333 @ Free ends need not be considered as nodes. in all the 4 examples above the effect of the external loads at the ‘spans’ on the nodes will constitute effective forces. This does away with the necessity of defining co-ordinates at the load positions. (ii) Separate the frame into component elements and assign rotation co-ordinates to the extremities. This would ensure that we can eventually evaluate the corresponding rotations and moments. {I additional information such as shear, thrust, torsion are needed to be directly evaluated, co-ordinates corresponding to the same shall be assigned to the extremities. No such examples are worked out in this volume] 5.8.2 Pin Jointed Frames In the case of pin jointed plane frames, we have to assign 2 degrees of freedom to each node. ‘The elements in trusses are very distinct. Each element shall have one degree of free- dom for each end except the enids that are restrained. Normally the question of forces not at co- ordinates will not arise in trusses. Eerie Analyse the continuous beam shown in Fig. 5.59 by stiffness method. Draw the bending moment diagram. 20kN/m T20KN k 6m ++ 6m -| Fig. 5.59 ‘The structure is kinematically indeterminate to first degree ie., 0: an unkn independect displacesient (stem crordinate)... Eger334 ‘STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 j t ‘System co-ordinates C 2) e 4 Se Element co-ordinates Joint loads (Fixed end moments) : -wi? _-20x6? Meas = 5 2 7760 KNm wl? _ 20x6? M,,=-_= = ra ag“ aa... -Wi_-120x6 Mygo=—g-=—-g = 90 kN Myon = oe = 20%8 «90 nim Forces in element co-ordinates : =) : : 60 ie. Fixed end moments [P*]=| _ 49 |- 90 To form [B] : Applying unit displacement at the system co-ordinate, the resulting displacements at element co-ordinates are given by {B} 0 1 =| 4 0 -60 Find fixed co-ordinate forces, [F°| = [BITIP!)=(0 1 1 01] _ og 90 Fixed co-ordinate forces, [F*] = [- 30] Forces applied at system co-ordinates, [F*] = [0] (There is no external force at the system co-ordinate)MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD Element stiffness matrix [K,]: EI[4 2 Gl ih ‘] _BY[4 2] _ [087 033 “6\2 4)" ~ [033 067 067 0.38 Ue) = Ura] = EI lias al Assembled element stiffness matrix [Ik] : 067 038 0 0 033-067 0 0 0 0 067 033 0 0 038 067 System stiffness matrix [K] : System stiffness matrix [K] = [B]" [2] [B] 067 033 0 0 033 067 0 0 0 0 067 033 0 0 038 067 0 (k] = EL =(0 1 1 O}EL ouno 1 =EI(0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33] il EI [0.67 + 0.67] 0 (K) = 1.34 EI 1 Nie ae 134EI System displacements (u) {u) = (51 (1 - [F}) ¥ mpi (Rl = Taapt 1 (u) = Zyqpyz 10-801 30 _ 22.39 eke gi Element displacements [5] : 0 2288 _ 1/2239 EI ~ El|2239 0 [6] = [8] fu) = onno336 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-! arma geeee 067 033 0 0 0 033 067 0 0 | 1 | 2239 PI=(HI)=EL} 9 9 67 33 | Bt | 2230 0 0 033 067 0 739 15.00 P= I=! 15.00 739 Final forces, (P/] = [P°] + [P'] -60] [ 739] [ -5261 60 | || 1500 |_| 75.00 -90 |*| 15.00 |] -75.00 | N™ 90 | | 739 97:39 Ze = € ae€ >) A B B c 52.61 kNm 75kNm -75kNm 97.39 kNm Simply supported beam moments: 2 2 Myyg= = 20222 - 90 1am Mypo= We = 20%8 - 180 enim 52.61 kNm. Bending Moment Diagram Faample 5.19 A two span continuous beam ABC is fixed at A and simply supported over the supports B and ¢. AB = 6m and BC = 6 m. The moments of inertia is constantMATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD 33F throughout. It is loaded as shown in Fig. 5.60. Analyse the beam by matrix stiffness method. 