Intelligent Well Technology

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Real-time Well & Reservoir Management by Intelligent Well Technology
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Real‐time Well & Reservoir Management Amirkabir University of Technology
Amikabir University
of Technology
Real-time Well & Reservoir Management

by Intelligent Well Technology
Yousef Rafiei
American University of Beirut, Beirut, 2016
Outline
 Introduction to petroleum production system
 Introduction to intelligent well completion (IWC)
 Real time well monitoring by down-hole sensors and

gauges
 Enhanced well control by down-hole flow controls
 Improved waterflood performance by Water Allocation

Management (WAM)
By: Dr. Yousef Rafiei 1
Production System
 Reservoir
 Supplies crude oil to the wellbore
Surface facilities  Well
 Provides a path for the produced
fluid to flow from bottom hole to
the surface and helps to control
production rate
Well
 Surface facilities
 are used to remove water or gas
from oil and transport it to sales
points
3 Reservoir
Reservoir
 Reservoir is a porous and
permeable underground formation.
 It contains an individual bank of

hydrocarbons.
 Confined by impermeable rock or

water barriers.
 The reservoir is the source of fluids

for the production system.
 It also furnishes the primary energy

for the production system.
Reservoir
• Reservoir can be classified based on initial reservoir
condition:
 Oil reservoir
If the reservoir temperature T
is less than the critical
temperature Tc of the
reservoir fluid
 Gas reservoir
In general, if the reservoir
temperature is above the
critical temperature of the
hydrocarbon system
Well
 A well is a deep boring into the Earth
that is designed to bring petroleum oil
hydrocarbons to the surface.
 Provides a path for the produced fluid

to flow from bottom hole to the surface
and helps to control production rate.
Well
 At a producing well site, active wells can
be further categorized as:
 Production well:
 Oil producers producing predominantly
liquid hydrocarbons, but mostly with some
associated gas.
 Gas producers producing almost entirely
gaseous hydrocarbons.
 Injection well:
 Designed to inject water or other fluids
into the formation to maintain reservoir
pressure, or to improve and enhance oil
recovery.
Surface facilities
 Main surface facilities are:
 The flow-lines leads the

produced fluid to separators.
 The separators remove gas

and water from the crude oil.
 Pumps and compressors are

used to transport oil and gas
through pipelines to sales points.
Production System
 Petroleum engineers design and develop
methods for maximizing extraction of oil
and gas from deposits below the Earth’s surface.
Surface facilities
 Reservoir Engineers: helps to understand the
reservoir, determine ideal recovery processes,
estimate the number of wells that can be
economically drilled, and simulate future
performance using sophisticated computer models.
 Drilling Engineers: Collaborating with geologists

Well and contractors in designing and supervising drilling
operations, many of which are multi-million-dollar
ventures.
 Production Engineers: Developing processes and

equipment to optimize oil and gas production.
9 Reservoir
Production System
Surface facilities
Well
Reservoir
 Intelligent Well Technology aims to help petroleum engineers to

optimize the performance of this system by:
1. Providing high-performance reservoir / well monitoring

2. Controlling zonal injection and production
10
Outlines

gauges

Management (WAM)
11
Intelligent Well Completion

 A “smart” or “intelligent”
well is a non-conventional well.
 Equipped with downhole

instrumentation installed on
the production tubing.
 Such wells allow for the

continuous in-situ monitoring
of well and reservoir behavior
and the remote adjustment of
downhole valves.
12
Intelligent Well Completion
 A completion at least contains one of these:
1. Down-hole sensors ,
gauges and flow
measurements
2. Inflow control devices

(ICD)
3. Interval control valves

(ICV)
13
Outline: Real time well & reservoir monitoring

 Down-hole sensors and gauges
 Pressure gauges
 Temperature sensors
 Seismic geophones
 Flow meters
 Data analysis
14
Reservoir real time monitoring

 Most of the new discovered
reservoirs are very deep
underground with great degree
of heterogeneity.
 Reservoirs seldom perform in

predictable ways.
 Modern completions can

also be complex; the reservoir
consists of:
 Multiple zones
 Each zone producing at
differing rates, gas/oil/water
ratios, pressures and
temperatures.
15

