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    51 views22 pages

    Architectute-Form, Space and Order - Francisc Ching

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    Edith Salgau

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    THIRD EDITION architecture FORM, SPACE, AND ORDER INCLUDES CD-ROM e FRANCIS D.K. CHING ADDITIVE FORM 58 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER ‘While subtractive form rests from the removal ofa portion of ts orignal alum, an adv form is produced by eating o physically attaching one ormore subordinate forms tots vole, Thebasc posites for roupng two ormere forms areby Spatial Tension ‘This type cf relationship raison the lee proxy of ‘the forms ortheirsharing ofa common visual rt, such as shape, colo, or materia, Fdge-to-edge Contact Inthis type of reationhip, the forms share a common ‘edge and can pivot about that edge Face-to-face Contact Thistypeofelationshiproquires thatthe to forms have corresponding planarsrtaces which re paral a each other Interlocking Volumes Inchis typeof rations, the forms interpenetate each ther’ space The forms need no share ary visual rit. ‘Additive forms resulting rom the accretion of dzcrete elements can be characterized by ther ability to grow and merge wth athe forms, For sto percete additive groupings as unified compositions of frm —as figuresin ou visual fild—the combining elemerts must be related to ‘one another ina coherent manner “These diagrams categorize addtve forms according tothe nature of the rdatonshps that exist among the component fomns as welas ther eral configuration, This ti of oral organizations shuld be compared wth paral lscussion of spatial organizations in Chapter 4 Lingaraja Temple, Drubanesbwa, il, c. AD. 1100 Centralized Form Arumber of secondary om clustered about a damian central paret-orm Linear Form Aseresof forms arranged sequetialyinarow Radial Form ‘composition f linear forms extending outward ‘roma central fornia radial namer Clustered Form Acalecton of forms grouped toneterby proxinity or the sharing ofa common visual tat Grid Form A set of modular forms related and regulated bya three-dimensionl arid ADDITIVE FORM FORM / 59 LINEAR FORM 62./ ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER ‘Near for can esa om a proportional change aforn's dimensions or the arrangement of series of dbscree forms aongaline, Inthe later case, the series of forms maybe ether repetitive ot dissinlarnnatare and organized by a separate and distinct element such asanallorpath + Alinar form canbe segmented or carlinear to respond to topography, vegetation, views, or ther feataresofasive. + Alinearform can fronton or define an edge fan exterior space, or define a plan of etry int the ‘paces behind, + Alinea form canbe manipulated tenclosea portion of space. + Alinearform canbe oriented vertical asa tower clement to establish or denote a pir in space + Alea form can sere as an organizing element to which a variety of secondary forms are attached, Hattenbach Residence, Gata Monica, Calforia 1971~75, Raymond Kappe GRID FORM FORM / 73, SPATIAL ORGANIZATIONS ae | ae | | ‘ABaukaus Study The folovng section ays ov the basic ways we can arrange and oranze the spaces of building Ina typical bung program, there are usualy requirements ‘orvarious kins of spaces, There maybe requlements for spaces that + have specific Functions or require speci forms + arefletblenuseand canbe rely manipulated ae singular an uniqein thelr function o significance tothe building organication ave sia functions and can be grouped into afurctonal ster cr tepeatedina linear sequence + require exterior exposure for ight, vention, outlook, or access tooutdoor spaces + mustle segregated for privacy mustbe easly accessible 194 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER ‘Themannerin which these spaces are arranged can clarify their relative Importance and functional or ymboic rl in the organization ofa ulin, Tre decison as to what type cf organization to sen aspect stuation wil depen on: * demands ofthe bling program, suchas functional proximities, dimensional requirements hierarchical dassfication of spaces, and requirements for access ig, view * exterior conltons ofthe te that might iit he organization’ form or growt, or that might encourage the organization to address certain features oft site and tum away from others ach ype of spatial organizations introduced by a section that discusses ‘the formal characteristics, spatial reatonsips, and contextual responses of ‘the category. A range of examples then lustates the basic points made inthe troduction. Each the examples shuld be studied in terms of. What kinds of spaces are accommodated and where? How ae the defined? \What kinds of relationships are established among the spaces, one to ‘another, and tothe exterior environment? Where can the ogatizaton be entered and what configuration does the pathof culation ave? \What is the exterior form of the organization and how might it respond to Itscontext? ___ SPATIAL ORGANIZATIONS Centralized Organization ‘cena, dominant space abot ich numberof secondary spaces are grouped dooooo0o0o Linear Orgonization Alinearsequerce of repetive spaces Radial Orgonization ‘Acetral space romich near organizations space cetendin radial mamer (Clustered Organization ‘Spaces groupe by proximity or the shar of common visual traitor relations Oooo Grid Organization ‘Space organized within the fl ofa structaral grid rather ‘thre: dimensional framework ORGANIZATION / 195, LINEAR ORGANIZATIONS linea organization conslts essentially ofa series of spaces. These spaces can either be drectyrelated twone another or be inked through a separate and distinct linear space ‘Alinear organization usually consist of repetitive spaces whichare alk in sie, form, andfurction. It may aso consist of single lina pace hat mgnies toe +4. + alongitslengt series paces that dferinsie, Oo Ho oO form, or function, In both cases, each space along the GOO & O equerce has an exterior exposure M1 AHL AL © @ O @ Spaces that are functionally or symbolically important tothe organization can occur anyahere along he lear equerce and have hee importance ariculatad ® by thelsize and form. Tel sgriicance can also be ‘emphasize bythe location + atthe end of the linear sequence + offer from the linear organization + atpvotal points ofa segmented lnar form Because ofthe characters lena, ear ongaizations exes a direction and signify move- ment, extension and growth. Toliit-thei growth, linear organization canbe terminated bya dein space for, yan elaborate or articulated entrance, or by merging wth nother bul form or the ‘opoaraphy of sie. 206 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER The form ofa linear onganizstions inherently eble and canrespond realy 0 various conditions of Its site. rcanadapttochangesin topography, maneuver arourd body of water ora stand of trees, ort to oent spaces to capture sunlight and Views. t canbe straight, egnented, or curva. Iecanrun horizontal across ts site dlagoalyupa slope. or sand vertically asa tower. The form of alinear ganization can eat to other formsinits context by. * nkng and organ the longs ength + serving asa wall or baer to separate them Into dierent ils + surrounding and erlosig them within a fed af space Curved atl segmented forms of inear rgniations enclose aid cf exterior pace on ther concave sides and oent her spaces toward the center of ‘the eld. On their concave sides, these forms appear tw front space ad exclude from thelllds LINEAR ORGANIZATIONS Oooo ORGANIZATION / 207 RADIAL ORGANIZATIONS Se aw atS O 216 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER ome radial organization of space combines elements ofboth centralized and near organization. consists ofa dominant central space from which numberof bear organizations cexcendin radial manne. Whereas centralized organization (san introverted scheme that fcuses ward nits central space aradal organizations an extroverted plan that reaches out tolts context With es linear arms, can evtond andattachitsl to spat elements or features oft ste. ‘As wth cntaled organization, the central space ofa radial organizations generally regular form, The near arms ‘or which the central space the hub, maybe similar to one another inform and length and maintain the regulary ofthe rganiation’s overall form “The radating arms may ls ce from one another onder ‘torespondto indvidal requirements of function and context Aspecficvaation ofa ada orgaization isthe pinwheel pattem wherein theliear ams of the organization extend fromthe sides ofa square or rectangular central space. This arrangement results inadamicpattern that visaly suggest a rotational movement abot the cental space. CLUSTERED ORGANIZATIONS 4 “oe, OO Ay, © Repetieve spaces Sharing a common Organized by anaxis shape Gl Oi o 1 ] as [ uo 1 at oP oO Clustered about an entry Grouped along a path ‘Aloop path o4 ne) Cie 4 © CI oy oo qo oO CO Centralized pattern (Glusterad pattern Contained within a space ‘ial conditions Asia condition 222 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER ‘Symmetrical condtion ‘clustered organization rls on physical proximity to reat ts spaces to one another. Icoften consists cf repetitne, cellar spaces that have silat functions and share a common visual tat such 26 shaper orientation. A clustered organization can aso accept within ts compotion spaces that ate sinilarn sa, form, and function, bt ated to ane another byproxinity ora visual ordering device sacha symmetry or an ans, Because is pattem doesnot originate fom aiid geomettcal concept, the