इंटरनेट मानक

Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 4155 (1966, Reaffirmed 2007): Glossary of Terms Relating

to Chemical and Radiation Hazards and Hazardous Chemicals.
UDC 001.4 : 539.12 : 614.898

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 REAFFIRMED
L , .. - ••
IS: 4155 - 1966
(Reaffirmed 1995)
-"a,
2307
r
).
Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDS
AND HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
( Third Reprint DECEMBER 2004 )
( Including Amendment No.1)

UDC 001.4: 539.12+614.898

© Copyright 1967
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 6 September 1967
 AMENDMENT NO. 1 SEPTEMBER 2002
TO
IS 4155: 1966 GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDS AND
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
( Page 4, clause 2, heading 'Absorption' ) - Insert the following after
'Absorption':
'Absorbed Dose - The fundamental dosimetric quantity, D defined as D =
dc/d m, where, de is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter in a
volume element, and dm is the mass of matter in the volume element. The energy
can be averaged over any defined volume, the average dose being equal to the
total energy imparted in the volume divided by the mass in the volume. The SI
unit of absorbed dose is joule per kil6gram (J/kg) termed as gray(Gy).'
(Page 4, clause 2, heading 'Acute') - Insert the following after 'Acute ':
'Action Level - The level of dose rate or activity concentration above which
remedial actions or protective actions should be carried out in chronic exposure .
or emergency exposure. ' .
( Page 9, clause 2, heading 'Enriched Material' ) - Insert the following
after 'Enriched Material':
'Entrance Surface Dose - Absorbed dose in the centre of the field at the
surface of entry of radiation for a patient undergoing a radiodiagnostic
examination, expressed in air and with backscatter.'
( Page 10, clause 2, heading 'Exposure' ) - Insert the fOllowing· after
'Exposure':
'Exposure Pathway- The routes by which radioactive material can reach or
irradiate humans.'
( Page 13, clause 2, heading 'Ignition' ) - Inselt the following after
'Ignition':
'Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) - An IDLH level
represents the maximum airborne concentration of a substance to which a
healthy person can be exposed ~or as long as 30 minutes and still be able to
escape without loss of life or irreversible organ system damage.'
1
Amend No.1 to IS 4155: 1966

( Page 15, clause 2, heading 'LD50 t ) - Substitute the following for the
existing: . . .. ,.
Ii . • ,; : : '.' " ',',

'Lethal Dose - The quantity of material administere<torally or by skin

absorption by which 50 percent of the exposed population will be fatally
injured.' ,
( Page 15, clause 2, heading 'Lesion' ) - Insert the following after
'Lesion':'
'Lethal Concentration LCsO ~ A concentration of airbomematerial by whi~h
50 percent of the exposed population will be fatal"y injured.'
( Page 17, clause 2, heading 'Polycythemia' ) -Insert the following after
'Polycythemia': .
'Potential Exposure --'- Exposure that is not expected to be delivered with
certainty but that may result from an accid~nt at a source or owing to an eVrlJtor
sequence of events. of a' probabilistic natlire,. including equipment failures 'and
olleratirtg e r r o r s . ' · .'. .
( Page 18, clause 2, heading 'Radioactivity' ) - Insert the following after
'Radioactivity' :
'Radioactive Material- Any substance, or material which spontaneously emit
,radiation ata rate corresponding to not less than 0.1 microcUrie'or allY substance
or material in which the radiation emission rate per gram corresponds to not less
than 0.002 microcurie shall be deemed to be radioactive substance. i

(CHD 8)

: .; ~; :! I :.

2
Printed at Simco Printing Press, Delhi
 IS : 4155 • 1966

Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDS
AND HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
Chemica,l Hazards Sectional Committee, CDC 18
Chairman Representing
SHRI N. S.MANKIKER Directorate General of Factory Advice Service &
Labour Institutes ( Mipistry of Labour, Employ··
ment & Rehabilitation ), Bombay
Memhers
SHRIj. D. ADRIA Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd. Bombay
SHRI S. M. MAcmRAJu ( Alternate) . .
SHRI S. K. BORKAR DireCtorate General of Health Services (Ministry of
Health & Family Planning)
SHRI P. S. RAMACHANDRAN (Alternate) .
SHRIJ. M. DAVE Central Public Health Engineering Research
Institute (CSIR ). Nagpur
DEPUTY DIRBCTOR, TRAFFIC Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways)
(GENERAL)
SHRIj. M. GUHA Ministry of Petroleum & Chemicals
DR G. jAYARAMA RAo (Alternate) .
DRJAGDISH SHANKAR Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay, Bombay
SHRljOGINDEll SINOH Directorate General of Technical Development
(Ministry of Industrial Development &
Company Affairs)
SHRI S. N. LAHIRI Department of Explosives (Ministry of Works,
Housing and Rehabilitation)
. SHRI S. C. Roy (AltertUlu)
SSRI C. C. MANIAR . Indian Chemical Manufacturers' Association,
Bombay
DR V. C. MANKOD( Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi
DR B. N. CHAI<;RAVARTY (Alternate)
SHRI M. N. KHANNA (Alternate).
DR C. N. K. 'MURTHY Ministry of Defence (DGr)
SHRI R. S. AOARWAL ( Alternate)
SHRI NARENDRA SmGH Minis,try of Defence ( R&D)
DR K. j. BALAKRISHNA (Alternate:)
RBPRBSENTATIVE Indian Institute of Petroleum ( CSIR). Dehra Dun
SHRI M. VENUGOPAL The Western India Match Company Limited,
Bombay
DR SADOOPAL, Director General, lSI (EII-o.ffo;io Memh8r)
Director (Chern)
Stcretary
DR A. K. BHATTACHARYA
Deputy Director ( Chern). lSI
( Continued on page 2 )

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN. 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
 IS J 4155 • 1966

( Continu,d from pal' 1 )

. Defitiition and Classification of Chemical Hazards and Hazardous
Chemicals Stibcommitt.ee, CQC 18: 2'
CoI/bItUr ., R,presenting
DRJAODISH SHANK"R Atomic Energy E.tablilhm~nt,Trombay. Bombay
Membm
SHRI S. N.LAHIRI DcpartmentofE~plosive8 (.Ministry of Works,
. Housing&),tehabi\it~tioD).
SimI S. C. Roy (Altdrnntt)
Sml N. S. MANKlKER Directorate General of Factory Ad"iC;c Service &
Labour Institutes ( Ministry of Labour, Emplo)'·
m~i1t& Rehabilitation). Bombay .
Sml S. R. BHlSE (Altematt)
Sml NAllBNDRA SINGH Ministry of Defence ( R&D) ..
SHU P. S~ R.ulACHANDRAIf Directorate General of Health SerViceli' (Ministn of
. Health &; Family Planning) .
SBRI J;>. R. SATBB Indian Chemical' Manufacturers' Ass9ciation,
,Bombay
Smu C. C. MANIAR (AltltTlat')

