ISLAMIC STUDIES

(Mid Term)
1. Revelation of Quran
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was 63 years old. He ‫ ﷺ‬declared
prophethood at the age of 40. Shortly before the announcement of the
prophecy, He (PBUH) began to have real dreams. The dreams that he see
at night becomes true in the morning.
Hazrat Muhammad says:
"I recognize the stone that used to greet me before prophethood.”
As the time of the declaration of prophethood
approached, the desire of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) to seek
guidance increased. The Holy Quran has described your condition as
follows:

"Allah Almighty found you wandering in search of the truth and

then showed you his path".

 Beginning of Revelation:
After a short time of the usual events against them, he stated that
“I was forty years old. And I was worshiping in the cave of Hira that one
by one a person appeared in front of me that I could not convey. He said.

"Read O Muhammad"
I said:

"I am not educated".

The person repeated the same question three
times. And then for the fourth time he held me down and released me,
after which he recited five verses of Surah Alaq.
"O Muhammad: Recite in the name of your Lord,
Who created, Who created man from clotted blood, He is soo much
Great and Generous, Who taught (knowledge) through the pen,
taught man what he did not know.

 Return to Home in Fear:

He came back home in a state of fear, his heart was
pounding, he said to his wife Hazrat Khadija:
"cover me with a blanket".
So Hazrat Khadija spread the blanket. He ‫ ﷺ‬rested for some time and
when his fear was gone, he ‫ ﷺ‬said to Hazrat Khadija

"I am in danger of my life."

Then He told Hazrat Khadija the whole story.What happened to him in
Cave Hira.
 Hazrat Khadija Consoled Prophet:
When Hazrat Khadija consoled the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬after narrating the whole
story,
she said: Allah will never fail you, you unite our relatives. You bear
the burden of the hardships of the orphans, you give wealth to fakirs
and are hospitable".

 Warqa-bin-Nofel Confirmed Prophethood

After consoling him, Hazrat Khadija took him ‫ ﷺ‬to her
cousin Waraqa bin Nawfal, who was Christian translated the Bible from
Hebrew into Arabic. He was very old and blind. Hazrat Khadijah said to
him, brother, listen to him ‫ﷺ‬. Warqa asked what is the matter. The
Prophet narrated the entire incident of Cave Hira to Varaqa. Warqa heard
the whole incident and said.
"This is the same angel that Allah Ta'ala sent down to Hazrat
Musa."
Waraqah bin Nawfal confirmed that he was a prophet and prophesied that
the people of your area would drive you out of this area and Waraqah
expressed his wish that I would be alive till then and can help you.

 Break in Revelation
After the revelation of the first revelation, the revelation was not
revealed for some time. And then The first five verses of surah Mudassir
were revealed. Allah says:
"O you who wear the cloak, stand up and warn and
proclaim the greatness of your Lord, keep your clothes clean and
Stay away from all kinds of luxury". (Al-Mudasir: 1-5)
After the revelation of the verses of Surah Mudassar, the
revelation began to be revealed continuously and continuously, and then
On the occasion of farewell, on the 9th of Dhul-Hijj in the year 10 of
Hijri, the last revelation was revealed in these words in the field of
Arafat:
 “Today I perfected your religion for you and fulfilled my blessing
on you. And Islam for you liked as a religion.” (Maida: 3)

 Arrangement of Quran:

There are two types of arrangement of the Holy Quran.

1. Nazoli arrangement
2. Tauqifi Arrangement

 Nazoli Arrangement
Descending order refers to the order in which the Holy Quran
was revealed. The order in which the Holy Qur'an was revealed is called
descending order. According to this order first verse is iqraa and last is
alyoum al akmaltu
 Tauqifi Arrangement
The current order of the Holy Quran is called the order of
renunciation. According to this order, the Holy Quran begins with Surah
Al-Fatiha and ends with Surah Al-Nas, and this is the order that we
have established by the command of Allah Ta'ala.
 Periods of revelation of Quran
There are two periods of revelation of Quran.
(1) Meccan and 2) Madani period
 Makki Period
The part of the Qur'an that was revealed in Makkah after the
declaration of Prophethood is called the Makki Period. The surahs
revealed in this period are called Makki surah and the number of Makki
surahs is (86).
 Madni Period
The period after the migration to Madinah is called the Madani
period, the surahs that were revealed during this period are called Madani
surahs and the number of Madani surahs is (28).

2.Characteristics of Makki and Madni

Surah:(L)
 Characteristics of Makki Surahs
 Makki Surahs
The surahs revealed before the migration to Madinah are
called Makki surahs. The number of Mekki Surahs is eighty-six (86).
 Background of Makki Surahs :
Makkah is an ancient city. The reason for the greatness of this city is the
House of Allah, which is called the Baitullah. Hazrat Ibrahim settled his
wife Hazrat Hajra and Hazrat Ismail near Baitullah. The majority of the
population of Makkah was from the generation of Hazrat Ismail. Hazrat
Muhammad PBUH was also from the generation of Ismail. Because of
him, the glory of this city has increased. After Prophethood, he spent
thirteen years in Makkah. During this period you had to face a lot of
difficulties.
Hazrat Muhammad was advised to be righteous. The people of Makkah
were deniers of Tawheed, Rasalat and the Hereafter, in such an
environment the Holy Quran was revealed.

 Characteristics of Makki Surahs

1) Poetic Balance
Although the Quran is in prose, it has the weight of poetry. This
style influenced Arab poets and writers and they became convinced of the
greatness of the Qur'an. Surat al-Zuha and Surat al-Najam are the best
examples of this.

