Marine and Pecoleum Geology 128 (2021) 105046 {Contents lists available ar ScienceDirect Marine and Petroleum Geology Journal homepage: www.clsovior.comilocatelmarpetgeo lity zones in folded and faulted silicified carbonate rocks — Implications for karstified carbonate reservoirs Vincenzo La Bruna”'*’, Francisco H.R. Bezerra", Victor H.P. Souza‘, Rubson P. Maia", Augusto S. Auler®, Renata E.B. Araujo", Caroline L. Gazarin“, Marcos A.F. Rodrigues ', Lucieth C. Vieira’, Maria O.L. Sousa” Stren de s-cradueio en Gednae Gooica, Unesidde Rll Ro Grand & Now, at ‘depres ae Cea, Uberade Fleral do Cer, real Derm erie Pri ee Fb ol Grd re, Fore ‘Ascending ition ld fr and aeeqenthypopenefarfenon ran coal he oman of hgh re fmeabliy nasi leo fated caitonat oc: Tl sc presets a muds and mule Seaes on approach Co investigate Me relationships between regional deformation and sudseismic karst conduits along oeeerow fice conidos. We lavesige the Cital Cave Kast Syste, which 67 kan long and occurs i Meso- ee protien erboat lice una afeeted by hyoernal allel in the 840 Francisco Con, ae Ean ase on imepatedrcalqus of ALDS PALSAK lnagey, stunned suey, stipe sad Inboracory anaes int ees nthe sanding srs otero highligh the allowing pi: the Cave nr oust regina fold sec 2 te ternal chee of ox Inge ton fs Computed of sweat @) fneze condor ocr along the stele fines, frag Mg teimeabli nes and he praia cave psa, whi a creed NNE SSN ae conenar along tie fd ge Western ters fm pte eonept wed err the eo iavon and insewion sage, which ue chanced by the eeepc of) tewtacoal se Connon sacl ners flamed y()Pyerernalslliaton ad lantiienon pecs Ta Cavesyaem canbe set au an ang fr detoed ete, a asi crbonate eae alviag the {i'd cicero sre urctel etsen Trae prve te fa ein pein td charectiton 6 gh pened ros teal tare wher od deformation and acon Introduction 2020; Pen et aL, 2018; Roe md Chet, 2012. Factor cm dors, one of hese subseismic elements, have stricted great interes er the past twenty years (Ogata eta, 2014; Watkins et al 2015). They are ‘one of the main structural discontinaties i fraud eeservoits in the Carbonate rocks form the most important type of hydrocarbon reservoir and are of great importance for hydrocarbon exploitation, water resources, and gas sequestration (e.., Aht, 2011; Alar er al. 20005 Aljuboort et al., 2019; Bourbiaux, 2010; Elebid et a., 20185 Fr cozabadi, 2000; Ford and Williams, 2013). In earbonate multilayered sequences, all subselsuie structural elements, sic as joints, silolite, ‘nd fale zones can aft reservoir charaeteisties (ea, Giulia etl subsurface and form high-permeabllty pathways or superk zones Gockel Rebelle tal, 20045 Questiaux cts 2010). ‘One additional issue in understanding carbonate reservoirs isthe Ierconnecteduess between regional tectonics, local geological and structural elements, and Karst systems. Keestifeation (epigenic and * Conesponding abot, Praia de Pos Gradvacio em Geodindanica « Geos, Universidade Fedeal do Rio Grande do Nowe, Bra Email ress: vincenzolabrunagailcom (V, La Bru). jc //docng/10.1016/}.petgen 2021 10s046 Received 10 Febiniuy 2021; Received i vevise form 15 Mauch 2021: Accepted 19 Meh 2021 Avalable online 24 Mauch 2021 nae 72/2021 Elsevir Le, Al igh reservedbhypogenie) i key factor in luencing the quality of reservoirs (Fp. 14) (eg, Araiijo etn, 2021; Cazarin ete, 2019; Emues Silva etn, 2015). Both Karst and fractures contribute to high permeability zones and ean play a fundamental role in geofluid storage and migration processes [e. &, Agarand Geiger, 2015; Giufria et al, 2018), These processes bypass the contol exeted by the matrix or fener, impacting, both reservar porosity wid permesbility (Fg. 1B). For example, gn’ etal, (2020) ‘documented the control exertee by fracture corridors inthe distebtion and concentration of epigenic karstfcation within folded earbonate rocks, However, the contol exerted by the regional ecto Framework (folds, fats, ansferstrueures, low angle detachment surfaces, te) in karstifed entbonare rocks is poorly investigated and documented Cnonelin’ etal. 2019). More case studies are needed 10 fully under: stand carbonate reservoirs, especally studies foeusing on the role of -ersifcation in foerute corridors, Among ust systems hypogenic karst deserves specal attention 1s sirietly connected to porous structures, which are subsequently widened by dissolution related to upwelling uid flow (Kliichouk ota 2012). Commonly. hspogene caves exerta stctiral eontrol on the evolution of A Proportion of reservoir (%) 0.001m 001m O1m 1m Outerop analog ' 10m Scale Maine et res Cel 128 22) 105046 Ineetconnected cave passages. Many studios highlight such a relation ship betveea structaralfeetures nd karst, suchas inthe git gypsunn cave systems in Western Ukraine (Xisnchouk #1 al, 2009) and in ‘cathedral Cave (Osbome, 2007), Moreover, folds are described as a controlling factor for hypogene karst development (Iinnes Silva etal Pisani eta, 2021) In some eaves, a three-dimersional condult cn form muulistery levels connected by subverticnl feeders, upward Quids migration (Cazerin et al, 2019; Ennes Silva eval, 20155 Klinchowik, 2009), To bridge the gap between outcrop. and reservoir seale analysis (tikel, 2007; Neon, 2001, this work investigates the hypogenic Cristal Gave Kets