20 kNm 40 kNm A B c «—_——— 6m 3 m——>#—— 3 m1 Fig. 5.60 @y and 6, are the unknown displacements i.e., the structure kinematically inde- terminate to the second degree. Hence the stiffness matrix 2 will be of the order 2x2, Fixed Joint Forces: Joint Forces : © 2 > 60 kNm 60kKNm 10kNm 10kNm Equivalent Joint Loads: 5 70kNm. 10 kNm Element Co-ordinates : 1 2 3 4 € a 2 c (2) > System Co-ordinates : ) Ie‘STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS+1 Formation of.[f] Matrix : 1st Column. Apply a unit displacement at system co-ordinate 1 only. The consequent element co-ordinate displacements are : 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 oo 10 B=l 10 s o1 [P*] Values. Forces at the element co-ordinates in the fixed state. -60 60 : Pls! 49 li.e., fixed end moments] 10 -60 0 11 0)| 60|_ [70 ; Pram = (B)" Py = = Fixed co-ordinate forces, [F°] = [6] [P' E 00 ‘I 10 [rol 10 Forces applied at system co-ordinates, 0) P= [ol (No forces in the given loading at the system co-ordinates) Element stiffness matrix [k,]: El[4 2]_ EI/4 2 4/6 2/6 w= ef 4)= ale 4\" "ore 4/6 0.667. 0.333 Yal=ET) 0333 0.667 EIf4 2]_BI/4 2 wa FT ei 4] 0.667 2 _ lee 0.667and MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD Assembled element stiffness matrix is 0.667 0.333 0 0 0333 0667 0 0 WI= ET) go as67 0333 0 0 0333 0,667 System stiffness matrix is [K] = IB)" [A] [8], where [) is given above 0110 wr =[ 00 it 1.333 0.333 K] = E) ; kK} = be feel | - (u}, the system displacements are given by, fu} = [KI ( OF) - [F°)) =it[-cawe ine |lo}bol 22]- 55.71 l= gr |-1286 1f 0.857 -0.429 -0429 1714 Element displacements [6] are 00 0 10] 1f-s571)_ 1-55.71 B=) 99 al ase] EI|-55.71 o1 1286 ‘The element forces (P*} = (h] (8). Substituting, {P’} =[- 18.57 - 37.14 -32.86 —-10] - 60 - 18.57 = 78.57 60 37.14 22.86 The find forees (P/| = (P°) + [P1=| _55/+| 3996! =|_—o0.06 10] {-10 0 Simply supported beam moments : 1? 20x6? ‘Moment in AB = Sag 80k Moment in BC, 40 kNm concentrated-at midspan. The bending moment diagram is drawn below on the tension sides. 339STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-! 7857 | 90 a —— Bending Moment Diagram ce) ‘Analyse the continuous beam by matrix stiffness method. 6.4 | 8 *| B [5m >} 3 nef 3 mf 3 m—| Fig. 5.61 Since the only unknown independent joint displacement happens at B, kinematic indeterminacy of the given structure is 1. 2 System co-ordinates : Element co-ordinates : Fixed end moments: = Wat? Mus" ™MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD 341 Forces in element co-ordihiates at fixed state [i.e., Fixed end moments], [PJ 4.5]! 75 P=! 60 : 6.0. To form transformation matrix [f] : Apply unit displacement at the system co-ordinate. Transformation matrix [8] = 0 * 1 0. ~45 Fixed co-ordinate forces, [F® = [8]" P]=[01101]_ 69 60. [F] = [1.50] Forces applied at system co-ordinates, [F/] = [0] [This is because there are no external forces at the system co-ordinate] Element stiffness matrix : 42 Element stiffness matrix, fk, = Ft ‘] EI[4 2 0.50 0.25 For first element, w= 2h 1]-™ [03s fel f4 2 4/6 2/6) _ [0.667 0.983 For second element, 2 4|7Fllov6 4/6|"™|0.338 0,667 050 025 0 oO ae ici, anf OPO | 6 Assembled element stiffness