Chapter 2 and Chapter 5

Social Exclusion and Vulnerable

Groups
&
Welfare and Inclusive Polices for
Vulnerable Sections/Groups
 What is Exclusion ?
◦ Situation in which,individuals are unable to participate fully in
economic, social, political and cultural life, as well as the process
leading to and sustaining such a state.
 What is Vulnerability ?
◦ Unable to protect themselves from abuse, harm or exploitation,
which may be by reason of illness, age, mental illness, disability or
other types of physical or mental impairment.
 Economic
◦ Least average asset ownership
◦ High Unemployment rate
◦ High Concentration of Low skills /Informal Jobs/Manual Jobs
 Political
◦ Lack of Political acceptance : Data collected by the Trivedi Centre for
Political Data, Ashoka University shows that in 63 state assembly
elections held since 2004, scheduled-caste candidates found it
extremely difficult to get elected from a unreserved seat.
◦ Tokenism in Local Government(panchayat)
 Educational
◦ High Illiteracy(66/73) :the Dalit literate population still remains much
lower than that of the rest of India.
◦ low enrolment rates and a lack of access to primary education in
comparison to the rest of India.
 Social
◦ Untouchability in Practice –Rising atrocities against
SCs(NCRB)
◦ Dalit children are discriminated against when it comes to mid-
day meals and getting access to clean toilets.
◦ Higher educational institutions came into light after University of
Hyderabad student Rohit Vemula’s suicide.
◦ Dalit women are framed as witches and family is socially
ostracized in the village.
Educational Exclusion and Velnerability
 Article 17 abolishes Untouchability.
 Article 15(4) refers to the special provisions for their advancement.
 Article 16(4A) speaks of “reservation in matters of promotion to any
class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of
SCs/STs, which are not adequately represented in the services under
the State’.
 Article 330 and Article 332 of the Constitution respectively provide for
reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the legislative
assemblies of the States.
 Part IX relating to the Panchayats and
 Part IXA of the Constitution relating to the Municipalities, reservation
for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in local bodies has been
envisaged and provided.
 Article 46 –Special care to protect from social injustice and all forms of
exploitation.
 Article 335 appointments to services and posts in connection with the
affairs of the Union or of a State.
 Article 338(NCSC) and 338A(NCST)
 Institutional Measures
◦ National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development
Corporation (NSKFDC): Funding to Safai Karamcharis, manual
scavengers and their dependants for income generating activities for
socio-economic development through State Channelizing Agencies
◦ National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation
(NSFDC):NSFDC assists the target group by way of
 Refinancing loans,
 Skill training,
 Entrepreneurship Development Programmes and
 Providing marketing support through State Channelizing
Agencies, RRBs, Public Sector Bank and Other Institutions.
◦ The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment is the nodal Ministry
to oversee the interests of the Scheduled Castes.
◦ Ministry of Tribal Affairs for Tribes
◦ NCST/NCSC
 Legal Measures
1.Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1954 was amended in 1976 and
renamed as“Protection of the Civil Rights Act“.
2.Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities)
Act, 1989
3.NCSC/NCST/NCOBC Protects vulnerable castes.
4.Special Marriage Act, 1954 : promotion of inter-caste marriage
5.IPC section 153A,295 and 295A – Prohibits Any willful act which
causes disharmony in the society ( Base on Race,Caste,Religion
,Ethnic,Language etc)
6.Forest Conservation Act 1980;
7.Panchayatiraj (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996;
8.The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
 Scheduled Caste Sub-Plan (SCSP)
◦ ensure flow of targeted financial and physical benefits
◦ Under the strategy, States/UTs are required to formulate and
implement Special Component Plan (SCP) for Scheduled Castes as
part of their Annual Plans by earmarking resources.
 Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana This Centrally Sponsored Scheme
– Special focus on SC Population concentration more than 50%:
◦ Primarily through convergent implementation of the relevant Central
and State Schemes
◦ By providing these villages Central Assistance in form of gap-filling
funds to the extent of Rs.21 lakh per village
 Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojana This Scheme is operational
since 3rd Five Year Plan.
◦ The primary objective
1. Construction of hostels, especially for SC girls- to reduce
dropout rate.
2. Repairing and proper maintenance of hostels;
3. Effective mechanism for monitoring, review, etc.
• Dr. Ambedkar scheme
 Objective :
 Social integration through Inter Caste Marriages
 500 couples can apply annually.
 Each couple gets Rs 2.5 lakh, of which Rs 1.5 lakh is paid
upfront(1 FD for 3 years).
 Coverage :SC(male/Female) + Non SC (male/female).
 Challenge :
 It shall be the discretion of the Minister of Social Justice &
Empowerment & Chairman of Dr. Ambedkar Foundation to
sanction the incentive to the Couple.
• Venture Capital Fund for Scheduled Castes
 Objective :To promote entrepreneurship among the Scheduled
Castes population in India. Under the scheme, financial assistance
upto of Rs.15.00 Crore for a period upto 6 years will be
provided(With initial capital of Rs. 200 crore )
 Challenges
 Parliamentary Standing Committee in 2018 noted that not a
single penny was spent in 2017- 18 from this Fund.
 Ambedkar Social Innovation and Incubation Mission
(ASIIM)(Launched in 30th September 2020).
◦ Objective : Promoting innovation and enterprise in SC students
studying in higher educational institutions
◦ Target /Features
1.1,000 SC youth would be identified in 4 years with start-up ideas
through the Technology Business Incubators (TBIs) in various
higher educational institutions.
2.They will be funded @ Rs. 30 lakhs in 3 years as equity funding so
that they can translate their start-up ideas into commercial
ventures.
3. Successful ventures would further qualify for venture funding of
up to Rs.15 Cr from the Venture Capital Fund for Scheduled
Castes.
 The Scheduled Tribes are social groups recognised by the Indian
Constitution as specially marked by poverty, powerlessness and social
stigma.
 COI .Def : Article 366 Tribes deemed under Article 342
 Exclusion and Vulnerability is Due to :
◦ Primitive Traits
◦ Geographical isolation
◦ Distinct culture
◦ Shy of contact with community at large
◦ Economically backward
 Issues related with them
◦ They are considered to be socially and economically disadvantaged.
◦ High agricultural labourers, casual labourers, plantation labourers,
industrial labourers.
◦ low levels of education, poor health and reduced access to
healthcare services.
◦ Loss of forests, alienation of land and repeated displacement have
further made their position vulnerable.
 Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana
◦ To provide skill upgradation and capacity building
◦ Setting up of primary processing and value addition facilities.
◦ It is a Market Linked Tribal Entrepreneurship Development Program
for forming clusters of tribal SHGs and strengthening them into
Tribal Producer Companies.
 Facilitated by TRIFED
◦ will facilitate establishment of Minor Forest Produce (MFP)-led
multi-purpose Van Dhan Vikas Kendras.
◦ About 3000 such Van Dhan Kendras are proposed to be set up in
two years in the forested Tribal Districts of the country.
 Prelims Note Recently, first model Van Dhan Vikas Kendra was set
up in Bijapur District of Chattisgarh.
 Van Bandhu Kalyan Yojana (Ministry of Tribal Affairs)
◦ Objective and Aim: Need based and outcome oriented holistic
development of the tribal people.
◦ For Centre and State Convergence of resources through appropriate
institutional mechanism.
 Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub Plan (SCA to TSP)
1. The Special Central Assistance (SCA) is provided by the Ministry of
tribal Affairs to the State Government as an additive to the State
TSP.
2. SCA is for Income generating in agriculture, horticulture
sericulture and animal husbandry cooperation.
3. A part of SCA (not more than 30%) is also permitted to be used
for development of infrastructure incidental to such income
generating schemes.
 Top Class Education for ST Students (2007-08)
This is a Central Sector Scholarship Scheme for ST students
Objective :
◦ Encouraging meritorious ST students for pursing studies at Degree
and Post Graduate level in any of the Institutes identified by the
Ministry of Tribal Affairs for the purpose.
 Vocational Training Centres in Tribal Areas