'i"

2
 IS: 4155 • 1966

Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDS
AND HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
O. FO R E W 0 R D
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 1 November 1966, after the draft finalized by the Chemical Hazards
Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical Division Council.
0.2 Realising the rapid pace of industrialisation within the country it was
considered expedient to take up formulation .of standards on definition and
classification of chemical hazards; laboratory and industrial chemical
hazards including air pollution. The concerned committee, while tormu-
lating standards on different aspects covered under its scope felt that
formulation of a standard glossary of technical terms relating to chemical
and radiation hazards and hazardous chemicals was necessary. Commonly
used scientific terms may have a different import when specifically used in
relation to different types of chemical hazards. That such a need for
standardization of terminology for avoiding ambiguity and confusion in
the use of the terms is vitally called for has been amply borne out through
experience gained in the formulation of Indian Standards relating to.
laboratory, industrial and air pollution hazards.
0.2.1 This standard ,covers terms· relating to chemical and radiation
hazards and hazardous chemicals. Terms relating to air pollution have
been covered separately. Terms relating to the principal chemical hazard$,
such as corrosive, explosive, flammable, oxidizing, poisonous and radio-
active substances, have been included in this stand@l"d.
0.3 In the preparation of this standard assistance derived in defining terms
used in nuclear science, from B.S. 3455: 1962 Glossary of Terms Used in
Nuclear Science, British Standards Institution, is gratefully acknowledged.

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard defines technical terms relating tochemical and radiation
hazards and hazardous chemicals..
1.1.1 It does not include terms relating to air pollution.
IS :4155 • 1966

2. T£RMINOLOGY
A,
Abel Heat Test ~ British official ,heat test whiqh is gen~rally·applied to
nitro-explosives. ,The prinCiple of the test is to note, the ,time required to
produce a standard tint on iii. potassium iodide-starch' paper when the ex-
plosive is heated under .specified conditions.
Absorptioa - As applied "to, chemiCal' 'hazards, l'efers to the process of
penetration of a position into the body. A material is said to be absorbed
only when it has gained entry, into the bloog stream .and; consequently
may be carried to all parts bftlie body. This requir~sthat substances paSs
through the skin, jJlticousmembraneorair sacs of the lungs.
As applied to radiation hazards,refersto processes by which radiation
imparts some or all of its energy to any material through which it
passes. ' ,i
Acute- In the medical sense it means'ofsh9I"t duration '. ,As applied
to materials inhaled or absorbed through the skin, it I'efers to, a single
exposure. As applied' to materials ingested, ~trefers to a single dose. ' ,
Aerosol ~ A colloidal system in which the dispersion medium isa gas. '
Airdose ~ X-ray dose expressed, hi roentgens delivered at a point ~n free
air. In radiological practice it consists of the dose due to the radiations of
the primary beam and to that scattered from surrOllOping air.
Allergen - The agent, the presence of whiCh in the body gives rise to
allergy ..
Allergenic Potelltial --'-'A qualitative term that" gives an Idea, of the
allergic action of amatei'iiil. ' A substance is sa.id to have a high allergenic
p(}tential, if, even very small amounts ofthat substance give rise to sympt(}ms
of allergy. '" ,: '
A11ergy - A state in which t~e cells. of the b.ody are, hypersensitive to
certain substances, (allergens), usually proteins, introducedirito it. The
reactions of the. body exhibit themselves as oedema, inflammation and
destruction of tissue.
"
Alpha-Particle (<<-Particle) ~Ahelium nucleus (consisting .of two
protons and two neutrons) having a mass of 4 units and 2 units of positive
charge. It is a fundamental particle. '.. , .
Ammunition -'-" Explosive substances when enclQsed in 3:IlY case or con-
trivance or otherwise adopted or prepared so as to. form a cartridge or charge
for small arms, guns, rockets or other weapons and components thereof
luch as 'caps, detona,tors, pl'imers, ho.osters, fuzes.' shells,warheads~':etc•.

4
 IS: 4155 • 1966

ADaesthetic -- A substance which produces insensibility to touch, paio

and temperature with or without loss of consciousness.
Analgesic - A chemical, inorganic or organic, which reliev~s pain.
Aatibiotlc - A substance produced by micro-organisms which inhibits
the growth of or destroys other micro-organisms, ,.
Antidote - A substance given to a patient to counteract the' effects
produced due to ingestion of a poisonous or toxic chemical or radioactive
material.
Aplastic ADaemia - Anaemia not followed by ordinary regeneration of
the blood. . .
Asphysiant - A substance ( gas) exposure to which leads to a morbid
condition caused by the failure of the tissues to receive or utilise oxygen,
the fault occurring In the lungs, blood or tissues. or caused by dilution of
atmospheric oxygen. ,
Atomic Mass - The mass of an atom usually expressed in atomic mass
. unit.
Atomic Mass Units ( AMU ) - One llxteenth the mass of one neutral
atom of oxygen equivalent to 1'66 X 10-24 g,931 MeV, 1'49 X 10-8 ergs
Qr 0'999728 atomic weight units (symbol amu): Recently atomic masses
have been expressed adopting 0-12 unit according to which one amu
equals one twelfth the mass of a... neutral atom of Carbon-l 2.
Attenuation - The process by which a beam of radiation is reduced in
intensity when passing through some material. It is the combination of
absorption and scattering process and leads to a decrease in the flux density
of the beam, when projected through matter.
Attennation Factor - The ratio of the incident intensity of a beam of,
. radiation to the transmitted intensity.
Auto Ignition Temperatnre - The temperature at which a material
(solid, liquid or gas) will self-ignite and sustain combustion in the absence
of a spark or flame.
Autoradiograph - A self portrait of the radioactive material in an object
:made by placing the object close to photographic plates or films which are
then deVeloped ..
B
Backg~ound RadiatioD - Radiation arising from radioactive material
other than the one directly under consideration. Background' radiation'
due to natural radioactivity and cosmic rays is always present. There may
also be background radiation due to the presence of radioactive materials in
other parts of the building, and in the building materials themselves.

