I Introduction to Structural Analysis CE 314 - Structural Theory ay Se 3H ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS - s ‘Structural engineering is the science and art of Penning cesianing, and constructing safe and economical structures that will serve es their intended purposes. Structural analysis is ar{integral part of any structural engineering project, its function being the prediction S of the performance of the proposed structure/ under prescribed loads and/or other extemal effects, such as support movements and a! temperature changes. P wvaluct Fe gecformarre of Hee Prati 5 = ENS of a Typical CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES Pr ingermaton zy ; 2 tural roject as *°r (this important for a structural engineer to recognize the various id le, 7 types of elements composing a structure and to be able to classify structures as to their form and function. mente y $Structural Elements (ie tod¢, e composed of beams and columns that are either pin or ) tensi fixed connected, Figure 7.1 a They are jonly used to support-bridges ie jth Figure 5. Suspension Bridge : x Marcelo Sper nan rage Cebu (cable vik. brilgt ) x Mag agit Carpention Bridge Cagayen ( Cab. bridge ) Figure 7.1, Frame Excerpts from: Kassimall A, “Structural Analysis, th Ed.", ©2015 by Cengage Leaming: Hibbeler, R.C., “Structural Analysis, 8th Ed, €2012 by Pearson Prentice HallIntroduction to Structural Analysis 4. Jf 3B Aired Figure 7.2. Typical steel framework. Surface Structures. A surface structure is made from ‘a material having a very small thickness. compared to its other dimensions. Sometimes this material is very lexible and can take the form of a tent or air-inflated tructure. In both cases the material acts as a membrane that is subjectedifo pure tension. _ ‘Surface structures may-also_be made of rigid material such as-einforced concrete. As such they may be shaped as See ptates cyinders or hyperbolic Paraboloids, and are referred to as thin plates or shells. These structures act like cables or arches since they ‘support loads primarily in tension or compression, with very little bending. Figure 8. “Georgia Dome” in Atlanta, Georgia CE 314 ~ Structural Theory ANALYTICAL MODELS ‘An analytical model is a simplified representation, or an ideal, of a real structure for the Purpose of analysis. The objective of the model is to sit the analysis of a complicated structure. The analytical model represents, as accurately as practically pos the behavioral characteristics of the structure of interest to the analyst, while discarding much of the detail about the members, connections, and so on, that is expected to have little effect on the desired characteristic. Development of the analytical mode! generally involves consideration of the following factors. a. Plane Versus Space Structure If all the members of a structure as well as the loads lie in a single plane, the structure is called a plane structure. Although a great majority of actual three- dimensional structural systems can be subdivided into plane structures for the purpose of analysis, some structures, such as latticed domes, aerospace structures, and transmission towers, cannot, due to their shape, arrangement of members, or applied loading, be subdivided into planar components. Such structures, called space structures, are analyzed as three-dimensional bodies subjected to three-dimensional force systems. = . Line Diagram The analytical model of the two- or three dimensional body selected for analysis is represented by a line diagram. On this diagram, each member of the structure is represented by a Excerps trom: Kassimal, A, ‘Structural Analysis, Sth Ed, €2015 by Cengage Leaming: Hibboer, R.C., “Structural Analysis, 8th Ed, €2012 by Pearson Prentice HallIntroduction to Structural Analysis CE 314 ~ Structural Theory line coinciding with its centroidal axis. The loos beams) dimensions of the members and the size of the “I connections are not shown on the diagram. Figure 9. Framing of a Bridge Excerpts trom: Kassimal, A, “Structural Analysis, th Ed, 62015 by Cengage Learning: Mbbeler, RC, “Structural Analysis, th Ed, 02012 by Pearson Prentice HalCE 314 — Structural Theory Introduction to Structural Analysis have the same translation but may have different rotations. d. Supports Supports for plane structures are commonly idealized as either fixed supports, which do