pressure so that it reaches to the three storey is 17 m and Teh peace storey is taken as 7 m, two storey is 12m and Ne id greater than 22 m above the ground level. In rural ba x ene ie oui area head should be 5 m above the publi tap level. eel ee be adopted as commercially available size. The minimum siZ era ny pipe design is 20 mm. Commercially available size in market are 15, 20,25, 32, 1 50, 65, 80, 100, 115, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300 etc. It is recommended adopting on higher side of calculated size. jv) Velocity: The velocity in ither silting’ nor scouring and should be maintained self-cleaning ve ipeline do not occur. It is recommended that vel sec. For unpurified water supply, minimum velocity of ¥) Gradient: No need of gradient in the pressure flow pipes HGL. Design of Pipe Networks There are two main methods of laying’ of pipe networks which are as follows: ‘A. Branched system B. Looped system A 2 Bc a ent ng oni PS followed. Conduct popula the pipe flow should be nei Jocity so the sediment deposition problem in P: locity for treated water supply is 0:3 10 3 m/ 0.6 m/sec. may be considered. put pipes should be laid below the by each section. tion survey and determine the population to be served lowing pipe network. A = 100. Designpipelines AB, BC and AD for the folowing minimum pressure of 1 K6/ 19 m; Hence, ok. Check for velocity si 4x01 «103 Velocity (v) =42.= “p * (0.018)? = 0.565 m/sec, Hence, (0.3 m/se. -3.0./sec.) ok, iii) For pipe AD 1 i Matataa al SOBRE Ns {Ch as} = LofA~ (RL, . of D +R = 985 i940 Gor ‘esidual head) =35m > — TefT eo Pubs Hal ERGineRAG « Section D| 1175 Length (L) = 160 m ischarge (Q) = 0.5 Ips = 0.5 vs 1.5 * 103 ms, Using Hazen ities head loss aie weh. alent ave (eo = T= or, or, Adopting « i ene Adopting -ommercially available pipe size 25 mm ‘Actual head loss in pipe Ad [(h)ao] = “254 = eee oe ee = 1648 m Residual head available at point D = RL, of A (RL. of D + Actual head loss of AD) = 985 - (940 + 16.48) = 28.52 m> 10 m; hence, ok Check for velocity } 49 _4x05x108 Velocity (V) = na? =p * (0.025)? Hence, (0.3 m/sec. ~3.0 m/sec.) ok = 1.018 m/sec Design pipes RA and AB for the water distribution network shown below: Length = 200m RL. = 840 m Service reservoir RL= 890m Length = 500 m Population = 3600 RL.= 790m ‘Hazen Williams constant not be than 15 m. Check 200 Iped. Assume peak factor = 3 and and of water as aaa distribution system should Take per capita d ) fl pressure at any point in. = 100. The residu: velocity in the pipe also. Solution: i) ForpipeRA avofflow Population * Per capita demand ‘Average qantity F200" (5000 eto) x 200;ped = 1600000 lit./ day e Peak factor x Average flow = 3 * "1600000 Deter 14800000 lit./day = 0.056 m*/sec. loss; smn att esate rx = RL : Length (L) = 200 Cal : dae ren William's head loss equation; we have 0.68 LO (rea = gor CO or, 3557 guar x (00) or, d=13449mm ‘Adopting commercially available pipe size 150 mm Check for velocity 4% 0056 | 517 m/sec Velocity (V) = paé™ P * O15"1176 _| Subjective Book for PSC Examination Which is not 0.3 m/sec. to 3.0 m/sec. so size of pipe should be increas Taking commercial size 175 mm; AQ 4x 0056 517 m/ecc. id? x (0.15) - aed, Which is not 0.3 m/sec. to 3.0 m/sec. so size of pipe should be increased. Taking commercial size 175 mm; “ 4Q___ 40.056 Velocity (V) = age 34x (@.7ap 7 2328 m/sec. Hence, (0.3 m/sec. - 3.0 m/sec.) ok Actual head loss in pipe RA; LO.ESL QL _ 10.68 « 200 x (0.056)! (hdra “or : (017544.87 « (oye = 9-855 Residual head available at A = 890 - (840 + 9.855) = 40.145 > 15; hence, ok H.GL. at point A = RL. of R - Actual head loss of RA = 890 ~ 9.855 = 880.145 m ii) Forpipe A Average quantity of flow = Population x Per caj Design discharge (Q) = Peak factor x Avera spita demand = 4400 x 200 = 880000 lit. /day ige flow = 3 x 880000 = 2640000 lit. /day = 0.0306 m*/see. Aximum allowable head loss {(hy) as] = H.G.L. of A - (RL. of B + Residual head) = 880.145- (790+ 15) = 75.145 m. Length (L) = 500 m and, C=100 Using Hazen William's head loss equation; we have 10.681 Qussz (han = “Garena 10.68 x 500 « (0.03062 or, 75145= 10584505 sno or, d=110.60 mm Adopting commercially available pipe size 125 mm Actual head loss in pipe AB; 10.681L QU _ 10.68 x 500 x (0,0306)188 Oidaa = gemcis ~TES (oor = 41.41 m Residual head available at point B= H.G.L. of A- (RL. of B + = 880.145 ~ (790 + 41.41) = 40.735 m>15 my Hence, ok. Check for