5
IS: 4155 -1966

Ballistic Pendulum "---' An apparatus for measuring the relative power. of

different explosives as compared to. a standard explosive by,. determining
the weights of difl:erent explosives, which when fired will produce similar
deflection of the pendulum.' '. • "
Ballisti~s ~ That branch of appli~dphysics ,which dealswith.1:he rhoti~n
of projectiles and the conditions governing that motion, 'commonly called
the science ,of shooting. , ,;
Beta-Particle ( ~-Particie ) - Charged partide, emitted from the nucleus
of an atom and having a mass and charge equal in magnitude to those of
the eletron.
Binary Explosives - Mixtures of TNT with another explosive, such 1s
RDX, PETN or with anothere:xplosive and a non;.explosive material such
, as ammonium nitrate and aluminhitn powder.
BI~sting Fu!se-' A device consisting ofa length of slqw btirning composi-
tion which delays the firing ,of an explosive charge sufficiently to allow the
'person firiugit toget·otit of danger. ' . '". ' . , ' , , •.
Bone Se,eker - An element which tellds to, be deposited in thebolles oithe
body bec~useitis either chemically similar to calcium or takes'part'in
bone-forming processes. ' '
,Booster -- An intermediate high explosive. charge in' an', Explosive Trainl',
, which is easily initiated by the primary charge and detoriatesat high speed,
thereby imparting sufficient impulse to the main explosive charge to deto-
nate completely. ,
BrelDsstrablung,-"" Electromagnetic radiation resulting from interaction
between two charged particles ( usually an' electron and a nucleus).
Brisance.;..... Usedi.forshattering power of an explosive as distingUished
from its total work capacity and indicates its ability to shatter and fragment
ste~l,concreteand other very hard structures and is dependellt upon its
velocity of detonation. " , . ,"
c
Cancer -The common terril for malignant nebpla.sms or tumours. "';Neo-
plasias arel1eW gr()wths which ()ccur in s()nie organ of tisSl.ie. These can be
roughly divided into benign and malignant forms, though in 'ceI'tain:cases
the distinction is unclear.
Cap- That part of a cartricl.geor· Shell Which is filled with· a detdnative
"compositionand is fired by a percussioniltrike. I t ignites the propellant
charge i~ gun' and' small armaInmunition. '
CarcinQgen--- Ap.y ?ogent:resporuible iQr causing cancer.
6
 IS I 4155. 1966

Characteristic (DiscrE!te) R~cliation x:'r~diation

- . consisting of
· discrete wavelengths which are characteristic of the emitting element.
Chronic - In the medical sense, this term is used in contrast to" Acute '.
and means ' of long duration'. As applied to materials inhaled or absor-
bed through the skin, it means exposure times of long duration. As regards
material ingested, it refers to repeated doses. '
Cleveland Open Cap Method - A method for: determining the Bash
point of a liquid. In this ~e vapour being experimented upon has free
· access to' air and thus is slightly less concentrate4 than the one in the
, Closed Cup Method' (see also. ' Closed Cup Method' ).
, Closed Cup Method - Onb of the methods for de~ermining the flash point,
of a liq~id:· Jn this method, measur~ents are tnaqe on a saturated vapour
· air mixture obtained in a closed cup. !
, Combustible - Any material capable of Combustion.
, Combustion - The action or the process of burrUng, usually associated
with the development of light, heat·and chemical cQmbination.
· Contact Dermatitis:""" Inflammation of the surl'ac~ of the skin or
;
epidermis due to physical contact with an allergy producing material.
' . • ' • I

· ~ntact Radiation Therapy - X-ray therapy w~th specially constructed

,tu~es in which the. target-skin distance is very short ,( less than 2 cm ). The
: voltage employed 18 usually between 40 to 60 KV. i
Contaminant - The substance giving rise to a contamination.
i • I

, Contamination - The objectionable presence of substances which may be

either' poisonous or radioaCtive in nature. ' . ,
Controlled Area - Area in, which the occupation~l exposure to ~adiatiob.
• or ,radioactive material of personnel is unqer the: supervision of a safety
officer. I (1'
Core -'The part of a nuclear reactor containing the fissionable material.
Corro~i"'e - Chemicals whi~ll readily tend to attatkmaterials, in contact.
Cumulative EfI'ect ( ot a Poi!!,ol1 ) - The effects Of certain poisons depend
II. not only on the dose, received at a particular time bl1t also on· the doses of
I the poison previously receiv.~. Thus a quantity of such a poison, innocu-
ous in th~ firs~ i~ta1ment, may,p'roye to, be dange~ous.in subsequent ones.
Such an effect IS said to be ' cumulative' 10 nature and IS termed' Cumula-'
tive Effect' as such. Sometime such cumulative effect 'will occur with
r~diation, ' I : '

Gurie - .The unit ofradioactivity. It is the quan#ty of a radioactive isb-

tope which disintegrates at the rate 9f 37 000 mill~ons disintegrationspCr
second. The activity of a gram: of radiUm. is app'roximate1y equal to one ~e.
7
 JS~4155'; 1966

D
Daught~1' ~ A synoJ?ym for 'Decay Product'
DecayOo:a.stant ~,The fraction of the number. of atoms of a radioactive
element which deca:ysin1Jnit,time.
Decay Product - A nuclide resulting from fhe radloactiV'edi~btegratioh
ofa radio nuclide, formed either directly or as a result of successive,trans-
formations'in a ,radioactive series. A decay product may be dtller radio-
active or stable. ' , -
Decay, Radioactive ~ Dlsintegfation of the nucleus of' an'unstable element
by the spontaneous emission of charged particles, 01' the nu¢le~ eaptur.c or
ejection of orbital ,electrons of fisJlion.
Decontamination Factor - Ratioofthe initial coneentratic'nof conta-
minating radioactive,material to the fin,al concentration after a separation
process.,.,';')
Depth Dose ---' The radiation dbse deliveied'at a par.ticul.a.r depth,beneath
,~he surface of tbebody " It is' usua,Uy expressed as a percentage 'of, ~urface
dose or asa.,percentag~of air dose. '
i ' -,'

, Dermatosis ...... An aflUction or inflamtnation of the deeper parts of th~.s~~.