not allow any movement; hinged supports, which can prevent translation but permit rotation; or roller, or link, which can prevent translation in only one direction. Figure 10. Framing of a Multistory Building ¢. Connections Two types of connections are commonly used to join members of structures: (1) rigid connections and (2) flexible, or hinged, connections. (A third type of connection, termed a semirigid connection, although recognized by structural steel design codes, is not commonly used in practice). A rigid connection or joint prevents relative translations and rotations of the member ends connected to it; that is, all member ends connected toa rigid joint have the same translation and rotation. A hinged connection or joint prevests relative translations of member ends connected t that is, all member ends connected to a hinged joint ‘Excerpts from: Kassimali A, “Structural Analysis, 5th Ed.", 62018 by Cengage Leaming; Hibbeler, R.C., “Stuctural Analysis, 8th Ed.", ©2012 by Pearson Prentice Hal!LOADS ON STRUCTURES CE 314 — Structural Theory STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR TRANSMITTING LOADS é >> In most common buildings, bridges, and other civil engineering facilities, two or more of the basic structural types are assembled to form a structural system that can transmit the applied loads to the ground through the | foundation. Such structural systems are also referred to as framing systems or frameworks, and the components of such an assemblage are called structural members. Foundation Brace o raid fa j a) Src System oc aSnglSoe Baking — (MM OA. tapph [hart —) bred Yate 7 pouityr ~ Excorpts om: Kassimal, A, “Structural Analysis, Sh Ed", C2015 by Cengage Leaming: Hbbeler, RC, “Siructual Analysis, th Ed”. ©2012 by Pearson Prentice HallLOADS ON STRUCTURES CE 314 - Structural Theor Im t Le ‘orton (b) Tributary Areas of Beams: Excerpts from: Kassimal, A, “Structural Analysis, Sth Ed.", 62015 by Cengage Leaming; Hibbeler, R.C., “Structural Analysis, 8th Ed.", ©2012 by Pearson Prentice Hall. - LOADS ON STRUCTURES CE 314 ~ Structural Theory One-way Slab Ifthe span ratio (La/ts) > 2; where Lz > Ls Idealized Framing Plan and Load Distribution for One-way Slab ‘Two-way Slab If the span ratio (La/L;) S 2; where Lz > Ly {Ln carried by long edge Beams Idealized Framing Plan and Load Distribution for Two-way Slab (d) Tributary Areas of Columns ' Excerpts trom: Kassimal, A. “Structural Analysis, Sh Ed.", ©2015 by Cengage Leaming; Hibeler, F.C, ‘Stuctural Analysis, ath El’, ©2012 by Pearson Prentice Hl!Li ~A\ << LOADS ON STRUCTURES CE 314 Structural Theory XX Cea 2. Live Loads are loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by ‘the use of the structure. ‘The design loading for a structure is often specified in codes. In general, the © fLive Loods far Bulldings Sea Sriagaaed peal leks S oc oe The floors of the buildings are assumed to be subjected to design codes. General building codes specify the requirements of governmental cia Bre bees, which aepend gn tha purpoes for wich (Che bodies for minimum design loads on structures and minimum standards for a eee ean os con enema ri ep pert absdandop arwpldyrarny gcc leiemel local, state, or national codes. In addition to uniform loads, some establish the requirements for the actual structural design. t should be realized, oe ee ae en oe ane however, that codes provide only @ general guide for design The ultimate —— ele coud : responsibilty for the design lies with the structural engineer carts, automobiles, etc., which must also be applied anywhere to the floor system The loads that act on common civil engineering projects can be grouped according to their nature and source into three classes. (1) dead loads (2) live loads; and (3) environmental loads, 1, Dead Loads are gravity loads of constant magnitudes and fired positions: that act permanently on the structure. Such loads consist of the weights of the structural system itself and of all other material and equipment permanently attached to the structural system. + Live Loads for Bridges ‘These are live loads due to vehicular traffic on highway and railroad bridges. 