 Effective reservoir
management requires:
 The monitoring of key

parameters throughout
its life.
 So that the production
philosophy can be
adjusted.
 Based any unexpected
change.
16

 Two classes of optimization
methods are employed by
petroleum engineers:
 Reactive optimization:
 in which the current objectives
are important and decisions are
based on only the system's
current condition.
 Proactive optimization
 which starts at an earlier system’s
stage in order to optimize the
system by considering longer-term
objectives by mitigating future Proactive approach is preferred over
undesired problems and/or reactive approach in modern reservoir
states. management.
17

 Proactive optimization needs
future predictions of the
system’s response to make a
long-term improvement.
 This future prediction of the

reservoir performance is normally
only available from a
numerically simulated
reservoir model.
 This dependency on the reservoir

model relies on the accuracy
with which the simulation model
represents the real field.
18

 Inherent in this trend is
the need for data on
which the operation of
these techniques will be
based.
 Hence the need to

deploy permanent-
sensors in the wellbore
as well as in the surface
production network and
in the facilities.
19

 Pressure gauges
 Flow meters
 Data analysis
20
Down-hole Sensors
 A permanent sensor is:
 A mechanical, electronic
device
 For measuring various
properties in the well; such as
pressure, temperature, fluid
flow rate etc.
 These sensors are used for:

 Well production
measurement and allocation
 Flow assurance
 Production optimization
 Remote operations
21

 Pressure gauges
 Flow meters
 Data analysis
22
Pressure & temperature sensors

 Are employed for downhole
pressure and temperature
measurement, which can be
used for:
 Well test interpretation and

analysis
 Reservoir boundaries, well spacing
requirements, inter-well pressure
communication, skin, permeability and
average reservoir pressure
 Water and gas injection

monitoring
 Evaluate degree of pressure
support from injection wells.
Appraise performance of injection
program.
23
Pressure & temperature sensors
 Reservoir simulation model

refinement and validation
 Historical database for the
pressure history matching the
simulation model.
 Material balance model

updating
 Input data for continuous
update and refinement of
material balance model.
24

 Pressure gauges
 Flow meters
 Data analysis
25
Seismic sensors
 Downhole seismic sensors can
provide indirect measurements
of reservoir properties over
the full extent of the field.
 Permanent downhole seismic

sensors can be used for high
resolution surface-to-
borehole or cross-borehole
imaging.
26
Seismic sensors
 They can be used to optimize
production by providing
consistent, images of:
 Fluid movement,
 Interpreted sweep efficiency
 Bypassed hydrocarbons and
other phenomena.
27

 Pressure gauges
 Flow meters
 Data analysis
28
Flow Meters
 The basic quantities to be
measured or derived are
liquid flow rate, gas flow
rate and water cut.
 These values allow the well

control parameters (Oil
rate, Gas-Oil-Ratio) to be
derived.
29
Flow Meters
 The measured flow data
provides:
 Zonal Production
Allocation.
 Direct determination of real

time productivity index.
 Management of
commingled production
from two or more zones under
production from a one well.
30

 Pressure gauges
 Flow meters
 Data analysis
 Sensor placement design
31
Data analysis
 Data analysis can
be defined as the
procedure used to
transform data
into knowledge
along the value
chain path for
making decisions.
32
Data analysis
 In this paper
we will divide
data analysis
into:
 Data
acquisition,
 Pre-processing,
 Post-
processing
 Interpretation
33
Data analysis
 Data
acquisition and
pre-processing
deals with issues
such as:
 Sampling
 De-noising
 Outlier removal
 The integrated
approach aims to
use appropriate
pre-processing to
improve the
quality of the
post-
processing.
34

 Pressure gauges
 Flow meters
 Data analysis
 Sensor placement design
35
Outline

gauges

Management (WAM)
36
Outline: Enhanced well control

 Challenges of production from advanced wells
 Advanced well completion
 Inflow control devices (ICD)

 History
 ICD types
 Interval control valves (ICV)

 ICV types
 ICV application
 ICV or ICD?
37
Challenges of production from advanced wells