2) Use of Difficult Words

Arabs who claimed to be linguists and called others ajami (dumb)
could not even accept the meanings of some difficult words of the Holy
Quran. Difficult words are used in Makki Surahs. The real purpose was
to break the pride of his linguistic claim.

3) Short and Brief Surahs :

The surahs revealed in Makkah are long and short. Therefore, the
number of surahs is more than the Madani surahs. There are more makki
surahs of the thirtieth part.

4) Description of Onenes:
The Meccans were deniers of the belief of Tawheed. They
worshiped the three hundred and sixty (360) idols in the Kaaba along
with the worship of Allah. Therefore, for their correction, most of the
beliefs of Tawheed in the Meccan surahs. It is stated and Shirk has been
condemned.

5) Description of Prophethood
The Meccans had lost the meaning of Prophethood. They didn't
think it was good to be a messenger of a human being. They expressed
their desire to make the angel prophet and therefore refused to accept
Hazrat Muhammad as a prophet.

6 .Description of Hereafter
 The Meccans were not convinced of rising even after death. Allah
Ta'ala has mentioned their doubts in the Surahs and then theirs doubts
have been answered.

7. Countering of Social Evils

Countering of social evils has been described in the supplementary
surahs so that the people of Makkah can become righteous people by
protecting them from these social evils.

8) Discussion about the Prophets

Prophets are mentioned in the Meccan surahs and their mission is
described and mostly Hazrat Ibrahim and Hazrat Ismail are mentioned.
Because the people of Makkah are from the descendants of Hazrat
Ibrahim. It has been made clear to them that what was the original
religion of Hazrat Ibrahim?

9) Warning of Punishment
The people of Makkah were warned of punishment for their bad
deeds so that they would come to the right path while looking at the end.

10) Use of Haroof-e-Muqatte'aat

Those letters that are separate. These letters come at the beginning of
surahs. They are called syllables. ‫ ق‬,‫ حم‬,‫الم‬, etc. are syllables and these
syllables appear at the beginning of most Makki surahs.

11) Use of Word ‫کال‬

Word ‫ کال‬has been used frequently in Makki Surahs. Which means
nothing at all. As Irshada rbani in Surat al-Takathir

12) The use of "‫"یاایھاالناس‬

In the Meccan surahs, the word "‫ "یاایھاالناس‬is used mostly.
Addressing in Meccan Surahs is common because the Holy Quran is for
all mankind.

13) Verses of Sajda

There are fourteen places in the Holy Quran where the reciter has to
recite Sajdah. Most of the verses with prostration are recited.

14) Advice for Patience

 In the published surahs, patience has been advised against the
oppression of the infidels and it has been asked to be firm on the truth.

15) Invitation to Think

In the surahs, the unbelievers have been repeatedly invited to
think and think, that they should think about their behavior and act with
wisdom and insight.

Characteristics of Madni Surahs

 Madni Surahs
The Surahs revealed after the migration to Medina are called
Madani Surahs. The number of Madani Surahs is 28. Hazrat Muhammad
has spent ten years in Madinah.

 Background of Madni Surah

 Glory of Madina
The old name of Medina is Yathrib. There are different
opinions regarding the name "Yathrib". One of which is that "Yathrab's".
is the name of the idol of the area. After whom this city was named.
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) named it Madinah-ul-Nabi. Now it is called
Madinah (city) in short.The glory of this city is basically because of him.
After the migration, when you came to Madinah, the situation was
somewhat different. Before he came, the invitation to Islam had reached
Madinah. The Muslims of Madinah helped the emigrants, so they were
called Ansar. It was said.He (PBUH) established an Islamic state with the
help of Muhajirin and Ansar.In tha population of Madinah there were
Jews, Christians and hypocrites in the population. The Qur'an was
revealed in such an environment.

Characteristics of Madni Surahs

1) Discussion about Migration to Madinah

In Madani verses and Madani surahs, there is a description of the
migration to Madinah. The virtues of migration and emigrants are
mentioned. of refugees.The difficulties and the help of the Ansar are
mentioned.

2) Long Surahs
Madani Surahs are longer than Makki Surahs. That is why the number
of these Surahs is less. Madani Surah are 28 in number. Surah al-Baqar
is the greatest Surah and it is a Madani Surah.
3)Non Poetic Rhythm
The verses revealed in Madinah are not poetic. In other words, they do
not have the same weight as poetry because the people of Medina didn’t
proud of their poetry

4) Easy & Simple Language

The language of Madani Surahs is very simple and easy. It is easy to
read. There are no difficult words in it.

5) Discussion about Jews

Jews are mentioned in Madani verses. The Jews were the largest Muslim
group in Medina. They were not following the law of Moses. The Madani
verses refer so the Torah and the Prophets of the Jews, explaining what
the original religion of the Jews was and telling them that they are not
following the Torah today.

6) Discussion about Christians

Hazrat Maryam and Hazrat Jesus are mentioned in detail in the
Madani verses. The subjects of the Holy Bible are described and errors
have been reported in those of Christians

7)Discussion about Hypocrite

Hypocrites are mentioned in Madani verses. The hypocrites harmed
the Muslims the most. The hypocrisy of the hypocrites has been clarified
in Madani verses. An entire Surah was revealed in condemnation of the
hypocrites. This Surah is called Surah Al-Munafiqun.

8) Discussion about Jehad

Jihad took place in Madinah, that is why Madani verses mention the
merits of Jihad and Ghazwat. An entire Surah is dedicated to the name of
Ghazwa.The name of this surah is Surah Ahzab.