system (CCKS), which ean be considered subsarice ‘arstifod structural earbonate analog. The CCKS is located in the S80 Franciseo Craton (northeastern Brazil) In the Mesoproterozoic Caboclo Formation, whiel seomposed of n alternation beeen earhovate and terrigenous rocks (Barbert Born and Horta, 1995; Rocha et al, 1992). Recently, Souza et al. (2021) documented & pervasive and intense by rothermalsilicfcation process asociated with hypogenic gooiluid gration and katst development. Nevertheless, litle is known sbout Seismic resolution ion 6 pest attatieas 100m 1000m 10,000m Faure Fracture Karstifcation Notwork process ‘oil Gas Water Fig. 1- (9 raph showing te estuton on sian sets sate analyst espero he reservoir proportions sn how kaso noc seale dependent proces (node afte Grin el, 2020). (B) Graph spaying how haificaton processes cam nf ll he ferent resco ps, erg he facttes othe eomtribton ofthe mati (modified aftr elect al, 2007; Neon, 200%),the control exerted by regional and local stuetural elements om ge ‘Duds migration and subsequent karst system development ‘This study describes the intersal erchiteeture af dhese subseismie high permeebility zones in fold hinges. The data obtained after detailed field structural analysis were used, cogether with ALOS PALSAR imag bys fo ehatacterze and sarvelate the geometry and orlentaton of the foldprallel subscismic cave passages sith the largest regionel strce tutes. These stnctires detersined the fretire corridors localization and subsequently guided the dissolution process. We also present petrographic and petroplisical properties of the sratgraphie sequence ‘affected by byeotliernul sieigcation. Ovr sindy can provide fst order prediction of the subseismie high-permeability zones in eaebon- te roeks controled by regional scale reetonie struerures. “This work's results may be of great impact for improving knowledge related tothe hydrocarbon snd water eserves hosted in cabonate rs ervoirs affected by ksstifed and fractured discontinuities below seisule resolution. Hence, the nse of carbonate ouceropanslogs(Sslsao el, 2020; Ginffeida etal, 2019; La Bina et al, 2017, 2018, 2020) may A ce A “0'0"W syncline axes, Fig. 2. (A) Sout Amesie Continent, (B) So Francisco Craton showing the Arce blocks (mie after Cruz eal, 2007; D'ADe Maine et res Cel 128 22) 105046 provide insights into the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms that ‘operate in these complex ystems to minimize erors in development and production in eatbouate reservoirs and allow for reliable seservoir reconstruction, 2. Geological sting ‘The study area is located inthe Sao Francisco Craton (Fig. 2), whieh vas preserved from the Beasiliano Orogeny (~740-560 Ma), This craton ropresemts the western sector of a major eratonie area, which includes the Congo or Zaire Craton. They correspouded toa paleocontinemtal part ‘of the Gondvéanan supercontinent (lkmin, 2003} ed et, 20004 Hollbto er al, 2017). The Sao Branco Craton recorded rifting process thee controled and determined the development of sedimentary ‘sins from the late Prleoproterozoie (Sathetian) to the ently Ne proterozolc CToulan) ages (eg, Allain and Matins Neto, 2012; Costa an Dauderfer Filho, 2017; Danderfer Fillo el, 2015s Dauderfer Filho and Dardexne, 2002; Pecos Soares nd Alkan, 2073). Facto do B Porta eot opr ts) (12 Paeprimicbets NE nomen Espenoro age [BBD Opes Daranira Una Group Ti Save Fm. (Neoproterozoic Bbedouro Fn. (Neoproterozoic) Chapada Diamantina Group [5 Morro do Chapéu Fm. (Mesoproterozoic) HB Cabocio Fim. (Mesoproterozoic) 1 Temvador Fi, (Paleo Mesoproterozcic) HB Archean-Paleoproterozoic basement Morrodo 40 km (Fig. 2). The tectonic structures ‘were sorted into strike-slip faults, mormal faults, reverse felts, and fold 4.1, ALDS PALSAR mapping analysis hinges based upon previous geological mapping (Caxara etal, 201% D'Angelo etal, 2019; Eanes Silva etal, 2015; Souza etal, 2003). The The compiled structural map presents the primary morphostractural lineaments were divided into the follosing three sets: NNE-SSW, 41°2613" arg21" Fold hingos cc ~is ig 5. smuctral famework of she say area superposed on ALDS PALSAR Imagery. the coloed cena pat eontesponds wo the Mesopoteorole senentary ll, the eee Basin represents the Neopoternale sedimentary unit, and the west block represent the Paleopiotecozoe Achean eyealine bavement, Dished ines represent e infeed als, Continuo whit ines epresent bom anweline and sli es, Te inser sows lower hemisphere ele projcon of Fld binges at cats density conto plots the gee tle tepreaet the ait ofthe docu lt el qe te pcjecton/eeusty entons pots ofthe poles ‘ofthe mensied fait (the map location cmt be fond in Te?)NESW, and NW-SE. The NNE-SSW set was Interpreted as composed of strike-slip leftlatera faults, as already presented by D'Angelo et al (2019) and Danderfor Filho et al (2015), whereas the NESW set is ‘composed of reverse faults as shown by D Angelo et al. (2019) and Reis fr a, 201%). The NW-SE set was interpreted as composed of normal faults (D'Angelo er a., 2019), Both the NE-SW-nnd NW-SE-triking ft sets terminate ngninst the NE SSW-toN-S striking fault set Furthermore, a larger folded zone in the central portion of the study area was documented (1. 