,Detoliati&lD - The 'bl'isantexplosion of a highexplosive ( Sit 'Brisance ~ ,).
Detonator - A. device containing primary explosives With or withou(a
booster charge·employ~d) to 'bring about the detonation' of more insensitive
explollive$. ,c;Tlte simplest form, of a detonator consists of a drawn metallic
tube closed at one end and-filled with mercury; fulmi l1ate ~r like, explosive
.with or withouta'booster. charge~. _
Direct lladiation- ObsoletetermJorall radiadon9ther:ihal1the '~et~
beam; now designated as leakage radiation (see" Leakage' Radiation' f .
Disilitegl'a.ti~D, Np~lea.. ~.See. ~,Decay, Radioactive' .•
Dosage .....:.. ,j) In the medical sel1se, . a:' measure of any material,.expresseg in
suitable units, that gains entry into the body, and ii) in the radiation seIl$c.
the amount Ofradiation to which the body or any material has been eXposed•
. Dose Rate ~ Radiation dose delivered per uolt time.' ...
DosUneter.-.lnstriltnent used tb. detect and' meastire an,ac.cumulated
,dose ofradiation; in c()lrimonusage it is a pencil siz~ ionization chrunber with
i.builtiil self-reading eIectrometer,used for personiiel monitoring. ",;
. - '.. ,I. ~ .'.;

,])i")':,,:(Jhemical-Qne .. f)fthe many types of fi~e ~xtinguishers.'lf1e

:'cqmli.qsj,~!9pdepends o~ .~he. Wpeoffire.being fought against.' The U$U'cil
:~~.~~~:~,~~9~%7.r,ed,are 's~rid, sod!u~ ch!0ride,so~um . bicarbonate~ .grap~t~J
'magnesiUm. car-bonate; magneSIUm OXIde or a mIXture of any or aU 'of tHese.
 IS,: 4155 • 1966

I E
Electron Capture - A mode of radioactive decay involving the capture
of an orbital electton by its nucleus. The mode is further designated as
K-electron capture; L-electron capture, etc, depending on whether the
capture is from the K-shell, or L-shell, etc. This is followed by emission
of X-rays. ' i
Electro~ Volt ( eV) - A unit of energy equivalent to the amount gained
by an electron In pMsing through a potential difference of one volt. Large
multiple units of the electron volt are fI:equently used, such as KeV for kilo
electron volts ( I DO!> eV). MeV for million electron volts ( 106 eV), and
BeV for billion electron volts ( 10' eV).
Energy SpectruJ - The orderly separation ,of the components ofa beam
of radiation accortIing to their wa,velength~ frequencies for quantum
energies. 'I
Enriched Material - i) Material in which, the relative amount of one
, .or more isotopes ~fa' constituent has been increased, such as enriched
uranium, in whic~ the abundance of U235 isotope is increased above
normal. i
Epilation,- The temporary
I
or permanent removal of hair.
Erethism - An a~normal excitement of an organ-or tissue. A symptom
of mercury poisoni1g.
Erythema - An a;bnormal redness of the skin, due to distension of the
capillaries with blood. It can be caused by many different agents, such as
heat, certain drugs, i ultraviolet rays, and ionizing radiation.
Esop Test - A teJ in which an explosive, such as picric acid, is mixed with
olive oil or cottonseed oil and trials are made in order to determine the
highest pr9portion Of oil which may be present without causing failure to
detonate by the ini~iating explosive present. '
I

Excitation - The ~ddition of energy to a system by high energy particles

or radiations, such j as an atom or nucleus thereby transforming it from its
ground state to an ~xcited state, each different state being associated with
a definite excitatio~ energy.
Explosive - Substance, which under certain conditions of temperature,
shock or chemical llction can decompose rapidly to evolve either large
volumes of. gases or so much heat that the surrounding air is forced to
expand very rapidly. '
I
Explosive Range.- This is the range of concentration over which a parti-
cular vapour or gas will be conducive for propagation offtames (see also
'Flammability Limits').
9
18 : 4155 ~ 1966

Explosives, Classification of -Explosives may be classified into three

distinct classes of materials according to th'eir functioning characteristics,
such as: . '
a) Primary Explosives orlnitiotory Explosives are those which explode or
detonate on application of small external energy produced.by
friction, sudden impact, or heat, for example, mercury fqhnjn.ate
lead azide, lean styphanate, etc.
b) Low Explosives or Propellants are ,thole which u'ndergo au~~~combus­
tion at rates that may vary from a few centimetres perminllte
to 400 :metres per second. Examples of these are .gunpowder,
N C powders and colloidal propellants, containing ~p'ocellulose
and nitroglycerine with or without other .ingredients;
c) .High Explosives-These explosives arecQmparatively lessscmsitive
than primary explosives but when suitably initiated, unde~go
very rapid, almost instantaneous, decomposition, with velocityJ)f
detonation which niayvary':from 1000 to 8 500metieSpe:r second.
.Common. example of these: are TNT, cyclonites, dynamites, etc.',
'Explosive Train - Series of explosive substances arranged according"io
decreasing sensitivity and increasing power or brisance so as to enable 'a
small impulse from an initiator explosive develops into a sufficient power.ful
impulse through the :medium of intermediate explosives which Will be suffi-
cient to cause detonation of the main explosive filling or exp~osive .charge.
, , ' ; I ,.: '.'.'

Exposure - The state of being subjected to the action of a' poison .,or
,,adiation. " ..' . ' ';
EXternal Radiadon-- Thatradiaii~nreaching a given point: in the
body or the irradiated material which is due directly or indirecdy to a source
of radiation outside the body of material. ' . 'i '' ,,'

Estiagu.isher- Any agent used to fight fire wiibaview to putit.'put.

Extremities - The hands, forearms and {'with restrictions ) the head and
the feet are. considered extremities.. The permissible, exposure of ,these
are~ to radiation is greater, chiefly because theyincludeless blood-forming
material and have SIDl\ller volumes for energy absorption than other pa,rts
of the body. " , ': " '..;
F
Fertility '-- The ability to produce offsprings.
Fibroais - The formation of fibrous tissue as a resulf~f injury or infla~-
mation of a part or of interference with its bloo4 supply.' " ,
Film Badge - A p~ck ofphotographic fihri or films required ~o beworn:PY
radiation workers for assessment of personal radilil.tiq~ e.xposure.•. ,' ,
10
 IS , 4155. 19.