9) Follow the Leader

Obedience to the leader is mentioned in the Madani verses. Muslims
used to obey the leader (Ameer) in their affairs. In these verses, Allah and
his obedience is also the statement of the Amir along with the obedience
of the Messenger campaign.

10) Commandments of Islamic State

The first Islamic state was established in Medina. The verses
about the affairs of the state and politics are detailed in the Madani
Surahs.
11)Social Matters
Muslims got some peace in Medina. Society to Muslims by
revealing verses about society in Madani verses it was taught how to live.
The verses to guide social life are contained in the Madani Surahs.

12)Economic Matters
Muslims in Madinah adopted different professions for their
employment. Allah Almighty sent down verses for guidance to Muslims
in the Madani Ayats so that Muslims can trade in the light of Allah's
commandments.

13)Account of Hudood(limit) & Penal Code :

Islam gives the legal structure to run the state. Therefore, there is a
statement of limits and punishments in the Madani verses so that the
affairs of the state can be run.

14) Use of ‫ امنو یاایھاالذین‬:

The people of faith are addressed in the Madani verses. That is why
‫ امنو یاایھاالذین‬has been mentioned frequently.

15) Obligation of Worship:

All worship became obligatory in Madinah. That is why there are
verses about the obligation of worship in the Madani verses.

3.Sources of Islamic law:

Source means to get or get. The primary sources of Islamic law are the
Holy Quran and the Sunnah and the Secondary sources of Islamic law are
Ijma and Qiyas.

 Quran-e-Majeed
The first basic source of Islamic laws is the Holy Quran. Quran is
the foundation of religion. Holy Quran is a complete and comprehensive
book. It guides us in every sphere of life. It is necessary for a mujtahid to
guide the problems from the Holy Qur'an to the end of sectarianism and
the solution of the problems that Allah has ordered to turn to him.

“And hold fast to the rope of Allah together and do not be divided”
(Al Imran: 102).

 Sunnah
 The Sunnah is the second main source of Islamic laws after the Holy
Quran. The sayings, actions and speech of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬are called
Sunnah. He ‫ ﷺ‬explained the Holy Qur'an through the Sunnah. It is very
important for a mujtahid to know the Sunnah.
 Ijtihad
The third source of Islamic jurisprudence is Ijtihad.Literal
meaning of Ijtihad is to try,
In the term of Shariah, the effort to determine the Shariah ruling
from the indications of the Book of Sunnah is called Ijtihad.

 Need of Ijtihad

The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) further

clarified this and said to Hazrat Abdullah bin Masoud that if a problem is
not found in the Qur'an and Sunnah, then do ijtihad in the light of the
Qur'an and Sunnah. He (peace be upon him) sent Hazrat Mu'adh as a
judge of Yemen, so he (peace be upon him) inquired how you will make
a decision. So Mu'az bin Jabal replied, "I will decide in the light of the
Qur'an."
Then he inquired that if the command is not found in the Holy Quran?
Hazrat Moaz replied that he will decide in the light of Sunnah. He (peace
be upon him) said, "What will you do if you do not find it in Sunnah?"
Hazrat Mu'adh replied:
“In my oppinion I wil do ijtihad”. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬liked this answer and
gave permission. The door of ijtihad cannot be closed either. Ijtihad will
continue till the day of judgement. That's why the Companions, Tabi'een
and jurists used Ijtihad as a means to solve problems. And I will not fail
to reach the truth and other jurists considered Ijtihad permissible. He
offered solutions to problems through Ijtihad. The door of ijtihad is not
closed, it is a sign of lowliness. In today’s era the necessity of Ijtihad is
more then ever.

 Reward of Ijtihad:
Ijtihad is a virtuous act. The ijtihader was given good news by the
Holy Prophet PBUH.” If a judge makes a correct ijtihad in giving a
decision, then there are 2 rewards for him, and if he makes a mistake in
ijtihad.So there is 1 reward for that."

 Are Ijma and Qiyas Ijtihad?

Ijma and Qiyas are actually two forms of Ijtihad. Ijmaa is broadly an
ijtihad and the jurists agree that it is a form of ijtihad. Imam Shafi'i
describes ijtihad as synonymous with preparation and writes:
“Ijtihad and Qiyas have the same meaning. Where there is no
definite ruling for a particular subject in the Shari'ah There it will be
decided through Ijtihad. Ijtihad is only speculation.” (Al-Rasalah:
476)
Al-Manzoor explains it in the following words:
” Finding a ruling from the Book of Sunnah through speculation for
an issue is called non-ijtihad.”

 Ijma:
Ijma is derived from the word Jama' which means to gather or gather
together. In the term of Shari'ah, the gathering of Muslim scholars in
agreement on a matter is called assembly or ijma.

 Ijma in the light of Quran

1) "O believers! Obey Allah and obey His Messenger and those who
command you." (An-Nisa: 59)
2 ) “And whoever opposes the Messenger after he has been enlightened,
for him shall be upright, and he goes against the way of the Muslims, in
the same way We will turn him back wherever he goes and send him to
Hell and What a bad abode it is." (Naam: 115)

 Ijma in the light of Hadith

1) "My Ummah will not gather on misguidance". (Al-Rawi: Hadith: Al-
Mutya: 28/5)
2) "Allah's help is upon the Jama'ah." (Al-Mustadrak al-Hakim, Vol. 1,
p. 116)
 Ijma in the opinion of Sahaba:
The Companions of the Prophet and especially the Righteous
Caliphs used to gather the Companions to solve the problems and with
their consultation, the collective problems were considered good by the
Muslims. Hazrat Abdullah bin Masoud said:
“Whatever Muslims consider good is good in the sight of Allah."