2). Previous wworks Inve described how this ssetar i affected by several antetines sand synelines (Cazarin ot sl, 2019; D'Angelo et al, 2019; Dauderfer Fo et al., 20155 Ennes silva et a, 20155 Souza etal, 2005). The fold hinges mainly rrené along the NNE SSW to N-S direetions (ig. 3). In some eases, as observed near the Cristal eave, fold hinges are arranged following nn en echelon left-stepping pattern (ig. 3, 42. Sertigraphic and laboratory analyses 42.1. Stratigraphic endl petrographic analyses THe sedimentary carbonate succession of the Caboclo Formation exposed in the Cristal Cave, according to Sow et al. (2022) (Vig. AAs composed of the following tits: 1) ooidal grainstones (igs. 4A), 2) lntraclasiegeninstones and rudtones (ips. 4C),3) heterlites (Fi. 4E) and 4) nats (Py, 4G), faulcrelaced hydraulic beeceias and veins (Gig 4. The rocks in the CCKS areca. 25m thick continaons earbonate rock layers (lg. 9, The stratigraphic sequence 4s offered by moderate to pervasive sllefestion (Souza t al, 202%). Slice minerals and coments occur in Aiferent forms within the analyzed enrbonste rocks of the CCKS: () Legend i teres i) Bicerss .us BB Srones (Chon) Bove cece (thn 2 Heian (my Fig 4. Strtigaphie an slcacontet profile ofthe Caboelo Formation in Ckistl Give (modified afer So acrocrystaline quaet2 (Pip. 4B); () coments with ann in size frou fine to coarse cxystals (Tig. 1D) (ii) chaleedouy with erystals showing undulose extinetion or spherulitie texture, both present as inl ia pores aud ves (Vg. 4F and 11; and i) fine wo coarse quartz crystals filling veins (ig. 4), The alien mineeat content varies slgnicanty within the carhonare facies (Fig 4) Ooidal grainstones (Unit 1) are intensely silicified (62.50), whereas intraclasticgrainstones and ruéstones (Unit 2) have ‘been subjected ro moderate siielicetion (10.9%), and heteroites (Lait 8) have been subjected to weaker slcifieation (3:5%) (Sani etal 2021), Compositional and textural variations are responsible for such Iihologie dierenees. 42.2. Laboratory 2b porosity and permeability test ‘The results Felated to the ooidal grasione plugs ate reported in Table 1 oreiy,permesbiiy, bulk volume and blk density. 1) Outrop in (Aboelo Foruadon exposed in Cistal Cave: (A) ooidal gralnstons, (C)hacase gralstanes aul mstones (F) heels, G) mark, ae beeras. (3, , FH, 4) Ths section miciophorogaphs associated with outcrop lthofaies presented above: (8) aie onda sliced graintanes,(D)knacasic alestes, with the Yyotow arose incaring seiog gins, (F) minetiemyranie layered eteolte, withthe Yellow arrows kneaing mieroorysaline quar cement (H) mai “teva lec by quate vein (eae), na (J) breccia showing dlomitc nd quate Gass The rl tow indicts a ait mci-scn Fon interpretation of the refeenees to elo in hi i legen the reader frefeee tothe We version ofthis aril.)‘Table 1, wheve both porosity snd permeability values ae displayed. Due to the hugh degree of alteration, it was not possible to collect plugs sssocinted with the other units. The miessured porosity values for the oidal grainstones samples range between 1.57% and 3.10%, whereas A PorosityxPermeability (Al data) : . z j iB sa ee nom PoroityxPemestity . °° oo ° oe Bulk Volume D ? bak Densty Pop a se ns —" partly mineral Fig. 5. Dingrams showing (A) the relationship beteeen sample porosity andthe llnenberg eorrected permeability fal cllected samples, (8) the telco ship berween staple potosity and the Klinkenbeuy cauected permeability, cueing smple 12, (C) bulk volume and (D) density ofthe collet pig sunpes (E) An oolal guainone plug alfeted by a petially cemer ted fine Marne Pons aay 128 2028) 105046 permeability values eange from 0.0008 mi to 22.0914 miD (Fi. SA). Excluding the higher value, all the other plugs range between 0,0008 nD aud 0.003 auD (ig. Si). The average density calculated for the samples is 2.79 peat all ce values range fom 2.79 g/enu" to 2.81 fm, The average computed hulle volume is 14.54 cm, and it anges Dereon 12.98 ent? and 17.49 om 43. General cave features and smuctaral anaes Cristal Cave i loeed at the eastern edge of major N-S. (0 NNE SW striking ranspressional strike slip faut system, which bounds the Irecé Basin and the Mesoproterozoe nits (gs. 2 hdl). map Ve (ig, ©, the cave is represented by a pattem with three main passage directions: NNE-SSW, NWSE, and NE-SW to ENE-WSW. Cave passages Ihave formed long. lange ‘subverieal fractures. aud range from coutimeter stale dissolution features to passages that are accessible 10 Inuuaus (Hig. 7A aud B). Moreover, subvertieal feeders Cones of up wolling fluids) have boen doceanented at horizontal conduc vermin tions (Hs. 76). Forty-one measirement sntons were selected along the principal eave passages (Fp. 6), and stuctual analyses almed at che ‘uarzcterization of different elestents were performed. Ther geometry, ‘orientation, intemal suet, infilling material GF present), posible offet, and crosseutting/abutting relationships wore considered. Our dataset focused mainly on the master passages, which veere wsually| subhorizontal or gently dipping toward the NNE. 49.1. Fold patterns in the cave ‘Sedimentary bedding measurements were performed along 30 study sites to analyze thee relationship with dhe eave passages. all sterecplot ‘ingrams show gentle folding of the sedimentary bedding and dipping «a, 5°=10" fn opposite ditections (Pig. 8). The main eave passages ocenr along the anticline hinges, which are highly factured and karstified (ig, 7A, B, ©, Antlline fold Limbs were measured, and the resulting cumulative sedimentary bedding data indicate the presence of a prin cpa anvetine sex trending NE SSW” co NE-S¥Y and mainly plunging to the same directions (Figs. 6 and 8). These fold hinges display an en echelon lof-stepping array (Fig. §) similar to those observed in the regional map view (Fig. 3) 43.2. Joints, veins, ad fats High resolution structural alysis was performed on felts, fae ures, aud veins, all structural elements were measured at aay’ study sites in different eave locations (Figs. 6 and 9) wo prevent or reduce bias nthe data colletion. The fractures were distinguished as opening mode fractures Goints and veins) (Figs. 9 and 10A, B,C, D,E,F) sheared joints, ‘and faults (ftom ineipient to well developed faults) (Fis. 104, 8, 1 \OF, 12, 12 15), Thue bed-perpendicular statabound and. non- stratabound joint sets striking NNE-SSW, NW-SE, and ENE-WSW were ocumented (Pigs. 6, 9, 10 and 12). The NW-SE and ENE WSW fracture sets showed mitual butting elationships (Fig. 11) and systematically terminated against the NNE-SSW fracture set. In some eases, the NNE- SSW fncture set occurred as clustered uon-sratabound through going fractures and veins in the fold hinges andar che cave conduit teruina tions (igs. 76, 126 and 12D). These features were documented and Aescribed as fracture corridors, which consist of sub parallel trending fmenures, The measured frscrire corridots exhibit horizontal width "agg fom 0.511102, with vertical developmen spanning fom few eters to the maximum cave height (ea. 16 m). Two mein sratabound and now stratabound velu sets striking NW SE and NE-SW, respectively, ‘and a minor ea, N-S oriented fraete set were identified (Pies 1, 6 and 10), 10 F, 126, 12D). Most of the fanlts documented in the eave were carneteriaed by norwoal to stike-slip offsets (Fig. 13 B, Cn some ‘cases, feecersare located in fault exteusional quadrants (Fig. 130),Vt Brn er Maine et res Cel 128 22) 105046 Cumulative cave passages Cumulative bedding planes Fold hinges A nu ‘Cumulative veins ig. 6. Pasage:ap ofthe CCKS reporting the Location ofthe seuy ite (ap by the azllan Geologleal Survey and the Meandtos Espoo ibe) (A) Rose dagram of eave passages. (B) Lower hemisphere eq area profeton of he poles fo Baling ster, mea beings and msn fold ng (ed eon.) Lower hemisphete ‘gua-aea projection of fld hinges the rel dot epreseat the tend and phage ofeach compute foe hinge. (D) Lrwerhenispere equate projection of the onan density cate othe cope fld hinge () Rose aga of aries eased i he CCRS (Lawes epee eae projections of he poles ‘elaive to tbe facte planes pesened in. () Rose agra of veins measied inthe CCKS.(H) Lowes hemispiere eqal-aea pojetions ofthe poles telaive to ‘he ve pines presented in G. (For interpretation ofthe refetenes to elo in this ge lege he readers vereriet to the Web seston of his ate)feet Neen cn fold limb al t conduit Cer] ai BE Maen ey Se ee Fig. 7. (A) Gave pansage ore along the atte hinges lower emispere equal ate pojetion of the can odding and eave poles dest conte pot ‘The ved dane line higight the major doled zone (Si sites $1-82), (B) Cave passage foaned ‘longa tactne one. The ed dated ine highlights the najr disolved zone (dy sles S1-82). (2) COuteep view of folded eave paige cerminatio, High angle lacturesasranged in a taere cosrdor configuration nc documested slong the maxim ‘vate of the folded seqience and are paral the fold hinge. Leer hemispieve equal ata projec tion of me great circles representing the atid of the fracutes (bie) andthe men Dedeing/eiative Pres density contour pt. The red dashed line higdighis a feeder suuctue located on the eave Ho (sty site $29. (For iteration ofthe reference tocol inthis gure egal the acer ie eferel to the Web vetson of his mice)oh hinge beng Maine et res Cel 128 22) 105046 Fig. & Lower bemisphete equalaea projections ofthe poles w beding surfaces, mean bedding (dashed black Hoes) and fold hinges (Mack dos. Black lines superinposed in mua view ate fold ge lations Discussion ‘This diseussion can shed light on the subseismic struetural and karst lemients ranging from em to several m affecting the CCKS, Moreaver, both the tectonie and cave evolution is summarized ian evolstionsry conceptual model 5:1, Tectnte volition and karst development of the CCKS The tectonic seting of the surrounding aren is essential for the evelopment oF the CCKS, AS documented in the previous results section, the OCKS is characterized by several deformation structures that ‘nninly reflect the regional scale deformation style, Thi velatve time of Sormation at diferent stages was assessed, and an evolutionary model 1was proposed, The present conceptunl model is characterized by three min stages (Fig. 14): 1. The ist stage gave rise to the precontractional structural network, of pre-idiscaran age, aud comesponds to the background or ditfise eformation well documented within the whole Paramirin aulacogen (arbose and Barbosa, 2017). Such a network is composed of ea. N-S stratabound and non-stratahound joints and veins (ip. 10A,B, CD, F, F, 146-0.Maine et res Cel 128 