 Optimal exploitation of
Hydrocarbon resources from
different types of geological
traps requires the utilization
of wells with different
architectures (ranging from
vertical to extended reach
multilateral).
 Horizontal and
multilateral completions
are a proven, superior
development option
compared to conventional
solutions in many reservoir
situations.
38
Challenges of production from advanced wells

 However, these wells also present
many challenges caused by their
complexity and the increased
length of the well’s exposure to
the reservoir.
 However, a major challenge facing

all well architectures is premature
breakthrough of water in both
oil and gas production wells and
also gas in oil production wells.
 Similarly, a major challenge facing all

injection wells is the uneven
distribution of the injected fluid.
39


 History
 ICD types

 ICV types
 ICV application
 ICV or ICD?
40
Enhanced well control

 Advanced Well Completions (AWCs) employing Downhole
Flow Control (DFC) technology such as Inflow Control
Devices (ICDs), Interval Control Valves (ICVs) provide a
practical solution to all these challenges.
 AWC combined with newly developed reservoir management

techniques optimize the recovery of modern, complex completions.
41


 History
 ICD types

 ICV types
 ICV application
 ICV or ICD?
42
Inflow Control Device

 Inflow Control Devices (ICDs) were proposed as a
solution to these difficulties in the early ‘90s.
 An ICD is a choking device installed against the

formation sand face, behind gravel packs or within
perforated pipes as part of the well completion
hardware.
43

 ICD aims to balance the horizontal well’s inflow profile and
minimize the annular flow at the cost of a limited, extra
pressure drop.
 Extensive flow-loop testing and subsequent field experience

have proved the ability of ICDs to:
 Minimize water and gas coning

 Extend the well’s production plateau period
 Minimize annular flow velocities
 Hence increase recovery
44

 We
Where is
is ititapplied?
applied?
 In Open, Cased or Gravel Packed holes
 In Sandstone or Carbonate formations
Open hole Cased hole
45 Carbonate Sandstone


 History
 ICD types

 ICV types
 ICV application
 ICV or ICD?
46
ICD Historical Development

 Norsk Hydro
introduced ICD
technology in the
early 1990s as a
means to
enhance the
performance of
Troll Field
horizontal wells.
 The Troll field is

a giant gas field
located on the
Norwegian
shelf of the
North Sea.
47

 A thin oil
column (4-27
meter thick) is
overlain by a
large gas cap
and underlain by
an aquifer in the
western part of
the field.
48

 The field was
originally
developed as a
gas field in
the “thin-oil-
column” part
of the field.
 Since the
production of
such thin oil
column was
deemed non-
viable using
conventional
wells.
49

 Two horizontal wells
were then drilled and
long-term well tests
were conducted to
determine the ability of
such wells to economically
drain the oil.
 The wells were completed

with large diameter
slotted liners to reduce
the effect of frictional
pressure losses along the
well bore.
 The long-term, test results

indicated that a
significant oil
production potential
existed.
50

 The well PI was very
high, ~ 6,000
Sm3/day/bar; which
is some 5 - 10 times
higher than that
expected from a
vertical well.
 This also meant that

the small drawdown
pressure of only 0.5 –
1.0 bar is sufficient to
produce the well at a
target rate of 3,000 –
5,000 Sm3/day.
51

 A new field
development plan
was then developed
based on
horizontal wells.
 However, the
production logging
of the first test well
indicated that 75%
of the production
was coming from
the first half of the
horizontal
section.
52

 Heel toe effect happens because of frictional pressure drop along
horizontal wellbore.
 Causing higher pressure drawdowns in the heel section of the well
compared to the toe.
 Increasing risk of water conning in the heel.
Dp
53

 Three
completion
options were
proposed to
overcome this
problem:
 A “Passive Stinger
Completion” (PSC).
 A variable density
perforated liner.
 An innovative,
Inflow Control
Device (ICD).
54

 Passive stinger completion:
 The PSC consists of an extended tubing installed in the
horizontal section to shift the inflow point from the heel of
the well to a point near the middle causing the pressure
drop along the horizontal section to equalize.
55
ICD Development
 Variable perforation density completion:
 Variable perforation density completion reduces the fluid
influx to the heel section of the well by limiting the
number of perforations in that section compared to the
well’s toe section.
56