 Ijma in the opinion of jurists:

Ijma in the opinion of jurists is Ijma when all the jurists agree on an
issue.Sincerely.In the opinion of Imam al-Ghazali that consensus takes
place despite the opposition of the minority. It is in agreement with the
opposition of minority.
"Consensus occurs even in spite of the disagreement of the minority.”
Imam Shafi'i did not believe in consensus at first. Later, he turned to
this position.
 Imam Malik accepted the consensus of the people of Medina valid.
Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal and Imam Dawud Zahri considered only the
consensus of the Companions to be correct.

 Disagreement with Ijma :

Some people think that it is a sin to disagree with Ijma, but this is not
true. There is room for disagreement in everything except the Qur'an and
the Sunnah. One group may disagree with the consensus of another
group. Sometimes a consensus is required by time and circumstances.
Due to the change of time and circumstances, there may be a change in
the decision of the consensus, therefore disagreement with the gathering
is possible. measurement

 Qiyas

Literal meaning of Qiyas is derived from Qias , it means to estimate,

estimate and give opinion.
The term meaning of Qiyas is to order an issue in which there is
a cause but the Sharia has not mentioned it, through a cause found in a
problem of Shari'ah rulings. Let's understand with a simple example.
Alcohol has been declared haram in the Qur'an and the cause of alcohol
consumption is intoxication. Now, whenever there is intoxication in it, it
will be forbidden because the reason for the prohibition of both things
(The cause) is one. This is called Qiyas in term of Islamic law.

Ibn Qudama defines Qiyas in the following words:

“ Due to the fact that the reason for the ruling is the same, the
matter about which there is no text (Quranic verse) is different from
the matter about which the text is written.” (Ibn Qadamah in Wada al-
Nazir 2:227)

 Qiyas in the light of Quran

1) We have mentioned everything in the Qur’an.”
2) There is a description of everything in the Holy Quran. (Yusuf: 111)
3) When news of peace or fear comes to them, they spread it. We can
conclude, if we know the truth of this news. (Al-Nisaa: 83)

 Qiyas in the light of Hadith

1)The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "In matters in which revelation
is not revealed, I decide them with my own opinion." (Sunan Abi
Dawood: 3585)
2) If you find them in the Book and the Sunnah, then you will judge in
them. (Al-Ahkam Fi Usool Al-Ahkam Amri: 334) .

 In the light of the sayings of the Companions:

All the Sahaba recognized the status of Qiyas. The Caliphs of the
Rashiduns, in the new problems that arose in their era replaced and
solved the problems. Hazrat Umar Farooq wrote a letter to Hazrat Musa
Ash'ari:
“ Recognize examples and analogies and then speculate on them.”
(Sunan al-Darqutni: 4471)

 Importance of Qiyas
Islam is a comprehensive and complete code of life. It contains the
solution to all the problems of life. It is the complete guidance of man.
Presumption (Qiyas) is the source of Islamic law. Through this, new
problems are solved in the light of Quran and Sunnah. The argument of
the hypothesis is based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah, and then an order is
imposed.

4.Economic system of Islam(L)

 Islamic Economic System
The Literal Meaning of Economy is derived from the Arabic
word "Eish" which means to live and eat.
Term meaning of Economy refers to all the issues under which
the means of living for human beings are provided.
Economics discusses how money is earned and spent. Some
things are very necessary for living, and some things are such that if they
are obtained in life, life passes better, and there are some things that even
if they are not found in life, life passes better. Economics
In terms of economics, they are respectively called:
1) The basic must have been
2) Comforts
3) Luxuries
1) Basic Needs
There are three basic human needs. Bread, cloth and house. They are
called necessities.

2) Comforts
Comforts refer to those items which ease the human life by reducing
the difficulties of human life. For example, light,Gas and Telephone etc.

3) Luxuries
Luxuries are things that add color and glamor to human life but make
life miserable. Excessive consumption of luxury goods does not have
pleasant effects on human health.

 Chronological Evolution of Labor

All the things that are needed for living are not available to man for
free. Man works mentally and physically to get them. Man works hard so
that the necessities of his life can be available.
Man used to work hard, then as a result, he used to exchange goods with
goods (Barter System) and today he gets money in exchange for mental
and physical labor and buys his necessities with this money .

 Rizq-e-Halal
Islam commands man to work hard. The Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬has
called the one who works hard as a friend of Allah. Islam orders people to
work hard to meet their needs and does not consider it good to live with
the help of others. Therefore, if this labor is done in the light of the
guidance given by Allah and His Messenger, then the sustenance
obtained from it is halal will be. Islam emphasizes on earning Halal
sustenance.

 Rizq-e-halal in the light of Quran

In many places in the Quran, Allah Almighty has encouraged to earn
halal sustenance.

1.
“O people, eat of what is on the earth in good proportions “ (Al-Baqarah:
168).
"O people! Eat what is lawful and pure in the earth."

2.
 “O community of messengers! Eat pure things. "And you seek two
sustenance by giving it."

3.
And We made the day a time of livelihood (Al-Nahar: 11).

 Rizq-e-Halal in the light of Hadith

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) has emphasized on the acquisition of halal

sustenance.

1.
"Earning Halal livelihood is also a Faridah".

2.
“ is the friend of Allah who earns his livelihood by hard work.”
3. "The best sustenance is that which is earned with one's own hands, and
the Prophet of Allah Hazrat Dawood used to earn and eat with his own
hands."
4. There are ten parts of worship, in which 9 parts are for lawful earning.
5. A person who returns home after obtaining lawful sustenance, his sins
are forgiven.
6. "The best practice is to earn a halal livelihood."