matrix, [#] = 0 0 0667 0.333 0 0 - 0.333 0.667 System stiffness matrix: System stiffness matrix, [K] = [B]" [4] [8] 0.857 = (Kt s ee Oem 1.167 Bt sik) = Er342 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 ee System displacements {ul : 0.887 u) = OK (P) - IF) = Er * (- 1.50) 6 Element displacements {8}: 0 1 1 (8) =) ta) =| | |t- 1.286% 5 0 0 -1}1.286 {8)= Sr} 1.286 0 0.822 = 0.643 i= tn =|" 0 oe 0.448, 45] [-0322 15) |-064s Final forces, a = forces, P= (PI +IPI=| 001+ | Sao 60} |-o.448 = 4822 : 6.887 Final forces, Pl=|_ Onn 5512 Span bending moments: Moment in span AB = Mab 84x5%8 =12.0kNm Bending Moment Diagram (Drawn on the tension sides)MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD . 5.9 ANALYSIS OF RIGID JOINTED FRAMES [ERRRBIRSY Analyse the structure shown in Fig. 6.62 by stiffness method. Ww 2 ee 12 —t Fig. 5.62 SGMESE The structure is kinematically indeterminate to first degree. ic., @, is the only * unknown joint displacement. Hence the size of the structure stiffness matrix will belx1 Fixed end moments : Mpj5 = Myga=0 wi Mgea = "3 6, is the structure co-ordinate Element co-ordinates 2 4 Q) 5) a) AllSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ‘i imposing unit rotation ‘The displacement transformation matrix B will be generated by imposing at B and keeping the far ends fixed. Applying @, = 1; 0 1 =|, 0 Forces in element co-ordinates i.e, fixed end moments ° 0 ot P=) _ wis wi/s ° Fixed end co-ordinate forces, [F°] = [BIT [P41 = [0 1 1 0] i ws I =L-wie) Forces applied at system co-ordinates, [F/] = [0] (. ‘There is no external force at the system co-ordinates) (P) - [F*)) = (10) - -Wi/s}) = wis Element stiffness matrix [k,,]: EI[4 2 Ft ‘| EI[4 2 Te 4]MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD 345 ee Assembled element stiffness matrix [k] : 4200 m-[% 0)_EI]2 400 0 ml) Tloo42 0024 System stiffness matrix [K] : 420 0/0 0 EI]2 4 0 0]/1] ET 1 = [BIT (&] [8] = ss =— {K) = BI" (4) (8) WAITS) 9G a9 1 7 24421), 002 4]lo 0 =F « System displacements {u}: = KI" (0) - (r0)) =, WE, WE (u) = OKI (1P) PO) = x = Element displacements (8) : 0 1) wie {8} = (B) fu) =| | * Saqy [1 0 0 we |i 8h Seer 1 0 4200 0 1}2 4 0 0] we |a PI=RI= TF! 9 9 4 2 | eant|1 0024 0. 2 wi [4 Pl= Gr 4 2 Final forces, (P= (P+ (P%) 2 0 0.08125 0 wi {4 0 0.0625 0 = Ga Jal*|—wia|= | ooeas |* 4! 0125 2} | ws 0.03125 0.125346 (STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I SS 0.03125 0.0625 (P= We) _ 9 o625 0.15695, Simply supported bending moments : = 0.0625 WI, N 0.15625 Wi Bending MomentDiagram 0.03125 Wi Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 5.63 by the matrix stiffness method. 60kN 120kN, Fig. 5.62 (BEiUEGA] Degree of kinematic indeterminacy = 2 (one rotation each at A and B) 4 aeMATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD aa7 Fixed end moments : —Wab?_- 2 eb Nae 255.55 EN Mec = ee 6 Wa" a Myop = “5 = one. = 106.67 kNm ‘Transformation matrix [B]: The displacement transformation matrix [f] would be obtained by applying a displace- ment at B (only) a firatand at Conly next, and nding the resulting displacements at element co-ordinates. ‘System co-ordinates Element co-ordinates Applying @, = 1, the first column of Bis obtained as [1 0 0 0 0 OJ7 Applying 6, = 1, the second column of [B] is obtainedas[0 1 1 0 1 O]* Thus (l= roHnHS 00 Forces in the element co-ordinates (fixed end moments) are given by [P= [-30 30 -53.33 106.67 0 oT Forces at the fixed co-ordinates of the system are {F9} = [B]" (P°)be STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-! -30 30 10 0 0 0 0)|/-53.33 | 14 03-1 | 106.67 0 0 30 (Ff) = (0) ; (P) - (F} = [zaae| Element stiffness matrices can be assembled by arranging every element matrix diago- nally as under. 