 Original ICD
completion:
 The original Inflow

Control Liner Device
(ICD) concept had a
number of channels
installed within a pre-
packed screen mounted
on a solid base pip.
57

 Original ICD
completion:
 The fluid flowing from

the formation passes
through both the screen
and the channels before
entering the liner’s
internal bore via
predrilled holes in the
base pipe.
58
Solving Heel-toe effect by ICDs

 ICD reduces the tendency of early water or gas production, enabling the
reservoir to drain more efficiently while maximizing production and
recovery
59

 Reservoir simulation
studies indicated that the
best completion option
was to install the ICDs
along the length of the
completion resulting in an
extension of the plateau
period by 50%.
 The ICD design was then

modified by Baker Oil
Tools for commercial
manufacturing.
60


 History
 ICD types

 ICV types
 ICV application
 ICV or ICD?
61
ICD types
 Four of the worlds leading
suppliers of technology to the
upstream oil and gas industry:
 Baker Hughes
 Schlumberger
 Weatherford
 Halliburton
 Have developed their own,

unique, ICD design for the
mechanism that creates the flow
resistance (Channels, Nozzles,
Orifices and Tubes, respectively).
62
Channel-type ICD
 The channel-type ICD was developed by Baker Hughes as
a modification to the original ICD.
 The device uses a number of:

 Channels
 with a preset diameter and length
 To impose a specific deferential pressure at a specified flow
rate.
63
Tube-type ICD
 The tube-type ICD was developed by Halliburton.
 The device uses a number of flow tubes with a preset

diameter and length to impose a specific deferential
pressure at a specified flow rate.
64
Nozzle-type ICD
 The nozzle-type ICD was developed by Schlumberger.
 The device uses nozzles to create the pressure resistance.
 Produced fluid passes through the screen into a chamber

where a set of preconfigured nozzles control the fluid flow
into the internal section of the liner joint.
65
Orifice-type ICD
 Weatherford employs multiple orifices to produce the
required differential pressure for flow equalization.
 Each ICD consists of a number of orifices of known

diameter and flow characteristics.
 Different pressure resistance values are achieved by reducing

the number of open orifices.
66
Comparison of Available ICD Types

 Table lists the major similarities and differences between
the ICDs:
67


 History
 ICD types

 ICV types
 ICV application
 ICV or ICD?
68
Interval Control Valve

 Active flow control devices, or Interval Control Valves
(ICV), offer both proactive and reactive flow control
functionality.
 They were developed in the early 1990s.
 Welldynamics together with Baker Hughes,

Weatherford and Schlumberger provide this technology.
69
Comparison of ICV Types

 All ICVs can be installed in injection and production
wells.
 All ICVs can be installed in open-hole or integrated with

SAS, gravel pack or cemented and perforated casing.
70


 History
 ICD types

 ICV types
 ICV application
 ICV or ICD?
71
Discrete-positions ICV (DP-ICV)

 The discrete positions ICV can have between 2 and
12 opening positions ranging from fully open to fully
closed.
 These openings are chosen to allow optimum control

of the unwanted fluid phase.
 These valves are actuated using a hydraulic, electric.
72
Variable-positions ICV (VP-ICV)

 Variable positions ICV can have any desired opening
size and be controlled by using an electrical actuation
system.
 This ICV type has found limited application compared to

the DP-ICV due to its lower reliability and higher
cost.
73


 History
 ICD types

 ICV types
 ICV application
 ICV or ICD?
74
ICV application
 These and other reported ICV
systems were installed to achieve the
following objectives:
 Commingle oil and/or gas

production from (or injection into)
multiple zones (or reservoirs) in a field.
3 1/2-ICV
 Actively manage the water and/or gas
flood front and hydrocarbon sweep
efficiency. 7" Isolation Packer
3 1/2" ICV
Screen
7" PACKER
3 1/2" ICV
 Control and shut-in excessive sand,
water and/or gas producing
formations.
75