◦ Aim of this scheme is to upgrade the skills of the tribal youth in

various traditional/ modern vocations according to Market
demand .
 Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Hostels for ST boys and ST Girls
◦ Objective: hostel construction programme for ST Girls studying in
middle schools, higher secondary schools, colleges and
universities
 Establishment of Ashram Schools in Tribal Sub-Plan Areas
◦ The objective of the scheme is to provide residential schools for
Scheduled Tribes including PTGs
 Eklavya Model Residential School
◦ Objective : effective academic, co-curricular and adventure activities,
physical education, reasonable level of competency in languages.
◦ Condition : 50% ST population and 20000 ST population.
◦ 367 Functional 632 Eklavya Model Residential Schools have been
sanctioned as against the target of 740 by 2022.
 Dalit Bandhu : Launched in August 4, 2021 at Vasalamarri
Village in the Alair Assembly Constituency (AC) of Yadadri-
Bhuvanagiri district).
Objective : Economic upliftment of the Scheduled Caste people in the
State.
Features :
1. Financial assistance of Rs. 10 lakh
2. Till January 2022, an amount of Rs.2,000 crore has been released
to 17,554 dalit families and Rs. 7.60 crore has been released to 72
dalit families in Huzurabad and Alair ACs respectively.
3. Subsequently, the Government has taken a decision to implement
the Dalit Bandhu scheme in 5 more ACs- Madhira (SC)1,
Thungathurthi (SC), Jukkal (SC), Achampet (SC) and Kalwakurthy
to better gauge the peculiarities and differences in the
implementation modalities.
4. Finally they will extend to whole telangana
 The Government passed the “Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Special Development Fund (Planning, Allocation and Utilisation of
Financial resources) Act in 2017” to secure earmarked funds for
implementation of schemes that
 Aims and Objectives
1. Accelerated development of SCs and STs
2. Promoting equality and equity among SCs and STs.
3. Focussing on economic, educational and human development
4. Ensuring Security and social dignity
 Target :
1.Spending 15.45% of state welfare funds for SCs
2.Another 9.08% for the betterment of the ST communities
proportionate to their population in the State.
 Features
◦ Legally Non Lapsable Funds.
◦ Provide legal guarantees for the welfare of and allocation of funds
towards SC and ST communities.
 ◦ Around Rs. 18,000 crore earmarked funds have been utilised for
the exclusive benefit of SCs and STs during the year 2021-22 (upto
February 2022).
◦ All Scheduled Caste (SC) specific programmes are being listed
under SCSDF and Scheduled Tribe (ST) specific programmes are
being listed under STSDF.
◦ Eg: Kalyana Laxmi, Aasara Pensions, Drinking water to
households, Sanna Biyyam to the students in the SC & ST hostels,
KCR Kits etc., are linked with the Special Development Fund.
❑ Reservation for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs)
1.One way to address these concerns is by extending reservation to these
communities.
2.Currently, the STs, SCs, avail 6%, 15%, reservation respectively
for admissions in educational institutions and for state
Government jobs.
 Telangana State Program for Rapid Incubation of Dalit Entrepreneurs
(T-PRIDE) in 2014
◦ Objective : Entrepreneurship Devolopment of Dalits and disabled.
◦ Features : Envisions preferential allotment of plots in Industrial Parks
and intensive entrepreneur and skilling programmes.
 Land Purchase Scheme :Launched in 2014
◦ Objective : purchasing and assigning 3.00 acres of agricultural land to
the women of “Bhoomileni Nirupeda Dalita Vyavasaya Aadharitha
Kutumbalu”.
◦ Features :
1. The Land Purchase Scheme is under implementation with 100%
subsidy.
2. District Collectors are responsible for Purchasing and
distribution.
 Educational Scholarships The Government has extended financial
assistance through scholarships(Pre-Metric and Post Metric) and
reimbursement of tuition fees to assist the education of SC, ST.
 Housing Access
◦ Two-BHK Housing Programme (October 2015).
◦ Objective : Affordable and Quality Housing
◦ Features
1. The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) is the
implementing agency in its jurisdiction and for the rest of the
state Telangana State Housing Corporation (TSHC) is the
implementing agency.
2. In rural areas, 50% houses are reserved for SCs and STs, 7% for
Minorities and 43% for other communities.
3. In urban areas this stands at 17% for SCs, 6% for STs, 12% for
Minorities and 65% for other communities.
Note for Prelims: Two-BHK Housing Programme Received PMAY-U
(Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban) Award for excellent
performance in e-governance in 2018-19
 “GIRI VIKASAM”
◦ Objective : to convert the uncultivable agricultural lands of small &
marginal Scheduled tribe (ST) farmers into cultivable lands for the
sustainable agriculture development.
◦ Status : As of December 2021, An area of 18,228 acres of land
belonging to 6,118 ST farmers has been converted to cultivable land
with the cost of Rs 43.1 crore.
 Land Rights to Scheduled Tribes (STs) Under the ‘Scheduled Tribes and
other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act’ in
2006.
◦ Objective :Issuing of Land Titles
◦ Status As of January 2022, the Government has issued title certificates
to 96,676 individuals involving 3,08,614 acres and 721 community
titles involving 4,54,054 acres.
 Tribal Welfare Institutions, which increased from 96 in 2014 to 188 in
2021.
 Residential Schools and Colleges Since the formation of Telangana in
2014:Tribal Welfare Institutions, which increased from 96 in 2014 to
188 in 2021.
 Definition : Socially and Educationally backward classes: Article 366
(26C) says “socially and educationally backward classes” as such
backward classes deemed so under Article 342A(i.e President will decide
in Consulation with Governor).