2.1 Floor Live Load Reduction For some types of buildings having very large floor areas, many codes will allow a reduc load for a floor, since it is unlikely that simultaneously throughout the entire example, ASCE 7-10 allow a reduction load on a member having an influence area (Ki« Ar) of 400 ft (37.2 m4) or more (40 m? or more on NSCP 2015), The reduced live load can be calculated using the following equations: it any one time, For baby (025 + BES . fa =ty(02s + 5) fet ton Rana A," au 5 €2156 cannon aang Hee, “Src Aas a arab Fear Pc teense »” (English Units) - Eq. 1-1 (Metric Units) — Eq. 1-2\ y LOADS ON STRUCTURES 3 where: L = reduced design live load per square foot or square meter of area supported by the member. Lo = unreduced design live load per square foot or square meter of area ‘supported by the member. Ku = live load element factor (Ku = 4 for a column; Ku = 2 for a beam: Ku. = 1 for two-way slab and precast T-beam. Ar = tributary area for square feet or square meters, percentages, or impact factors. For highway bridges, the AASHTO Specification gives the expression for the impact factor as 50. t= aaa $ 030 in which L is the length in feet of the portion of the span loaded to cause the maximum stress in the member under consideration Environmental Loads are caused by environmental effects, such as Wind Loads are produced by the flow of wind around the structure. The magnitude of wind loads that may act on a ‘and the geometry and the vibrational characteristics of the structure itself. + Earthquake Loads CE 314 - Structural Theory Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction with the ground and its response characteristics. ‘These loadings result frm the structure's distortion caused by ‘Their magnitude depends on thetamodn ‘and type of ground accelerations and the mass. tows of the structure, Hydrostatic and Soil Pressures te temperature changes, shrinkage of material, fabrication errors, and differential settlements of Supports Mustrative Problems: /. +/ The T-beam is made from concrete having a specific weight of 150 Ibrft®. Sin fn sia 1. ee Loin} Wye = ae Excerpts rom: Kassimall A, “Structural Analysis, Sth Ed.”, ©2015 by Cengage Leaming; Hibbeler, R.C., “Structural Analysis, 6th Ed”, ser. aon yy mo.5 0LOADS ON STRUCTURES 3 ; that is used for an office. The slab is 200 mm thick. Sketch the loading that acts along members BE and FED. Neglect the weight of the stot -thick lightweight, framework. Take a = 3m, b= 4m ge of the beam * the beam measured per foot of length beam —— of the beam. Neglect the weight Nelo 2 Zale sin) (oH) = 192 bly | 7 Wolarter = 5 Wblyy2 (oft) = 3016] Ak Wwiell = 10 W]e (84)QH) > cola we ator we t0v2 lb] fy PEF columns spaced 5 m apart in perpendicular he floor syster of a gymnasium consists of @ 130 mm-thiok concrete! ee aerated by a typical interior slab resting on four steel beams (A = 9,100 mm®) that, in tu “a, supported by two stee! girders (A = 25,600 mm?), as shown in Determine the dead loads acting on beam BF and girder AD. kat b> (C10 -at A bos 2. 40h FORUOLA + Mf oa = - 401 31-96 L lo (oes + eel ee | ‘Neca pt = 0.90843 kN] m eae ene pean Of = 17 = A. sm ——] COLTON! | Ass - ae} 34 ) ifn vy for waactions (KD LR) L = 2-40 (part Woe = POMS F 1094 = te. ofs Mg [Horne = LeBel LG). 06, g20¢ = ome Escepis rom:Kassimal A, “Structural Analysis, Sth Ee” ©2018 by Congage Leaming: Hbbele, RC, “Stuctral Analysis, th Ed, ©2012 by Pearson Préntice HlCE 344 ~ Structural Theory EQUILIBRIUM AND SUPPORT REACTIONS Equilibrium of Structures A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if, initially at rest, it remains at rest ‘when subjected to a system of forces and couples. If a structure is in equilibrium, then all its members and parts are also in equilibrium. Equations of Equilibrium of Space Structures 0 SReo o SM eo Equations of Equilibrium of Plane Structures >> Outre fia \ X ° : Lh=0 LR=0 Twe=o Concurrent Force Systems Space Structures; ~f.=9 CA =0 Lh=0 Plane Structures: Fi =0 DF, =0 Eicerpts From: Kassimal, A, Structural Analyse, Sth Ed”, 2016 by Cengage Learning ie External and Internal Forces ‘The forces and couples to which a structure may be subjected can be classified Into two types, extemal forces, and internal forces. External Forces DL, bb» other Loadv External forces are the actions of other bodies on the structure under consideration, Internal Forces forces are the forces and couples exerted on a member or portion of the structure by the rest of the structure. These forces develop within the structure 18 portions of it together. The internal forces always occur in ‘Types of Supports