 History
 ICD types

 ICV types
 ICV application
 ICV or ICD?
76
ICV or ICD
 1. More flexible
development:
 ICVs have more degrees of
freedom than ICDs, allowing more
flexible field development
strategies to be employed.
 Both proactive and reactive
control can easily be applied with
an ICV while real time
optimization can only be achieved
with an ICV.
77
ICV or ICD
 2. Number of controllable
zones:
 The maximum number of ICVs
installed in a single completion to
date is six.
 On the other hand, the number of
ICDs which can be installed in a
wellbore section is only limited by
the number of packers, cost.
78
ICV or ICD
 3. Inner flow conduit
diameter:
 The larger flow conduit diameter
gives the ICD an advantage over
ICV since the ICV’s reduced inner
flow conduit.
79
ICV or ICD
 4. Multilateral well
applications:
 ICVs can currently only be installed
in the well’s mother bore due to
limitations of available control
technology to connect to both the
mother bore and laterals at the
junction.
 ICDs can be installed to equalize and
control the flow within individual
laterals.
 This difference in applicability leads to
the integration of ICV and ICD
technologies for optimum completion
of multilateral wells.
80
Reservoir management by IWC

 IWCs can be employed for
closed loop reservoir
management.
 The process of reservoir
management by intelligent
completion can be divided
into two important stages:
 1) Monitoring:
1. Data gathering by
different types of gauges
and sensors inside the well.
2. Processing and
interpreting the data to
capture suitable desired
information about the
performance of the
production system.
81
Reservoir management by IWC

 IWCs can be employed for
closed loop reservoir
management.
 The process of reservoir
management by intelligent
completion can be divided
into two important stages:
 2) Controlling:
1. Defining new
strategies production
and injection and
scenarios
2. Employment of
control devices to
applying new schemes
inside the well.
82
IWC interesting aspects and added value

Added Value in Field Production Profile:
Q 0 il In c re a s e M a in ta in a n d
(b p d ) p la te a u r a te e x te n d p la te a u
A dvance
p r o d u c tio n E n h a n c e p o s t-
p la te a u p r o d u c tio n
t (y e a rs )
• Accelerate Production
• Reduce Well Count & Extend Plateau
• Reduce Well Intervention
83
Key Questions
•What type of reservoir
Where to •In which wells
Install?
•At what depth
• How many ICVs
•What type of ICDs
How to of
•Depth evaluate
guages the
Which added value from
How to Advanced
control? Completion
design to •Noise removal
IWFsT?
choose? •Data mining
•Data interpretation
•Short term optimisation

•Long term optimisation
How to
monitor Data?
84
Outline

gauges

Management (WAM)
85
Water allocation management by IWT

 Challenges of water production
 Research objective
 Definition of WAM
 Research work flow
 Case study
 Results and discussions
86
Challenges of Water Production

 Billion barrels of additional reserves produced through waterflooding, the most important
methods of IOR
 With the economic uncertainty of EOR techniques as a result of oil-price instability,
optimization and management of waterflood projects has become more important than ever
 On the other hand:
• One of the most significant challenges in oil production

operations relates to the production of water
1. Majority of the energy supplied to the artificial
lift system will be spent on lifting water, rather
than oil.
2. Meeting government regulations about water
disposal will require costly water treatments.
3. Risks associated with Scaling, corrosion and
reservoir souring.
87

 Case study
88
Objective
 Development of new workflows based on production and injection history
for water allocation management (WAM) to:
1. Improve sweep efficiency

2. Maintain reservoir pressure
3. Delay water break through
4. Reduce water production
89
Key questions
Waterflooding management
Voidage management Allocation management
• Managing depletion-replacement • Inject the water to proper

strategy to keep pressure at location based on the
suitable level. connectivity between injectors
• Determining optimum amount of and producers.
water for injection. • Supporting producer with high
oil cut
90

 Case study
91
Water Allocation Management (WAM)

Measuring the connectivity
between injection wells and
production wells
Inter-Well connectivity
Determining the performance of

production wells
Good and bad producers
I P
92

 Case study
93
Research Work Flow

 Task 1: Designing the production
network
 Task 2: Analysing the injection and
production history from sensors to
capture inter-well connectivity
 Task 3: Describing performance of the
production wells
 Task 4: Defining new algorithm to
determine water allocation factor for each
injector
 Task 5: Applying new injection scheme
94