 Kaka Saheb Kalelkhar Commission (1953) –Recommended economic

criteria
 Mandal Commission(1979) adopted criteria
 Social Aspects
1. Castes/classes considered as socially backward by others,
2. Caste/classes which mainly depend on manual labour for their
livelihood,.
3. Castes classes More Child Marriages
4. Castes/classes where participation of females in work is at least 2
per cent above the state average.
 Educational Aspects
1. Castes/classes where the number of children in the age group of 5-
15 years who never attended school is at least 25 per cent above
the state average.
2. Castes/classes when the rate of student drop-out in the age group of
5-15 years is at least 25 per cent above the state average,
3. Castes/classes amongst whom the proportion of matriculates is at
least 25 per cent below the state average,
 Economical Aspects
1. Castes/classes where the average value of family assets is at least
25 per cent below the stat average,
2 Castes/classes where the number of families living in kuccha houses
is at least 25 per cen above the state average,
3 Castes/classes where the source of drinking water is beyond half a
kilometre for more than per cent of the households,
4. Castes/classes where the number of households having taken
consumption loans is at least 25 per cent above the' state average.
 New Swarnima
◦ Special Scheme for BC Women living under BPL
◦ Objective : to inculcate the spirit of Self-Dependence and Self
Confidence
◦ Features
1. Maximum Loan limit is Rs. 1,00,000/- per beneficiary and
interest will be charged@5% p.a.
2. The beneficiary woman is not required to invest any amount of
her own on the projects.
 Construction of Hostel for OBC Boys and Girls
◦ Objective Constructing hostel facilities to secondary and higher
education students belonging to OBC’s especially from rural areas.
 National Overseas Scholarship Scheme for OBC candidates
◦ Objective : financial assistance to selected candidates for pursuing
Master level courses and Ph.D abroad in the fields of study:- a)
Engineering; b) Management; c) Agricultural Science; and d)
Medicine.
 Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship Scheme (2014-15)
◦ Objective : To Provide 300 Junior Research Fellowships per year
from the year 2014-15 onwards and 300 Senior Research
Fellowships
 Shilp Sampada
◦ Objective :
 to upgrade the technical and entrepreneurial skill of BCs by
way of providing training and financial assistance under Term
Loan for self-employment in traditional craft etc.
◦ Features :
1. They can obtain loan upto Rs.10 Lakh under this scheme.
2. Loans upto Rs.5 Lakh bears interest @ 6% p.a. and
3. Rs.5 Lakh to Rs.10 Lakh bears interest @ 8% p.a.
 National Backward Classes Finance & Development Corporation
(NBCFDC)
◦ Finances skill development and self-employment Through
• Agriculture and Allied Activities
• Small Business
• Artisan and Traditional Occupation
• Technical and Professional Trades/Courses
• Transport and Service Sector etc.
 Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
 NCBC
 Introduction
1. Minorities The Constitution of India does not define the term
“minorities” anywhere but only mentions it in some Articles 29 to 30
and 350A to 350B.
2. Article 29 referring to minorities speaks of “any section of citizens
having a distinct language, script and culture”.
3. Article 30 speaks about two categories of minorities – religious and
linguistic – while Article 350 relates to linguistic minorities.
4. Present Notified Minorities Are :
1. Muslim / Christian / Sikh / Buddhist / Jain / Parsi
(Zoroastrian)
1. Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram (PMJVK)
1. Renamed version of the erstwhile Multi-sectoral Development
Programme (MsDP).
2. Objective : Socio-economic infrastructure facilities to the minority
communities particularly in the field of education, health & skill
development
2. Nai Roshni
◦ By the Ministry of Minority Affairs 2012-13
◦ Objective : leadership development trainings to Minority women
◦ Features :
 Using NGOs to reach out
 Financial Support
 Making Minority assert their rights
3. Jiyo Parsi
By the Ministry of Minority Affairs in 2013.
Objective :To reverse the declining trend of Parsi population by adopting scientific
protocol and structured interventions,
4. Hamari Dharohar
◦ By Ministry of Minority Affairs
◦ Objectives: to preserve rich culture and heritage of minority communities of
India.
◦ Features
1. Curating rich heritage of minorities under overall concept of Indian
Culture;
2. Curating exhibitions;
3. Preservation of literature/ documents
4. Support and promotion of calligraphy
5. Research and Development.
 Scholarship Schemes
1. Muslim / Christian / Sikh / Buddhist / Jain / Parsi (Zoroastrian)
1. Pre-matric Scholarship Scheme for Minorities (for Class I to X)
2. Post-matric Scholarship Scheme for Minorities (for Class XI to
Ph.D.)
3. Merit-cum-Means Scholarship Scheme (For Professional and
Technical courses)
2. Begam Hajrat Mahal National Scholarship for Meritorious Girls(XIth
and XIIth Standard) belonging to Minorities Implemented by Maulana
Azad Education Foundation (MAEF)
3. Maulana Azad National Fellowship
1. The Objective
2. to provide financial assistance to pursue M. Phil and Ph.D. to
students from six notified minority communities viz. Buddhist,
Christian, Jain, Muslim, Parsi and Sikh
3. Features The scheme covers all Universities/Institutions recognized
by the University Grants Commission (UGC)
4. Naya Savera
1. Objective
2. Free coaching to notified minority students in selected coaching
institutions.
5. Padho Pardesh (2013-14) (for overseas studies In Masters, M.Phil. and
Ph.D. Level) by Ministry of Minority Affairs.
1. Objective :'interest subsidy' for minority students for overseas studies.
2. Condition : The annual income of the parents should be less than 6 lakhs.
6. Seekho aur Kamao (Learn & Earn) (23 Sep 2013)
1. By Ministry of Minority Affairs,
2. Central sector scheme for Skill Development of Minorities.
3. Objectives of scheme are:
4. To bring down unemployment rate
5. To conserve and update traditional skills according to market.
6. To improve employability of existing workers, school dropouts etc and
ensure their placement.
7. To generate means of better livelihood for marginalised minorities and bring
them in the mainstream.
8. To enable minorities to avail opportunities in the growing market.
9. To develop potential human resource for the country.
7. USTTAD
1. The Scheme aims at upgrading Skills and Training in preservation of
traditional Ancestral Arts/Crafts of minorities.