velocity Actual head loss of AB) j 4 x 0.0306 Velocity (Vv) = 4 “31d x (01258 = 25 m/sec Hence, (0.3 m/sec. - 3.0 m/sec.) ok. Break Pressure Tank (BPT) Break pressure tank isa small tank or chamber built to break ; the hydrostat ipeline. Break pressure tank (BPT) is also known as break pressure chamber (aes pressure in the pipe! ydrostatic pressure red (BPC), In the BPT water freely ; 'essure reduces to zero and establishing a new static water level. Sedimentation tank, storage tank, collation sty ee ershing a ne also acts as break pressure tank besides serving ther primary ras The main purpose of break pressure tank is as followe pee x It isa tank constructed in the distribution line its maximum pressure rating SOAs to save the pi x This tank allows the flow to discharge in th pressure to zero and establishes new static pr to break the static ipe from bursting. fe open atmos ressure level, Pressure if pipeline exceeds sphere and reduces the hydrostatic eM EAS lb ci,construc General guideline for cor Break pressure tanks are generally provided in the gra vity flow in hilly areas. Generally HDPE y pipes are used to convey the water and HDPE (High density polyethylene) Jom? pipes has pressure rating of 4, 6 and 10 kg/cm? and if internal pressure then galvanized iron (GI) pipes can be used but use of GI Pi ee is cost pressure tank is introduce to avoid use of high rating pipes. ' ction of break pressure tanks : Generally constructed with stone masonry or reinforced cement concrete. Dimension of such tank is mainly determined by size of the fitting such as valves etc. and size of pipe wrenches which must Tank is provided with cover. struction of in the firm soil, and floor of excavation s the wall above ground should be 20cm. ch should be provid constructed wit f break pressure tank is as foll Excavation of 30cm Minimum height of Proper drainage dit ‘Masonry wall should be < th 1:4 cement sand mortar and not be less than 30 cm thick. reinforced concrete slab. ‘odate the fitting such BPT should be covered with: GS sheet or ank should be large to accom Inner dimension of valve etc. exceeds 10 kg) ly and hence break control valve, float be able to swing inside the tank. jows: yhould be leveled and compacted. led to divert rain urn-off. wall thickness should as float valve, gate1178 _| Subjective Book for PSC Examination i Id be 50cm. Minimum Length and width should be 8Ocm and minimum depth a is always provided in it, Since BPT is provided in downstream of the storage tank, a float valv Glove valve should be provided to control the flow. Siewiwarde tomer Intel pipe should be Gl pipes with the discharge flow directed directly down erosion of plaster in wall. oe 4s to. Outlet pipe should be of GI pipe with one size larger than the pipeline it connec! Outlet pipe should be provided 10-15 cm above the floor of tank. ‘Overflow pipe and washout pipe should also be provided. xox x Pubitc tap stand post * Public stand post is the point from where stand location in Nepalese the place of non-dispute. ' Dre tap stand for every 8'~ 10 households and fetching distance not more than 200 m horizontal and 50 m vertical is considered in design. Public stand post (PSP) is also known as public tap stand (PTS). It is the most frequently used component of a water supply. Public stand i i i people collect water normally in rural area. Tap Practice must be chosen by the villagers themselves and located at ge. Public stand post should be properly designed and built and should be kept clean. Purpose of pubtic stand post *- T° provide the community with a better quality of water at a ‘more convenient location than the existing traditional source. To reduce the fetching time of water. Location of public stand post: Exact locations are determined during feasibility study and detailed survey, Should be accessible to all Should not be located wit Hf the location is likely to create friction the villagers should be persuaded to choose an alternate location, Should be located where wastewater can be drained way easily, Should be placed in sunny area and away from lange tress (roots can damage structures). ‘The provision ofa stand post may be determined by the following two factors, 8) Maximum desirable walking distance to fetch water, ‘Table: maximum walking distance fr stand post (GON, sidelines) ‘Types of walking distance x users all the time, ithin a house or court yard, ox x Horizontal Vertical