FDter, Primary ( Radiology) - A sheet of material usually metal, placed

in the p~th of a'beam of radiation to remove' as rar as po~sible the less pene-
trating components.
Filter, Secondary ( Radiology) - A sheet of material of lower atomic
number relative to that of the primary filter placed in the path of the filtered
beam of radiation to remove characteristic radiation produced by the
primary filter. '
Fire - The chemical combination of oxygen with fuel accompanied by
evolution of thermal energy, indicated by incandescence or flame.
Fire Hazard - A term that connotes all the implied risks associated with
the start and spread of fire.
Fi.slon - The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two ( or very rarely more)
approximately equal fragments, fission fragments. Fission is accompanied
by the emission of neutrons and the release of energy. It can be spontaneous
or it can be caused by the interaction of 'neutrons, or'fast charged particles
or high energy proton.
nssioa Products - Stable and unstable nuclides resulting from fission ..
Fissloa Yield - The fraction of fissions giving rise to one particular group
offissionproducts all having the same mass number. '.
Flammability Limit - A flame can propagate in a mixture of combustible
gas and air ( or oxygen) only if the concentration of the gas is between
two limits known as the lower and upper flammable ( exposure) limits.
Plashless Powders - Explosive substances which give no visible flash in
daylight and only a red glow at night. The flashlessness is' effected by
reducing the explosi~n temperature by the addition of DNT, powdered
metal, metallic salt, etc.
Flash Polat - The lowest temperatUfC of a liquid at which a flame can be
propagated across,the surface of the liquid ,when a standar~ ignition soUrce
is applied. .
Flas - In nucleonics, the product of the number of particles per unit
volume and their velocity.
Foam - A suspehsion, often colloidal, of a gas in a li9uid. In fire-fighting
, terminology, a type of extinguisher, produced, by bubbling carbon dioxide or
lome. other gas (which is not a supporter of combustion) through a liquid
containing foam producing material.
Fael- Material which either by a process of combustion or nuclear chaiD.
reaction is capable of liberating utilisable thermal energy.
Famigaat - Substance used in the form of vapour and aerosols for destroy-
ing microbes and insects.
11
F~se -'- A, tube, casing or cord, etc, filled with combustible IIi.ateriaI'~'Or
explosive material by means of which an explosive charge is initiated. ;'
Faze - A mechanical device containing ,primary explosives with or wit~~~t
,booster explosive charge designc:;d to function a projectile, a bomb or a
mine at apred~termined time and place. ,,',

G
,Gaine -'- A device used for converting the flash ptoducedbyan igniferous
fuze into a detonation wave required to accomplish complete detonation of
,"th.~ hi~h explosive charg~ i.n a.s~ell. ,
GammaRay (Y -Ray) :.... Electro-magneticra.dl~tion emitted by the nud~i
ohadioactive substances ciuring decay; sixnilarin, na,ttii'e to X~rays. ' '
Gas Flow Counter - Acounte~ (for measuring radioactivity.)' jn, whJ6h
an appropriate atmosphere isnlaintained'in the counter tube by al~owing
a suitable gas to flow slowly through the sensitiv¢ volume. '
Geiger Maller CouDter ___ Highly sensitive, gas filled device for, counting
photons or chargedpatticles by 'means of ionization they produce iIi 'ag#.
, The voltage is maintained in the Geiger region, "
. '"" : . ' l
Geiger Region - The operation voltage interval in an ionization detector,
, in which the charge collected per ionizing event is essentially independent of
, the number of primary ions produced in the initial ionizing event. ' i' ,
Geae - One ofthe fa~tors or determinants respon~ible for. the inherrt'~nce of
, specific character-differences betwee~ individuals. " '
"Genetics - The branch ofbiology dealing with the phel10mena ofheredity
and variation. ' "
Ground State ..... The state ofa nucleus,' an atom or a molecule, 'of the
J!>west energy. All otherstateuire,tenned',excited',.:

H
Half-Life ( Biological) - The time required For the body to eliminate
one half of an ,administered' dose of any substance by regular process of
'elimination. This time. is approximately the sa.~e for . both stable and
'J:'adioactive isotopes of a. particuI,ar element.
Half-Life ( Effective) - Time required for a rad~oactive~lement absorbe~
in the tissue of an animal body to be diminished by half as a result ·of the
combined actionqfradioactive decay and biological elimination.
, ' . ,',., '. ,Biological half-life X .Physical half-life,
Effective half..life = B'10Iogxca
. 1 h a· +
If.rfi
1e ' 1 h a·
PhYSlca If.lit1e·'
" ,

12
 IS : 4155 - 1966

. H;~1f-Life ( Physical) - The time taken for the activity of a radioactive

substance to Clecay to half its original value, that is, for half the atoms·
present to disintegrate. Also termed' Half·Life, Radioactive', or merely
half-life.
Half Value Layer - The thickness of any particular material necessary to
reduce the int~nsity of an X.ray or 'Y-ray beam to one-halfits original value.
Health Physics - The branch of radiological science dealing with the
protection of personnel from harmful effects of ionizing radiation.
Hemolytic Anaemia.- Anaemia accompanied by destruction of red
blood corpuscles.
Heredity- Transmission of characteristic and trains from parent to
offspring. .
High Explosive - See' Explosives, Classification of'.
Hold Back Carrier - The inactive isotope or isotopes of a radioactive
element of similar properties, or some reagent, which may be used to diminish
the amount of a radionuclide coprecipitated or absorbed in a chemical
reaction.
I
Igniter - A device filled with combustible or explosive material used for
igniting safety fuse or initia~ing an explosive charge. .
Ignition - The initiation of an eXplosive or flammable mixture of ·gases,
v~pours or other substances. .
Induced. Radioactivity - Radioactivity cause'd in a substance after
bombardment with neutrons, charged particles, _'Y-rays, etc •
.Iagestion - The act of swallowing materials so· that they pass.into 'the ,body. '
Inhalation - As applied to chemical or radiation hazards the act of breath-
ing ~n or taking into the lungs harmful chemicals, toxic or radioactive, in
the form of vapours or fine dus.t or spray. .
Initiating Explosive - Compounds that are sufficiently seIlSitive to fric-
tion, heat or impact, to underg9 detonation- ,or combustion, under such
physical causes. These possess more or less capacity to transmit a detona~ion
. wave to less sensitive explosives. . .
Integral 'Dose - A measure of the total energy absorbed by a patient or!
any object during exposure to radiation.· According to British usage th~
~tegral dose of X-rays or 'Y-rays is expressed in gram-roentgens.