22) 105046 study site: $3 measures: #17 Fig. 9. Lower hemisphere equates projections of he great cicles representing the atid ofthe recurs (blue) and veins (green) measured along the CCS sty sie, (Fr lnterpetation ofthe ferences to color intl igute legend, the weder ls eeued to the Web vetsion ofthis ate.) 2, The second stage originated from the contractional structural network, és Ediacaren in age (Cruz and Allain, 20075 stssenberger or al, 2014), and consists of a NNESSW-oriented gentle anticline (gs. 6,74 and 7C, 8, 148-1). Non-stentabound fractures at a high angle ‘obedding formed peraliel tothe old hinges; persistent fracture zones or fracture corridors were associated with this stage (Figs. 7 and 12C, D). Similar structures were previowsly documented by tunes silva et al (20115) the Sao Francisco Craton and along the carbonate sequence of the Jandatra Formation in the Potiguar Basin (Bogni ct aly 2020) Furthermore, daring this second stage, NW-SE- nnd ENE-WSWstriking, high angle facture sets formed (Pigs. 11 and 12A, B, LAB ID) These facture ses wete arranged as x conjugate fracture system, shown &arow see Fig. 10. (A, 8, GD, £,F) Ouro view of sata hound and non sratabound fiacrses (ed tines) and wins (bie segments) (ra sites 83, $4, and S19) (Gor intessetntion of the ferences to ele inthis Rie Lrgend dhe ere referred ta the Web vetsion of ths article) atv abutting relationship and suggesting an E-Wovienred contrae tion (Danderier Fillo, 1930), ‘5 the last stage is represented by the sileifiction and subsequent bypogenic karstification process affecting the carbonate sequence ofthe Caboclo Formation (ig. 14B-I). The complex structural network, composed of folds fenetines, and faults, gulded and loeslizad geoids migration, omising karst development along fold hinges and minjor sracture tones The compuced strvetural asap and field analyses show how the s erosed fldicire patioms concentrated Avid low and the sibse ‘quent eave coud dovelopnuent Previous stidies conducted within the Sio Francisco Craton have already documented the hypogene origin of several karst systems in the Neoproterozoe SalitreFormetion, which caps the host unit of the Cristal (Cave (Alera Sire, 20035 Bertort et, 2020; Crain et al, 20195 ase Silva etal, 2015). The recent work preseuted by Sous etal (2021) also suggest @ hydrothermal genesis for the CCKS tiosted in the Mesoprotereuoie Caboclo Poraation. These similarities suggest a com ton origin characterized by hydrothermal ids from deep-seated sources forthe CCKS and other karst systems Ieeated inthe surround. ing arets (eg Kliichouk et sl, 2016), Therefore, considering the previous study conducted in the CCKS by Souza et al. (2021) and in the reed Basin within the Morro Vermelho Cave (Boctotl ct al, 2020), a hypogenic origin ofthe CCKS i suggested The onset age of karstfication can be connected tothe hydrothermal Silicfiention event, but tnther detailed geachronolngieal and ssockemical analyses must asters the mineralization process chrono ‘oy. Other studies eondveted in the Sio Francisco Craton ascribed the Sarstficaton tothe late Proterozoic age during the Brasileno orogeny (iertom eral, 20205 Hebron etal, 2017s Mish eal, 20044 Neves eral 2014) of t0 the breakup of Pangea i the urasse-ceetaccons period (Caan ots, 2019; Klimchonk tal, 2016). ‘The main kartfleation processes occurred slong the folded portions of the Caboclo Foruation (Vis 4, 7 ané 12), comesponding to highly Aeformed zones called fractare corridors (Ogata et sl, 2014). These smtures formed during regional ca, E-W-oriented.subborizonral contraction (Gruz snd Alsmims, 2007; Ennes silva et al, 2015; Sisson ‘berger etal, 20149. The fracture concentration slong. fold hinges has subsequemdly led wo geofluld migration and karstifeation. & similar phenomenon was documented in an anticline, which affects a Creta exous carbonate platform approxinitely 1200 kus to te nord of dhe study area in che Potiguar Basia (Baa eta, 2020), A key role was played by the structural control exerted from the deep-rooted high-angle NW-SE-stiking normal faults loclized along the SE extensional quadrant of the largest NNE-SSW left-lateal strike slip fault (Figs. 3 and 1A) and by the dilatational features docu aeented along the eave fold hinges (ies. 7, 12C and 12D and 145-1). ‘Based on ascendent id origin, we suggest that fracture comridors and faults may have acted as preferensial Auld pathorays across the mt Inyers ofthe Caboelo Formation. This process has been observed else- where, whore fait-contolled escendent fluid migrated slong high angle extensional faults or fracture corridors ssn et ah, 2021 ‘Sweragla et al, 2020), Souza et al. (2071) documented the interplay berwcen the stat raphie fearutes and the hydrothermal silefication process tha allowed Dypogenie kere development inthe CCKS. However, potsetant fnctire cordors and fale ones allowed the inereomneetion between several stratigraphic intervals that shou diferent degrees of dissolution (iss 4, 7, 12-14). Heuee, fold migration affecthig the cave's stretigraple sequence (Units 1,2, and 3) moved along horizontal and vertial paths, ‘The horizontal migration vas minly controlled by the rock text «e/eompastion (Fi. 4) nd bedding surfaces (Sia ea, 202). 