for Plane Structures val Figure 2. Rocker Support Figure 3. Hinged Support en| EQUILIBRIUM AND SUPPORT REACTIONS CE 314 ~ Structural Theory». Geen [eect [Se eee [Ro iw internat stability \ [— = Since there are only three equations. they pein cael nay Bxcerpis tom: Kassimall, A, Structural Anak, Sth Ed, ©2075 by Cengage Learning\ “EQUILIBRIUM AND SUPPORT REACTIONS cannot be used to determine more than three re: Thus, a plane cally determinate externally must be supported by exactly three reactions, ag leas » tear-3 aheelly ptctemurage 10 the clegre tom! SSS, - ASSIA, Figure 8. Examples of External stately Indetermi lane Structures CE 314 ~ Structural Theory % Ifa structure is supported by fewer than three support reactions, the reactions are not sufficient to prevent all possible movements of the structure in its plane. Such a structure cannot remain in equilibrium under general system of loads and is, therefore, referred to as statically unstable externally. aa Figure 9. Examples of Externally Statically Unstable Plane Structures, The conditions of static instability, determinacy, and indeterminacy of internally stable plane structures can be summarized as follows: + Partial Consiran i: . Se tmproper red the roa where r = number of reactions lly determinate exte indeterminate ext Note: A structure may be supported by a sufficient number of reactions (r 2 3) but may still be unstable due to improper arrangement of supports. Such structures are referred to as geometrically unstable externally. La a a oy Figure 10. Reaction Arrangements Causing External Geometric instability in Plane Structures ‘Excerpts from: Kassimal, A, “Structural Analysis, th Ed”, ©2076 by Cengage LeaningEQUILIBRIUM AND SUPPORT REACTIONS jinacy of Inte: le Structures — Equations of Condition Ifthere are e: equation: ne equation for eact( internal hing’ and two equations for eact{ intemal roller) for an internally unstab fe, which For an externally indeterminate structure, the degree of extemal indeterminacy is expressed as 9 IR Gy CE 314 ~ Structural Theory \ 2. Determine the reactions at the supports for the beam shown below. 12k i=r-(Q4e) Mlustrative Problems: 1. Classify each of the structures shown below as externally unstable, determinate, or statically indeterminate. If the structure is indeterminate externally, then determine the degree of external minacy. Pe Sn FA) age r=5 3 Qe Sia) =3 Sahin deermurel Re rey . H J—isx— wtahpealn seem” 7 me) | tee wa FF on egret EI pee Ge r Es * 2 2 ftp cation Ce FI * pc = wu Ae t © poy Feeate) Me? arith tntlobte Vi g r= [2 + he It OM ge ata=ia re 4 n= 33) ou Frontoally trade baat be fe UM dageee sctahifitcally dekrnunatt od « x Excerpts from: Kassimall A, “Structural Analysis, Sth Ed", ©2016 by Cengage Learning| Lito ‘ Tiers Ba Rasa A SPU Bra BH ED SOT COS TRIS 2 x * EQUILIBRIUM AND SUPPORT REACTIONS (® ) Determine the reactions at the suppor for the frame shown below. — J— 122 CE 314 ~ Structural Theory 8. Determine the reactions at the supports for the beam shown below. SkNin Tings :20m-}20 m-+—$0m irae ——120m-f20m-| 9A gable frame is subjected to a wind loading, as shown below. Determine the reactions at its supports due to the loading, VW sown The trusses may be joined by three bars > The trusses may be connected by a common joint and bar. 1s8es may be joined where bars of a large simple truss, called the main truss, have been substituted by simple trusses, called secondary trusses. Figure 3. Various Types of Compound Trusses 3. Complex Truss. A complex truss is one that cannot be classified as being either simple or compound, Figure 4. Complex Truss Internal Stability m <2j—3- the truss is internally unstable m > 2j—3 the truss is internally stable Ithough the foregoing criterion for intemal Recall from our discussion of simple and compound trusses that in a stable truss, each joint is connected to the rest of the structure by at least two nonparallel members, and each portion of the truss must be connected to the remainder of Excerpts rom: Kassimal, A, “Structural Analysis, th Ed-, G2075 by Cengage Leaming, Hibbeler, RG, “Structural Analysis, th Ed”, ©2012 by Pearson Prentice HallTRUSSES the truss by connections capable of transmitting at least three nonparallel and nonconcurrent force components. Mlustrative Problem: Classify each of the plane trusses shown below as internally stable or unstable. Commonly