Intermediaries - High explosives used to pick up the small but concen-

trated shock given by the initiator ~nd transform it into a violent impulse to
13
1$ : 4155 .. 1966

detonate the shell filling., Their sensitiveness lies between that of the
initiators, and of bW'lIting charges. '
Internal Conversion-A transition between two energy states ofa
nucleus where the energy difference is not emitted as a photon ( gamma ra.y)
~ut is given to.an orbital.electron in theK- or L-shell which is thereby
ejected from the atom ..
Interna.l Radiation Hazard, -- Possible adverse health :conditions
attributable to radia.ti6ft datrJage to an individual from. internally deposited
,radioactive materials.
Ionization Chamber - A device designed to measure'the' quantity of
ionizing radiat.ion in ter~s of the ch~rgeofelectricity~sociatedwith ions
produced in a defined volume. '
Ionizing R'adiatioD -Any electro~tnagnetic or particulate radiation
capable, of producing ions, directly or indirectly, in its passage through
matter. '
'Inadiation - The exposure ofIIiaterials to radiation.
Irritant - Any substance that' causes local irritation when it comes into
contact with the skin or the mucous membranes.
Isobar -One of. tWo ,or more different nllclides having, the saIJ:)C mass
number.' , , \ '
IsoJDer - One of two or more different riuclideshaving the sa.me mass
number, and the same atomic number but differing radioactivep'r6perties
such as different half-lives' due to difference in energy levels and,t6 the
possibility of differdi't decay patterns.
Isomeric Tr.asition( IT) "':"The process by which a nuclide decays to
a.n isomer.·of a loW~~ ene~gy state. '
'Isotone ~ One of' two or 'Inore nuclides having the same number of
neutrons in their nuclei.
'Isotope .:- One of two or niore nuclides having the same number of protons
•in their nuclei, and hence having thesarrte atomic number,but differing
in the number of n~utrons ,and hence in the mass number or iii energy con-
tent ( isomers,) . Almost identical chemical properties exist between isotopes.

K
. K.Capture ,.... A C01llIIlon term for capture of an electron from K-shell of
.:an ,~tomby}he nll¢1etlS (a mode;.()fradioactive decay). :" .
14
 IS : 4155 .. 1966

L
Labelled COlnpouud - A compound consisting in part of labelled mole-
cules (see' Labelled Molecule' ).
Labelled Molecule - A molecule containing one or more -atoms, radio-
active or stable, characterized by non-natural isotopic composition.
LaukocythelDia - See' l;.eukaemia '.
LD 50 - The amount of poison (. or the radiation dose) which will kill
one-half of a group of experimental animals. 'LD' stands for 'lethal dose'.
Lead Equivalent - The thickness of lead affording the same reduction in
radiation dose rate uQ.der specific conditions as the material in question.
Leakage Radiation - See' Direct Radiation'.
Lesioill- -Damage, injury, espe.cially morbid change, in functioning or
texture of organs.
. LeukaeJDia - A disease in which there is a great over production of white
blood cells or a -relative over production of immature white cells, and great
enlargement of:-the spleen. It is almost always fatal. It can be produced in
some animals by long, continued exposures to low intensities of ionizing
radiation.
Local- This t~rm refer~ to the site of action of a poison and means that the
action takes place at the point or area of contact. The site may be the
skin or the mucous membranes.
Lower Explosive LilDit ( L~L ) - The minimum percent by volume of
. flammable vapour in air below which flame will not propagate in the mix-
ture. See also C Explosive Range' and C Flammability Limit '.
Low Explosive -See' Explosive, .Classification of '.
M
Mass NUlDber - The number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in
the nucleus Of an atom.
MaxilDulD AI.Iowable Concentration ( MAC) - The concentration ~f
a poison or toxic substance in air, expressed in suitable units, above which
its presence becomes harmful.
MaXilDUm. PerlDissible Dose ~ The maximum permissible dose for an
. individual is that dose., accumulated over a long period of time or resulting
from a single exposure, which, in the light of present day knowledge carries
a negligible probability of severe somatic or genetic injuries. Furth~rmore
it is such a dose that any effects that ensue more frequendy are limited
to those of a minor nature that would not be considered unacceptable by
the exposed individual and by competent medical authorities. .

15
 lSi 4155 - 1966

Median Lethal Dose - See' LD 50'.

~iIli Roen,~g... - 10-8 of a roentgen.
, , ,

Monitoring - Periodic or continuous determination of the amount ,of

ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination or toxic substances presen~
in an oCGupied region as a safety ntel1sure for purposes of health protection~
Mono-Energetic RadiatioD - Radiation of a given type \ [alpha (II),
beta (I!) , neu1:rop., gamma (r), etc r~ which all particles or photCiDS ori-
ginate with, and have" the same energy.
Mortar Test - A test employed for measuring relative power of an ex-
plosive in comparison with a standaidexplosive.' , '
MutadoD - A chang~ in t~e characteris#cs of an 'organi~ produced by
an alteration of the usual geile pattern. ' . . ",
N
Narcotic - A ,subl!tance which Foduces, drowsin~, sleep,unconscious-
ness, etc, through its effect on the n~oussystein.' ,
:N~utroli :..... Elementary nuclear particles with a mass appr:oximately the
'aanie as that of a hydrogen' atom and having no electric charge. ,Itsmasii i.
1'008 986 mass units.
,NitratiDg Mbtare -';',;Mixture of nitiic' acid and sulphuric ~id with or'
without varying amountS of water, used in the manufaCture of explosivCl
by nitration process. ., "
,~~clear Fission -.-See' Fission '. ,
Nuclear Reactor";'" An assembly in which controlled fission chairi. reaction '
,tan be maintained a~d.control1ed.;It usually incorporates a fuel, coolant
or moderator and other control mechanisms and most often surrounded by
a concrete biological
~ .
shield to
.
absorb neutrons and ionizing radiation.
:Nucleoli - A constituent of the nucleus, that is, a proton or a neutron.
, Nucleus - The core ofan atom in whichlthe total positive electrical charge
·and mostoCthe mass of the atom are concentrated.
Nuclide - A species of atom characterised by its mass number, atomic
Il~Diber and itinuclcar energy state, provided the Illean liCe in that state
i_ long enough to be observa hIe.
p
Perc1lssion .......-Initiation of primary explosive charge, by bnpact striking to
produce a spark or an initial impulse to explode an explosive charge', .
16
 IS: 4155 - 1966