0n the other hand, vertical uid migration was structurally driven and followed the main open discontinuities that affected the emzbonste multilayer. A diferemt belvior was observed in the marl of Uuit 4 (Pig. 0, wih acted as seal fr ud migration (Sours ot 9. 2021 ane correspondingaid a Fig. 1 Muna ating veatonsip among NW-SE and NESW ftutes exoscuting the Coboci Foation eater a sy ites S1-S@ (one eilng view) Loves emispe® eq ten pnoection of te gent cites gives the ate oe dsplased Barc ‘mechanical interface inhibiting faults and fractures upward Propagation 5.2, Implications for carbonate reservoirs 5.2 Implications for carbonate teservoitsThe presented ALOS. PALSAR imagery dace highlighted several regional scale fos ( A); similar featres were observed in seismic lines in the west sector of the Sio Francisco Craton within the butled portion of the Bamba sequence ( 1. The resolution of the datn above ‘doesnot show karst evicence; in fet, only a high-resolution seismic annysis could now the epigenic karst fertures detection as documented by within the Tarn basin (China), However, all the documented karst featites in the Sho Francisco Caron are ata subselsnitesenle and mostly associated wth a hypogenie origin 2 5 5 ). To bridge the gap berween the detection of hypogenie Karst elements at the sefsmie senle, further nalyses are needed. This will shed new ligt on dissolution processes in naturally fenemuted subeuiacenosarvoire A natural fracture sirface reservoir is m dowble porosity mein characterized by the interconnection berween the matrix and fractures, where a structural network i the best pathway for geofluids migration wi ). This models widely sod for reserves stidios ‘nd flow sinlation bur does nas consider karst Features. Du to their intrnsle heterogeneities, earbonate reservoirs are mote challenging 0 charscterize; this aspect is further complicated ifthe deformation and Sarstiicaton processes are ken Into consideration, the techniques conimonly wed the ofl and gas indnstry for a (peal fractired reserva are miinly well logs and seismic data. These sanz rechniqhes are no filly stable for karstifed-siletRed reservose charneeriation. This sty indicates that super k Chigh-permenbilty) ones are wssoc. ated with fracture corridors localized along fold luge, tn hese zones, the fracture network connects several pars ofthe rock mulilayer aud allows flow (es ). Moreover, che subsequent KarstificarionFig. 12, (A, B) Cave wall fected by several non-suatabound anes, A Inajor hon sualabound persistent taciae cesses the earbonate sence Dohaving asa referential pathway for fu migration. The red dashed line highlights the majo solved zone stay sites 81-82). (C,D) Outer vew of a bchincaeriee wher igi ptnllyminealbe Gactencr ed shen acres eroscut he exon oes, Lawes bemapere ep tea pjeeion Daa ile representing the ane af the iaeares messed along sri se 525. (For nerpretation ofthe referees wo colo in this gue legend, the Sader is eerted fo the Web version of this acl) ramarically nereases the permeability. All these aspects can improve hydrocarbon production, bur ar the same time, may’ connect the Water {able with overlying reservoirs and allow water breathroigh oF cause large mud loss during dling operations (Baal eta, 2020), 2 coummuon approach teguletly use for fracture frequency prediction te based on the assumption that greater curvature equals the strain increment (Roles, 2001). This expectation is valid for folded structures ‘but dows not cousider the karst process. Hence, the single use of the curvature attbute would incomecty be interpreted for fracture permeability variability. Furthermore, the processes that ceewr ring Tknrs foemstion eculd produce exteeme sontnsts in poresiry and peenienbility. hx contrast, the hycrotherml siliification process eld fenhiance or decrease the carbonate multilayer permeability properties (enezes et al, 2019; Souza et al, 2021). According to Souza et a (0021), hydrothermal slicfieaton ie stratigraphy ne textrally controlled in the CCKS and isan localized within the coarse levels as _grainstone intervals (Fig. This mineraizing even allows pervasive cementation of the aforementioned layers, modifying. the oginal porosity and permesbilty characteristics. The performed $D perme bility analyses display low’ values (0.008 oD) in the pristine rock ‘ltd Table 1). a coutrast, when the host rocks affected, Dy the presence of structural diseontinites (Fx, 5 and “eble 1, the eabiity could reach as high as 23 wD. This evidence indicates tat in mixed deformed, karstified and siliified reservoirs, the major peraieable zones correspond to the most deformed zones. However, further detailed analysis could better define the interplay between the several processes affecting the studied sedimentary sequence ‘Moreover, when subseisuic karst features afect the reservois, che ‘uncertainty increases, It follows that dill holes and selsiie surveys fumish only limited information (Gholipour, 199% Gholipour et Al. 2016), Subseismic nnalog studies conld provide the best approach to solve the uncertainties for a realistic prediction of karstified reservoir controlled by regional-scale teetonles, Previous works have alrexdy siggested studying deformed and harsifed anslogs (ert eal 2019; Enns Silva ee a., 2015). In contrast, this smdy has