used three (3) types of connection arrangements to connect two rigid trusses to form a single truss (internally unstable) 1. Internal Hinge ‘One equation of condiiiom——™) Se Petraes 2. Two Parallel Members 7 e One equation of coniton |: iris we EP —0 as o _! CE 314 ~ Structural Theory 3. Single Link The conditions of static instability, determinacy, and indeterminacy of plane trusses can be summarized as follows: m+r<2j statically unstable truss m+r=2j statically determinate truss === m-+r>2j statically indeterminate truss where: 1 = number of external reactions: | ‘m= number of truss members j = number of truss joints The degree of indeterminacy, i, is expressed as: i=(mtr-2 Note: > -'Atruss may have a sufficient number of members and extemal reactions but may still be unstable due to improper arrangement of members and/or external supports. > Internally stable trusses must be supported by at least three reactions, all of which must be neither parallel nor concurrent. == Se ‘Excerpts fom: Kassimal, A, “Structural Analysis, Sth Ed”, ©2015 by Cengage Leaming, Hibbeler, R.C., Structural Analyss, Oth Ed G2OT2 by Pearson Prentice HalPr * TRUSSES CE 314 ~ Structural Theory table, then it must be supported by reactions Analysis of Plane Trusses by the Method of Joints a truss is internally ‘equal in number to at least three plus the number of equations of In the method of joints, the axial forces in the members of a statically determinate condition (3 + 6c), an reactions must be neither parallel nor truss are determined by considering the equilibrium of its joints, concurrent > Inadaition, each joint, member, and portion of the truss must be Analysis of Plane Trusses by the Method of Sections constrained against all possible rigid bods The method of sections involves cutting the truss into two portions by passing an the truss, either by the rest ofthe truss 0” imaginary section through the members whose forces are desired. The desired member forces are then determined by considering the equilibrium of one of the two portions of the truss. Identification of Zero-Force Members ‘Two common types of member arrangements that result in zero-force members are the following: ly two noncollinear members are connected to a joint that has no 1al loads or reactions applied to it, then the force in both members, 0, 2. Ifthree members, two of which are collinear, are connected to a joint that has no extemal loads or reactions applied to it, then the force in the member that is not collinear is zero. Illustrative Problems: 1. Identify all zero-force members in the Fink roof truss subjected to an unbalanced snow load, as shown below. By Cengage Leaming, Hibbeler, RC, “Sructural Analysis, 6th Ed, ©2012 by Pearson Prentice Hal PLEA rakeTRUSSES 2. Determine the force in each member of the truss shown by the method of joints. of joints, ed fama. 4. Determine the forces in the members identified by "x" of the truss CE 314 - Structural Theory 5. Determine the forces in the members identified by “x” of the truss shown by the method of sections 6.| Lonelle Oliva Beams and Frames: Shear and Bending Moment CE 314 - Structural Theory © ‘ ‘Beame and Frames: Shear and Bending Moment Unie trusses, whose members are always subjected to ony axil force, the members of rigid frames and beams may be subjected to shear foes and bending moments ge well as axial forces under the acon of externa loads. ‘Axial Force, Shear, and Bending Moment to be positive when the extemal force rd, causing compression in the {ension in the lower fbers ofthe beam at the section. (@) Extra Fores Coating Potive ‘Asal Forse, CHE ep en 4 (c) sama Forces Casiog Posie Sear ‘Shear and Moment Functions The design of a ‘and moment M ‘2 detalled knowledge of the vaiabons of hein shear koe V aint along the axis ofthe bear. Theinterl normal fxcee generally pew Cram ye © Excarpis Wom: Rassimal, A, “Siructiral Analysis, Sh Ed, ©2075 by Cangage Leaming, Hibbeler, R.C,,“Siuctural Analysis, 6th Ed, ©2012 by Pearson Prentice Hell oe PoetBeams and Frames: Shear and Bending Moment CE 314 - Structural Theory ‘Considering the arbtrary load (Figure b) Slate Determinacy, indeterminacy, ad Instability of Plane Frames ‘Names coneidered ob sacaly determinate ithe bering momerts, shears, and a ros in alts members, 6 wel eal the exter raacons, canbe delerraned by wing the equatons cfecuilioium an condion