8. Nai Manzil
1. A bridge course to bridge the academic and skill development gaps of the
Madrasa passouts with their mainstream counterparts.
1. National Commission for Minorities(1992-statutory under NCMA
1992
1. Objective : to protect minority rights in the country,
2. Composition : The commission consists of one chairperson and six
members representing the six minor communities – Muslims, Sikhs,
Buddhists, Christians, Parsis and Jains.
3. Functions
1. Development of minority communities under Union and States,
2. Ensuring the safeguard of minority rights
3. Suggesting measures to Government on these aspects.
4. Acts as grievance redressal forum
5. Acts as a civil court in the matters concerning summoning of
witnesses, discovery and production of documents;
2. Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities Set up in 1957 to comply with
Article 350B of the Constitution.
1. It takes up grievances of linguistic minorities and submits annual
reports to the government.
4. National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (set up
in 2004)
◦ It can look into any complaints relating to violation and deprivation
of rights
◦ This Commission is a quasi-judicial body and acts as a Civil Court.
◦ It is to be headed by a Chairman who has been a Judge of the High
Court and three members are to be nominated by Central
Government.
◦ The Commission has 3 roles
 Adjudicatory function
 Advisory function and
 Recommendatory powers.
5. Central Waqf Council (Ministry of Minority affairs)
A Waqf is a permanent dedication of movable or immovable properties
for purposes recognised by the Muslim Law as religious, pious or
charitable.
 Educational Scholarships : The Government has extended financial
assistance through scholarships(Pre-Metric and Post Metric) and
reimbursement of tuition fees to assist the education of SC,
ST/BCs/Minorities .
 Overseas Scholarships
◦ Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Overseas Vidya Nidhi: The Overseas
Scholarship for SC/ST students -- Rs. 20 lakh to one child in a
family (whose annual income is less than Rs. 5 lakh) who has
secured admission in a foreign university from an eligible country.
◦ For BCs it is called –
 Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Overseas Vidya Nidhi
◦ For Minorities it is called
 Chief Minister’s Overseas Scholarship Scheme
 Reservation for SCs/STs/BCs/Minorities/(EWS)
◦ The STs, SCs, BCs, Minorities (BC-E) and Economically Weaker
Sections (EWS) avail 6%, 15%, 25%, 4% and 10% reservation
respectively for admissions in educational institutions and for state
Government jobs.
 Free Electricity supply to SC, ST and BC Communities:
◦ For SC/STs domestic purposes upto 101 units
◦ Upto 250 units to laundries / dhobi ghats and saloons from 2021-22,
benefitting 54,035 people from Rajaka and Nayee Brahmin communities.
 Housing Access
 Two-BHK Housing Programme (October 2015).
◦ Objective : Affordable and Quality Housing
◦ Features
1. The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) is the
implementing agency in its jurisdiction and for the rest of the state
Telangana State Housing Corporation (TSHC) is the implementing
agency.
2. In rural areas, 50% houses are reserved for SCs and STs, 7% for
Minorities and 43% for other communities.
3. In urban areas this stands at 17% for SCs, 6% for STs, 12% for
Minorities and 65% for other communities.
Note for Prelims: Two-BHK Housing Programme Received PMAY-U
(Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban) Award for excellent performance
in e-governance in 2018-19
 “GIRI VIKASAM”
◦ Objective : to convert the uncultivable agricultural lands of small &
marginal Scheduled tribe (ST) farmers into cultivable lands for the
sustainable agriculture development.
◦ Status : As of December 2021, An area of 18,228 acres of land
belonging to 6,118 ST farmers has been converted to cultivable land
with the cost of Rs 43.1 crore.
 Land Rights to Scheduled Tribes (STs) Under the ‘Scheduled Tribes
and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act’
in 2006.
◦ Objective :Issuing of Land Titles
◦ Status As of January 2022, the Government has issued title certificates
to 96,676 individuals involving 3,08,614 acres and 721 community
titles involving 4,54,054 acres.
 Tribal Welfare Institutions
◦ Residential Schools and Colleges Since the formation of Telangana
in 2014: increased from 96 in 2014 to 188 in 2021.
 Women India has traditionally been a patriarchal society and therefore
women, irrespective of their class, caste or religion,suffered from social
handicaps and disabilities.
 Social :
◦ More prone to poor nutrition(Anemia, reproductive health etc ).
◦ No or Low Property Ownership
◦ High Illiteracy,High drop outs ,Low formal Education
◦ More Susceptible to forms of violence like infanticide,Domestic
violence, sexual abuse at the workplace and sexual violence
including marital rape and honor killings.
◦ Early marriage and childbearing affects the health of the women
adversely (Maternal mortality rate is still very high as 103 at 2022).
 Political : Low participation (14% in Parliament, Panchayats -46%,
Lacks Decision making power in House)
 Economic : Low wages,double burden,Glass ceiling effect
 Launched in 2017 by Ministry of Women & Child Development
 Objectives: • Providing partial compensation for the wage loss.
◦ A cash incentive of Rs 5000 is given in 3 installments
1st- Rs 1000/ - on early registration of pregnancy,
2nd -Rs 2000/ - after six months of pregnancy
3rd -Rs 2000/ - after child birth is registered and first cycle of
vaccination
 Beneficiaries : all pregnant women and Lactating Mothers (PW&LM),
excluding PW&LM who are in regular employment with (GOI,GOS,PSUs )
for First Child in a family.
 Features
 They receive average Rs 6000 under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)(for
institutional deliveries there by reducing MMR and IMR)
 Universal screening of pregnant women for Anaemia and Iron and Folic
Acid (IFA) ,Calcium supplementation in pregnancy, Deworming in
pregnancy
 Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women
(STEP)
◦ Launched in 1986-87 as a ‘Central Sector Scheme’.
◦ Aim: Providing skills to women to become self-
employed/entrepreneurs for all Sectors .
◦ Target group: 16 years and above across the country.
◦ Major Feature
 The grant under the Scheme is given to an institution/organisation
including NGOs directly and not the States/UTs.
 Swadhar Greh –
◦ Objective : Rehabilitation of women in difficult circumstance such as