 Case study
95
Task 1: Reservoir Model Properties

 4 injectors
 3 Producers
 3 heterogeneous layers
 20×15×3 cells
 5.75×108 STB OIIP
 Injection rate controlled by Voidage

replacement with equal
distribution between injectors
 Production Scenario:
Production Wells Liquid production
(STB/day)
Producer 1 9000
Producer 2 9000
20 years injection and production history used to
Producer 3 12000
define new WAF for the next 20 years production
96
Task 1: Well Completion Properties

 Well model has been made by
Prosper:
Node Component Name Bottom

No. Depth, MD
(ft)
1 Xmass tree 0
2 Riser 350
3 WellHead 350
4 5.5” Tubing 850
5 S.C.S.S.S.V 850
6 5.5” Tubing 4000
7 5” Tubing 5600
8 7” Liner 6530.5
9 5.665” ICV 6530.5
10 Reservoir 6530.5
97
Task 1: Production Network

1. Reveal reservoir simulator used to Production Wells Injection Wells
run reservoir model
2. Well completion modelled in by

Prosper
Sep. Comp.
3. Well model then imported in to WH
Gap software to design
production and injection system
4. Resolve software employed to

couple production and injection
systems from Gap with reservoir
model in Reveal ICVs
Reservoir
98
Task 2: Determining Inter-well Connectivity

 Capacitance Resistive Model (CRM) is one of the best statistical techniques to
determine inter-well connectivity based on injection and production history.
 Reservoir will be viewed as a system that converts an input signal (injection) into an
output signal (production).
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 
 J
 It means that the production rate affected by:

1. Primary production
2. Contribution from injection
3. Change in bottomhole flowing pressure
n 
 I 
tk
  tn tk  
q j (tn )     f ij I ijk  1  e j

e j 

k 1  i 1   
  
99

 Inter-Well connectivity results:
1.2
1 I1 I2
0.8
I3 I4
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P1 P2 P3
I1 I2 I3 I4 Time Constat
P1 0.56 0.32 0.11 0 11
P2 0 0 0 1 90
P3 0.45 0.38 0.15 0 160
100
101
Task 3: Production Well Performance

 Initially Water Cut (WC) employed for describing production well performance.
 But :
1. it was very sensitive to the change in the injection scheme
2. it was not clear enough in differentiating between good producer and bad producer
 New parameter is defined as : Relative oil production ratio (OPR)
Cum. Oil Production of the Producer j

OR j 
Total Cum. Oil Production of the Field
OPR j  OR j  WR j
Cum. Water Production of the Producer j
WR j 
Total Cum. Water Production of the Field
102
Task 4: Water Allocation Management
 For each injector total allocation

I1
I1
I2
I2
I3
I3
I4
I4
index is defined as:
P
P1
P1
f11
AI11
f12
AI12
f13
AI13
f14
AI14 × ORR1 AIti   (OPRj  fij )
j i
P2 AI21 AI22 AI23 AI24 × ORR2
P2 f21 f22 f23 f24
P3 AI31 AI32 AI33 AI34 All AIti have positive values
× ORR2
P3 f31 f32 f33 f34
AI ti
WAFi  I
AIt1 AIt2 AIt3 AIt4  AI

i i
ti
 All AIti have negative values

1  AI ti
WAFi  I
 AI
i i
ti
103

 Case study
104
105
106
Task 5: Employing New Injection Scheme
107
Summary
1. IWT has been introduced
2. Different IWT component explained
3. Some examples of IWT application and its added value

reviewed
4. The main questions that governing the scope of research in

IWT discussed
5. Finally it has been shown how injection and production

history can be employed for WAM
108
Thanks any question?
109
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Real-time Well & Reservoir Management by Intelligent Well Technology

Presentation · January 2016

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Real-time Well & Reservoir Management

 Introduction to intelligent well completion (IWC)

 Real time well monitoring by down-hole sensors and

 Enhanced well control by down-hole flow controls

 Improved waterflood performance by Water Allocation

 It contains an individual bank of

 Confined by impermeable rock or

 The reservoir is the source of fluids

 It also furnishes the primary energy

 Provides a path for the produced fluid

 The flow-lines leads the

 The separators remove gas

 Pumps and compressors are

 Drilling Engineers: Collaborating with geologists

 Production Engineers: Developing processes and