documented thar tock properties ean drasielly ehiange de to combined deform tion, katstfiestion, and hydrathermal silefiention processes. The pre ‘iis relationship must be eausideed a keystone for charseterizing dhe subseisnic high permeability zones in carbonate reservoirs. This sty has demonstrated that a karsifed carbonate reservotrean Arastcaly change sts architecture and properties through spariorm. poral development. Therefore, knest processes integration and upscaling fre needed in Now sinulion and production ce predict reservoir Deluvior and, consequently, optimize development decisions. Further analyses focused mechanical/fracure stratigraphy, Quie geochen Jal vestigation, and detailed pettopliysieal characterization of dhe whole units are required 10 assess die dose comuection between me cuanical rock properties, flaw pathwcays, and mineralizing processes. Moreover, an investigation of te neighboring sectors could allow un erstanding the extension ofthe proposed mode! audits applicability :0 ‘any reervotr affected by similar processes. This will give a beter un derstanding of superk conduit development and distibution in sactured karsified reservoir 6. Conclusions This study aimed to characterize the aichirecuue of high pernueability zones in subseismicseale folded structures. These super-k ones ae astoclatad with the occurrence of fracture coridars i at lime hinges ‘beter analyze these karsiied fractare corridors, this study combined fleld and laboratory analyses to determine the tectonic evo Tntion nnd karst development reconstruction ofthe Cristal Cnve Kntst System (CCKS) in the Mesoproterozoic earbonete units of the Sao Francisco Craton, Brazil. We deciphered the deformation events affecting the carbonate rocks and proposed « conceptual model related to the evolucion of the stienaral assemblage and the subsequent karst formation ‘At the boundary heron the Tes and Moro do Chap structural domains, the regional stetiral setting of the sty nrea is dominated by transpression berween a majo lef-tateralsrke sip flr system andPeery Fig 12, (A) $12 nly site Cave ceiling view tomcat hy seme icte. Right ateral lip long the NIOR/SWIW seme act 8 sown by he seal ehiteerne of tie extensional gett. (S13 suey se. Cave oting view ofa righ eal sheared res of ply joins any ented N2Sk/AGWNM, departing fem he sheaed sinictal lenient are also doesent. secre linkage zane The nin csslved one is eoneenteed at che faeureInkagepoton, acting a8 ‘cond fd migration, (C) Oncrop view of x nial ful compet of tough going lip surfaces mel tl joins whch me lonlend wt hes exten ‘wad-ats ano lensing jogs. A nin Kase one ied dase lie), vermguioed asa fede, & located in he Sul extensional quan (td ste S19), (Fx interpretation ofthe reftenes to olor i this fgue lege, te ade is tefeted vo the Web version a his tile) cylindrical shaped regional scale deformation, generating. pacallel senile/open folds. This study provides a detailed field geological anal sis and interpretation ofthis stractarlly controlled karst system, We proposed the following evolutionary stages 1. The first stage is asociated with the precontractionalstructaral network (pre-Eliacaran) Ic corresponds to the background deformation assemblage composed of ea. N-S stratabound and nou stratabowd joints and veins. 2, The second assemblage is elated to the Edlacaran contraetional event It consists of several structral clements: NNE-SSW-oriented senile ancelines, perisent frente corridors distbated slong NNE oriented fold hinges, and « conjugate fracture system composed of [NU/SE. and ENE WSW striking high angle facture, 5. The third stage is associnted with the hypogenie kursifieation rocess. The karst development was contalied bythe strucural nevwork fgenornted during stages 1 and 2. The prinary karstification process ‘ceurred along the fraenure corridors parallel to the fo hinge zones this highly deformed portion represents the preferential site for high karst porosity end permeability. We proposed a correlation between the fold and fracre patterns documented in che GCKS with the major regional deformation structures and its relevanee in nderstanding the relationships among regional andMaine et res Cel 128 22) 105046 ) SsHPZ Neoproterozoic cover Mesoproterozole cover ssHPZ score [teem ro) {| loins an 2G sioke-sipfauts Normal fauts 4 Reverse faults Fractures ° \ Sub-solsmiscale high permeability zones Seal ig, 14, spaiotemporl evoition mos props forthe OCKS, (A) Cartoon Asplaying the cate ego ee eonguation (Kean block diagrams showing the overall struchral astenlageevoltion that faved geod migation and subsequent data, Tocal structural and Kaust processes. Moreover, this work provided Dseline fo understand better and provide Ast order predictions for subseismiefactare corridors, which re high permebllity areas located ‘n folded and fated carbonate reservoir analogs. Their charneterzation ‘essential to improving the knowledge of karstiteation predictability in carbonate rocks affected by ascending hydrechormal fulds. We conclude tat, in dhe studied sector, Kart high-permeailty zones in fold hinges suluiie the geometry snd orientation of structures recognized at the Seis scales hese pieces of evidence could be recoszed sewer in rock sequences characterized by the sane