EXPLANATION TEXT

How Do Fish Breathe?

All animals breathe just like humans. How they breathe, however, varies. Breathe by inhaling
oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide as waste. Air flows in through the human’s nose or
mouth into the lungs where oxygen is transported through the blood to the rest of the human
body. Humans need air to breathe. So, what does that mean for animals that live in the water?
Like humans, fish also need oxygen and emit carbon dioxide to survive. But using the lungs,
these creatures that live in water use organs called gills. The gills are organs located on the
sides of the fish’s head. These gills have many small blood vessels called capillaries.
When the fish opens, the water will flow over the gills. After that, the blood in the capillaries
will pick up oxygen that is soluble in water. The blood then moves through the fish’s body to
provide oxygen throughout the body, just like in humans.
All bony fish also have a bony plate called an operculum. This operculum is useful for
opening and closing to protect the gills. Breathing underwater is difficult. The air we breathe
has an oxygen concentration of 200,000 parts per million.
Whereas water only has a concentration of 4 to 8 parts per million. This means fish need to
flow a lot of water over their gills to get the amount of oxygen to survive. In addition, the
gills are very useful for extracting the oxygen needed by fish.
Breathing becomes more difficult as the oxygen concentration decreases. Low levels of
oxygen concentration make it impossible for animals to survive. Although it can occur
naturally, it can also be created by human activity.
When pollution is high, such as waste dumped into the sea, this will cause algae blooms
which then die and decompose. Furthermore, it will cause the zone to have a low oxygen
concentration level of oxygen.
Fish need clean water to breathe. Similarly, humans need clean air to breathe. Humans can
help these gilled creatures to thrive by keeping their habitat free of pollutants.
 Application Letter
Jakarta, July 6, 2020

Mr. Evans
Head of human resource division
PT. Star lab
Jl. Sudirman no.564
Jakarta, 12046

Dear Mr. Evans,

Based on the advertising on Koran, posted on June 28, 2020 about the job as a receptionist in
your hotel, I would like to volunteer to fill the position.
I have completed my undergraduate program in the field of telecommunication and tourism at
Telkom university Bandung, and I believe I have the perfect skills required for the job.
I am 25 years old and had working as a receptionist for 3 years at Indah hotel. I can speak 3
foreign languages including English and Chinese. In addition, I am well adapted to operating
any kind of gadget in a hotel.
For your consideration, I have attached a curriculum vitae. I am looking forward to the
interview so i can explain my skills and abilities in person to you.

Best regards,

Amaya Sadita
 CAPTION

NEWS ITEM
Indonesia earthquake topples houses in Java; death toll rises to 162
At least 162 people were killed and hundreds more injured as a 5.6 intensity earthquake
shook Indonesia's main island of Java on Monday, reports said.
The quake struck Cianjur town in west Java, at a depth of 10 km, according to US Geological
Survey data.
The area where the quake struck is densely-populated and prone to landslides, with the
makeshift houses reduced to rubble in many areas, the BBC reported.
Rescuers were working into the night to try to save others thought to still be trapped under
collapsed buildings.
Regional Governor Ridwan Kamil said 162 people were killed, over 700 injured, and more
than 13,000 people displaced by the disaster, the BBC reported.
He apprehended that the numbers of injuries and fatalities were likely to increase because
there were "a lot of people" still trapped at the scene.
Earthquakes are common in Indonesia, which sits on the "ring of fire" area of tectonic
activity in the Pacific, with a 2018 quake in Sulawesi leaving over 2,000 dead.
 ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

The Importance of Exercise and Sports

We all know that exercise is important in our daily lives, but we may not know why or what
exercise can do for us. Here are some of the benefits of exercise.
Exercise increases energy levels. Exercise increases the strength and efficiency of your
cardiovascular system to get oxygen and nutrients to your muscles. When your
cardiovascular system is working better, everything seems easier and you have more energy
for the fun things in life.
Exercise increases muscle strength. Staying active keeps muscles strong and joints, tendons
and ligaments flexible, allowing you to move more easily and avoid injury. Strong muscles
and ligaments reduce the risk of joint and lower back pain by keeping the joints aligned. They
also improve coordination and balance.
Exercise can help you maintain a healthy weight. The more you exercise, the more calories
you burn. In addition, the more muscle you develop, the higher your metabolic rate, so you
burn more calories even when you're not exercising. Results? You can lose weight and look
better physically which will increase your self-esteem.
Exercise improves brain function. Exercise increases blood flow and oxygen levels in the
brain. It also promotes the release of brain chemicals (hormones) that are responsible for cell
production in the hippocampus, the part of the brain that controls memory and learning. This,
in turn, improves concentration levels and cognitive abilities, and helps reduce the risk of
cognitive degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.