 Harms of Unlawful Earning

 Condition for the Acceptance of Worship
It is necessary to earn lawful sustenance for the acceptance of worship.
There will be some sustenance from the haraam sustenance, and worship
will also be accepted from it. He (PBUH) said:
"Earn a halal livelihood and your prayers will be
answered."

 Forms of Unlawful Earning

Haram has been condemned in Islam. According to Islam, there are the
following sources of Haram livelihood.
1) Profit 2) Hoarding
3) Loss of measure 4) blending 5) Theft
6) Fraud 7) Shot
8) Smuggling
9) Drug trafficking 10) Gadagri
11) Gambling
12) Degraded the quality of things for more profit

 Remoteness from Mercy of Allah

Sustenance obtained from forbidden sources causes loss in this world
and the hereafter. Man gets away from Allah's mercy, which man needs
step by step, and man's prayers are not accepted. The Messenger of Allah
(PBUH) said:
A person who has traveled a long distance and comes to the Ka'bah
of Allah, his hair is disheveled and covered with dust. By holding the
cover of Kaabatullah. He prays to Allah Almighty. While his food
and drink are from forbidden sustenance and his clothes are made
from forbidden wealth, then his How will the prayer be accepted?

All these teachings contain the philosophy that we should focus on halal
earning while avoiding haram sustenance.

 Spending in the path of Allah

Another aspect of economics is spending. Just as Islam guides us to earn

halal sustenance, it also tells us how to spend halal sustenance. Spending
in the way of Allah is called Infaq fi sabil Allah
Allah is the guide:
1. “O you who believe! Spend from the pure sustenance you have
earned.”

1. And in the beginning, Allah, the Exalted, says about the people of
faith:

“and We divide the people of faith from the sustenance that We have
given them.”
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) says
“Every day in the morning, two angels pray this dua. O Allah, give
to the one who spends and ruin the one who withholds.”

 Types of spending in the path of Allah:

There are two types of spending in the path of Allah.
1) Obligatory charity
2) Non Obligatory charity
 Obligatory Charity
Wajiba Sadaqah refers to the Sadaqat which is obligatory on the
Muslim to spend. Those Sadaqahs are as follows.

1) To spend on family members:

It is obligatory on a Muslim to spend on himself and his family. The
Holy Prophet (PBUH) called spending the wealth of the family as the best
charity. And another advantage of this is that when the family members
will have the necessities of life easily, they will not extend their hands in
front of anyone and will not go to the doors of others to present their
needs.

2. Zakat :
Zakat is a financial act of worship that is obligatory on every student.
Zakat is an element of Islam. Zakat is obligatory on a fixed amount of
gold, silver and cash. Also, there are eight expenses of Zakat.

3. Usher:
Zakat of agricultural land is called Ushar. The land which has easy
access to water is usher (1/10) on that land and if the land is not easily
available water then 1/20th of the crop of this land is zakat.

4. Tax
The tax levied on the lands of non-Muslims is called tribute. As taxes
were collected from the Jews of Khyber. This tax was collected in the
treasury and distributed among the Muslims.

5. Khans
1/5th of the booty is deposited in the treasury and distributed among the
poor.

6. Rakaz
The minerals obtained from the mines are called rakaz. One-fifth of it
goes to Bait-ul-Mal.
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said:

and in Raqaz there is Khums (1/5).

7. Financial Expiation
It is a financial burden imposed on Muslims as a punishment for
certain sins and crimes.
8. Slaughtering / Slaughter:
Sacrifice on Eid-ul-Adha is obligatory for Muslims. Sacrifice is
called adhya.

 Sadaqat Nafala (Supererogatory / Devotional)

Sadaqat Nafala refers to the kind of charity that is not obligatory
on Muslims. But there is a lot of reward for spending them. It is also
called Sadaqah Jariya. Public welfare is considered good in Islamic
civilization. Public welfare service is a form of creation. Islam has
declared the service of creation as charity. Following are the public
welfare functions.
1) Helping the needy
2) Helping orphans
3) Building hospitals
4) Provision of drinking water
5) Establishment of educational institutions
6) Building bridges and roads
7) building educational institutes
8) Building mosques
9) Constructing an inn for travellers
10) Establishing blood society
11) Building libraries

5.Political System of Islam

 Definition:
The Literal meaning of Siasat
Politics is derived from the Arabic word "Sus" which literally means to
correct and correct.
Term Meaning of Politics
The word politics refers to the administration and management of the
state because the purpose of the government is to improve and correct the
condition of the subjects (people). politics refers to the three basic
elements of politics: governement, subject and territory.
According to Edward James, “To discharge the duties of government
and to discipline the people who are assembled in the form of society”.

 Political System in Islam

The political system of Islam is called Khilafat, Imarate, and Imamate.
The head of the Islamic state is the Caliph. Muslim thinker Abul Hasan
Mawardi defines Caliphate in these words.
Caliphate refers to the government in which the religion is protected and
the order of the Naya is governed by the Qur'an and the Sunnah. "State"
has the most importance in the institutions of human society, since the
beginning of human social life, the chain of authority, leadership and
power has existed in one form or another. This is why the state has
always been managed. Islam has given us guidelines about politics and
the state.