4259000 if hy fo) =s ; po w-| i: end ti = 24 1 hy 024 a Q 0000 fa oooo0rs 1005 0 oO 0 0 05.1.0. 0.7.0 G0 _[0 0 067 093 0 0 |, 0 0 033 067 0 0 0 0 0 0 1838 067 0 0 0 Oo 067 133 System stiffness matrix is given by (K) = [BIT f&) (8) 1.0 05 10 05 10 o1 0.67 0.33 o1 0.33 0.67 00 133 067\]0 1 . 0.67 1.33||0 0 |MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD 2 1.0 0.5 =EI oe Fe aal 11/30 -o8 ee ni “watlus ta System displacement vector is me 1lif 3 -058 {u) = (Ph - 080) = Sex [ 05 10 {esa} tu) a 28.49 = BT | 802 The element displacements (8) are given by 10 28.49) 01 3.02 © 1] 1 [2849)_1 | 302 8} = e ae oe BES) g ai{soo} ET] 0 on 3.02 00 0 The element forces corresponding to these displacements are, 10 05 28.49 05 10 3.02 067 0.33, 3.02 | 1 eee : 033 0.67 o |i 133 067|| 3.02 067 133]| 0 {P'}=[80.0 17.27 2.02 1.00 4.02 2,02)7 {P}=[-30.0 30.0 -53.33 106.67 0 ol PY, the find forces are = {P9) + (P’} {P)=[0 47.27 -51.31 107.67 4.02 2.02)" The span moments in AB and BC are as under Momentin AB = 42 = S0x4 =60kNm Moment in BC = Ta . 120%4%2 = 160 kNin The bending moments are plotted on the following figure.350 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS+ Bending Moment Diagram Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 5.64 by stiffness method. 20KN/m 6m There is no sway in the structure, The stu y indeterminate to second degree. i.e., @, and @, are the u known joint displacements, Hence the aize of the sitiness tet will be ti 4, ee ne 3e stiffness matrix will be 2x wl? ~20%6 Myo = “o-= SEE 60 knMATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD Set ——_—- . vw————— wi? _20x6? roo = = exe =60kNm Mrcp = Mypg = 0 @, and @, are the structure co-ordinates, Element Co-ordinates ¢. 3 (2) 4. ~N B c 2 ay qs a 3) Ya Di6¢ aD 7] ‘The displacement transformation matrix B will be generated by imposing unit rotation at B and C separately and successively and keeping the far ends fixed. Applying @, = 1, = eoorreSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I Applying 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 10 win bef ° Hence (B] matrix will be| > 01 00 Forces in element co-ordinates (i.e.,) Fixed end moments ° 0 -60 py =| ° ° o 0 Fixed end co-ordinate fores, 1 = BF 1] =[ 1100 al -60 00011 O}| ¢ ° 0 n-[ a Forces applied at aystem co-ordinates, iF) = [3] | (; There is no external force at the system co-ordinates)MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD 0}]_f-80]]_/ 60 «nm =f -[ ol={at Element stiffness matrix {,]: 4 2)_EI[4 2 0.67 0.33 fl= ah if ai “== ie oa 42) 8 (067 039) ea Ts bs aa 4 2) mif4 2 (067 038 Play ls ares ‘j= (os aa Assembled element stiffness matrix [k] : 08: 038 0 60 0 0 033 0.67 0 0 0 0 hy 0 0 0 0-067 038 0 0 2 wfe be ge 0 0 088 067 0 0 0 0 © 0 067 038 0 0 0 0 033 0.67, System stiffness matrix [K]: - = (BIT (a) (6) 067 083 0 0 0 07 fo 033 0.67 0 0 0 0 1 -[5 1100 ole 0 0 067 033 0 0 he 1 oo711¢ 0 0 033 0.67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 067 033} |o 0 0 0 0 083 0.67] |o 0 07. 