Permissible Explosives - Explosives pc;rmitted to be used in gassy

'mines.
Pernicious Auaemia - Macrocytic anaemia associated with gastro
intestinal and neutral disturbance and due to nutritional deficiency based
on defects in gastric secretions, marked by pallor, weakness, yellowish
colour of the skin, dyspnoea, palpitation and fever.
Photon --..: A quantum of electromag~etic energy whose value (E) in ergs is
the product of its frequency (v) in cycles per second and planck's
constant (b). The equation is E = hv.
Poison -, Substances, assimilation, of which in small quantities, through
inhalation, ingestion or absorption results in systemic injury, acute toxic
conditions or death within a reasonable time following exposure.
Polycythemia - A disease characterised by over production of red blood
ceJls. '
Primary Protective Barrier - Barriers' sufficient to reduce the useful
X-ray 1)eam to the permissible dose rate.
Primary Radiation - All radiation coming directly from the ,target of a
X-ray tube. .
Primer - A device containing explosives used to ignite a secondary e~-
plosive, ~tc. ,
Propellant -A low explosive in which the rate of energy release by auto-
combustion can be controlled within limit (which may vary from a few
centimetres per minute to" 400 metres per second) and which will thUs
produce moderately high and sustained gas pressure ~or imparting accelera-
tion to the projectile or the missile.
Propordonal Counter "- Gas filJed radiation detection device, in which
thepUl.se produced is proportional to' the number of ions formed in gas by
the primary ionizing particle.
Protective Barriers - Barriers of radiation absorbing material, such as
lead. concrete and plaster that are used to reduce intensity of radiation•
. Proton - Elementary nuclear particle with a positive electric charge,
equal numerically to the charge of the electron and having a mass
of 1·007 594 mass units.

(luaatum - Se.8 ' Photon '.

R
Rad-This'is the unit of absorbed dose of any ionizing 'radiation and
cOrresponds to the absorption of 100 ergs/g of the absorbing medium. The'
ro~nt!len and the rad (in soft tissues) ,are approximately equivalent in
magmt.ude. '
17
IS : 4155- 1966'

Radiation ---A term whicheIilbraces electro-magnetic waves, in parti.

cular X-rays and y-rays, as well as streams of fast moving charged particles,
(electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc) and neutrons ofallvelocities,.th~t·
is,all tbe waves by which energy, is given ofFby an atom. . ", '.'.' ,
Radiation, Hazard--.- The, risk to health arising fromexpostlte to. ionizing
radiation. It may be due to external radiation or due to radiation from
radioactive materials within the ,body. " . , , ".' i '." , ,. . '

R.adiation Hygieae---":A termsYnb~ymbus with· c Radiological:Health·'.

Radiation Sickness- A self limited syadrome characterized by nausea,
vomitting, diarrhoea 'arid psychik depression following exposure toappre-
ciable doses of ionizing radiation, p~r,ticularly of the abdominal region.
Radiation Therapy --.: Tre~tment of a disease' with any type of radiation.
Radioactivity - Phenomenon, wherei~, certain ,'nuclides underg~spol).t­
~neous disintegration, in whicll energy is liberated, generally resultin,g ~ th,e
formation of new nuClides.' The proc¢ss is !lccompanied.by the erniilsibIiof
one
.', !
or more
'.
types of.radiation
..' .,:
as
such a.-particles,
,
~-partides and y.;rays. ,
'

aadioautograph..~ '$,e ' Auto Radiograph'. .\

Radiological Health ~Th~:artand:science 'of protecting human" beiJlgs
from injury by radiation. ' "
Radiological S~ey"':;' Evaluanonofthe radiation hazard incident'to the
production, use or existence of radioactive materials or other sources of
rit.diation under a specified set of conditions..
Radiology - The medical scie~ce of':"radioaethze .s1.!hst~Ilces",}(~r,aysand
other ionizing radiation and the application of the principfesQfthis;sc,ieruoe-
to diagnosis and'treatment of discaSe. ," '
Rec~very (Radiology)....,.. Th~ return towards 'normal .of a patticular
cell, tissue or organism after rad~ation injury.', '.' ,;, ;1,:
Relative Biological Eft'ectlvenes8( RBE) ~ The ratioofy-ray or;}{,;,ray
dose to the dose that ,is requited, to pr04uce the sa~e· biological effect" by
tpe racliationin question.
Roentgen- The quantity of X-radiation or gamm.a-iadiation,s~ch that
the associated corpuscular emission per 0'001 2~3 g of air 'produces, in air,
ions carrying 1 esu ( electrostatic units) of quantity ofele.ctricity of either
sign. . .
:Roentgen Equi'vial';~t Ma~ (REM) --:.;. Thattjtlantiiyof.any,type,'6f
"ioniziag radiation, which, ,when absorbed by Iliall,. produtesan effect:equi-
·valent to the absorption by man of oneroentgen'Of X-radiation or gamma-
r a d i a t i o n . . , ' " .. "
18
 IS: 4155 -1966

RoeDtgeD EquivaleDt Physical (REP) --- The amount of ionizing

radiation which will result in the absorption in tissue of 93 ergs per g.
R~eDtgeDography --- Radiography by means of X-rays.
RoeDtgenology - That part of radiology which pertains to X-rays.
Roentgen Rays - X-r~ys.
Rotation Therapy ....,.. Radiation therapy during which either the patient is
rotated before the source of radiation or the source is revolved around the
patient. In this way, a larger dose is built up at the centre of rotation
within the body of the patient than on any area of the skin.
Rutherford....,.. a) A unit of radioactivity equivalent to 106 disintegrations
per second. -
b) A quantity of a nuclide having an activity of one Ru-
therford.
S
· Safety Fuse ---It consist,.s of a train of slow burning gunpowder enclosed in
· waterprQof covering and/usedfor initiation of a detonator or an explosive
. charge from.a safe distance. / !

: Sarcoma - See' Cancer'.