 Basis of Islamic Political System

The building of any system is built on the ideas, thus the
political system is based on the theory of state, structure, nature and
purpose of the state. Individual and society are the main links of political
ideology. Individuals form a society and society together forms a state.
The formation of the Islamic state is due to certain ideologies. They are
called fundamental political ideologies.
See details below.
 Concept of universe:
The theory of politics of Islam is based on the basic concept of the
universe of the Holy Qur'an that Allah is the creator of the universe and
all the objects in it. has been made the caliph of this land. God
When he mentioned the creation of Adam, he said:
"I am the vicegerent in the earth." (Al-Baqarah: 30)
According to the verse, man was sent to the earth as a successor, that is,
he is the ruler of the earth.

 Sovereignty
The political system of Islam is different from every other system
in the world. In it, the supreme authority is considered to be reserved with
the Supreme Being who is the real owner of the universe and the supreme
power belongs to him. This is very clear in the Quran.
“To Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth.” (Al-
Hashr: 1)
It is said that this right is exclusive to the owner of the universe, who is
the creator and owner of the universe. Obedience to him is obligatory on
everyone.
Every order of God is law and He is above all law.
 Guarantee for Fundamental Human Rights
Fundamental human rights are of great importance in the
Islamic system of politics. Islam is the bearer of basic human rights. The
main responsibility of Islam is to protect the basic human rights of both
Muslims and non-Muslims. The main advantage of the Islamic political
system is that He is the guarantor of basic human rights.
 Supreme Law
In the Islamic political system, Quran and Sunnah are the supreme
law. In this system, it is not allowed to make laws that contradict the
Qur'an and Sunnah. Rather, every law will be subject to the Qur'an and
Sunnah.

 Caliphate
The caliphate is the political system of Islam. Allah Ta'ala has
made man as the caliph, and man is the ruler of the earth by Allah Ta'ala.
Allah Ta'ala has blessed him with this honor. The politics of Islam is
Khilafah, not any other system.

 Democracy
The Islamic political system is based on Shura. Majlis Shura is the
main institution of the Islamic system of government. Decision-making in
the Islamic state is done with the help of Majlis Shura. The ruler puts his
affairs before Majlis Shura and in mutual consultation
Decisions are made. Consultation is of great importance in an
Islamic state. Allah Ta'ala says:
“ Their affairs are determined by mutual consultation". (Al-Shuri:
38)

 End of Aristocracy and Dictatorship

There is no room for dictatorship and dictatorship in the Islamic
political system. No person can be an absolute dictator, not be imposed
on the people
Their rights are respected and no relative can be nominated for the throne.
This is the glory of Islamic politics.

 Equality
There is no standard. The main feature of the Islamic political
system is "equality". In the eyes of Islam, master and slave, honorable
and humble, small and big, rich and poor all are equal. And human virtue
in addition to good deeds
"The most honorable among you is the one who is most pious." (Al-
Hujarat: 13)
The real picture of equality can be found only in Islam. Islamic politics is
based on equality.

 Justice
Justice is the opposite of oppression and justice means giving every
rightful person his right without any reduction. Justice is an important
principle in the political system of Islam. Justice is the guarantor of
satisfaction, peace and stability in the society. Therefore justice is one of
the values brought by Islam. Islam is the bearer of political justice. Allah,
the Exalted, explained justice as the responsibility of His Prophet
(PBUH) and said:
"I have been commanded to do justice among you" (Al-Shuri: 15).

 Welfare state
An Islamic state is a welfare state in which all people are
prosperous and the basic needs of all are easily met. Everyone should
have basic human rights. The life, property, race and religion of the
citizens are safe and they are living a peaceful life, this is the real welfare
Islamic state.

6. Islamic Culture & Civilization (L)

 Literal meaning of Civilization and Culture
The word "civilization" is derived from the ‫ھذب‬, which means to
hurry, to prune, to purify, to correct. The word culture is "‫"ثقف‬. Derived
from meaning to straighten, to civilize, to correct, to mend, to improve, to
make good. Civilization and culture are almost synonymous words in
terms of literal meaning.
 Term meaning of Civilization and Culture
Two words (culture and civilization) fulfill the meaning of
civilization in the English language. Culture illustrates the visual aspect.
That is, it describes ideas and thoughts and civilization (Civilization)
culture has a practical aspect. This meaning is explained somewhat by the
encyclopaedia Britannica's contestant.
Culture is related to internal thoughts, feelings, ideals, values etc.
Civilization is meant for the expression and manifestation of culture.
Culture is soul and civilization is body.
Both culture and civilization are found in civilization. Civilization to
excellence in ideas and actions. It is called culture.

 History of Islamic Civilization

Islamic civilization is not a new civilization. The beginning of this
civilization started with human creation itself. All prophets from Adam to
Muhammad were the leaders of this civilization. He explained the ideas
of humans (Culture) and practice (Civilization). Corrected? The name of
correctness of ideas and actions is civilization. This is the reason why
Islamic civilization is not a new civilization.

 Factors of the Superiority of Islamic Civilization

 Theoretical aspect
This belief refers to the idea and thought of whatever work a person
does in life, whether that work is good or bad. The motive of this work
This belief is thought and thought. As the thought is, the work will be
done. If a person's thoughts are good, then good work will be done. And
if it is bad, the work will be over. The quality of Islamic civilization is
that it corrects the thinking (ideology) of man.
There are Five ideas Islam that have profound effects on human life.

 Toheed
Tawheed is an important theory in the theoretical aspect of Islamic
civilization. It means The essence of Allah is one, He is the creator of the
universe and all things in the universe. He is running the system of the
universe. When a Muslim accepts the belief in monotheism, he starts
obeying and worshiping one God and abandons the worship of all false
gods. The worship of one God is a clear sign of the superiority of Islamic
civilization.