victims of family discord, crime, violence, mental stress, social
ostracism or are being forced into prostitution and are in moral danger
◦ Features :
 The Scheme through the provisions of shelter, food, clothing,
counselling, training, clinical and legal aid
 Swadhar Greh will be set up in every district with capacity to house
30 women.
 Working Women’s Hostel
◦ Launched in in 1972-73
◦ Objective :
 to promote availability of safe and conveniently located
accommodation for working women, with day care facility for their
children, wherever possible, in urban, semi urban, or even rural
areas where employment opportunity for women exist.
 Women Helpline :
◦ Launched in 19th February
◦ Objective:
 to provide 24 hour emergency response to all women affected by
violence both in public and private sphere.
 Udyam Sakhi Portal for Women Entrepreneur
◦ Launched in 2018 by Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium
Enterprises
◦ Objective : to start, build and grow businesses.
◦ Features:
 It recognises that women entrepreneur in the industry is critical to
economic recovery and strength, in building nation's future, and
to helping India compete in today's global marketplace.
 Ujjawala Scheme
◦ by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
◦ Objective: for Prevention of Trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation,
Reintegration and Repatriation of Victims of Trafficking for Commercial
Sexual Exploitation
◦ Features:
 Protective and Rehabilitative Homes are given financial support
for providing shelter and basic amenities such as food, clothing,
medical care, legal aid; education in the case the victims are
children,
 For undertaking vocational training and income generation
activities to provide the victims with alternate livelihood option.
 One Stop Centre Scheme
◦ Launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Women and Child Development
(MWCD)
◦ It is a centrally sponsored scheme
◦ Objective These Centres will be established across the country to
provide integrated support and assistance under one roof to women
affected by violence, both in private and public spaces in phased
manner.
➢ Launched in 2021-22 valid upto to 2025-26(15th FC Period).
➢ It is an integrated women empowerment programme for the safety,
security and empowerment of women
➢ Objective
1. Provide immediate and comprehensive care, support and assistance to
women affected by violence
2. For quality mechanisms for rescue, protection and rehabilitation of women in
need of assistance and victims of crime and violence.
3. To improve accessibility to various government services available for
women at various levels.
4. Creating Awareness about Government schemes,programmes and legal
provisions
5. Collaboration with partner Ministries/ Departments/ States/ UTs
6. Enabling environment for public private partnership for safety and
empowerment of women across sectors.
7. To prevent gender-biased sex selective elimination; to ensure survival,
protection,education and development of the girl child.
8. To increase female labour force participation by promoting skill
development, capacity building, financial literacy, access to microcredit
etc.
 Features/Components :
◦ Sambal :
 It is for Safety and Security of Women.
 It consists of schemes of
 One Stop Centre (OSC),
 Women Helpline (WHL),
 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP),
 Nari Adalats - women's collectives to promote and facilitate
alternative dispute resolution and gender justice in society and
within families.
◦ Samarthya:
 It is for Empowerment of Women.
 It consists of erstwhile schemes of Ujjwala, Swadhar
Greh and Working Women Hostel (SakhiNiwas )have been included
with modifications
 Also include National Creche Scheme for children of working
mothers ,Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana
(PMMVY),Integrated Child Development Services ICDS
 Article 14 equality before law and equal protection of laws.
 Article 15(1) and (2)prohibits the state from discriminating against
religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
 Article 15(3) special provisions for women and children.
 Article 16 equality of opportunity in employment and education
 Article 39(a) securing for men and women equally the right to an
adequate means of livelihood.
 Article 39(d ): Equal pay for equal work for both men and women
 Article 39A free legal aid to weaker sections
 Article 42 : securing justice and humane conditions of work and for
maternity relief.
 Article 51A (e)enjoins upon every citizen to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women.
 Article 243 D (3) and D(4) and 243 T(3) and T(4) : reservation of not
less than one third of total number of seats/Chairman in Panchayats
and Municipalities for women to be allotted by rotation to different
Constituencies.
National Commission for Women The National Commission for Women
was set up in January 1992 under the National Commission for Women
Act, 1990
Functions
• Review the Constitutional and Legal safeguards for women;
• Recommend remedial legislative measures;
• Facilitate redressal of grievances and
• Advise the Government on all policy matters affecting women.
.The Commission shall have all the powers of a civil court which
includes:
• Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part
of India and examining him on oath
• Requiring the discovery and production of any document
• Receiving evidence on affidavits
• Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office
• Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents
 Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) RMK, established in 1993,
◦ It is a national level organization under the Ministry of Women and
Child Development.
◦ Objective: For socio-economic empowerment of women.
◦ Features:
 Micro-credit(through MFI- then to SHGs) to the women in the
informal sector without collateral income generation activities.
 Took promotional measures to popularize the concept of micro
financing, enterprise development, thrift and credit, formation
and strengthening of Women-SHGs through intermediary
organizations.
 Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB )/State Social Welfare
Boards.
◦ Objective : For the welfare and development of women and children,
especially in rural areas.
◦ Important activities are: Awareness Generation programmes, Creche
Scheme, Family Counselling Centres and Short Stay Homes.
1. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
2. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961

3. Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986

4. Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal)

Act, 2013
5. Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006

6. Nirbhaya act and Nirbhaya Fund:for projects related to safety and security of
women(Surveillance vans,CCTV)
7. One-Stop Centre Scheme: to provide integrated support and assistance to women
affected by violence, both in private and public spaces under one roof
8. Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2018 : Online analytic tool for police
called “Investigation Tracking System for Sexual Offences”to monitor and track
time-bound investigation in sexual assault cases.
9. National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO): to facilitate investigation and
tracking of sexual offenders across the country by law enforcement agencies
10. MHA has set up a Women Safety Division for Better coordination .
1. HawkEye,
2. SheTeams
3. Dial 100
4. Surveillance vans
5. CCTVs
6. Cyber Crime Prevention against Women & Children (CCPWC),
7. SHE toilets
8. Bharosa centers (one-stop Support Center) to provide a slew of
police, medical, counselling, legal and prosecution services for
women and children who are victims of violence and sexual abuse.
 All children due to their age are considered to be at risk for exploitation,
abuse, violence and neglect.
 Who are more vulnerable and why ?
1. Orphans And Street Children: No identities
2. Refugee Or Displaced Children : No certification,identities
3. Child Workers/Labour : Loss of Childhood
4. Children Trapped In Prostitution Or Sexual Abuse
5. Disabled Children And Delinquent Children: Discrimination
6. Girl child : Infanticide,discrimination
7. Children in poverty: malnutrition, bad health, poor educational
facilities, poor resources
 Vulnerability is compounded by the following factors:
• Physical disabilities
• Mental disabilities
• Powerlessness
• Passive and Defencelessness:
• Illness
• Invisibility
 1 in 4 children of school-going age is out of school in our country
(Census 2011)
 There are 33 million child labourers between the ages of 5-18 years in
India and 10.13 million between the ages of 5-14 years. (Census 2011)
 Every day, around 150 children go missing in India – kidnapping and
abduction is the largest crime against children in our country (National
Crime Record Bureau 2016)
 19.8 million children below age 6 in India are undernourished (ICDS
2015)
 42% of married women in India were married as children (District
Information System for Education (DISE)
 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
Scheme
 Centrally sponsored scheme was launched on October 2, 1975
 by Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD).
 Objectives :
1. To improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age-
group 0-6 years;
2. To lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical and social
development of the child;
3. To reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and
school dropout
4. To achieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation
amongst the various departments to promote child development; and
5. To enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal
health and nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition
and health education.
 Beneficiaries • Children in the age group of 0-6 years • Pregnant women
and Lactating mothers
➢ The ICDS Scheme offers a package of six services, via Anganwadi
Centers (AWCs) such as
1. Supplementary Nutrition;
2. Pre-school Nonformal Education;
3. Nutrition & Health Education;
4. Immunization;
5. Health Check-up; And
6. Referral Services.
 Mid-Day Meals (MDM) scheme
◦ Is a school-based feeding programme
◦ Aim
 To improve nutritional status of students and promoting the
universalisation of elementary education.
◦ Objectives :
1. avoid classroom hunger
2. increase school enrolment
3. increase school attendance
4. improve socialisation among castes
5. address malnutrition
6. empower women through employment
 Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan
 Covers pre-school to class 12
 It subsumes the three erstwhile Schemes of
◦ Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA),
◦ Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and
◦ Teacher Education (TE).
 Aim :
◦ Is to universalize quality School Education.
◦ Is to support States in universalizing access to School Education from classes
Pre nursery (Pre-school) to class XII.
 Objectives
1. Provision of quality education and enhancing learning outcomes of students;
2. Bridging Social and Gender Gaps in School Education;
3. Ensuring equity and inclusion at all levels of school education;
4. Ensuring minimum standards in schooling provisions;
5. Promoting vocationalization of education
6.Support States in implementation of Right of Children to Free and Compulsory
Education Student Notes: (RTE) Act, 2009;
7. Strengthening and up-gradation of State Councils for Educational Research and
Training (SCERTs)/State Institutes of Education and District Institutes for
Education and Training (DIET)s as a nodal agency for teacher training
 National Child Labour Project (NCLP)
 Was started in 1988 by the Ministry of Labour
 Aim : For rehabilitation of children labor.
 Objectives:
 To eliminate all forms of child labor through
1. Identification and withdrawal
2. Providing them mainstream education along with vocational
training
3. Ensuring convergence of services provided by different
government departments/agencies for the benefit of child and their
family
4. Creation of a Child Labour Monitoring, Tracking and Reporting
System
1. Target Group:
1. Child labor below 14 years and Adolescent labor working
hazardous working below 18 years
2. Families of Child workers in the identified target area
 Platform for Effective Enforcement for No Child
Labour (PENCIL)
◦ It is an electronic platform
◦ Aims at achieving the target of child labour free society by involving
Centre, State, District, Governments, civil society and the general
public
◦ Components
• Child Tracking System
• Complaint Corner
• Active State Government
• National Child Labour Project and
• Convergence
 SCHEME FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS (SAG) earlier named
SABLA
◦ Need : Empowerment of adolescent girls has multiple dimensions,
and requires a multi-sectoral response.
◦ Objectives :
1. Enable the adolescent girls for self-development and
empowerment
2. Improve their nutrition and health status.
3. Promote awareness about health, hygiene, nutrition, adolescent
reproductive and sexual health (ARSH) and family and child
care.
4. To educate, skill and make them ready for life’s challenges.
◦ Target group: Its intended beneficiaries are adolescent girls of 11–14
years old across over 508 districts within the country.
 The Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme has been introduced in
October, 2014
 By the Ministry of Women & Child Development
◦ Objectives:
◦ o Prevent gender biased sex selective elimination
◦ o Ensure survival & protection of the girl child
◦ o Ensure education and participation of the girl child.
◦ Features
◦ It is a Pan India Scheme, with 100% assistance from Central
Government.
◦ Monitoring of the BBBP Scheme would be at following levels at National
level, State level, District level, Block Level, and Gram Panchayat/Ward
Level.
 'Sukanya Samriddhi Yojna’ is a small deposit scheme for girl
child, launched as a part of the ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao'
campaign.
◦ This scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Women & Child
Development and the Ministry of Finance.
◦ Objectives:
o To motivate parents to open an account in the name of a girl child to
saving
o To meet the requirement of higher education expense for girls.
o It would prevent early marriages of girl and ensure equitable share to
a girl child in resources
 Udaan Scholorship Scheme
 It is an initiative of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)
◦ Aim
 to enable disadvantaged girl students to transit from school to
post-school professional education specially in Science and
Mathematics
◦ Objectives
1. To address the challenge of low enrolment of girls in technical
education institutes.
2. To minimize the gap between school education & engineering
entrance examination.
3. To enrich and enhance teaching and learning of Science and
Mathematics at senior secondary level by addressing the three
dimensions of education curriculum design, transaction and
assessments.
◦ Beneficiaries
 include Girls studying in classes XI only from KVs/ NVs/
Government Schools of any recognised Board/CBSE affiliated
private schools in India.
 Indian citizens residing in India only.
 The annual family income should be less than 6 lakh/annum.
 National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)
 It is a statutory body created under Commissions for Protection of
Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005
 Mission/Aim

◦ Is to ensure that all laws, policies, programmes and administrative

mechanisms are in consonance with the child rights
 As enshrined in the Constitution of India
 The United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child, which
India ratified in 1992.
 Derives Powers and Functions Under following laws and rules-