Scattered R.adiatioD - Radiation, which, during its passage through a
substance has been deviated in direction.· It may also have been modified
by increase in wavelength. It is one form of secondary radiation.
SciDtillatioD CouDter --- The combination of phosphor, photomultiplier
tube and associated circuitry for 'counting light emissions produced in the
p1:).ospnor by radiation.
Secondary Prot~ctive Barriers --- Barriers sufficient to reduce stray
radiation to the permissible dose rate. .
Secondary RadiatioD - Radiation originating as the result of absorption
of other radiation in matter. It may by electromagnetic or particulate
in nature.
Sedative --- A drug possessing the property of producing soothing effect.
Shock Wave - A compression wave caused by sudden rise of pressure
due to release of large quantity of gaseous products at high temperature
resulting from decomposition of the explosive material~
Sigmoid 'Curve --- S-shaped curve, ~ften characteristic of· a dose-effect
• curve in .radio-biological studies. .
Skin Dose ( Radiology) - Dose at centre of radiation field on skin.
It is the sum of the ail" dose and that due to the back scattered radiation.
19
IS • f155 -19fi6

Softness ....,. A.relative spe<?ification of the quality or: penetrating powerJof

X-rays .. In general" theJonger the wavelength, the softer the radiation;:, .
Soporific ~ A substance that causes sleep or drowsiness;"";
Specmc' Activity CompoDnd-.:.;.. Total radioactivity of a given isotope'
per gram of a given c o m p o u n d . , J.

Specific Activity Element-:- To.tal radioactivity of agiVe1lisotope pe!.'

gram of eleJtlent. . .' .' " .... .
Specific Ad:iVity, I~otope'- Total radioactivity ofagiven isotope per'
gram of the radio isotope.' ., .". ' , .
.. .• . "-, , " .';' ,,' -,', T - -,',. . -- " , ,' . , .
SpecificIoDizadoD..L.Nurilber of ion pairs produced. by the ionizing radia-'
tion whe~ passing through matter per unit length of the tract of radiation.
SpoDtan'e6us Ignition ~ Many' 'sl:/.biJtances cPl,llbine, with ,atmospheric
oxygen at ordinary temperature and liberate heat.' If the heat is liberated'
faster than it is dissipated, a fire can start. This process is called spontaneous
~gnition.· '. . '" . " .' '.,., " .
Stabilizer -:-:- Sub~tarites/;such as diphenylamine, centraliteswhich,are.
added to explosives, such as nitroce.llulose and nitroglycerine to preveiluhem,
from gradual decomposition due to storage. These additiv~ neutralize the.
'nitric acid produced thus preventing enhanced degradation rates.
Sterility <~iological,) '7 Temporary or permanen~ i~~pability to rep~()-
duce. . . ., '.' '...'., . , ,
Stimulallt-:A substance thattempo~arilyqtiit:kens some Vital process or'
the,fun..::tiQp. oran orgM. " , . " ;., . ..'
J . . '
Stray Radiation - Radiation not. serving any useful purpOse. . It inCludes
cUrect radiation andsec6ndaryradiatioIi from irradiated objects. " : . '
Suscepti~iIity to Spontaneous IgDition (SSI )-Tl:le tendency to
undergo 'spontaneous ignition ( see ~ SpOntaneous Ignitioh ' ); .
Sympatheti~Detonation -' Detonation' causec'lhy transmission of \I. ,higJ:t
energy shock way!! through air, ex:nanating fr~m one Cl?'Plos~ve charge to
anotherexplbsive:charge at sOme "distance resulting in the detonation ofthi:
latter. ,'.':.,', .
symptom ~EV1deI1-ce of a ,disease .or disorder all experienced by a patient.
Syp,drome --:-A cpp.cul!rence of ~veral symptoms. or signs in a disease
which are d:iaracteristic of it. " .
Systemic- Eff<;ct,of 3: poison ata site 'ofaction.o,the~: th!1n "the pointof
ap~lication. TJ;!,~spl'es~pPQses tbataqs()njtion ,hali tl:l-lcep. p~f:.. , , . :<, .

~p
 IS I 4155.lJG6

T
Teletherapy - A technique of using a radioisotope as a rad·iation source
in which the radio element is shielded on all sides except one, thus giving a
directional beam of radiation directed at the. area to be treated.
Threshold Dose - The ininimum dose that will produce a detectable
degree of any given effect.
Threshold Limit Value- The concentration ofa contaminant or toxic
substance in air at which, on the basis of present day knowledge, workers
may be repeatedly exposed without any perceptible adverse effect on their
health during the life 'time. . This value should· be used as a guide in the
control of health hazards and should not be regarded as a fine line between
safe and dangerous concentrations.
Tissue Dose - Dose received by a tissue in the region of interest. In the
case X-rays and 'Y-rays, tissue doses· are expr~d in roentge~.
ToleraDce Dose - The amount of radiation which may be received with
expectation of no significantly harmful result. A more acceptable term is
C Maximum Pemiissible Dose '.

Toxicity - The poisonous nature of a substance (see· also C Poison' ).

Toxicology....,.. That branch of science which deals with the nature and
effect of poisons.
Tracer, Isotopic - The isotope or non-natural mixture of isotopes of an
element which may be incorporated into a sample to make possible obser-
vation of the course of that element, ~bove or in combination, through che-
mical, biological or physical processes. The observations may be made by
measurements of radioactivity or by isotopic abundance.
Trauzl. Lead Block Test - A test based on the volume of the cavity
produced whf"n a given weight of an explosive is fired in a bore-hole in a
lead block of specific dimensions. .
Tumour - Generally refers to abnormal tissue growth in the body, often
associated with swelling.
V
Velocity or Detonation - The speed at which detonation travels through
the mass of the explosh;e and depends upon a number of factors such as
density, degree of confinement·and temperature.
X
X-Rays - Electromagnetic radiation resulting from extra nuclear loss of
energy of charged particles ( namely, electrons) and having shorter wave-
length than ultraviolet radiation.

21
 ..

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters:
Manak Shavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zalar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 '"
Telephones: 23230131, 23233375, 23239402 Fax: 91+011 23239399,23239382
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Regional Offices:- -
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Mahabir Bhavan, 1" Floor, Ropar Road, NALAGARH 174101 22 1451
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 2262808
First Floor. Plot Nos 657-660, Market Yard. Gultkdi, PUNE 411037 4268659 ,,
"Sahajanand House" 3 R1 Floor, Bhaktinagar Circle, 80 Feet Road, 2378251
RAJKOT 360002
T.C. No. 14/1421, University P.O. Palayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034 23221,04
1st Floor, udyog Bhavan, VUDA, Siripuram Junction, VISHAKHAPATNAM-03 2712833

Sales Office is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P.O. Princep Street, KOLKATA700072 22 12 6215

Sales Office is at Novelty Chambers,Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007 230965,28

Printed at Simco Printing Press, Deihl