10 =EI ( 067 067 033 0 | 10 0 0 0383 067 0.67 0.33 o1 o1 * 00 . [134 033 ioe [oss ol System displacements (u} : {u) = O51 (0F4 - (F) = i EI [134x134 - 0.33 x 0.83] 134 0.33 [ “I orHooS 60 60, ] 353& STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-| SLE ees 1 oul * Brti6867] [- 100.2 ty = 2 59406 "= sr | 59.406 Element displacements [8]: (8) = [B] fu) 7 59.406 1| 59,406 EI|-59.406 59.406 0 Now, PI 067 033 0 0 0 0 0 033 067 0 0 0 0 59.406 0 0 067 033 0 0 | 1] 59406 EI) 9 9 033 067 0 0 |* ET|-s9.406 0 0 0 0 067 033 — 59.406 0 0 0 0 033 0.67 0 19.604 39.802 20.198 PI — 20.198 - 39.802 — 19.604 oO 19.604 19.604 0 39,802 39.802 . -60 20.198 - 39.802 Final forces, (P/] = [P9] + [P| = 60 + 20.198 = 30.802 0] |~s9802| |-s9800 0} |-19604] |-19.604 Simply supported bending moments ; Mya = Mop = 0 wl? 20x62 Mpo= “3 =—G— = 90 kNMATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD 355 39.802kNm__/| 39.802kNm 39.802kNm 39,802kNm B + + A D 19.607kNm 19.604kNm Bending Moment Diagram [Egimple 824 Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 5.65 by matrix stiffness method. 30kN/m |}~—_———. 8m ————_+| Fig. 5.65,356 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1" Solution System co-ordinates, 2 o v Kinematic indeterminacy = 3 [83, 0 and 0] size of the stiffness matrix = 3 x 3 Element co-ordinates 3 4 n sy 2 uy 6 Bly [8] matrix :MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD ooorre v -025 0 0 -025 10 o 10 Bel oo -0125 0 1 -0.125. 0 0. Element stiffness matrix [k,] : EI[4 2]_ E1[4 2 1 O86 tS ae al-™[os "| EI[4 2]_Exatf4 2 1 08 Kye ss 7 Le [2 ‘] 8 2 | les "|STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I Exar[4 2] EIf4 2]-_,[10 a (hg = a 4-22 4\7="|o5 10 Assembled element stiffness matrix [F] : 108 0.0 0.19 05 10.0 0 40 hope 6.0 405: 0 F0 =|0 bh OlFE 9 9 gs 1 0° 0 : fo lo 0 0) oto os 0.0 0 0 65 10, Fixed end moments: Meas = Mpa = 2 2 Mypg=— Mo =— HS = — 160 Nm Mop = oe = 39% 8! 360 iN 2 12 Mgep = Mrpe = 0 Forces in element co-ordinate (i..,) fixed end moments, 0 0 -160 P=) 360 0 0 Fixed end co-ordinate forces, [F®] = [)? [P°) 0 025 -025 0 0 -0.125 -0.125 : =| 0 1 10 70 0 eats O 0) Oe 1 0 oo 0 0 0 1p =|- 260 160 0 Forces applied at system co-ordinates, [F/] =|0 0 [+ There are no external forces at the system co-ordinates)MATRIX’ STIFFNESS’ METHOD 359 a 0 0 0 (0) - fF) = {/0| - |-160]} =] 160 0 160 ~160 System stiffness matrix [K] : 0K] = (BI (A (6) -0.25 -025 0 0 -0.125 -0.125 0 1 10 0 0 00 01 0 : 105 0 0 0 of [-025 0 0 05 1 0 0 0 of |-025 10 xm}? 9 1:05 0 of | Oo 10 0 005 1 0 0 ao o1 0 0 0 0 10 05] |-0125 0 1 00 0 0 0 0 05 10} [-0.125 0235 -0375 -0.188 (Kl=EI]-0375 200 050 0.188 050 2.00. System displacements (u) : {u} = OK) (0) - F)) 1 (Ky = ik) 44) 1 [825 1.093 0314 (K}4==]1.093 0.725 -0078 0314 -0.078 cae 124.64 tu) = al sa - 100.16 Element displacements {8}: - 0.25 - 0.25 {8} = [6] [u) = - 0.125 - 0.125 coonnoe (P1 = [A] (8)STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I 105 0 0 0 0) f -31.16 05 1000 0 97:32 ma|° 9 1 05 0 0} | 12848 “lo 0 05 1 0 0 | |-10016 0 0 0 0 10 05] |~115.74 0 0 0 0 086 10} | -1558 1715 8.7 784 “| -35.9 = 123.5 - 135, i 0 175 175 0 817 817 -160 784|_ | -816 (I= (PI+PI=! 469) *| 359)" | 1243 o| |-1235| |-1235 o} | -735) | -735 123.8 81.7] 240 817 | eng, BS Bending Moment Diagram (Grawn on tension sides) Fig. 5.67 1238