 Resalat
In the theoretical aspect of Islamic civilization, "Messengership" is
another important theory. It means that Allah Almighty chooses some
people from among humans and reveals His words (revelation) to them.
These chosen people are called messengers or prophets. From Hazrat
Adam to Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH), all the Prophets were the
representatives of Allah Ta'ala, they conveyed the words of Allah Ta'ala
to humans. All the Prophets are honorable and the best among mankind.
This theory is called Aqeed e resalat. This is also the reason for the
superiority of Islamic civilization. In which respect for prophets is taught.

 Hereafter
"Afterlife" is the third important theory in the theoretical aspect of
Islamic civilization. Hereafter is the life after death. Believing in life after
death, reckoning, heaven and hell creates a great change in a person's life.
He takes every step carefully because he recognizes that Allah Ta'ala will
take account of his every action after death. The result of good deeds is
heaven and the result of bad deeds is hell. Heaven is a place of rest and
happiness and hell is a place of misery and pain. When a person is
convinced of heaven and wisdom, he will definitely try to achieve heaven
so that he can live comfortably in the hereafter. The reason for the
superiority of Islamic civilization is that it produces good people.

 Knowledge height
 One of the reasons for the superiority of Islamic civilization is the
intellectual height. Knowledge is the name of consciousness and
awareness. It dispels the darkness of ignorance. Knowledge is light. The
period before Islam is called period of ignorance. Islam eradicated
ignorance with light of knowledge. How much Islam gives to knowledge
will be clear from the following lines.

 Comprehension in education
Education is the jewel of society. Islam wants to make education
universal. According to Islam, learning knowledge is obligatory. The first
revelation is about education. If a person does not want to be new and
successful in the hereafter, then he should not be familiar with the jewel
of education. Education is essential for development of society.Hazrat
Muhammad organized. Dar Arqam in Makkah and Safa in Madinah
There are bright examples. Where every kind of education was given. In
Islam, religion and world are not separate. The effect of your education
and training Muslims learned the modern sciences during the Caliphate
and ruled the world as a result. There is no difference between religious
and worldly education used to. He progressed with knowledge. The
reason for the decline of Muslims today is distance from education. Islam
every Muslim man And does not want to adorn a woman with the jewel
of education.
The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said:
Seeking knowledge is a duty on every Muslim (Ibn maja: 224).

 Broad minded
Caring for the feelings and emotions of others is open-hearted and
tolerant. Heart expansion is called tolerance. There is no narrow-
mindedness in Islamic teachings. Islam believes in religious tolerance.
Islam dislikes coercion in matters of religion. Allah says:

“There is no compulsion in religion.” (Al-Baqarah: 256)

Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬first introduced religious tolerance in Islamic society.
Jews, Christians and polytheists were allowed to live according to their
own religion and customs and these things were recorded in the Covenant
of Medina. Tolerance and open heartness is one of the major reasons for
the superiority of Islamic civilization.

 Deen of humanity
Islam is a religion of peace and security. Its scope is the entire
humanity. It is not for a particular nation and a particular region. His
mercy and compassion is also for all humanity. Islam considers the
survival of a human being as the survival of the entire humanity. He
would give a message of mercy to all humanity
Guidance is prophetic:

“If you show mercy to those on earth, then the one in heaven will
show mercy to you. “
The moral teachings of Islam are common to all human beings. It
includes both Muslims and non-Muslims. Helping the poor, helping the
oppressed, supporting the orphans and other good deeds are not exclusive
to any particular nation.
According to Hali:

Be kind to the people of the earth

God will be merciful on the throne

 No compulsion in religion:
Islam is a religion of tolerance. He does not invite non-Muslims to
accept Islam by force. Whether you believe in Islam or not .If he likes
Islam, then accept it. If he thinks that accepting Islam is not right for me,
then does not accept Islam. He gives the absolute right that he can do
what he want by his own will.
Allah says:

“ It is also his will. And Islam also makes it clear that there is no
compulsion in the acceptance of religion. “
The divine statement is:

"There is no compulsion in religion."

 Respect for the Gods of Non-Muslims

In Islam, it is a sign of tolerance that it commands respect for non-
Muslims' elders and their gods. No nation tolerates insulting its elders.
That is why Islam has made it mandatory for Muslims to respect the
elders of all religions and theirs. Refrain from blaspheming the gods of
Allah.
The guidance is the Almighty:
“And those who worship other gods than Allah, You don’t call them
wrong, these people ignore Allah Almighty in their ignorance.”
(Al-An'am: 108).

 Invitation of Non-Muslims
Islam teaches good behavior towards non-Muslims, especially
Christians and Jews. If they invite you, accept them, and if they are your
guests, entertain them. You would have accepted the invitation of the
Jews and the Christians. He was also hospitable to the People of the
Book.

 Christian worship in Masjid Nabvi

A delegation of Christians from Najran came to Medina. He (peace
be upon him) demonstrated them in the Prophet's Mosque. He worshiped
in Masjid Nabawi according to his own way. You did not stop them. If
this is not tolerance, what else is it? All these arguments prove that Islam
is a religion of tolerance. Openness and generosity of heart is a great
reason for the superiority of Islamic civilization.

 Beneficial humanity
Islamic civilization is a source of profit for humans. Islamic teachings
make human life easy and profitable. One aspect of Islamic teachings is
human rights. In which the rights of the slaves are taken care of and the
punishment for not taking care of the rights of the slaves is hell.
Therefore, a Muslim takes care of the rights of the people. In order to
avoid hell in the hereafter. Islamic teachings are beneficial for all
humanity.