1. • Commissions for Protection of Child Rights(CPCR) Act, 2005,

2. • The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education(RTE)
Act, 2009
3. • The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences(POCSO) Act
o The Commission website ncpcr.gov.in also has an e-Box to report cases
of sexual violence where a user has to simply push a button named
POSCO e-Box.
 The functions and powers of NCPCR
1. Examine and review the legal safeguards said laws
2. Recommend measures for their effective implementation
3. Inquire into violation of child rights and recommend initiation of
proceedings in such cases
4. Spread awareness about child rights among various sections of
society
5. Undertake and promote research in the field of child rights
6. Inspect institutions meant for juvenile/children
7. Inquire into complaints of deprivation and violation of child
rights, non-implementation of laws and non-compliance policy
decisions, guidelines or instructions
8. Undertake other necessary functions for the promotion of child
rights.
9. The Commission has the power of a civil court and all criminal
cases brought to the same has to be forwarded to a concerned
Magistrate who has jurisdiction to try the same.
 National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child
Development (NIPCCD)
◦ Established in 1966 under Societies Registration Act of 1860, it
functions under the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
◦ Objective
 Is to promote voluntary action research, training and
documentation in the overall domain of women and child
development.
 The Institute functions as an apex institution for training
functionaries of the Integrated Child Development Services
(ICDS) programme.
 Food and Nutrition Board The Food and Nutrition
Board (FNB)
◦ It is a technical support wing under Child Development Bureau of
the Ministry.
◦ FNB is responsible for the policy issues related to nutrition. It provides
inputs for nutrition education and awareness
 Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) is a
statutory body of Ministry of Women & Child Development,GOI.
 Powers and Functions
1. It is nodal body for adoption of Indian children and is mandated to
monitor and regulate in-country and inter-country adoptions.
2. CARA primarily deals with adoption of orphan, abandoned and
surrendered children through its associated adoption agencies.
3. It also issues Adoption Guidelines laying down procedures and
processes to be followed by different stakeholders of the adoption
programme.
 CHILDLINE
◦ It is India's first 24-hour, free, emergency phone service for
children in need of aid and assistance based on 1098 Tele
Helpline Model.
◦ It is a platform bringing together the Union Ministry for Women &
Child Development, working in Partnership with State
Governments, NGOs, International Organizations, the Corporate
Sector, Concerned Individuals and Children.
 Child Welfare Committees (CWCs)
◦ Established under Juvenile Justice Act, 2015
◦ It is the final district-level authority for the care, protection,
treatment, development and rehabilitation of Children in Need of
Care and Protection (CNCP).
◦ It has powers of a first class judicial magistrate.
 Child Care Institution
◦ Under Juvenile Justice Act, 2015
◦ Includes Children Home, Open Shelter, Observation Home, Special
Home, Place of Safety, Specialised Adoption Agency and a Fit
Facility recognized under the Act for providing care and protection to
Children in conflict with law are provided residential care.
 Article 14 equality before law and equal protection of laws.
 Article 15(1) and (2)prohibits the state from discriminating against
religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
 Article 15(3) special provisions for women and children.
 A. 21(A) ,45 and 51A(k) -Right to Education
 A.23 - Forced labour is prohibited.
 Article 24 states that a child under 14 years cannot be employed to
perform any hazardous work.
 Article 39 states that “the health and strength of workers, men and
women, and the tender age of children are not abused”.
 Other Measures
 Many NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan, CARE India, Child
Rights and You, Global march against child labour, RIDE India,
Child line etc. have been working to eradicate child labour in India.
 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act(1986) (Amended in 2016) The
Amendment Act completely prohibits the employment of children below 14
years.
◦ The amendment also prohibits the employment of adolescents in the
age group of 14 to 18 years in hazardous occupations and processes
and regulates their working conditions where they are not prohibited.
 National Policy on Child Labour (1987), with a focus more on rehabilitation of
children working in hazardous occupations and processes,
 Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act2000 (A.2006): includes
the working child in the category of children in need of care and protection,
without any limitation of age or type of occupation.
 The Right to Education Act 2009(86th CAA and added 21A and FD
51A(k) Mandatory sending of children aged between six to 14 years to school and
receive free education.
 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994
 India ratified conventions of International Labour Organization on child
labour(138 and 182 in 2017).
 A "senior citizen" means any person being a citizen of India, who has
attained the age of sixty years or above.
 The vulnerability among the elderly is due to an increased incidence of
illness and disability, economic dependency upon their spouses,
children and other younger family members.
 The common forms of abuse of elderly persons are:
•Physical abuse: Hitting, pushing, kicking
• Inappropriate use of drugs or restraints: over- and under-
medicating and withholding medication from patients
• Psychological or emotional abuse: Insults, threats, humiliation,
confinement, isolation and depriving them of dignity (for instance, by
leaving them in soiled clothes)
• Financial abuse : Misusing or stealing a person’s money or assets
• Neglect or abandonment: Not providing food, housing, or medical
care
• Sexual abuse: Sexual contact without consent
 Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY)
◦ Launched in 2017 by Ministry of Finance
◦ Aim
◦ is to provide social security during old age and to protect elderly
persons aged 60 and above against a future fall in their interest
income due to uncertain market conditions.
◦ Through assured pension/return linked to the subscription amount
based on government guarantee to Life Insurance Corporation of
India (LIC).
◦ Till March 2018, there are total 2.23 lakh beneficiaries (senior
citizens) under PMVVY 2018.
 Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (2014)
◦ Through LIC
◦ It provides an assured pension based on a guaranteed rate of return
of 8% per annum for ten years, with an option to opt for pension on
a monthly / quarterly / half yearly and annual basis.
 Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana
◦ It is a Central Sector Scheme
◦ Aim: for providing Physical Aids and Assisted-living Devices for
Senior citizens belonging to BPL category.
◦ The expenditure will be met from the "Senior Citizens' Welfare
Fund".
◦ Sole implementing agency –
 Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation (ALIMCO), a PSU
under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
◦ Following Aids and Assisted-living Devices
1. Walking sticks
2. Elbow crutches
3. Walkers / Crutches
4. Tripods / Quadpods
5. Hearing Aids
6. Wheelchair
7. Artificial Dentures
8. Spectacles
 Integrated Programme for Older Persons
◦ It is a Central Sector Scheme under the Ministry of Social Justice
and Empowerment.
◦ Main Objective
 It is to improve the quality of life of the Older Persons by providing
basic amenities like shelter, food, medical care and
entertainment opportunities and
 By encouraging productive and active ageing through capacity
building of Government/Non-Governmental Organizations/
Panchayati Raj Institutions/local bodies and the Community at
large.
 Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme
(IGNOAPS)
◦ Non Contribution scheme for BPL old.
◦ GoI Contribution Rs. 200/- per month per beneficiary up to 79
years
◦ Rs.500/- per month per beneficiary from 80 year onwards and
◦ the State Governments may contribute over and above to this amount
 Vayoshreshtha Sammans(Awards).
 Scheme of National Award for Senior Citizens launched in 2005 .By
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
 The Scheme is funded by the Central government.
 This scheme is applicable for eminent senior citizens and institutes
involved in rendering distinguished services for the cause of elderly
persons.
 A National Council for Senior Citizens
 Headed by the Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment
 The Mandate/Aim
◦ Is to advise the Central and State Governments on issues related to the welfare
of senior citizens and enhancement of their quality of life.
 Special reference to
1. Policies, programmes and legislative measures
2. Promotion of physical and financial security, health and independent and
productive living
3. Awareness generation and community mobilization.
 Senior Citizen Welfare Fund
◦ Aim :
 is to promote financial security of senior citizens, old age pension,
healthcare, health insurance and welfare of elderly widows.
◦ Features :
 The Fund will also fund schemes related to old-age homes, day care of
senior citizens and research activities related with ageing.
 This Fund will utilise unclaimed money, estimated to be in excess of Rs
9,000 crore, lying in PPF, employees provident fund and various small
savings schemes.
 Article 41 (Pensions)and Article 46 (protection from exploitation)are the
constitutional provisions for elderly persons.
 Section 20 of Hindu marriage and adoption act, 1956 makes it
obligatory provisions to maintain an aged parents.
 Under Section 125 of Criminal Procedure Code, the elder parents can
claim maintenance from their children.
 The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act,
2007, seeks to make it legal for the children or heirs to maintain their
parents or senior citizens of the family.
 Convention on the Rights of Older Persons is proposed in united
nation.
 In 1982, the Report of the World Assembly on Ageing (also known as
"the International Plan on Ageing") was published, which represented the
first international debate on the rights of older persons and presented a
plan for their implementation.
 The UNPF were tasked with implementing the Plan of the Second World
Assembly which adopted “Madrid International Plan” on ageing in
2002.
 Who is Disabled ?
 UN Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (1975): “Any person
unable to ensure by himself or herself, wholly or partly the necessities of
a normal individual and or social life as a result of a deficiency either
congenital or not in his/her physical or mental abilities” could be
described as disabled.
 Disabled people are more likely to live in poverty, more likely to be
unemployed, more likely to face discrimination in the workplace.
 These barriers are social, not personal, and cannot be “overcome”
through sheer force of will.
 Various Forms of Vulnerability
1. Less accessibility to education, employment and other socio-
economic opportunities.
2. They are faced with stigma and discrimination from the society
where they live.
3. They may find it hard to socialize with members of the society which
can lead to depression as well as self-pity.
4. Disabled people are often considered weak, worthless and in some
cases subhuman by their societies.
 As per census 2011 (2016 updated), In India
 The percentage of disabled population is about 2.21 per cent.
 About one-third of the disabled population have disability since their
birth.
 RPWD Act 2016 recognizes a total of 21(earlier only 7types) types of
disabilities
◦ 19% people have vision related disabilities
◦ Another 19% people have hearing related disabilities
◦ 7% people have speech impairment
◦ 20% people have locomotor disabilities
◦ 6% people are affected by mental retardation
◦ 3% people are suffering with mental illness
◦ 18% people have other types of disabilities
◦ 8% people have multiple disabilities
◦ In all the above cases, males are more affected than females.
Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat
Abhiyan)
 Launched on December 3, 2015 by PM
 Comes under The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment
 Aim to enable persons with disabilities to gain access for equal
opportunity and live independently and participate fully in all aspects of
life in an inclusive society.
 Components of Accessible India Campaign:
1. Built Environment Accessibility
2. Transportation System Accessibility
3. Information and Communication Eco-System Accessibility