form of clustered organization flab and can accept growth and change ready without affecting its character. CCustered spaces can be organized about a pot of entry into abuldngo along the path of movement ‘through it.The spaces can ls be clustered abou a larg defined field or volume of space. This patter is sitar to that of a centaled organization, but Itlacks the latter's compactness and geometrical regularity The spaces of clustered orgniation canaleo be contained within a defied field or volume cf pace Since theres no irkerent place of importance within the patter ofa clustered organization the sigiticance ofa space must be articulated byits size form, or ovintation within the pattern Symmetry oran axial condo canbe used to strengthen and uni portions ofa lstered orgaization and hp articulate the importance of space or groupo spaces win the organization. GRID ORGANIZATIONS 230 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER A arid organization const of forms and spaces whose postions in space and relationship wth one another are regulated by athre- dimensional gtd patter or il ‘aris created by wo, wsualy prpendicua, sets of paral lines thatestblish a regular pattern of pints atthe inersectons Projected ita the thind dimension the ridpatterns ‘eansformed intoa cero repetitive, modular units of pace ‘Theoryaniang power ofa grid results from the reqularty and conti oft pattem that pervades the elements it organizes. ts pattern establishes a stable set or field of reference pints alias in space wth which the spaces ofa gid organization, although disease, form oF function, canshare a common reationship, ‘Agri established inarchitectare most often bya skeletal structural system of columns and beams Within ‘hei ofthis rid spaces can occur asicoated events ‘ors repetitions ofthe rid module Regardless ofthe ispsition within the fl, these spaces een a5 postive ‘os, wil oreateasecond set of eastive spaces, Since a three dimensional grid consists ofrepestve, modular rit of pace, can be subtracted from, added to orlayered, and till maintanits identity as agrid with the ability to organize spaces. These fonnal manipulations canbe vsed to adapta grid formto its ita to define an entrance or cutdoor space ort all forts growth and expansion Toacconmodate the speiic dimensional requirements oF itespaces oto articulate zones of space for creation or serie, gid canbe made rregularin one or two ection This dnensiona transformation would create alirarchical st of modules diferentiatd by sie, proportion and loctin ‘ard canalzounderg other transformations Portions of the grid can sie alter the visual and spatial continuity across its field, Kari pattern can be interrupted to define amaorspace or accommodate a natural featarecf taste, ‘A portion of the grid an be dislocated and rotated about apeintin the basic patter, Across ts fl grid can ‘ransformits image fom a pattem of points ties, to anes and finaly to volumes GRID ORGANIZATIONS cert epee &3+ ORGANIZATION / 231 GRID ORGANIZATIONS Centraal Beheer Office Building, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, ‘Adler House (Project), Philadephia, Pemsyvania, 1954, Lous Kahn 1972, Herman Hertcherger with Lucas & Niemeyer 234 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER Axis Symmetry Hierarchy Rhythm Datum Transformation & noooo oo 4600 ORDERING PRINCIPLES Aline estalishedby tw pointsn space, about wich forms and spaces can be arranged in a symmetrical or balanced manner. ‘The balanced dstribction and arrangement of equivalent forms and epaces on oppeit des fa dividing line or pane or about center ans Thearticltion of the importance or inicance ofa fom or space by ts sie, shape or placement relative to the other forms and paces ofthe organization. ‘unifying movement characteriedby a patterned repetition oraltemationoffomal ements ormtisin the same ora smi fom, ‘Aline, plan, o volume that by ts contrltyand regulary, serves to gather, measure, andorgarizea pattem of forms and spaces. The principle hata architectural concept, structure, or oga avon canbe altered trough series of disreze manipulations and permutations in response toa spect context or eto contions wihosta os of entity concept PRINCIPLES / 339, AXIS The axis perhaps the most elementary means of organizing forms and spaces narchivectar. tis line estabished by to pintsin space, about which forms and spaces canbe araraed in regular oriregular manner. Athough imaginary and not isle cexceg tothe minds eye, an ants canbe a powerful. dowinatng, regulating device. Although impli syrmetry, it demands balance The specific position of elena: nario wil determine whether the visual force fan all organizations ubteor overpowering loosely structured or formal, picturesque or monotonous. This Florentine street flanked by the