processes. CCeodit author statement Vincenzo Le Brune: Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing original draft. Francisco H.R. Bezetra: vest gation, Data curation, Frnal analysis, Visualization, Writingreview & editing, Vitor H.P, Souzn: Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing —review & editing. Rubson P. Maia: investigation, Data curr tion, Formal analysis, Writing ~ review & editing, Augusto S. Auler: Investigation, Date curtion, Forual nnlysi, Writing ~ review & eit Jing. Renata £.B. Araujo: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing ~ 0 view & editing, Caroline L. Cszarin: Investigation, Data ciation, Writing — review & editing. Marcos A. P. Rodrigues: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing. Lucieth C. Vieira: Invest. gation, Daca curation, Formal analysts, Writing — review & esting. Liceun M, 0, Sousa: Date curation, Weilng — review & edltng Declaration of competing interest ‘The authors declare that they have no known competing financial Jncerests or personal relationships chat could have appeared to afluence the work reported in this pape. Acknowledgments “This work is part of« Petrobras/Pederal University of Rio Graude do Norte - UFRN project (CristalDOM project, coordinated by FH -UFRN and Caroline Cazarin Petrobras). We thank the Brazilian Agency of Oi, Gas, and Biofuels (Agencia Nacional do Petro, Gas e Biocombrstveis, AND). The cave mp of Cristal Cave vies kindly provided by Mylene Berbert Bor. from the GPRM (Geologieal Survey of Breil) nd dhe ‘Meanéros Espeleo Clube. The authors thank the Associate Editor Nicolas Beaudoin, and the reviewers Jo De Waele snd Philipe Audca for thelr ‘advice and helpfel correction on he manrserip. References ‘Agar $4 Clg, S201, Fundamental cote en Md Ms bors cent “seston fo cmging leche. ol Sox. ome Spee: PL, 405138ge Alenia M, Atoll M, Tad gol M. 2940 om “crf lhe une sie of suse ete SI Sesonpince so, ap ata his cng sesh unto yen Retna Gb Rap 236 ‘bar is Yarra, hand, iy Alles a Heston. hs came ‘By laa 1 > Gna, Lge, BS sons uch Sunn, 200.8 sap fn abonae resco oauon _Abowr A Les, Ele KA, phen KD, 2018. Gay ring mechan Te sorted bom eto ion ad eplean ogc, Den etong nemo tn 120040 ed etn un itn Caton oS acho eat Tr et Rate edgar eso Eclugo bs Oke de Foande Rave Mang Ae pe 17 30 TheSims un, cater eo oo 33 DC he a “fanctce - Una tev. in: Dmingues, JM, Barbora, JSF. 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Cahn Le ‘kr Gones, 8%, 20% uta tac de chunbe cn ules au Presincalenyraptd ia brieystelsprepbecniohl lund ‘Sad so rans, Rehan Gescencs 3, Beare bi oan Nev RRB. Pock RA, om Mal, 208 The Bran clog Sut ‘Amerie: «review. Bite J. Geol 4, 499-518, bups/dohorgs 0 5927/22507- ‘vee in stleiclaefevervour cap feck sucesiont: Reid based insights or: the ‘Sn nras Formation Ul USA). St: eat 86 16267 p= 101 3. Cob, D7 Gta eve, lnm eve Sn ey. Ai A ‘ligne lev a rt Peco Lao 3, 207-2108 Mp /dotong toon 1507, Paz, E Ses Ey Ags F loin M2018, Dist Factte Neto mdi ‘iattbon esti bisuip senescent Oe Sorgen aon pez fase ei angen Pe Ge {pears lpn door aa lp upeigen 0170908 ‘abla eologs da Chagas Dasani, Reacio Pa. earn Sore Aki e203 How may iting i rset he cvapmest ofthe Napa Wat Gage sage sma 9, S460 Be? sng 00a roman 2.50 Pan Antonin, Ong, LA, De Wale, 2021, Sealy conn ‘deipmest of me hypogee in nuts temas er sea Sn ta) a tee Ga 10800, boxe 101016, Poli DD. Ae 888. Pere undrsntn tgocr he at e el Sox Am ul 10 TSN ong 1/6 PIAS) ‘ooatisumuor-aatoa et JB, Copies 6. Raby N. 2040. race eer wth acre Tendon Gye Basch 08 bes tna i iS, Ain Ff ommce,RCS. Nein, S rv LD. ‘the io fancicn vio incaret,Erir Bao Sng Ch, Be 117 3aa hope rookp NOs area aIOITION Maine et res Cel 128 22) 105046 “dcr de ep du Bain ree, ton do So France bie) ‘ines leon maura modelgun Hn ancien oa Up (Genes 13, 125-198 hap akong 105907-lsl9 sreao12000%e007. none: ten eae 03D meen och, A, Pere, Gf Sven, NA, 192. Cafbents a Fema Gaboco (Grace Mais a li de Mo Chap eed Bale Rvs Bo od 1.0 Choc 8 2012. Caan Role Resin Singer ene ‘Suna Ae Singer ene » Duro ed,» C22 Suse, Guid. Ay iia 5, Pulls, te Buna, BL Aan fn faurccanolcewprliag oon dtr us acd by avec ‘a foitandtast ee one ip, southern apne, al. J Ste, Ceol 163, Tatar toners NO soins 20 1076 Sun EG. Sete C35, Aor Ree AD Billoo, MB. Feronae, 2P. Bl La, ind Cy 2018 Sequence staph ofthe mie wave donate ‘Mespretonesdineay sacra a Chepde Dinas Bs, ibn Sous iD Kori Mel, RG, Sato BLA, Teele, Li Samp ALR, {err HEC! Angeli LAA 2008 np nk do Bae sl ino.0 sens AR. CRONE CP. ‘icifcation conned wo satgaphi ayers: inpieatons for Man auel Gol 24 308 ‘Nesopioers eos Sicy Geeks «Paleo do ete 96 tie al Sienbeager A. Never BB. de Were 2014. Daeg lowe pace mcarrgh “domo ofthe eapihaga uggs the Cana Darian Ce ME Bran Ar Reactions, Bln Ol 4207-20. pa 2087 Tope R, Ul. Sv, Su 11992 Te Brians So Rance ‘Seon tevin eral Brn) Southam Fo Se 8-57 pe oo Thlutevowss ost oA. ‘Ware, Rost 1963, The bebo of atc facades Soe. Pt og 2, S43 298g toa Pe akin Be, AE Bon, CE, Hey, D201. fee of seucnal poiton Stouand J Seuee Geo 79, 64-60 begeaasery/ 4001029205030 ‘en Lock. anon. Wang 0 la Yi 2010 An lr deep plesk yom stu orders, nh otal ain ba, Ce hgh alien 8D ‘Sac inerpenon SE Tecnel Prgms Exped ADs 10 Sock 1 aplnton rope, pn 1526-1890 Sues 10.1190/1 355150,