National Awards for Empowerment of Persons with

Disabilities
◦ Since 1969 - Under Ministry of Social Justice And Empowerment.
◦ Presented by President of India
Aim
◦ To recognise dedicated efforts of persons and institutions involved in
the process of empowerment of disabled.
◦ To encourage other to work for welfare of disabled.
Sugamya Pustakalaya
◦ It is an online platform(Library) that makes accessible content
available to disabled people.
◦ By Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment in collaboration with
member organizations of Daisy Forum of India and powered by TCS
Access.
◦ Features :
1. The library houses publications across diverse subjects and
languages and multiple accessible formats.
2. Over 2 lakhs books in diverse languages. Integrating libraries
across India and the Globe, including the largest international
library, ‘Bookshare’

Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme (earlier titled-

"Scheme to Promote Voluntary Action for Persons with Disabilities“).
 Objectives
• To ensure equal opportunities, equity, social justice and
empowerment of persons with disabilities.
• To ensuring effective implementation of the Right of People with
Disabilities Act of 2016.
Assistance to Disabled persons for purchasing/fitting
of aids/appliances (ADIP) scheme (since 1981)
Features
 It is to assist the needy disabled persons in procuring durable,
sophisticated and scientifically manufactured, modern, standard
aids and appliances for empowerment.
 The aids and appliances supplied under the Scheme shall conform to BIS
specifications to the extent possible.
 The scheme is implemented through implementing agencies such as the
NGOs, National Institutes under this Ministry and ALIMCO (a PSU).

Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme

(IGNDPS)(since 2009)
Features
1. It is a part of the National Social Assistance Programme.
2. The eligible age for the pensioner is 18 years and above and the
disability level has to be 80%.
3. The amount is Rs.300 per month and after attaining the age of 80
years, the beneficiary will get Rs 500/ - per month.
4. Dwarfs will also be an eligible category for this pension.
Inclusive India Initiative (since 2017)
◦ By National Trust
◦ The three core focus areas of Inclusive India Initiative are
◦ 1. Inclusive Education,
◦ 2. Inclusive Employment
◦ 3. Inclusive Community Life

Unique Disability Identification (UDID)(since 2016)

 Aim
 end-to-end integrated system for Issuance of Universal ID & Disability
Certificates for Person with Disabilities
 Objective
 To enable PwDs to avail schemes and benefits provided by the
Government through its various Ministries and their Departments.
 This card will be valid pan-India.
 Department of Empowerment of Persons with
Disabilities (Divyangjan)
◦ a separate Department under the Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment.
◦ The Department acts as a Nodal Agency for matters pertaining to
disability and Persons with Disabilities.
◦ Vision of Dept : To build an inclusive society in which equal
opportunities are provided for the growth and development of Persons
with Disabilities so that they can lead productive, safe and dignified
lives.
◦ The Department deals with acts of
1. The Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992,
2. The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of
Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995(amended in 2016 RPWD
2016)); and
3. The National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism,
Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act ,
1999
National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation
(NHFDC)
 by the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment.
 It functions as an Apex institution for channelising the funds to persons
with disabilities through the State Channelising Agencies (SCAs)
nominated by the State Government(s).
 Schemes of NHFDC
• Micro Financing Scheme
• Schemes for Parent's Association of mentally retarded persons
• Scheme of Financing NGOs Working in the Area of Disabilities
• Scheme for Vocational Education and Training for PwDs
• Scheme for Providing Handholding Support to Differently abled
Entrepreneurs Through ‘Vishesh Udyami Mitras'
• Scheme for Providing handholding support to Differently abled for
availing skill training/skill upgradation through ‘Vishesh
Prashikshan Mitras’
• Scheme of Financing Assistive Devices to Enhance the Employabilty or
Increased Opportunity of Self Employment of Differently abled Persons
• Scholarship Scheme (Trust Fund and National Fund)
Rehabilitation Council of India
 It is a statutory body set up under the Rehabilitation Council of India
Act, 1992.
 For Rehabilitation through Skills and Employment opportunities
 Its functions include:
(i) Standardization And Regulation of training courses
(ii) Recognition Of Institutions/ Universities running training courses
in the area of rehabilitation of the disabled within and outside the
country on a reciprocal basis,
(iii) Promotion Of Research In Rehabilitation And Special Education,
(iv) Maintenance of a Central Rehabilitation Register for professionals
possessing the recognized qualifications in the area of rehabilitation
and
(v) Encouragement of Continuing Rehabilitation Education
programmes in collaboration with organisations working in the area of
disability.
Office of the Chief Commissioner for Persons with
Disabilities
Set up under Right of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016.
Mandate/Functions
1. To coordinate between state and centre
2. Grievance redressal(Either Suo Moto/on application)
3. Working for the welfare and protection of rights of persons with
disabilities and take up the matter with the concerned authorities.
4. He has certain powers of a Civil Court for effective discharge of the
functions.

Disha Centers
 Aims: at early intervention for Person with Disability (PwD) in 0-10 years
of age covered under the National Trust Act, through therapies,
trainings and providing support to family members.
The National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with
Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and
Multiple Disabilities
◦ It is a statutory body of the Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment.
◦ Set up under the “National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with
Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple
Disabilities” Act 1999.
◦ Objectives of the National Trust
1. To enable and empower persons with disability
2. To facilitate equal opportunities, protection of rights and
full participation of persons with disability;
3. To extend support to its registered organisations to provide
need based services; and
4. To evolve procedures for appointments of guardians and
trustees for persons with disabilities.
 1. The Rights of Person with Disabilities Act, 2016
2. The Mental Health Act, 1987
3. The Rehabilitation Council of India, 1992
4. The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral
Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999
5. Declaration On The Rights Of Mentally Retarded Persons

New National Education Policy 2020