Uff Palace Inks the River Am othe Piz dela Sgro See planonpg, 342. a ‘Since an ais essential alnear contin, has qualties of length and direction, and induces movement and promotes views along tspath Forits definition, an avs mustbe terminated at both of its ends byasigntcant form or space. SSS ee ee eee ‘The nation of an ans canbe reinforce by dining edges alongs length. These ges can be sinpylies onthe ground plane or vertical planes that define a Inear space coincident wth he eee a, ‘Anas can alo be establiched simply by asymmetrical arrangement of forms and space. Bld ‘340 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER ‘The terminating ements ofan ais serve to both send and receive its visual thrust. These culminating elements canbe ary ofthe following + pinsin space estabished yvertical near sloments o centrale buldng forms * ver planes such 6 mmr building {acades or fronts, preceded by a forecourt or sina open space + welhdefined spaces, generally centralized or regular inform + gateways that open outward toward view oF vista beyond Villa Farnese, Caprarola,ttaly,1560, Giacomo Vignola PRINCIPLES / 341 SYMMETRY , 7 "lt gle po of} wk bk poy bo eat ER Plan ofan Ideal Church, 1460, Artoio Facet Hotel de Beauvais, Pars, 1056, Antoine LePautre 348 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER While anal condition can ext without a symmetrical conto bing simultaneously present, a synmetrical conltioncniot exist withovimplying the existence ofan ans or center about hich itis structured. An anisis established by to pits; a symmetrical condtion requires the balanced arrangement of cre pattrns of form and space on opposite sides ofa divnglineo plane or about center or axis Ther are two fundamental types of eymmetny. 1. Bisteral mmetry refers tothe balanced arrangement cf siiaroreeivalent elements on opposite ides ofa median ‘ago that only one plane can divide the hl into essentialy idertical halves. 2. Radial eynmetry refers to the balanced arrangement of sini. radiating elements such that the compostion canbe divided Into similar ales by passa plane atany angle around a centerpoint longa central axis ‘Av archtectural compostion cant synmetry to organize items and spacesin toways, Ante bing organization canbemade symmetrical. At some point however, any otally symmetrical arrangement must confront and resol the asymmetry ofits siteorcontat ‘Asynmeical condition an occur n only portion othe buling and organize an irregular pattern o for ard spaces about teal. The ater case ofloal ynmetry allows bulding torespondto exceptional conditions ofits tor program. The jymetrical condition ise canbe reserved for sintficat ot important spaces wii the organization. HIERARCHY ‘Attra sketch of neal church byLeonardo da Vina 358 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER The principle hierarchies that inmost otal achectural compositions, el dferences exist rong their fos and spaces, These difences efit the degre of importance of these forms and spaces, as well as thefunctionl fort and symbolic roles they payin the organization. Tevalue syste y which ela inportance tsmeasured wl ofcourse depend on he speci station, theneeds and desires ofthe uses, and the decisions ofthe designe. The values expressed maybe individual or collecting, personal orcultural.Inanycase, the maner in whichthe functional or symbolic differences among a building's elements are revealed is crtical tothe establhment ofa ib, hierarchical order among itsforms and spaces. Fora form or space tobe articulated as being important ot sigtficant to an organization emus be made uniquely sible. ‘Thisvsul enphase canbe achieved by endowing form or shape wit + exceptional ste + aunque shape + astrateqilecation Ineach case, the hierarchically important form or space ls ven meaning and sinticance by bing an exception tothe norman anomaly hin an otherwise regular pattern Inanarhiteccaral composition thee canbe more than a singe dominantelement. Secondary points of emphasis that have les attention valu than the primary focal point create visual accents. Those dstnctive but subordinate elements can both accommodate variety and create Wel interest ryt, and tension ina compostion.Ifcared to fa, however, this interest maybe replaced by contusion, When everything is emphasized, nothings enphasied Hierarchy by Size ‘form a space may dominate an architectural compostionby being slaificanty different n siz froma the other elements inthe composition Normally, his dominance is made ibe by the sheer ie ofan element. In amecasesan element can dominate by bing significantly smaler than the other laments in the organi bt place ia welt setting. Hierarchy by Shape ‘orm or space canbe ade veualy dominant and thus important Py clearly

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