 Beneficial for women

Islamic civilization is a source of information for women. Before
Islam, there was no respect for women in the society. She was a victim of
cruelty. They were treated worse than animals. Islam has given respect to
women in every position of mother, sister, daughter and wife.
Hazrat Muahmmad said:

“Paradise is under the feet of mothers.”

 Beneficial for Slaves

Islamic civilization is a mercy for slaves. Islam eliminated the
practice of slavery from Arab society. Prohibited the sale and purchase of
slaves and encouraged the freeing of slaves. Islamic civilization gave
honor and respect to names in the society so that Man can live a good life.

 Beneficial for Crazy

 In general, the insane and mentally weak people are ignored as waste
in the society. In Islamic civilization Caring for persons is among the
duties of all rational persons.

 Beneficial for Enemies

Islamic civilization is beneficial for all humanity. Even the enemy is
not deprived of its mercy. Islam has always talked about tolerance
towards non-Muslims. You will also see compassion and love for non-
Muslims in Islam. You will not see revenge in life. He always prayed for
guidance for their enemies.

 Beneficial for prisoners of war

Prisoners of war are at the mercy of the enemy. The Holy Prophet
(PBUH) forbade the killing of prisoners of war and ordered them to be
squeezed. Forbidden to make them permanent prisoners. We released
most of the prisoners without payment, which was a new thing for the
day. Because of these teachings of Prophet , the world came to know
about the rights of prisoners. Islamic teachings for prisoners. They are a
source of mercy.

 Beneficial for Orphans

Islam clarifies the rights of orphans. It is the duty of the members of
the society to support the orphan. People before Islam They did not have
mercy on the heads of the orphans. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬ordered the
guardianship of guardians.
“I and the guardian of the orphan will be together in Paradise
(Bukhari: 5304).”

 General welfare in Islamic Civilization

Public welfare refers to activities that bring good, comfort and
benefit to all human beings. Public welfare in Islamic civilization is
considered good. Public welfare service is a form of creation. Islam has
declared the service of creation as Sadaqah Jariyah (the reward of which
continues). Following are some of the public welfare functions.
1) Helping the needy
2) Helping orphans
3) Building hospitals
4) Provision of drinking water
5) Establishment of educational institutions
6) Building bridges and roads
7) Building mosques
8) Constructing an inn for travellers
9) Establishing Blood Society
10) Building libraries

 Characteristics of Islamic Civilization

 Mutual Cooperation
Mutual cooperation is favored in Islamic civilization. It is an
Islamic sect to help each other. If a person is in a difficult situation, it is
the duty of a person to help him and this help is unconditional. In Islamic
civilization, people are helpful to each other and care for each other
because this is what the Prophet (PBUH) has taught Muslims.
“The person who take care of the needs of his brother Allah
Almighty will take care of his need on the Day of Judgment.”

 Sacrifice
Self-sacrifice is called sacrifice. The name of giving priority to
others over oneself is self-sacrifice. A person needs one thing but he puts
his need aside. Considers the needs of others. This spirit is self-sacrifice
and it is the characteristic of Islamic civilization. In Islamic civilization,
Muslims do not value their own interests. We take care of people's needs
because this is the order of Allah Ta'ala.
"They prefer others over themselves, even if it is to their
detriment." (al-Hashr: 9).

 Honesty
The characteristic of Islamic civilization is that the people living in it
are honest. Do your work with great honesty. Integrity is essential in
every sphere of life. Businessmen, politicians, teachers, journalists and
rulers should be honest. In Islamic civilization, trust is given to people
who are trustworthy and people who are trusted pass their trusts and show
honesty.

 Peaceful Civilization
Fighting is not liked in Islamic culture. People living in society care
about each other's rights. Violation of rights destroys peace. Human life is
highly valued in Islamic civilization. Ending the life of a single human
being is said to be the end of the entire humanity. Islamic civilization
considers the destruction of social peace as corruption and corruption is
not liked in Islam.

“ And Allah does not like mischief.”

 Equality
 The reason for the superiority of Islamic civilization is human
equality. Islam teaches equality to all human beings. Some big and some
small :No, all human beings are children of Adam and all are equal
because of being children of Adam. Rich, poor, master, slave and black,
white. . Not distinguished. All human beings are as equal as the teeth of a
comb. The people except as the teeth of the comb,

“All men are equal as the teeth of a comb".

 Cleaning
Cleanliness is favored in Islamic culture. In the second revelation of
the Holy Qur'an, there is also the knowledge of cleanliness. In Islam,
prayer is a major means of cleanliness, the worshiper washes the external
parts through ablution five times and prays in a clean place with good
clothes. It is obligatory for a Muslim to take a bath on Friday and wear
clean clothes on Eid. All Islamic worship is performed with outward
purity of the body. In Islam, cleanliness is a sign of faith. Perfume and
silver are valued in Islamic civilization is seen.

 Clothing
The characteristic of Islamic civilization is that it has imposed a
ban on clothing to cover up. Disliked nudity and how important it was
that no particular clothing was imposed. Any clothing that does not reveal
nudity is considered permissible.
Holy Prophet, told the truth about wealth that a person's wealth is
only of three kinds, one is the wealth that he ate and from it: his body
grew and formed, and the other is the wealth that he used as clothing.
And the third is the wealth that he has in God's way in
creation,distributed and what is sold besides that belongs to the
people. (Sahih Muslim Kitab al-Zuhd)
From this hadith, it is clear that the wealth given in the way of God is the
real wealth in the sight of Allah, whose reward will be in the form of
paradise in the hereafter. This is called charity.